cWofo Ps

kl/ro
cWoogsf] k[i7e"ld
lzIff / >d cfkm}df hf]l8Psf] ljifo xf] . >d / lzIffsf] ;dGjo dfkm{t /fi6«nfO{ ljleGg If]qdf cfjZos
kg]{ hgzlQm k"/f ug{ pko'Qm / ;fGble{s kf7\oqmdsf] ljsf; ub}{ lj1fg / k|fljlw;Fu ;DalGwt, g]kfnL df6f]
cg's"nsf] u'0f:t/Lo, j}1flgs, Jofj;flos tyf g]kfndf ljBdfg ;fwg / ;|f]tsf] klxrfg Pj+ kl/rfng ug{
;Sg] cj:yfdf dfq} >d;Fu lzIffnfO{ hf]8g ;lsG5 . g]kfndf æk9\b} sdfpFb}æ sfo{qmd vf;u/L o'jfx¿nfO{
lzIff;Fu} /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ lbg] p2]Zon] ;~rfng ul/Psf] Ps dxTjk"0f{ kxn xf]. o; sfo{qmdsf] k|efjsfl/tf
ljleGg sf]0faf6 d"NofÍg ug{ ;lsG5—h:t} lzIffdf kx'Fr, cfly{s cfTdlge{/tf, ;Lk ljsf;, / ;fdflhs
;dfj]lztf h:tf s'/fx?df o;n] ;wf/ Nofpg ;S5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ nfu" e};s]kl5 lzIff P]g
kl/jt{g u/L kl/jlt{t P]gdf lzIfs Joj:yfkgsf] nflu s]xL k|fjwfg klg /flvP . t/, lzIff P]gsf] cf7f}+ ;+zf]wg
sfof{Gjog gx'b} gjf}+ ;+zf]wg ul/of] .
/fi6«klt z}lIfs ;'wf/ sfo{qmd cGtu{t k9\b} sdfpFb} sfo{qmd sfo{ljlw lzIff dGqfnoaf6 ldlt
@)&* kf}if @& ut] l:js[lt e} aflx/ cfPsf] 5 . kl/R5]b ^ j6f , lgodx? #@ j6f / cg';"rL @ j6f pNn]v
ul/Psf] of] sfo{ljlw ;fd'bflos :s"ndf cWoog/t ljBfyL{x? ;+u nlIft sfo{qmd xf] . ljz]iful/ lakGg tyf
ul/a Pjd\ lk5l8Psf ljBfyL{x? hf] cfly{s sf/0fn] lzIffaf6 alGrt /x]sfx?sf] lzIff cfh{g / cfo l:yltdf
;'wf/nfO{ k|fyldstfdf /flvPsf] 5 . lzIffnfO{ l;k ;+u, l;knfO{ >d ;+u, >dnfO{ pTkfbg ;+u / pTkfbgnfO{
ahf/;+u hf]8\g] dd{ af]s]sf] of] sfo{qmdsf % j6f p4]Zox? /x]sf 5g\ .
sfo{ljlwsf] kl/R5]b # sf] lgod (df cg'bfgsf If]qx? * j6f ls6fgL ul/Psf] 5 . s[lif, O{l~hlgol/Ë,
ko{6g tyf xl:k6flnl6, jg tyf jftfj/0f, lgdf{0f, c6f]df]jfO{N;, Aoj;flos ls6sf If]qx?df nufgL ul/g] of]
sfo{qmdn] ljBfyL{x?nfO{ k9\b} sdfpFb}df Ao:t /xg k|f]T;fxg ul/g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . sfo{qmd x]bf{ /f]huf/d'vL
/ pTkfbg ;+u hf]l8Psf] b]lvG5 .
lgb]{zs ;ldlt, ;dGjo ;ldlt, sfof{Gjog ;xlhs/0f ;ldlt / ;Da4 lgsfox?sf] e"ldsf dfkm{t
ls6fgL Aoj:yf u/]sf] 5 . lzIff dlGqs} cWoIftfdf !# hgfsf] lgb]{zs ;ldltsf] Aoj:yf / dxflgb]{zssf]
cWoIftfdf & hgfsf] ;dGjo ;ldlt ;+u} OsfO{ k|d'vsf] cWoIftfdf % hgfsf] sfof{Gjog ;xlhs/0f ;ldltsf]
Aoj:yfnfO{ ;sf/fTds eGg} kb{5 . ;Dj4 lgsfox?df ;j{k|yd lzIff dGqfno , dfgj >f]t tyf ljsf; s]G›,
k|b]z ;/sf/, lzIff ljsf; tyf ;dGjo OsfO{, :yflgo tx / ljBfnonfO{ tf]lsPsf] 5 . o;nfO{ /fi6«ktL z}lIfs
;'wf/ sfo{qmd cGtu{t ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .
k9\b} sdfpFb} sfo{qmddf vf;u/L olx txsf ljBfyL{x? ;xefuL x'g'kg]{ ls6fgL 5}g . sfo{ljlw k9bf
dfWolds txsf ljBfyL{ ;+u of] al9 pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 . oBlk cfwf/e't txdf klg sIff ^ b]lv dflysf
ljBfyL{x? ;xefuL aGg ;Sg]5g\ . ljz]ifu/L sIff ( b]lv !@ tyf pRr lzIffsf ljBfyL{x?nfO{ of] sfo{qmddf
hf]8\bf /fd|f] x'g] b]lvG5 . cfly{s ljkGgtfs} sf/0fn] k9fO{ lard} /f]Sg jfWo ePsf ljBfyL{x?sf nflu nlIft
elgPsf] of] sfo{qmddf sdfpg] tkm{ nfUbf k9fO{sf] :t/ lkmtnf] aGg] csf]{ kf6f]sf] st} p7fg ul/Psf] 5}g .
lgoldt ljBfno sn]h hfg] / k]zf Aoj;fo klg ;+u} ug]{ s'/fn] ljBfyL{x?n] Ps};fy b'O{ lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{
sl7g x'G5 .
;}4flGts k/LIff sfkLdf n]v]sf] cfwf/df / Aojxfl/s k/LIff tf]lsPsf] ljifo jf If]qsf] l;k k|bz{gLaf6
ljBfyL{n] xfl;n u/]sf] pknlAwsf cfwf/df d"NofÍg ug]{ ul/ ljBfyL{ d"NofÍgsf] kIfnfO{ sfo{ljlwn] ;d]6]sf]
eP yk ;'Gb/ aGg ;SYof] ls < s[lif cGtu{tsf ufO{, e}+;L ,afv|f nufotsf kz'kfng / s'v'/f xfF; nufotsf
k+IfLkfng tyf df5fkfng clg kmnkm"n t/sf/L v]tL ;lxtsf gub]jfnLdf ;xefuL x'g cfjZos hldg, uf]7
tyf h?/L cfwf/ jf 7fpFsf] nflu of] nuflg x'g] jf gx'g] eGg]df df}g b]lvG5 . To:t} O{lGhlgol/¨ cGtu{t klg
cfjZos pks/0f tyf cf}hf/ Pjd\ d]lzgx? v|l/b tyf Aoj:yfkgsf nflu 7"n} /sdsf] h?/L kb{5 .
k9b} sdfpFb} sfo{qmdsf nflu AolQmut eGbf ;fd'lxs ?kdf k|f]T;fxg ubf{ yk pko"Qm x'g] b]lvG5 .
ljifout tyf If]qut :t/df ;dfg l;k;+u hf]l8Psf ljBfyL{x?sf] ;d"x agfP/ cfo cfh{gsf] nflu >ddf
hf]8\g] h:sf] l;wf ;DjGw pTkfbg / ;f] sf] ahf/Ls/0f;+u /x]sf] x'G5 . o:sf] nflu ljifo lj1x?sf] ;xlhs/0f
csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf] . :s"n sn]hsf lgoldt lzIfsx?nfO{ otf Ao:t agfpg x'Fb}g . ljifo lj1x?sf]
Aoj:yfkgsf nflu l/6fo{8 lzIfs ,k|fWofks, sd{rf/Laf6 ;xof]u ln+bf al9 pko'Qm b]lvG5 . o;f]ubf{ sd
nuflg kg{ cfpF5 . sfo{ljlw cfkm}+df k"0f{ t x'g} ;Sb}g . w]/}s'/fx? cg'Ql/t 5g\ . olb s]lx u/]/} b]vfpg
vf]lhPsf] xf] eg] cem sfo{ljlw leq vf];|]/ ulx/fO{df hfg'kg]{ x'G5 .
;d:ofsf] syg
/fi6«klt z}lIfs ;'wf/ sfo{qmd cGtu{t ;~rfng x'g] k9\b} sdfpFb} sfo{qmd sfo{ljlw, @)&*
;fj{hlgs ePsf] 5 . lzIffnfO{ l;k;+u, l;knfO{ >d;+u, >dnfO{ pTkfbg;+u / pTkfbgnfO{ ahf/;+u hf]8L
eljiodf pBdL, Joj;flos, l;ko'Qm Pjd\ :jfnDaL gful/s pTkfbg ug]{ d'Vo nIo;lxt sfo{ljlw hf/L ul/Psf]
xf] . ;fwf/0f / k|fljlws tyf Joj;flos wf/sf ljBfno dfkm{t cfo cfh{gsf] cj;/ k|bfg u/L k9\b} sdfpFb}
sfo{qmd ;/n, ;xh / k|efjsf/L 9+un] sfof{Gjog ug{ sfo{ljlw hf/L ul/Psf] 5 . ;fd'bflos ljBfnodf
cWoog/t ljBfyL{x?df pBdzLntf, :jfjnDag, k|fljlws l;k tyf Jofj;flos ;f]r ljsf; u/L cfTdlge{/
agfpg / kf7\oqmddf cfwfl/t u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf] ;'lgZrt ub}{ k9fOnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg jf~5gLo ePsf]n],
ljlgof]hg P]g, @)&* sf] bkmf ( sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L g]kfn ;/sf/, lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw
dGqfnon] of] sfo{ljlw agfO{ nfu" u/]sf] 5 .
d'nse/sf ;fd'bflos ljBfnodf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ePsf] 5 . sfo{qmd ;fd'bflos ljBfnodf
cWoog/t ljbfyL{nfO{ nlIft u/L nfu' ul/Psf] xf] . s[lif -afnL lj1fg–kz' lj1fg–jfuafgL_ ,OlGhlgol/ª -
l;len–On]S6«Lsn–sDKo'6/_, ko{6g tyf xl:k6fln6L, jg tyf jftfj/0f, lgdf{0f, c6f]df]afOn, Joj;flos sL6
-df}/L kfng Rofp / /];d v]tL_ nufotsf If]qdf sfoqmd ;~rfng ul/g] 5 . sfo{ljlwsf] bkmf & adf]lhd
sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf] nflu 5gf]6 ePsf ljBfnonfO{ ;DalGwt :yfgLo tx dfkm{t k]z u/]sf] k|:tfj /
cfjZostfsf cfwf/df ;zt{ cg'bfgsf] ?kdf /sd pknAw u/fOg] sfo{ljlwdf pNn]v 5 .
xfn g]kfndf k"j{k|fylds lzIff tyf afnljsf; sfo{qmddf !@ nfveGbf a9L, cfwf/e"t txdf %$
nfveGbf a9L / dfWolds txdf s/La !* nfv u/L s'n *$ nfveGbf a9L ljBfyL{x¿ cWoog/t 5g\ . of]
;Î\of s'n hg;Î\ofsf] s/La @( k|ltzt xf] . hg;Î\ofsf] olt 7"nf] lx:;fnfO{ lzIff k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ u/L
lbzflgb]{z gug]{ xf] eg] b]zn] ck]Iff u/]sf] æ;d[4 g]kfn, ;'vL g]kfnLÆsf] kl/sNkgf k"/f x'g ;Sb}g .
cWoogsf] cf}lrTo
cfly{s aif{ @)&*÷&( af6 ;'? ePsf] …k9\b}, sdfpFb}Ú sfo{qmd clxn];Dd @$) ljBfnodf nfu" ePsf] 5
. ;'?df k/LIf0fsf ?kdf !$$ ljBfnodf k|f/De ePsf] sfo{qmd utaif{ !)) ljBfno yk u/L @$$ ljBfno
k'u]sf lyP . t/ rf/ ljBfnon] sfo{qmd :yug u/]sfn] clxn] @$) ljBfnodf dfq ;~rfng ePsf] 5 . o:tf]
cWoog xfn;Dd gePsf] / o; cWoogn] vf;u/L lzIffnfO{ Jojxfl/s agfpg d4t ug]{ ePsf]n] o:tf]
cWoogsf] cf}lrTo b]lvG5 . cWog k|Zrft pgLx?n] cfh{g u/]sf] ;LknfO{ Jojxf/;Fu hf]8]/ cWoog ug{ ;Sg]
/ To;jf6 hLjg:t/nfO{ kljt{g ug{ ;lsg] ePsf]n] o;sf] dxTj /x]sf] 5 .

cWoogsf] p2]Zo
s'g} klg ljifosf] cg';Gwfg sfo{df p2]Zox?sf] lgwf{/0f ubf{ ljz]if Wofg k'¥ofpg' kb{5 . cWoogdf Jofks
?kn] pb]Zox? ;d]l6Pdf lgisif{df k'Ug sl7g x'G5 t;y{ pb]Zox? lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;xh} tYo kQf nufpg
;lsg] vfnsf] x'g'kb{5 .k|:tt k|:tfljt cWoogsf] lgDgfg';f/sf p2]Zox? /flvPsf] 5 .
s_ g]kfndf k9\b} sdfpb} sfo{qmdsf] cEof; / ;fGble{stf klxrfg ug]{,
v_ g]kfndf k9\b} sdfpb} sfo{qmdsf] cEof; / ;fGble{stf ljZn]if0f ug]{,
u_ ;d:ofsf] klxrfg ub}{ k|efjsfL sfo{Gogsf] nflu ;'emfj lbg] .
cg';GwfgfTds k|Zgx?
s_ g]kfndf k9\b} sdfpb} sfo{qmdsf] sfo{Gjogsf] cj:yf s:tf] /x]sf] 5 <
v_ g]kfndf k9\b} sdfpb} sfo{qmdsf] cEof; / ;fGble{stf s] s:tf] /x]sf] 5 <
u_ k|efjsf/L sfo{Gogsf] nflu s] s:tf sfo{x? ug{ ;lsG5 <

cWoogsf] dxTj
 k9\b} sdfpFb}Ú sfo{qmd k|efjsf/L aGb} uPsf] / sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf nflu ljBfnox?sf] jl/k/L
cfjZos hUuf ePsf] / cg'udgsf cfwf/df kof{Kt k"jf{wf/ ePsf ljBfnox? dfq 5gf]6 x'g], o; sfo{qmdn]
ljBfyL{nfO{ cWoogsf ;fy} k|of]ufTds ;Lkx? klg l;sfpg] ePsf]n] cfocfh{gsf ;fy} ;fg} pd]/b]lv ;Lksf]
1fg x'g] ePsf] sf/0f of] sfo{qmdn] kfg]{ k|efjsf] jf/]df cWoog ug{ cfjZos ePsf] xf] .
cWoogsf] kl/;Ldf
s'g} klg cWoog ubf{ ;Ldfx? x'G5g\ . cem of] z}lIfs cWoog ePsf] sf/0fn] klg o;sf ;DkGg
ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o; cWoogdf klg l;ldt If]q / :yfgnfO{ 5gf}6 ul/Psf] 5 .
s_ of] cWoog pbok'/ lhNnfdf dfq ;Lldt /xg] 5 .
v_ co cWoog s]jn k9\b} sdfpb} sfo{qmdsf] sfo{Gjogsf] cj:yf , cEof; / ;fGble{stf df ;Lldt /xg]
5.
u_ of] cWoog pbok'/ lhNnfdf of] sfo{sd nfu ePsf ljBfnox?sf] cWoogdf dfq s]lGb|t /xg] 5 .
3_ o; cWoogdf #) hgf ljBfyL{, @ hgf lzIfs u/L #@ hg;+u cGt/jf{tf{ lnOg] 5 eg] $hgf ljifo
lj1x?;Fu uxg cGt/jf{tf{ lnOg] 5 .
ª_ o; cWoogdf cjnf]sg ul/Ptfklg ;fd"lxs 5nkmn eg] ul/g] 5}g\ .
r_ of] cWoog pbok'/ lhNnfsf a/lkkn dfWolds ljBfno, a]nsf ( / hgtf dfWolds ljBfno,
pbok'/u9L sf] cWoogdf dfq} ;Lldt x'g]5 .
cWoogsf] ;+/rgf
k|:t't cWoognfO{ lgDg kfFr cWofodf ljefhg u/L cWofod"ns zLif{s cGtu{t cWoog ul/g] 5
cWofo Ps M zf]w kl/ro
cWofo b'O{ M k"j{sfo{sf] k'g/fjnf]sg / ;}4flGts cjwf/0ff
cWofo tLg M cWoog ljlw / k|lqmof
cWofo rf/ M JofVof tyf ljZn]if0f
cWofo kfFr M ;f/f+z, lgisif{{ / pkof]lutf
;DalGwt zAbfjnLsf] kl/efiff M
ljBfno lzIff of]hgf @)&(– @)** M 1fg , lj1fg / k|ljlwdf ePsf] ljsf; tyf kl.jt{gnfO{ ;fGb{les
agfO{ cfTd;fy ug{ / l;h{gzLn, ;lqmo tyf g]kfnsf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0fsf nflu lzIffsf]
of]ubfgnfO{ ;do ;fk]If agfpg lzIff k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ ug]{ of]hgf .

ljBfno lzIff M g]kfndf ljBfno lzIffleq k"j{k|fylds lzIff, sIff ! b]lv * ;Ddsf] cfwf/e"t lzIff /
sIff ( b]lv !@ ;Ddsf] dfWolds lzIff u/L tLg txsf] lzIff ;~rfngdf 5g\ .
Kf9\b} sdfpb} sfo{qmd M /fi6«klt z}lIfs ;'wf/ sfo{qmd cGtu{t k9\b} sdfpFb} sfo{qmd sfo{ljlw lzIff
dGqfnoaf6 ldlt @)&* kf}if @& ut] l:js[lt e} aflx/ cfPsf] 5 . k|:t't sfo{ljlwdf kl/R5]b ^ j6f ,
lgodx? #@ j6f / cg';"rL @ j6f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . of] sfo{ljlwsf] d'Vo ljz]iftf eg]s} ;fd'bflos :s"ndf
cWoog/t ljBfyL{x? ;+u nlIft sfo{qmd xf] .
 cWofo b'O{
;DalGwt ;flxTosf] k'g/fjnf]sg / ;}4flGts vfsf
s'g} klg sfo{nfO{ ;kmntfk"j{s ;DkGg ug{sf nflu o; k|s[ltsf sfo{x¿ o;eGbf cufl8 ul/Psf
/x]5g\ eg] To:tf sfo{x¿sf] cWoog ug'{ h¿/L x'G5 . t;y{ cWoog cg';Gwfgdf k"j{sfo{sf] ;dLIff tyf cWoog
cy{k"0f{ /xG5 . s'g} klg ljifodf To;eGbf cufl8 ePsf ;}4flGts cWoog / cg';Gwfgx¿sf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ sfo{
g} k"j{sfo{sf] ;dLIff xf] . s'g} klg sfo{nfO{ ;kmntfk"j{s ;DkGg ug{sf nflu o; k|s[ltsf sfo{x¿ o;eGbf
cufl8 ul/Psf /x]5g\ eg] To:tf sfo{x¿sf] cWoog ug'{ h¿/L x'G5 . t;y{ cWoog cg';Gwfgdf k"j{sfo{sf]
;dLIff tyf cWoog cy{k"0f{ /xG5 . s'g} klg ljifodf To;eGbf cufl8 ePsf ;}4flGts cWoog / cg';Gwfgx¿sf]
ljZn]if0f ug]{ sfo{ g} k"j{sfo{sf] ;dLIff xf] .
;}4flGts ;dLIff
x/]s cWoog cg';gwfgsf cfkmg} 9fFrf / vfsfx¿ /x]sf x'G5g\ h;n] ubf{ cWoog cg';Gwfg
ljrlnt x'g kfpFb}g\ . ;flxTosf] k'g/fjnf]sg sfo{df b'O{ k|sf/sf ;flxTosf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ ul/G5 h:t}
M ;}4flGts / cg';Gwfgdf cfwfl/t . ;}4flGts ;flxTosf] k'g/fjnf]sgdf cfkm"n] ug{ nfu]sf] cg';Gwfg;Fu
;DalGwt wf/0ff tyf l;4fGtx¿sf] k'g/fjnf]sg ul/G5 . ;}4flGts ;flxTosf] k'g/fjnf]sgn] cfkm\gf] cWoog;Fu
;DalGwt r/x¿nfO{ a'emg / sfof{Tds kl/efiff lbg tyf ;DalGwt cjwf/0ff tyf l;4fGtxc¿sf] dfWodåf/f
cWoogsf] cjwf/0ffTds 9fFrf lgdf{0f ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug] ub{5 . ;}4flGts ;flxTosf] k'g/fjnf]sgn] cg';GwfgnfO{
;DalGwt ljifo tyf ljwfdf cfPsf gljg wf/0ff tyf l;4fGtdf kl/lrt u/fpg] / 1fgsf] ljsf;sf] hgsf/L
lbg] ;DalGwt If]qsf] 1fgsf] bfo/f km/flsnf] agfpF5 . o; If]qdf klxNn} k|ltkflbt 1fgx¿ s] s] 5g\ <
s:tf l;4fGtx¿ k|ltjfbg ePsf 5g\ s:tf cjwf/0ff :yflkt / ljjflbt 5g\, s] s:tf If]qdf yk cWoogsf]
cfjZostf 5 eGg] ljifodf hfgsf/L k|bfg ug]{ ub{5 . o; cWofodf ;xeflutfsf] l;4fGt tyf pTk|]/0ffsf]
l;4fGtsf] cjnDag ul/g] 5 .
k"j{sfo{sf] ;dLIff
cfkm\gf] ljifoj:t';Fu eP u/]sf cWoog cg';Gwfgsf] ljZn]if0f g} k"j{sfo{sf] ;ldIff ePsf]n] o;;Fu
;DalGwt ljifoj:t'nfO{ k"j{sfosf] ;dLIffsf] ¿kdf o;/L pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . cg';Gwfg sfo{nfO{ cufl8
a9fpg' k"j{ g} ;DalGwt ljifo tyf If]qdf s] slt cWoog cg';Gwfg ePsf 5g\ , s'gs'g ;fwg, ;fdu|L /
ljlwx¿ k|of]u ul/Psf 5g / s] s] ;'emfp lbPsf 5g, ltgLx¿sf] lj:t[t cWoog tyf ;dLIff ug'{kb{5 .
k"j{ ;flxTosf] ;dLIffn] ;DalGwt ljifodf klxn] ePsf vf]hsf] d"Nof+sg ug{ ;xof]u k"¥ofpF5 . ;alGwt
ljifodf ;do ;dodf k|sflzt cg';Gwfgd"ns n]v, k|ltj]bg tyf hg{nx¿af6 cg';Gwfgstf{n] k|sflzt
If]q tyf ljifoj:t'sf af/]df w]/} hfgsf/L k'¥ofpg ;S5 . To:t} sltko vf]h k|sflzt gu/L l/kf]6{sf]
¿kdf dfq /x]sf] x'g ;S5 . tL/ cGo To:t} ;flxTos cWoogx¿af6 g} cWotfn] ;DalGwt ljifoj:t'sf]
af/]df hgsf/L lng], gofF ljifoj:t' vf]Hg], / o:tf ljifoj:t'sf] ulx/fO{df k'Ug] k|of; ub{5 . cWoog
cg';Gwfgdf k"j{sfo{sf] ;dLIff tyf cWoog cy{k"0f{ /xG5 . o; zf]wk|:tfj;+Fu ldNbf h'Nbf k|s[ltsf cWoog
cg';GwfgnfO{ oxFf lgDg cg';f/ pNNf]v ul/Psf] 5 .
gLltut ;dLIff
s'g}klg ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt gLltut Joj:yfsf] cWoognfO{ gLltut ;dLIff elgG5 . o; cWoog;Fu ;DalGwt
gLltx?nfO{ o;k|sf/ ;dLIff ul/Psf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ sf] wf/f #! df lzIff;DaGwL xs cGtu{t k|To]s g]kfnL gful/snfO{ /fHoaf6
cfwf/e"t tx;Ddsf] lzIff clgjfo{ / lgZz'Ns tyf dfWolds tx;Ddsf] lzIff lgZz'Ns kfpg] xssf] ;'lglZrttf
u/]sf] 5 . g]kfndf ljBfno lzIffleq k"j{k|fylds lzIff, sIff ! b]lv * ;Ddsf] cfwf/e"t lzIff / sIff ( b]lv
!@ ;Ddsf] dfWolds lzIff u/L tLg txsf] lzIff ;~rfngdf 5g\ .
k|wfgdGqL tyf dGqL kl/ifb sfo{no -@)*@_ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gLlt tyf sfo{qmd @)*@ ÷@)*#
df pBdzLntf d}qL lzIffÚsf] gLlt ckgfO{ >d If]qdf /x]sf] ;Lko'Qm >d zlQmsf] cefj / ;LkxL+g >d zlQm
hu]8f /xg] cj:yfsf] cGTo ug]{M. o;sf nflu xfnsf] kf7\oqmd, l;sfO / cWofkg ljlwdf Jofks ;'wf/ ug]{.
pBdzLntfsf] dfWodåf/f cfGtl/s /f]huf/L l;h{gf u/L cfocfh{gsf cj;/ j[l4 ug]{. ;a} pBddf æljhg];
Knfgæ / To;sf] æOsf]l;:6dæ lglZrt u/L Úh]GhL k':tfÚ nfO{ ljz]if k|fyldstfdf /fvL o'jf s]lG›t æ:6f6{ckæ
sfo{qmd ;'? ug]{ gLlt zfh{hlgs u/]sf] 5 .
/fli6o of]hgf cfof]u -@)*_ sf cg;f/, jt{dfg ;|f]xf}+ of]hgfn], bL3{sfnLg /fli6«o cfjlws hgzlQm ljsf;
of]hgf th{'df u/L o;sf cfwf/df z}lIfs sfo{qmd lgdf{0f ug]{ ;+oGq / k4lt ljsf; ug]{ . lzIff / ;LknfO{
pTkfbg / ahf/;Fu hf]8g]M ;fIf/tf / ;Lk ljsf;nfO{ hf]8L dfWolds lzIffnfO{ j[lQ ljsf; / pRr lzIffnfO{
pBd / /f]huf/ s]lG›t agfpg æk9\b} sdfpFb} / sdfpFb} k9\b}æ h:tf sfo{qmdnfO{ hf]8 lbg]M ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L,
;xsf/L / lghL If]qsf] ;xsfo{df /fli6«o ;Lk ljsf; tyf /f]huf/ l;h{gf dxfcleofg ;~rfng ug]{M cgf}krfl/s
If]qdf sfd ug]{ sfdbf/x¿sf] k"j{ l;sfOsf] dfGotf ljlwnfO k|efjsf/L agfpg]. Tyf u'0f:t/Lo / ;dfj]zL
lzIffsf nflu nufgL lj:tf/ ug]{M lzIff If]qdf ;a} txsf] nufgL j[l4 ug]{M lbjf vfhf, 5fqj[lQ nufotsf ljBfyL{
;x'lnot sfo{qmdnfO{ PsLs[t k|0ffnLadf]lhd sfof{Gjog ug]{M pRr lzIffdf nfut ;fem]bf/Lsf] gLlt cjnDag
ub}{ lzIffdf lghL If]q / ljsf; ;fem]bf/ tyf u}/ cfjf;Lo g]kfnLsf] ;|f]t ;d]t kl/rfng ug]{M pRr lzIffnfO{
ljlzli6s[t agfpFb} cg';Gwfg s]lG›t agfpg]M of]hgfsf] cGTo;Dddf s'n ah]6sf] @ k|ltzt ah]6 cg';Gwfg
tyf ljsf;df nufpg]M pRr lzIffdf cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L b"/ l;sfOnfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fv]/ b'u{d /
ljb]zsf ljwfyL{nfO{ ;d]t cWoog ug{ ;lsg] u/L k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug]{M cl6hd nufot ;a} k|sf/sf ckfËtf
ePsf afnaflnsfsf] lzIffdf kx'Fr ;'lglwt ug]{ / pBdzLntf ljsf; ug]{ /0fgLlt lnPsf] 5 .
cjwf/0ffut sfo{9fFrf
k|:t't cWoog lgDg cjwf/0ffut sfo{9fFrfsf] cfwf/df ;DkGg ul/Psf] 5 .

cyf]{kfh{g /
lzIff lzIffk|ltsf]
dgf]lj1fg
>d / lzIff

Kf9\b} sdfpb}
sfo{qmdsf] cEof;, lzIffdf
k|s[lt / lg/Gt/0f
Zf}lIf0f u'0f:t/,
k|efjsfl/tf

lbuf]kgfsf]
;xeflutfsf] ;jfn
cfly{s l;4fGt tyf
:jtGqtf /
lzIff
pTk|]/0ffsf]
l;4fGt

k|:t't k|:tfljt cWoogdf vf;u/L Kf9\b} sdfpb} sfo{qmdsf] cEof;, k|s[lt / k|efjsfl/tf cWoog ubf{ cyf]{kfh{g
/ lzIff, lzIffk|ltsf] dgf]lj1fg, lzIffdf lg/Gt/0f, lbuf]kgfsf] ;jfn, ;xeflutfsf] l;4fGt tyf pTk|]/0ffsf]
l;4fGt, cfly{s :jtGqtf / lzIff, Zf}lIf0f u'0f:t/, >d / lzIff h:tf s/fx?nfO{ ;d]l6g] 5 .
k"j{sfo{sf] ;dLIff cWoogsf] pkb]otf
xfn;Dd ul/Psf zf]wx?n] lzIff / >dnfO{ hf]8hf]8g ;s]sf] b]lvPg t/klg ljleGg cWoogdf
vf;u/L o;n] k|efj eg] kf/]sf] b]lvG5 . pNn]lvt cWoogx?sf] ;ldIffn] o; cWognfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg
e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ b]lvG5 .
 cWofo tLg
cWoog ljlw tyf k|lqmof
s'g} klg cWoog cg';GwfgnfO{ k"/f ug{sf nflu k"j{ lgwf{l/t ljlw Pjd\ lglZrt k|lqmofsf] kfngf ug'{kb{5 .
To;f] ePdfq cg';Gwfgaf6 ck]Iff ul/Psf] p2]Zo k"/f x'g ;S5 . x/]s cg';GwfgnfO{ ;kmn agfpgsf nflu
cWoog ljlwsf] :yfg pRr /xG5 . cg';Gwfgsf nflu cfjZos ;fdu|Lsf] ;|f]t, ;fdu|L ;ª\sng / To;sf]
;Tofkg;Ddsf] ;du| k|lqmof g} zf]w ljlw xf] .
cWoogsf] If]q 5gf}6
pbok'/ lhNnf g]kfnsf] sf]zL k|b]z sf] klZrd–blIf0f lx:;fdf cjl:yt 5. o; lhNnfn] dxfef/t kj{t
z[Înfb]lv r'/] kj{tdfnf;Ddsf] e"–efu ;d]6]sf] 5. o;sf] s'n If]qkmn @)^# ju{ lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5. If]qkmnsf]
lx;fan] of] lhNnf g]kfnsf] @&cf}+ k"jf{~rn ljsf; If]qsf] rf}yf] / ;u/dfyf c~rnsf] bf];|f] :yfgdf kb{5. b]zsf]
;a}eGbf 7"nf] l;d]G6 pBf]u æpbok'/ l;d]G6 pBf]uæ o; lhNnfdf /x]sf]n] o; lhNnfnfO{ kl/ro u/fpg yk
d2t k'u]sf] 5. of] lhNnf dxfef/t z[Înf / r'/] kj{t z[ÎnfaLr /x]sfn] dxfef/t z[Înf cGtu{t wfl/nf, las6,
8fF8fx¿, 5l/Psf / kftlnPsf a:tLx¿ 5g\. eg] dxfef/t km]lbb]lv r'/] z[Înfsf] aLrdf b'O{j6f 7"nf–7"nf
nfDrf] cfsf/sf] ;dy/ kmfF6 ePsf] x'Fbf o; lhNnfnfO{ leqL dw];sf] ¿kdf u0fgf ul/G5 .
lqo'uf g]kfnsf] sf]zL k|b]zdf /x]sf] pbok'/ lhNnfsf] Ps gu/kflnsf xf] . pbok'/ lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd
ufO{3f6 o; gu/kflnsf leqsf] Ps s]G›Lo :yn xf]. pbok'/ lhNnfdf /x]sf tTsflng ufO{3f6, b]p/L / e'd/;'jf
ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt ldnfP/ lj=;+= @)%# r}q !$ ut] of] gu/kflnsfsf] u7g ul/Psf] lyof]. k"jL{ g]kfnsf]
pbok'/ pkTosfsf] pbok'/ lhNnfdf /x]sf] lqo'uf gu/ ›'tt/ ultdf ljsf; eO/x]sf] gu/ xf]. o;
gu/kflnsfleq ;a} lhNnf :t/Lo sfo{nox¿sf ;fy} SofDk;, ljBfno tyf c:ktfnx¿ ;d]t /x]sf 5g\.
gu/kflnsf s'n !^ j8fdf ljeflht 5f}+ . lqo'uf gu/kflnsfsf] k"j{df rf}b08Lu9L gu/kflnsf, klZrddf
pbok'/u9L ufpFkflnsf / ;Kt/L lhNnf, pt/df /f}tfdfO{ ufpFkflnsf / vf]6fª lhNnf tyf blIf0fdf ;Kt/L
lhNnf /x]sf 5g\ . ToxL If]qnfO{ cWoogsf] If]q agfOPsf] 5 .
cg';Gwfgsf] 9fFrf
cg';GwfgnfO{ Jojl:yt ¿kdf ;DkGg ug{sf] nflu cg';Gwfg k"j{ g} tof/ ul/Psf] a[xt of]hgfnfO{
cg';Gwfg 9fFrf elgG5 . cg';Gwfg sfo{df cg';Gwfg ljifosf] 5gf}6 sfo{b]lv tYof+ª ;+sng ljZn]if0f /
k|:t'tLs/0f sfo{;Dd canDag ug'{kg]{ ;a} k|lqmofnfO{ ;d]6]/ agfOPsf] sfo{ of]hgfsf] lglZrt vfsf g}
cg';Gwfg 9fFrf xf] . cg';Gwfg sfo{ tfls{s Jojl:yt, j}1flgs / tYok/s ePsf sf/0f ljgf of]hgf, ljgf
;'ema'em, ljgf ;fjwfgL / ;Dk"0f{ k|sf/sf] nfut ljj/0f ljgf cg';Gwfg sfo{nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg k|foM c;Dej
g} x'G5 . cg';Gwfg sfo{sf ljleGg r/0fx¿nfO{ s;/L ;DkGg ug]{ eGg] tYosf] k"j{ cEof;, k"jf{g'dfg tyf k"j{
hgfsf/L cg';Gwfg 9fFrfdf ul/G5 . z}lIfs cWoog cg';Gwfgsf nflu ljleGg cg';Gwfg 9fFrfx¿ h:t}
P]ltxfl;s cg';Gwfg 9fFrf, t'ngfTds cg';Gwfg 9fFrf, bL3{sflng cg';Gwfg 9fFrf, kl/If0ffTds cg';Gwfg
9fFrf, cGj]if0ffTds cg';Gwfg 9fFrf, j0fgf{Tds cg';Gwfg 9fFrf tyf cw{ kl/If0f 9fFrfsf] k|of]u ug]{ ul/G5 .
k|:t't cWoogdf j0ff{gfTds / cGj]if0ffTds 9fFrfsf] k|of]u ul/g] 5 . oL cg';Gwfg 9fFrfsf] ;xof]udf of]
uxg cWogg k|efjsf/L ¿kdf cWoog ;DkGGg ul/g] 5 .
hg;+ª\Vof / gd'gf 5gf}6
cg';Gwfgsf nflu lnOPsf] ;ª\Vofaf6 5flgPsf] c+znfO{ gd'gf elgG5 . cWoog cg';Gwfgsf qmddf
;Dk"0f{ ;+Vofaf6 c+z 5fGg] / ltgnfO{ g} ;Dk"0f{ ;+Vofsf] k|ltlglw dfg]/ cWoog ljZn]if0f ug]{ sfo{ cg';Gwfg
leq ul/G5 . Pp6f efuaf6 dxTjk"0f{ ;fdu|LnfO{ 1fg u/fpg' 5gf]6 k4lt xf] . To;}n] ;Dk"0f{ ;fdu|Laf6 Ps
c+z lnO{ ;Dk"0f{ ;fdu|L af/] 1fg u/fpg] k|lqmofnfO{ gd'gf 5gf}6 k4lt elgG5 . cg';Gwfg sfo{df ;DalGwt
;du|tf cyjf cg';Gwfgsf ;a} PsfOsf] g} cg';Gwfg ug{ ;|f]t, ;fwg,;do / cGo Jojxfl/s hl6ntfsf
sf/0fn] ubf{ ;du| PsfOaf6 s]xL k|ltlglwd"ns PsfOx¿sf] dfq 5gf}6 u/L cWoog ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . cg';Gwfgdf
k|To]s PsfOsf] lgSof}n ug{, g;s]sf] cj:yfdf klg ;+u0fgf ljlwnfO{ pko'Qm dfGg ;lsFb}g\ . To;}n] o:tf]
cj:yfdf ;du|tfaf6 lglZrt k|ltlglwd"ns PsfOsf] 5gf}6 ul/G5 . o;}nfO{ gd'gf 5gf}6 elgG5 . ;+jfegf
/lxt gd'gf 5gf}6sf /0fgLlt jf tl/sf cg';f/ ;du|tf leqsf k|To]]s PsfOx¿ gd'gf 5gf}6df kg{;Sg]
;Defjgf x'Fb}g\ . k|:t't cWoogdf p2]Zod"ns gd'gf 5gf}6 ljlwsf] k|of]u ul/g] 5 . cGtjf{tf{sf] nflu #^
hgf;+u cGtjf{tf{ lnO{ of] cWoog tof/ kfl/g] 5 . o; cWoogdf u'0ffTds / kl/df0ffTds b'j} ljlwsf] k|of]u
ul/g] 5 .
cg';Gwfg cf}hf/x¿
tYof+s ;+sngsf ;|f]tx¿ vf;u/L k|fylds cyf{t\ cg';Gwfgstf{n] cfkm} ;+sng ug]{ ;|f]t / låtLos ;|f]t
cyf{t\ cGo JolQmn] u/]sf] cWoog cg';Gwfgaf6 k|fKt ;|f]tsf] ;d]t k|of]u ul/g]5 . o;/L o; k|:tfljt
cg';Gwfgdf tYofÍ lng] sfd k|fylds / låtLos ;|f]taf6 klg lnOg]5 . k|fylds ;|f]taf6 lnPsf] tYofÍnfO{
tflnsfa4 / ljZn]if0f ul/g] 5 eg] låtLo ;|f]t ljleGg kqklqsf, k':ts, n]v /rgf tyf hgu0fgf cflbaf6
lnOg] 5 .
k|fylds ;|f]t
cg';Gwfgdf k|fylds tYofª\s ;+sng ug{ cWoogstf{ :jo+dn] k|ToIf ¿kdf pQ/bftfnfO{ e]6L k|Zg ug]{,
cjnf]sg ug]{, ;xeflu x'g] / pQ/bftf ;dIf ljleGg ¿kaf6 cfjZos tYof+ªs ;+sng ub{5 . o:t} JolQmut,
;fd"lxs e]6, e]nf, cGtjf{tf{ cflbjf6 k|fylds tYof+ªs ;+sng ug{ ;lsG5 . o; cWoogdf k|fylds
;|f]tsf] ¿kdf ;fdfGo cGtjf{tf{ cg';"rLdf k/]sf $) hgf / uxg cWoogaf6 tYof+ª ;+sng ul/g] 5 .
l4tLos ;|f]t
k|:t't cWoog;Fu ;DalGwt, zf]wkq, n]v/rgf, klqsf, tyf ;DalGwt k':tsx?, cWoogx?, k|ltj]bgx?
Dffkm{t l4tLos tYof+sx? ;+sng ul/g] 5 .
tYof+ªs ;+sngsf cf}hf/x?
tYofÍ ;+sng ug{ lgwf{l/t cWoog If]qdf ;"rgfbftf;Fusf] cGtjf{tf{sf] cfwf/df / cjnf]sg Pj+ uxg
cWoogsf] cfwf/df tYofÍ ;+sng ul/g]5 . k|:t't cWoogdf lgDgfg';f/sf tYofª\s ;+sngsf cf}hf/x¿ k|of]u
ul/g] 5 .
cjnf]sg
cjnf]sgsf] cy{ x]/fO{ jf ghn nufpg' klg xf] . Psflt/ xfdLn] hLjgdf w]/} s'/fnfO{ x]g]{ u5f}{ w]/}h;f]
x]/fO{ jf cjnf]sgx? s]jn sfo{sf/0f x'G5g\ / h;sf] s'g} ljlzi6 p2]Zo x'Fb}g\ . t/ tYof+s ;+sngsf] ljlwsf
?kdf cjnf]sgnfO{ To:tf sfo{sf/0fsf] x]/fO{ eGbf leGg ?kn] lng] ul/G5 . cjnf]sg ljlw To:tf] ljlw xf]
h;af6 tYof+sx?sf] If]qdf uP/ cjnf]sgstf{sf] cjnf]sgdf uP/ ;+sng ug]{ ul/G5 . cjnf]sgsf] cfwf/
eg]sf] sf}t'xntf jf lh1f;f xf] / ;dfhdf /xg] dflg;x? hlxn]klg sf}t'xn jf lh1f;' /xG5g\ . To:tf]
lh1f;fsf] cefjdf cjnf]sgsf] ljlzi6 p4]Zo k'/f x'g ;Sb}g\ . o; cWoogdf cjnf]sg ;d]t ul/g] 5 .
cGtjf{tf{ cg";"rL
cGqjf{tf{ tYof+s ;+sngsf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ ljlw xf] . o;nfO{ cg';Gwfgstf{ / ;"rgfbftf aLr ljlzi6
cWoogsf nflu ;fGble{s hfgsf/Lx? xfl;n ug]{ cu|;/tfsf ;fy x'g] b'O{tkmL{ Jojl:yt jftf{nfk xf] eg]/
kl/eflift ug{ ;lsG5 . lbdfudf ljlzi6 p2]Zo /fv]/ b'O{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L JolQmx?sf aLr x'g] cGtj}{olQms
cGqlqm{ofnfO{ cGq{jf{tf{ o;df s]jn s'/fsfgL jf jftf{nfkdf dfq ;+nUg geP/ pQ/btfsf] xfpefp, ;+s]t
/ p;sf] jftfj/0fjf6, l;Sg] k|lqmof o; cGqu{t k5{ . cGqjf{tf{df cfd"Gg] ;fd'Gg] ;Dks{ jf 6]lnkmf]gjf6 x'g]
;Dks{ x'g] h:tf s'/fx? cGqjf{tf{sf/sf] tl/sfdf e/k5{ . of] ;+/lrt jf c;+/lrt b'j} 9fFrfjf6 ug{ ;lsG5
. k|:t't cWoogdf #@ hgf;+u vf;u/L k|ZgfjnL cGqjf{tf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
uxg cWoog
uxg cWoogdf vf;u/L lt ljifosf ljifolj1x?;Fu v'nf k|ZgfjnL dfkm{t tYof+s ;+sng ul/g] 5 . o;
k|:t't cWoogdf $ hgf;+u uxg cWoog ul/g]5 .
tYof+ªs ljZn]if0f k|lqmof
cg';Gwfgdf cWoogsf] dxTjk"0f{ r/0fsf ?kdf tYof+s ljZn]if0fnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . hj tYof+sx?
;+sng ul/G5 . To;kl5 To;nfO{ ljZn]if0f ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ljleGg ljlwx?sf] k|of]u u/L ;+sng ul/Psf
tYof+sx? sRrf :j?kdf x'g] ub{5g\ . o;/L ;+sng ul/Psf tYof+sx?nfO{ ltgLx?sf] k|s[lt x]/]/ km/s km/s
tl/sfaf6 ljZn]if0f ul/G5 . u'0fTds / dfqfTds tYof+sx? ;f]xL k|s[ltsf cfwf/df ljZn]if0f ul/g' kb{5 .
k|:t't cWoogdf ;Dkfbg, ;+lxtfs/0f, juL{s/0f / tflnsLs/0f u/L cWoog tyf ljZn]if0f ul/g]5 .
g}lts pkb]otf
k|To]s cg';Gwfg Pp6f lglZrt l;4fGtdf jfFlwPsf] x'G5 To;/L g} of] cg';Gwfg vf;u/L ljZjljBfno cg'bfg
cfof]u, lqe"jg ljZjljBfno, lzIffzf:q ;+sfo Pj+ cd]l/sg ;fOsf]nf]lhsn P;f]l;o;gsf] dfdb08sf] cfwf/df
tyf ;'k/Lkj]Ifs tyf lgb]{zssf] lgb]{zgdf tof/ kfl/g]5 .
cg';Gwfgsf] ljZj;logtf / j}Btf
ljZj;gLotf eGgfn] dfkgsf oGqsf] b'?:ttf / Ps?ktfk"0f{ glthf lbg] ;Ifdtf ePsf] sf/0f o;
cWoogdf ljleGg ljwLx?dfkm{t cWoogsf] ljZj;lgotf sfod ul/g] 5 eg] k|efjsf/L 9+un] tYof+s
;+sngsf cf}hf/x? k|of]u u/L j}Btf sfod ul/g]5 .
;do sfo{tflnsf
sfo{ ljj/0f ldlt @)*@
Jf}zfv H]fi7 H]fi7 h]i7 c;f/ c;f/
k|kf]hn
tYof+s ;+sng
klxnf] d:of}bf tof/

bf];|f] d:of}bf tof/