Cognitive Neuroscience 4th Edition
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COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE
Updated fully, this accessible and comprehensive text highlights the most
important theoretical, conceptual, and methodological issues in cognitive
neuroscience. Written by two experienced teachers, the consistent narrative
ensures that students link concepts across chapters, and the careful selection
of topics enables them to grasp the big picture without getting distracted by
details. Clinical applications such as developmental disorders, brain
injuries, and dementias are highlighted. In addition, analogies and examples
within the text, opening case studies, and “In Focus” boxes engage students
and demonstrate the relevance of the material to real-world concerns.
Students are encouraged to develop the critical thinking skills that will
enable them to evaluate future developments in this fast-moving field. A
new chapter on Cognitive Neuroscience and Society considers how
cognitive neuroscience issues relate to the law, education, and ethics,
highlighting the clinical and real-world relevance. An expanded online
package includes a test bank.
Marie T. Banich uses brain imaging techniques to understand the neural
systems that enable us to direct actions and thoughts in a goal-oriented
manner, often referred to as executive function. Her research findings have
been published in leading journals, including Science. Among her
professional experiences, Professor Banich has been a member of the
MacArthur Foundation on Adolescent Development and Juvenile Justice, a
Fulbright Senior Scholar in Verona, Italy, and a recipient of a James Cattell
sabbatical award. Currently she serves as the co-Principal Investigator for
the Colorado site of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study, an
unprecedented 10-year longitudinal study that uses neuroimaging to provide
an unrivaled window on development of the adolescent brain and its
influences on cognitive and emotional development.
Rebecca J. Compton has taught at Haverford College since 1999 and in
2012 she received Haverford’s prestigious Lindback Award for
Distinguished Teaching. She received her BA from Vassar College and her
PhD in biological psychology from University of Chicago. She is the
recipient of several NSF and NIH grants for research in primarily
undergraduate institutions and has served on the Education and Training
Committee of the Society for Psychophysiological Research.
COG NITIV E
NEUROSCIENCE
Marie T. Banich
University of Colorado Boulder
Rebecca J. Compton
Haverford College, Pennsylvania
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DOI: 10.1017/9781316664018
© Cambridge University Press 2018
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permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2018
Printed in the United States of America by Sheridan Books, Inc.
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ISBN 978-1-107-15844-3 Hardback
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Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Dedication
Part I Fundamentals
Chapter 1 Introduction to the Nervous System
Chapter 2 Historical Perspectives
Chapter 3 Methods
Part II Neural Bases of Mental Functions
Chapter 4 Motor Control
Chapter 5 Sensation and Perception
Chapter 6 Object Recognition
Chapter 7 Spatial Cognition
Chapter 8 Language
Chapter 9 Memory and Learning
Chapter 10 Attention
Chapter 11 Executive Function and Higher-Order Thinking
Chapter 12 Emotion
Chapter 13 Social Cognition
Part III Broader Applications
Chapter 14 Psychopathology
Chapter 15 Brain Development and Plasticity
Chapter 16 Generalized Cognitive Disorders
Chapter 17 Cognitive Neuroscience and Society
Glossary
References
Index
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Dedication
Part I Fundamentals
Chapter 1 Introduction to the Nervous System
What Is Cognitive Neuroscience?
Basic Building Blocks of the Nervous System: Neurons
and Glia
Neuroanatomical Terms and Brain “Geography”
Major Subdivisions of the Central Nervous System
Spinal Cord
Medulla: Control of Basic Functions
Cerebellum: Fluid Movement
Pons: A Connective Bridge
Midbrain: Orienting by Sound and Sight
Hypothalamus: Maintaining the Body’s Equilibrium
Thalamus: Gateway to the Cortex
Major Subcortical Systems: The Basal Ganglia and the
Limbic System
Cerebral Cortex
A Closer Look at Neurons
Electrochemical Signaling in the Nervous System
Neurotransmitters
In Focus: Can Herbs Really Improve Your Memory,
Attention, and Mood?
Myelination
A Closer Look at the Cerebral Cortex
Cytoarchitectonic Divisions
Primary Sensory and Motor Cortices
Association Areas
White-Matter Tracts
Summary
Chapter 2 Historical Perspectives
Ancient Times Until the 1800s
The Twentieth Century: Heyday of the Lesion Method
Single-Case Versus Group Studies
Inferences That Can Be Drawn From the Lesion
Method
Limitations of the Lesion Method
The 1960s, 70s, and 80s
Studies With Nonhuman Animals
In Focus: Discovery of the “Homunculus”
Electrophysiological Methods
Disconnection Syndromes
Split-Brain Studies
Hemispheric Specialization: Left Brain, Right Brain
In Focus: Left Out? Lateralization in Non-Right-
Handers
The 1980s and 90s: The Advent of Brain Imaging
Anatomical Methods: Computerized Axial
Tomography
Functional Methods: Positron Emission Tomography
The Twenty-First Century: The Brain Imaging Revolution
Summary
Chapter 3 Methods
Introduction
Participant Populations
Clinical Populations
Neurologically Intact Individuals
Techniques for Analyzing Behavior
The Role of Cognitive Theories
Assessment of Behavior in Brain-Damaged
Populations
Techniques for Assessing Brain Anatomy: Structural
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (sMRI)
The Basics of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Regional Brain Structure
Anatomical Connectivity
Techniques for Revealing Where in the Brain Activity Is
Occurring
Neurochemical Methods: Positron Emission
Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Oxygen-Related Methods: Functional Magnetic
Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
In Focus: Participating in a Functional Magnetic
Resonance Imaging Study
Electromagnetic Recording Methods
Electroencephalography
Event-Related Potentials
Magnetoencephalography
Optical Recording Methods
Techniques for Modulating Brain Activity
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS)
Multilevel and Multi-Modal Approaches
Combining Computational and Neuroimaging
Approaches
Summary
Part II Neural Bases of Mental Functions
Chapter 4 Motor Control
Introduction
Peripheral Control of Movement
Motor Tracts
Brain Structures Involved in Motor Control
Subcortical Regions
Cortical Regions
Integrated Models of the Motor System
In Focus: Using Brain Activation to Control Prosthetic
Limbs
Motor Disorders
Subcortical Motor Disorders
Cortical Motor Disorders
Summary
Chapter 5 Sensation and Perception
The Retina
Photoreceptors
Ganglion Cells
Receptive Fields
Pathways From the Retina to the Brain
The Tectopulvinar Pathway
The Geniculostriate Pathway
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
Layers of the LGN
Retinotopic Mapping in the LGN
Feedback Connections to the LGN
Primary Visual Cortex (Striate Cortex)
Organization of Striate Cortex
Binocular Integration in Striate Cortex
Contextual Modulation of Cells in Striate Cortex
In Focus: Seeing What’s Not There: Visual Illusions and
the Striate Cortex
Visual Areas Beyond the Striate Cortex
Multiple Maps of the Visual World
Area V4: A Special Module for Coding Color?
Blindsight and the Visual Pathways
Divergence into the “What” and “Where” Pathways
Auditory Processing
Computational Problems in Audition
Organization of the Auditory Pathways
Brainstem Computation of Spatial Location
Organization of Auditory Cortex
Auditory–Visual Interactions
Conclusions
Summary
Chapter 6 Object Recognition
The “What” Ventral Visual System
Deficits in Visual Object Recognition
Apperceptive and Associative Agnosias
Prosopagnosia: Agnosia for Faces
Category-Specific Deficits in Object Recognition
Theoretical Issues in Visual Object Recognition
Sparse Versus Population Coding for Objects
The Problem of Invariance in Recognition
Feature-Based Versus Configural Coding of Objects
Category Specificity: Are Some Types of Stimuli More
Special Than Others?
Object Recognition in Tactile and Auditory Modalities
Agnosias in Other Modalities
Tactile Object Recognition
Auditory Object Recognition
What Versus Where Across Modalities
In Focus: Visual Imagery: Seeing Objects With the
Mind’s Eye
Summary
Chapter 7 Spatial Cognition
The Dorsal Visual System for Spatial Cognition
Anatomy of the Dorsal Stream
Cellular Properties in the Dorsal Stream
Coding for the Three Dimensions of Space
Distinguishing Left from Right
Depth Perception
Spatial Frames of Reference
Neural Coding of Reference Frames
Dissociability of Reference Frames
Categorical Versus Coordinate Spatial Relations
Motion Perception
Specific Neural Regions for Motion Perception
Incorporating Knowledge of Self-Motion
Space and Action
Constructional Abilities
Optic Ataxia
Neural Mechanisms for Sensory-Motor Integration
Spatial Navigation
In Focus: Are Numbers Spatial?
Navigational Skills
Neural Coding of Spatial Environments
Challenges to the Dorsal–Ventral Stream Dichotomy
Summary
Chapter 8 Language
Brain Systems for Auditory Language
Classic Neurological Conceptions
Psycholinguistic Perspectives
Evidence From Double Dissociations
Language Processing From a Network Perspective
Visual “Spoken” Language
Basic Structure of American Sign Language (ASL)
Neural Organization of ASL
In Focus: Brain Organization in Bilinguals
Neurological Bases for Visual Language Processing
Evidence From Studies of Patients With Brain Damage
Converging Evidence from Other Research Methods
Processing of Non-Indo-European Languages and Other
Symbolic Systems
Kana and Kanji
Music
Right-Hemisphere Contributions to Language Processing
Prosody
Semantics
Narrative, Inference, and Metaphor
Summary
Chapter 9 Memory and Learning
What is Memory?
Hippocampal Damage Causes Amnesia, a Disorder of
Long-Term Memory
Global Nature of the Deficit
Temporal Profile of Affected Memories
Spared Abilities
Multiple Memory and Learning Systems
What Distinguishes Memory Systems?
Memory and Consciousness
Nonhippocampal Regions Involved in Memory and
Learning
Domain-Specific Neocortical Regions: Initial
Processing and Subsequent Access
The Basal Ganglia: Skill Learning
The Amygdala: An Interface Between Memory and
Emotion
Anterior Temporal Regions: Amodal Storage of
Semantic Information
Brain Systems For Different Stages of Memory
Encoding: The Medial Temporal Lobe and Prefrontal
Regions
Consolidation and Storage: How Critical Is the
Hippocampus?
Retrieval: Hippocampal, Prefrontal, and Parietal
Mechanisms
In Focus: Does Sleep Help You to Remember?
Working Memory: The Ability to Hold and Manipulate
Information On-Line
Patients With Deficits in Working Memory
Studies With Nonhuman Animals: A Role for Prefrontal
Cortex?
Insights From Neurologically Intact Individuals
The Relationships Between Memory Systems
Theoretical and Computational Reasons for Distinct
Memory Systems
Interacting Memory Systems for Different Types and
Stages of Learning
Summary
