Global Media

Cultures
MEDIA - refers to the communication channels
through which we disseminate news, music, movies,
education, promotional messages and other data .

CULTURE - can be defines as all the ways of life

including arts, beliefs and institutions of a
population that are passed down from generation
to generation .
Global Media Cultures

• Globalization entails the spread of various

cultures
• Globalization also involves the spread of ideas
• Globalization relies on media as its main
conduit for the spread of global culture and
ideas
 1. ORAL COMMUNICATION
• Language allowed humans to communicate and share
information.
• Language became the most important tool for exploring the
world and different cultures.
• Language help people move and settle down.
2. SCRIPTS
• It allowed humans to communicate over a larger space and for
a much longer duration.
• It allowed the permanent codification of economic, cultural and
political practice.
 3. PRINTING PRESS
• It allowed thecontinuousproduction, reproduction
andcirculation of print materials.
4. ELECTRONIC MEDIA
• It includes the telegraphs, telephone, radio, film and
television.
• The wide range of these media continue to open up new
perspectives on economic, political and cultural processes
of globalization
5. DIGITAL MEDIA
• Digitized content that can be transmitted over the
internet or computer networks.
• It allows the advertisement of products and online
business transactions.
• The media have a very important impact on cultural
globalization in two mutually interdependent ways:
1. The media provide an extensive transnational transmission of
cultural products and;
2. It contributes to the formation of communicative networks and
social structures.
• Global media cultures create a continuous cultural exchange,
which crucial aspects such as identity, nationality, religion,
behavioral norms and way of life are continuous questioned and
challenged.
Various Media Drive
• Various forms of Global Integration
• Various Media  are used for globalization to work all
over the world  Media plays a major role in
globalization.

Examples: Television, Internet, Computers etc.

Considered to have a significant influence in
globalization.
Global Integration
• The process of increasing the degree of
economic and political integration among
countries around the world. 
• Global integration can involve the processes of
product standardization and technology
development centralization.
Globalization isn’t possible to occur without media.
• Electronic media allowed opportunities to spread
all over the world.
• Radio and Television is a powerful mass medium in
providing accessible information for people.
• Digital media through phone and computers
allows people to access information from around
the world.
Global and Local Cultural Products
• Global Product:
 Those products that are marketed internationally
under the same brand name, features and
specifications across countries.
• Cultural Products:
 Are goods and services such as arts, architectures,
museums etc. that showcase the history and information
of certain which belong to the country's cultural
heritage.
• Dynamics of Local and Global Culture
• Global flows of culture tend to move more
easily around the globe than ever before,
especially through non-material digital forms
• There are three perspectives on global
cultural flows: These are cultural
differentialism, hybridization, and
convergence.
 Three perspectives on Global Cultural Flows:
1. CULTURAL DIFFERENTIALISM 
• Emphasizes the fact that cultures are essentially
different and are only superficially affected by
global flows. 
• It also Involves barriers that prevent flows that
serve to make cultures more a line; cultures tend to
remain stubbornly different from one another.
 2. CULTURAL HYBRIDIZATION 
• A process by which a cultural element blends into
another culture by modifying the element to fit
cultural norms. 
• It is actually an integration of local and global
cultures. 
• A key concept is “glocalization” or the
interpenetration of the global and local resulting in
unique outcomes in different geographic areas
 3. CULTURAL CONVERGENCE 
• Approach stresses homogeneity introduced by
globalization. 
• Cultures are deemed to be radically altered by
strong flows, while cultural imperialism happens
when one culture imposes itself on and tends to
destroy at least parts of another culture.
The Globalization
of Religion
 DEFINING RELIGION

System of socially shared symbols, beliefs, and

rituals that is directed toward a sacred,
supernatural realm and addresses the ultimate
meaning of existence.
 The English word religion is from the Latin verb "religare",
which means "to tie" or "to bind fast". A contemporary scholar
defines religion as "a system of beliefs, rituals, and practices,
usually institutionalized in one manner or another, which
connects this world with the beyond. It provides the bridge
that allows humans to approach the divine, the universal life
force that both encompasses and transcends the world". This
substantive definition of religion limits religion to the belief in
supernatural or divine force (as cited in Lanuza and Raymundo,
2016).
Types of religous
Organization
CHURCH
• A religious organization that claims to
possess the truth about salvation
exclusively. A classic example is the
Roman Catholic Church. The church
includes everybody or virtually everybody
in a society. Membership is by childbirth:
new generations are born into the church
and are formally inducted through
baptism.
SECT
• The sect also perceives itself as
a unique owner of the truth.
However, it constitutes a minority
in a given society. Recruitment
takes place through conscious
individual choice.
DENOMINATION
• In contrast to the church and sect,
the denomination is oriented toward
cooperation, at least as it relates to
other similar denominations. People
join through individual and voluntary
choice, although the most important
formlary recruitment in established
denominations takes place through
childbirth.
CULT
• A non-traditional form o religion, the doctrine of which
is taken from diverse sources, either rom non traditional
sources or local narratives or an amalgamination of
both, whose members constitute either a loosely knit
group or an exclusive group which emphasizes the
belief in the divine element within the individual and
whose teachings are derived rom either a real or
legendary figure, the purpose of which is to aid the
individual in the full realization of his or her spiritual
powers and/or union with the Divine. The label cult is
often attached to a religious group that society
considers as deviant or nontraditional. Hence, the term
cult is often used in a negative way.
NEW RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS (NRMS) AND INDIGENOUS
RELIGIOUS GROUPS

The term New Religious Movement came into use

among social scientist in the 1960s. It was an alternative
label for cults that have been negatively portrayed by
mass media and some social scientists. New age groups
are considered part of these new religious movement.
More religions of
the world
 • Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity, Judaism, and
Islam are five of the biggest religions in the world. Over
the last few thousand years, these religious groups have
shaped the course of history and had a profound
influence on the trajectory of the human race. Through
countless conflicts, conquests, missions abroad, and
simple word of mouth, these religions spread around
the globe and forever molded the huge geographic
regions in their paths (Kuzoian, 2015).
HINDUISM
• Originating on the Indian subcontinent and
comprising several and varied systems of
philosophy, belief, and ritual. Although the name
Hinduism is relatively new, having been coined by
British writers in the first decades of the 19th
century, it refers to a rich cumulative tradition of
texts and practices, some of which date to the
2nd millennium BCE or possibly earlier. If the Indus
valley civilization (3rd-2nd millennium BCE) was
the earliest source of these traditions, as some
scholars hold, then Hinduism is the oldest living
religion on Earth.
BUDDHISM
• Religion and philosophy that developed from
the teachings of the Buddha (Sanskrit:
Awakened One), a teacher who lived in
northern India between the mid-6th and mid-
4th centuries BCE. Spreading from India to
Central and Southeast Asia, China, Korea, and
Japan, Buddhism has played a central role in
the spiritual, cultural, and social life of Asia,
and during the 20th century it spread to the
West.
CHRISTIANITY
• Stemming from the life, teachings, and death of
Jesus of Nazareth (the Christ, or the Anointed One of
God) in the 1st century AD. It has become the largest
of the world's religions. Geographically the most
widely diffused of all faiths, it has a constituency of
more than 2 billion believers. Its largest groups are the
Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox
churches, and the Protestant churches; in addition to
these churches there are several independent
churches of Eastern Christianity as well as numerous
sects throughout the world.
JUDAISM
• Monotheistic religion developed among the
ancient Hebrews. Judaism is characterized
by a belief in one transcendent God who
revealed himself to Abraham, Moses, and the
Hebrew prophets and by a religious life in
accordance with Scriptures and rabbinic
traditions. Judaism is the complex
phenomenon of a total way of life for the
Jewish people, comprising theology, law, and
innumerable cultural traditions.
ISLAM
• Promulgated by the Prophet Muhammad in Arabia
in the 7th century CE. The Arabic term islām, literally
surrender: illuminates the fundamental religious idea
of Islam-that the believer (called a Muslim, from the
active particle of islam) accepts surrender to the will
of Allah (in Arabic, Allah: God). Allah is viewed as
the sole God-creator, sustainer, and restorer of the
world. The will of Allah, to which human beings must
submit, is made known through the sacred scriptures,
the Qur'an (often spelled Koran in English), which
Allah revealed to his messenger, Muhammad.
Perspectives on the
Role of Religion in
the Globalization
Process
1. The Modernist Perspective
It is the perspective of most intellectuals and
academics. Its view is that all secularizations would
eventually look alike and the different religions would
all end up as the same secular and "rational"
philosophy. It sees religion revivals as sometimes being
a reaction to the Enlightenment and modernization.
2. Post-Modernist Perspective
It rejects the Enlightenment, modernist values of rationalism,
empiricism, and science, along with the Enlightenment, modernist
structures of capitalism, bureaucracy, and even liberalism. The core
value of post-modernism is expressive individualism. The post-
modemist perspective can include "spiritual experiences, but only
those without religious constraints. Post-modernism is largely hyper-
secularism, and it joins modernism in predicting, and eagerly
anticipating, the disappearance of traditional religions. Globalization,
by breaking up and dissolving every traditional, local, and national
structure, will bring about the universal triumph of expressive
individualism.
3. The Pre-Modernist Perspective
There is an alternative perspective, one which is post-modern in
its occurrence but which is pre-modern in its sensibility. It is best
represented and articulated by the Roman Catholic Church,
especially by Pope John Paul II. The Pope's understanding is
drawn from his experiences with Poland, but it encompasses
events in other countries as well. Each religion has secularized
in its own distinctive way, which has resulted in its own
distinctive secular outcome. This suggests that even if
globalization brings about more secularization, it will not soon
bring about one common, global worldview.
Indigenization, hybridization or glocalization are processes
that register the ability of religion to mold into the fabric of
different communities in ways that connect it intimately with
communal and local relations. Global -local or glocal
religion represents a genre of expression, communication
and individual identities. It involves the consideration of an
entire range of responses as outcomes instead of a single
master narrative of secularization and modernization.
 Forms of
Glocalization
Indigenization is connected with the specific faiths with
ethnic groups whereby religion and culture were often
fused into a single unit. It is also connected to the survival
of particular ethnic groups.

Vernacularization involved the rise of vernacular language

endowed with the symbolic ability of offering privileged
access to the sacred and often promoted by empires
Nationalization connected the consolidation of specific
nations with particular confessions and has been a popular
strategy both in Western and eastern Europe (171).

Transnationalization complemented religious

nationalization by forcing groups to identify with specific
religious traditions of real or imagine national homelands or
to adopt a more universalist vision of religion.
thank you!