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BUSINESS ENGLISH
GUFFEY / SEEFER

13e

SE/Guffey and Seefer/Business English, 13th Edition   ISBN - 978-0-357-03378-4 ©2020 Designer: XXX
Text & Cover printer: Quad Graphics   Binding: PB   Trim: 8.5" x 10.875"   CMYK
 Writer’s Workshop Expands Skills
Six Writer’s Workshops with a variety of writing assignments summarize
composition tips and techniques so that you are quickly introduced to business-
related writing skills, starting with proofreading and progressing to writing
sentences, paragraphs, e-mail messages, letters, and short reports.

Margin Notes Enliven Text

Are you having trouble remembering specific grammar
rules and uses? Study Tips can help you by offering
various ways to learn certain rules and simple
suggestions to improve your writing and make it
more professional.

PREFACE vii

10873_fm_hr_i-xiv.indd 7 12/18/18 12:57 PM

 Need a break from studying? Give your brain a treat
with Trivia Tidbits. From historical r­eferences
to variances in languages, learn how grammar is
used differently across the world and how it has
evolved over time.

Throughout the chapters appear Career Tips

with advice about searching for jobs and
performing well on the job.

Whether you are making a status update on

Facebook, writing a tweet on Twitter, captioning a
photo on Instagram, or creating a YouTube video,
these Social Media margin notes stress the
importance of making sure that your social media
presence is professional.

viii PREFACE

10873_fm_hr_i-xiv.indd 8 12/18/18 12:57 PM

 These new Grammar In the News margin
notes show how often references to grammar
appear in current new articles.

These new Take a Break margin notes show how

often references to grammar appear in books, film,
television, music, and other entertainment media.
Some of these margin notes allow you to practice your
skills with quick, fun activities.

Your Companion Website

At your companion website, additional resources are available to engage interest
and enhance learning.
PowerPoint Lecture Review. Slides with chapter outlines can help you
organize the chapter concepts and put them into categories that make
you remember parts of speech and how they operate.
Spot the Blooper Key. So that you can understand every blooper in the
text and see how to correct it, we provide a key. What’s more, you now have a
huge set of Bonus Bloopers that further challenge you to recognize and correct
language mishaps.

PREFACE ix

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 Acknowledgments
No successful textbook reaches a No. 1 position without a great deal of help. We are exceedingly grateful
to the reviewers and other experts who contributed their pedagogic and academic expertise in shaping
Business English.
We extend sincere thanks to many professionals at Cengage Learning who have helped propel Business
English to its prominent position in the field. For their contributions in producing the 13th Edition, we
sincerely thank Erin Joyner, Senior Vice President, Higher Education Product Management; Brian Gambrel,
Product Director, Qualitative Business; Heather Mooney, Product Manager, Marketing, Introduction to Business
and Business Communication; Andrew Stock, Associate Marketing Manager, Business Communication; John
Rich, Content Delivery Manager, Qualitative Business; and especially Bethany Sexton, Content Manager,
Business Communication. In addition, our heartfelt appreciation goes to Elizabeth MacDonald, Arizona State
University, for her exceptional preparation of testing materials, and Patsy Fortney, copyeditor extraordinaire,
for her careful attention to detail.

Grateful Thanks to the Following:

Paige P. Baker Marye B. Gilford Donna Kimmerling Jackie Ohlson
Trinity Valley Community St. Philips College Indiana Business College University of Alaska
College
Barbara Goza Jared H. Kline Mary Quimby
Joan W. Bass South Florida Community Southeastern Community Southwestern College
Clayton State University College College
Jana Rada
Julie G. Becker Margaret E. Gorman Ann Marie Klinko Western Wisconsin Technical
Three Rivers Community Cayuga Community College Northern Virginia Community College
College College
Helen Grattan
Susan Randles
Amy Beitel Des Moines Area Community
Shelley Konishi Vatterott College
Cambria-Rowe Business College
Kauai Community College
College Carol Jo Reitz
Ginger Guzman
J. Sargeant Reynolds Linell Loncorich Allentown Business School
Margaret Britt
Community College Hutchinson Technical College
Copiah-Lincoln Community Judith R. Rice
College Joy G. Haynes Jane Mangrum Chippewa Valley Technical
Chaffey College Miami-Dade Community College
Leila Chambers
College
Cuesta College Marilyn Helser Kathie Richer
Lima Technical College Shirley Mays Edmonds Community College
Connie Jo Clark
Lane Community College Hinds Community College
Nancy A. Henderson Benelle Robinson
North Harris College Darlene McClure Ventura Community College
Robin Cook
Sawyer School College of the Redwoods
Janet L. Hough Maria Robinson
Spokane Community College Timothy A. Miank Columbia College
Maria S. Damen
University of Cincinnati/ Lansing Community College Sally Rollman
Marilynne Hudgens
Raymond Walters College Southwestern College Carol Vermeere Middendorff Shoreline Community College
Betty Dooley Clackamas Community Jan Sales
Iva A. Upchurch Jeffreys College
Clark State Community Ventura Community College Merced College
College
Anita Musto Linda Serra
Edna V. Jellesed
Cathy Dropkin Utah Valley State College Glendale Community College
Lane Community College
Eldorado Colleges
Paul W. Murphey Mageya R. Sharp
Tina Johnson
Judy Ehresman Southwest Wisconsin Cerritos College
Lake Superior College
Mercer County Community Technical College
College Evelyn A. Katusak Susan Simons
Broome Community College Jaunett S. Neighbors Edmonds Community College
Valerie Evans Central Virginia Community
Cuesta College Lydia J. Keuser College Marilyn Simonson
San Jose City College Lakewood Community College
Diane J. Fisher Mary Nerburn
The University of Southern Marilyn Kilbane Moraine Valley Community Lynn E. Steffen
Mississippi Cuyahoga Community College College College of Lake County

10873_fm_hr_i-xiv.indd 10 12/18/18 12:57 PM

 Letha Strain Michelle Taylor James A. Trick Lois A. Wagner
Riverside College Ogeechee Technical Newport Business Southwest Wisconsin
College Institute Technical College
Susan Sutkowski
Robert Thaden Susan Uchida Fred Wolven
Minneapolis Technical
Tacoma Community Kauai Community Miami-Dade
College
College College Community College
Evelyn Taylor Dorothy Thornhill June Uharriet
Cincinnati Bible Los Angeles Trade East Los Angeles
College Technical College Community College

Acknowledgments xi

10873_fm_hr_i-xiv.indd 11 12/18/18 12:57 PM

 Contents
Unit 1 Laying a Foundation
Chapter 1 Parts of Speech 2
Chapter 2 Sentences 25

Unit 2 Knowing the Namers

Chapter 3 Nouns 56
Chapter 4 Pronouns 89

Unit 3 Showing the Action

Chapter 5 Verbs 138
Chapter 6 Subject–Verb Agreement 176

Unit 4 
Modifying and Connecting Words
Chapter 7 Adjectives and Adverbs 216
Chapter 8 Prepositions 246
Chapter 9 Conjunctions and Interjections 273

Unit 5 Punctuating Sentences

Chapter 10 Commas 320
Chapter 11 Semicolons and Colons 351
Chapter 12 Other Punctuation 375

Unit 6 Writing With Style

Chapter 13 Capitalization 422
Chapter 14 Numbers 452

Appendices
Appendix A Document Format Guide 491
Appendix B Developing Spelling Skills 500
Appendix C Developing Vocabulary Skills 509
Appendix D Proofreading Marks 518
Index 519

xii

10873_fm_hr_i-xiv.indd 12 12/18/18 12:57 PM

 Pretest
In the following sentences, you will find faulty grammar, punctuation, capitalization, or number
expression. For each sentence, identify any error. Then write a corrected form in the space provided.
If you must add punctuation, also show the word that appears immediately before the necessary
punctuation mark. Each sentence contains one error.
Example: Manufacturers know that the size and design of a product like the iPhone
is critical to its success. are

1. Businesspeople are sending more messages than ever before, that’s why writing
skills are increasingly important.
2. A network security workshop next month in Seattle, Washington will help our
firm learn techniques for keeping our network safe.
3. In it’s latest online announcement, our Information Technology Department said
that even the best-protected information sometimes is lost, erased, or corrupted.
4. Louis and I certainly appreciate your taking our calls for us when him and
I are away from the office.
5. A summary of all of our customers’ comments for the past month were
given to the manager and her last week.
6. Every field employee, as well as every manager and department head,
are eligible for tuition reimbursement.
7. For you Mr. Johnson, we have a one-year subscription to The Wall Street Journal.
8. I plan to go to law school after i complete my undergraduate degree.
9. We couldn’t barely believe that our colleagues and they agreed to the plan.
10. In the spring Kathy took courses in history, english, and management.

11. Please collect all of the graduates names and e-mail addresses so that we can keep
them informed of job opportunities.
12. Either Max or she will be working overtime on the next two Friday’s.
13. Of the forty-six orders placed by customers last week, only 9 were filled on time.
14. If you expect a three-week vacation, you must speak to the Manager immediately.
15. You should have saw the warehouse before its contents were moved to 39th Street.
16. Your job interview with the manager and her will last for a hour.

CONTENTS xiii

10873_fm_hr_i-xiv.indd 13 12/18/18 12:57 PM

 17. Before her trip to the East last summer, my mother bought an Olympus Camera.
18. We need only 20 50-cent postage stamps to finish the mailing.
19. Your account is now 90 days overdue, therefore, we are submitting it to an
agency for collection.
20. We feel badly about your missing the deadline, but the application has been
lying on your desk for 15 days.

21. Under the circumstances, we can give you only 90 days time in which to sell
the house and its contents.
22. The cost of the coast-to-coast flight should be billed to whomever made
the airline reservation.
23. Los Angeles is larger than any city on the West Coast.
24. The number of suggestions made by employees are increasing each month
as employees become more involved.
25. Our school’s alumni are certainly different than its currently enrolled students.
26. Courtney is one of those efficient, competent managers who is able to give
sincere praise for work done well.
27. Because she looks like her sister, Kayla is often taken to be her.
28. If I were her, I would call the Lopezes’ attorney at once.
29. Three employees will be honored, namely, Lucy Lee, Tony Waters, and Jamie Craig.
30. If you drive a little further, you’ll come to the library on the right side of the street.

21. days’ 22. whoever 23. any other 24. is 25. from 26. are 27. she 28. she 29. honored; 30. farther
11. graduates’ 12. Fridays 13. 46 14. manager 15. seen 16. an 17. camera 18. twenty 19. overdue; 20. bad
1. before; OR before. That’s why 2. Washington, 3. its 4. he 5. was 6. is 7. you 8. I 9. could barely 10. English

xiv CONTENTS

10873_fm_hr_i-xiv.indd 14 12/18/18 12:57 PM

 unit

1
Laying a
Foundation
1 Parts of Speech
Tom Merton/Caiaimage/Getty Images

2 Sentences

10873_ch01_hr_001-024.indd 1 12/7/18 10:00 AM

 Fuse/Getty Images
Your grammar is a reflection
of your image. Good or bad,
you have made an impression.
And like all impressions, you
are in total control.
—Jeffrey Gitomer

1 Parts of Speech

Objectives When you have completed the materials in this

chapter, you will be able to do the following:

1. Understand the content of business English and its

relevance, value, and importance to you and your
career.
2. Define the eight parts of speech.
3. Recognize how parts of speech function in
sentences.
4. Use words in a variety of grammatical roles.

10873_ch01_hr_001-024.indd 2 12/7/18 10:00 AM

 Pret est
Study the following sentence and identify the selected parts of speech. For each word
listed, choose the correct answer. Compare your answers with those at the bottom of
the page.

The accountant and I carefully reviewed the figures on the financial statements.

1. The a. preposition b. pronoun c. conjunction d. adjective 

2. accountant a. noun b. pronoun c. verb d. adjective 
3. and a. preposition b. conjunction c. adjective d. adverb 
4. I a. noun b. pronoun c. interjection d. adjective 
5. carefully a. adjective b. conjunction c. preposition d. adverb 
6. reviewed a. adverb b. noun c. verb d. adverb 
7. figures a. pronoun b. adjective c. verb d. noun 
8. on a. preposition b. conjunction c. adjective d. adverb 
9. financial a. noun b. adverb c. pronoun d. adjective 
10. statements a. pronoun b. noun c. adjective d. verb 

Business English is the study of the language fundamentals needed to

communicate effectively in today’s workplace. These fundamentals include
grammar, usage, punctuation, capitalization, number expression, and spelling.
Because businesspeople must express their ideas clearly and correctly, language
fundamentals are critical.

1-1 Why Study Business English?

Ask yourself these questions:
• Do I want to be taken seriously by my supervisors and colleagues in the
workplace?
• Do I want to communicate with customers and clients clearly and
professionally?
• Do I want to open up opportunities for advancement in my career?
• Do I want to write academic and professional documents that are correct and
credible?
CAR
C AREER
• Do I want to feel good about myself, knowing that I am able to speak and TIP
write properly?
If you answered yes to any of these questions, this is the class for you. What
Recruiters consistently
you learn in this class will help you communicate more professionally when
rank oral and written
you write and when you speak. These skills will help you get the job you want,
communication skills
succeed in the job you have, and prepare for promotion to a better position.
No. 1 when evaluating
Good communication skills can also help you succeed in the classroom and in
applicants. Take a look
your personal life, but we will be most concerned with workplace applications.
at employment ads
and job listings in your
1-1a Increasing Emphasis on Workplace Communication field. How often are
In today’s workplace you can expect to be doing more communicating than ever communication skills
before. You will be participating in meetings, writing business documents, and mentioned?
10. b 9. d 8. a 7. d 6. c 5. d 4. b 3. b 2. a 1. d

Parts of Speech Chapter 1 3

10873_ch01_hr_001-024.indd 3 12/7/18 10:00 AM

 using technology such as e-mail, text messaging, and social media to communicate
CA R EER
E ER with others. Communication skills are more important than ever before, and
T IP the emphasis on writing has increased dramatically. Businesspeople who never
expected to be doing much writing on the job find that e-mail, text messaging,
the Web, and social media force everyone to exchange written messages. As
“Businesses are a result, businesspeople are increasingly aware of their communication skills.
crying out—they Misspelled words, poor grammar, sloppy punctuation—all of these faults stand
need to have people out glaringly when they are in print or displayed online. Not only are people
who write better.” writing more, but their messages travel farther. Messages are seen by larger
—Gaston Caperton, audiences than ever before. Because of the growing emphasis on exchanging
business executive information, your language skills are especially important in today’s dynamic
and president, College and often digital workplace.
Board Workplace communication is important for many reasons:
• When you write or speak on the job, you are representing your company.
No company wants to send out messages that contain errors, nor does a
CA R EER
E ER company want its employees making errors when speaking with customers
T IP or giving business presentations. Such errors cause customers and others
outside the company to question the organization’s competence, credibility,
and professionalism. No one wants to invest in or purchase products or
For use now and
services from a company that can’t get it right.
on the job, invest
in a good reference • When you speak or write on the job, you are also representing yourself.
manual, such as Clark Errors in your presentations, e-mail messages, text messages, social media
and Clark’s HOW: A postings, and other documents will cause others to question your education,
Handbook for Office your competence, and your professionalism.
Professionals (Cengage • Those who can write and speak well and accurately are the ones who are
Learning). noticed in the workplace. They are the ones who are hired, promoted, and
valued.
• When you know that your writing and expression are clear, professional, and
accurate, you feel good about yourself and your abilities. Yes, it feels good to
GRAMMAR
GRAMM MAR get it right!
IN
I N THE
THE
NEWS
NEWS
1-1b What Does This Mean for You?
Rakuten, Inc., a
As a businessperson or professional, you want to feel confident about your writing
Japanese e-commerce
and speaking skills. This textbook and this course can sharpen your skills and
company, recently
greatly increase your confidence in expressing ideas. Improving your language
announced that it
skills is the first step toward success in your education, your career, and your life.
would be an English-
It may not be easy, but the payoffs will be enormous!
only organization, a
move the firm calls
“Englishnization.”
Every transaction 1-2 The Eight Parts of Speech
carried out by its This book focuses on the study of the fundamentals of grammar, current usage,
15,000 employees, and appropriate business and professional style. Such a study logically begins
written and spoken, with the eight parts of speech, the building blocks of our language. This chapter
will be in English. provides a brief overview of the parts of speech. In future chapters you will learn
According to CEO about each part of speech in greater detail.
Hiroshi Mikitani, “The Why is it important to learn to identify the eight parts of speech? Learning
only way to compete the eight parts of speech helps you develop the working vocabulary necessary
in this interconnected to discuss and study the language. You especially need to recognize the parts
internet age is to speak of speech in the context of sentences. This recognition is important because
the language of the many words function in more than one role. Only by analyzing the sentence
market—and that at hand can you see how a given word functions. Your boss is unlikely to ask
language is English.” you to identify the parts of speech in a business document. Being able to do so,

4 Chapter 1 Parts of Speech

10873_ch01_hr_001-024.indd 4 12/7/18 10:00 AM

 however, will help you punctuate correctly and choose precise words for clear,
powerful writing. Using the parts of speech correctly will also help you sound
more professional and intelligent on the job. In addition, understanding the roles
different parts of speech play in written and oral communication will be helpful STUDY
if you learn another language. TIP

1-2a Nouns Many words in the

In elementary school you probably learned that a noun refers to a person, place, English language can
or thing. In addition, nouns name qualities, feelings, concepts, activities, and function as different
measures. Nouns can be proper or common. Proper nouns are capitalized, and parts of speech.
common nouns are not, as you can see in the following list. You will learn more For example, in the
about this concept in Chapter 3. sentence She made an
important new contact
at the networking
Persons: Sophia, Professor Fogli, supervisor, engineer
event, the word contact
Places: Barcelona, Yosemite National Park, university, restaurant functions as a noun.
But in the sentence
Things: iPad, Facebook, convertible, hammer
He will contact his
Qualities: professionalism, honesty, initiative, enthusiasm supervisor immediately,
Feelings: happiness, anger, disbelief, euphoria the word contact
functions as a verb.
Concepts: knowledge, freedom, friendship, patriotism

Activities: tweeting, investing, dancing, eating

Measures: month, thousand, ounce, kilometer

Nouns are important words in our language. Sentences revolve around nouns
because these words function both as subjects of verbs and as objects of SOCIAL
SOC IAL
verbs. To determine whether a word is really a noun, try using it with the verb MEDI
M EDIA
is or are. Notice that all the nouns listed here would make sense if used in this
way: Sophia is motivated, Barcelona is in Spain, iPads are useful, tweeting is fun, and
so on. In Chapter 3 you will learn about the rules for making nouns plural. You How a company
will also learn how to show that a noun possesses something. communicates and
interacts online is a
1-2b Pronouns direct reflection of
the company itself.
Pronouns are words used in place of nouns. As noun substitutes, pronouns
Therefore, companies
provide variety and efficiency to your writing. Compare these two versions of
must strive to use
the same sentence:
proper grammar,
punctuation, and
Without Pronouns: Devon sent the text message to Lynda so that Lynda could mechanics in all of
read the text message before making Lynda’s decision. their social media
With Pronouns: Devon sent the text message to Lynda so that she could read communication.
it before making her decision.

In sentences pronouns may function as subjects of verbs (such as I, we,

they) or as objects of verbs (such as me, us, them). They may act as connectors
(such as that, which, who), and they may show possession (such as mine, ours,
hers, theirs). Only a few examples are given here. More examples, along with the
functions and classifications of pronouns, will be presented in Chapter 4, where
you will also learn to use pronouns properly.
Please note that words such as his, my, her, and its are classified as adjectives
when they describe nouns (his car, my desk, its engine). This concept will be
explained more thoroughly in Chapters 4 and 7.

Parts of Speech Chapter 1 5

10873_ch01_hr_001-024.indd 5 12/7/18 10:00 AM

 1-2c Verbs
TAKE A
TAKE A A verb expresses an action, an occurrence, or a state of being.
BR
B E
EA
REAAK
K
Stephen presented an exciting new marketing strategy. (Action)

The longest nonmedical, It contains innovative ideas. (Occurrence)

nontechnical word in He is proud of it. (State of being)
the English language
is antidisestablishmen- An action verb shows the physical or mental action of the subject of a
tarianism, which means sentence. Some action verbs are run, study, work, and dream. Linking verbs
“a nineteenth-century express a state of being and generally link to the subject words that describe or
British political move- rename the subject. Some linking verbs are am, is, are, was, were, be, being, and been.
ment that opposes Other linking verbs express the senses: feels, appears, tastes, sounds, seems, looks.
proposals for the dis- Verbs will be discussed more fully in Chapters 5 and 6. At this point it is
establishment of the important that you be able to recognize verbs so that you can determine whether
Church of England.” sentences are complete. All complete sentences must have at least one verb; many
This word first became sentences will have more than one verb. Verbs may appear singly or in phrases.
known to most When verbs are used in verb phrases, helping verbs are added.
Americans in 1955
when a 12-year-old girl Ashley submitted her application to become a social media designer. (Action verb)
correctly spelled it on the
Her résumé is concise and professional. (Linking verb)
popular television show
The $64,000 Question. She has been training to become a social media designer. (Verb phrase; helping verbs
How many letters does has and been are added.)
this word have? How
Ashley feels confident that she will be successful in her new position. (Linking verb
many syllables does it and verb phrase)
have?

1-2d Adjectives
S TU D Y Words that describe nouns and pronouns are adjectives. They often answer the
T IP questions What kind?, How many?, and Which one? The adjectives in the following
sentences are italicized. Observe that the adjectives all answer questions about
the nouns they describe.
What are those little
words a, an, and the Small, independent bookstores struggle to survive. (What kinds of bookstores?)
that often cause so
We have six franchises in four states. (How many franchises? How many states?)
much trouble? They
are a special group That chain of cupcake shops started as a small operation. (Which chain? What kind
of adjectives called of operation?)
articles.
He is personable and outgoing, while she is energetic and confident. (What
pronouns do these adjectives describe?)

Adjectives usually precede the nouns they describe. They may, however,
follow the words they describe, especially when used with linking verbs, as
shown in the last of the preceding examples. Here is a brief list of words used
as adjectives:

effective humorous mature

forceful intelligent responsive

purple pessimistic successful

Three words (a, an, and the) form a special group of adjectives called articles.
Adjectives will be discussed more thoroughly in Chapter 7.

6 Chapter 1 Parts of Speech

10873_ch01_hr_001-024.indd 6 12/7/18 10:00 AM

 1-2e Adverbs
Words that modify (describe or limit) verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs are STUDY
adverbs. Adverbs often answer the questions When?, How?, Where?, and To TIP
what extent?

Tomorrow we must discuss our new benefits package. (Must discuss our new benefits To remember more
package when?) easily what an adverb
does, think of its two
Rudy answered the interview questions enthusiastically. (Answered how?)
syllables: ad suggests
She seems especially competent. (How competent?) that you will be adding
to or amplifying the
Did you see the schedule there? (Where?)
meaning of a verb.
The prosecutor did not question him further. (Did not question him to what extent?) Hence, adverbs often
modify verbs.
Following are examples of commonly used adverbs:

absolutely now today

carefully only too

greatly really very

Many, but not all, words ending in ly are adverbs. Exceptions are friendly,
costly, and ugly, all of which are adjectives. Adverbs will be discussed in greater T R IV IA
detail in Chapter 7. T I D BIT

1-2f Prepositions
The Oxford English
Prepositions join nouns and pronouns to other words in a sentence. As the word
Dictionary has added
itself suggests (pre meaning “before”), a preposition is a word in a position before
a new word, zyzzyva,
its object. The object of a preposition is a noun or pronoun. Prepositions
which is now the
are used in phrases to show a relationship between the object of the preposition
official last word in the
and another word in the sentence. In the following sentence, notice how the
dictionary. A zyzzyva is
preposition changes the relation of the object (Ms. Doyle) to the verb (talked):
defined as “a genus of
Anthony often talks with Ms. Doyle. South African weevils
found on or near palm
Anthony often talked about Ms. Doyle. trees.”
Anthony often talks to Ms. Doyle.

Some of the most frequently used prepositions are at, by, for, from, in, of, to,
and with. A more complete list of prepositions can be found in Chapter 8. You
should learn to recognize objects of prepositions so that you won’t confuse them
with sentence subjects. You will learn more about the difference between verb
subjects and objects in Chapter 6.

1-2g Conjunctions
Words that connect other words or groups of words are conjunctions. The most
common conjunctions are and, but, or, and nor. These are called coordinating
conjunctions because they join equal (coordinate) parts of sentences. Other
kinds of conjunctions will be presented in Chapter 9. Study the examples of
coordinating conjunctions shown here:

Melissa, Austin, and Huong are writing a marketing plan. (The conjunction and joins
equal words.)

You may be interviewed by an HR officer or by a supervisor. (The conjunction or joins

equal groups of words.)

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 1-2h Interjections
CA R EER
E ER Words or short phrases that express strong feelings but are usually unconnected
T IP grammatically to the sentence are interjections. Interjections standing alone
are followed by exclamation marks. When woven into a sentence, they are usually
followed by commas.
To sound professional,
credible, and objective, Wow! Did you see her latest tweet? (Interjection standing alone)
most business writers
avoid interjections and Good grief! I can’t believe I did that! (Interjection standing alone)
exclamation marks Oh, I should have known this would happen. (Interjection woven into a sentence)
in business and
professional messages.
Summary
The following sentence illustrates all eight parts of speech.

Interjection Adverb Adjective Conjunction Noun Pronoun

CA R EER
E ER
TTIP
IP
Pronoun Verb Noun Adjective Preposition

Businesspeople are
judged by the words
they use. Knowing the
{
part of speech of a
Oh, I certainly will submit a résumé and cover letter to them.
word helps you use it
correctly.
You need to know the functions of these eight parts of speech in order to
understand the rest of this textbook and to benefit from your study of language
basics. The explanation of the parts of speech has been kept simple so far. This
chapter is meant to serve as an introduction to later, more fully developed
TR IV IA chapters about the various parts of speech. At this stage you should not expect
TTII D BIT to be able to identify the functions of all words in all sentences.
A word of caution: English is a wonderfully flexible language. As noted
earlier, many words in our language serve as more than one part of speech. Notice
A palindrome is a how flexible the word mail is in these sentences:
word, phrase, or
sentence that reads the Our mail is late today. (Noun—serves as subject of sentence.)
same backward and This pile of mail must be delivered today. (Noun—serves as object of preposition.)
forward, such as civic,
mom, dad, and level. Please read your mail soon. (Noun—serves as object of verb.)
One of the most well- Mail the letter today. (Verb—serves as action word in sentence.)
known palindromes is
A man, a plan, a canal, The mail system in the United States is efficient. (Adjective—used to describe system,
which serves as subject of sentence.)
Panama.

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 about Business English

Businesspeople and professionals are very concerned about appropriate and

professional English usage, grammar, and style. This concern is evident in the
number and kinds of questions posted to discussion boards, websites, blogs,
Twitter feeds, and Facebook pages devoted to proper English usage. Among the
users of these Web and social media sites are supervisors, managers, executives,
professionals, secretaries, clerks, administrative assistants, and word processing
specialists. Writers, teachers, librarians, students, and other community members Dr. Guffey
also seek answers to language questions. The questions that are asked online
are often referred to as Frequently Asked Questions, or FAQs (pronounced
“facks”).
Selected questions and answers from Dr. Guffey and Professor Seefer will be
presented at the end of each chapter. In this way, you, as a student of the language,
will understand the kinds of everyday communication problems encountered in
business and professional environments.
Representative questions come from a variety of reputable grammar-related
Professor Seefer
websites and social media sites. You can locate sites that present these FAQs by
using the search phrase grammar FAQs in a search tool such as Google.

Q: We’re having some big arguments in our office. What’s correct?

On-line or online? E-mail, e-mail, email, or Email? Voice mail or
voicemail?
A: In the early days of computing, people hyphenated on-line and capitalized
E-mail. With increased use, however, both of these forms have been
simplified to online and e-mail. The letter e in e-mail should be capitalized
only if the word is first in a sentence. Similarly, other e-words are also
hyphenated (e-commerce, e-learning, e-book, e-business). However, different
style guides treat hyphenation of these words differently. For example,
The Associated Press Stylebook, which is used by most of the news media,
and The New York Times recently changed its recommended spelling from
e-mail to email. On the other hand, The Chicago Manual of Style, Merriam-
Webster, The New Yorker, and others still hyphenate the word e-mail. For
now, you should check your company’s in-house style manual for its
preferred style for these words. If your company doesn’t have a style
manual, choose one version, hyphenated or unhyphenated, and use it
consistently. As for voicemail, both versions are considered correct, but we
recommend writing it as one word whether you use it as a noun (I left a
voicemail for my attorney) or an adjective (My attorney heard my voicemail
message within an hour).

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 Q: I see people write this word so many ways: Website, Web site,
web site, web-site, or website. Which of these is correct?
A: We recommend the lowercase one-word form (website). Use this same
format for other related compound words (webmaster, webcast, webcam),
but capitalize Web when it is used on its own to refer to the World Wide
Web.

Q: Should I capitalize the word Internet? I see it written both ways

and am confused.
A: We recommend writing the word with a lowercase i (internet). However,
we are in a time of change with regard to the proper spelling and writing
of Web-related words. You will find that some publications, including
Merriam-Webster and The Chicago Manual of Style, still capitalize this word.
However, many others, including The Associated Press Stylebook, The New
York Times, and The Wall Street Journal, no longer capitalize the word
internet, and this seems to be the growing trend.

Q: What is the name of a group of initials that form a word? Is it

an abbreviation?
A: A word formed from the initial letters of an expression is called an
acronym (pronounced ACK-ro-nim). Examples: scuba from self-
contained underwater breathing apparatus, and PIN from personal
identification number. Another example of an acronym is OSHA
(pronounced Oh-shah), which stands for Occupational Safety and Health
Administration. Acronyms are pronounced as single words, with each
letter in the acronym representing an individual word. Acronyms
are different from abbreviations. Expressions such as FBI and NFL
are abbreviations, not acronyms. Notice that an abbreviation
is pronounced letter by letter (F, B, I), whereas an acronym is
pronounced as a word. Shortened versions of words such as dept.
and Ms. are also considered abbreviations. In addition, words such
as hazmat are abbreviations. Haz is short for hazardous, and mat is
short for materials, which makes hazmat an abbreviation. If it were an
acronym, each individual letter would stand for a separate word, which
is not the case.

Q: Is every day one word or two in this case? We encounter these

problems every day.
A: In your sentence it is two words. When it means “ordinary,” it is one word
(she wore everyday clothes). If you can insert the word single between every
and day without altering your meaning, you should be using two words, as
in your sentence.

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Other documents randomly have
different content
players’ desire for silence. Frost took his stance, weighed his driver,
looked at the slope beyond the bowl a moment and swung. Back
came the club until it hung for an instant behind his left hip. Then up
it went, slowly at first, then faster, the head traveling a wide arc ere
it swooped down upon the ball. There was a hard, crisp click and
away sped the guttie, a white speck in the sunlight, straight in line
with the distant hole and at just the right height. There was a little
spurt of gravel on the slope beyond the hollow where the grass was
thin, the ball leaped into the air, came down again several yards
beyond and then nestled to earth. It was the longest drive Frost had
made that day, and probably the longest ever made from the
seventh tee, and a murmur of applause came from the gallery. Frost
stepped aside, an expression of pleasure showing in spite of his
efforts.
Ned smiled. “Some drive, that, Frost,” he said as he dipped his
hand in the sand box. “As pretty as I ever saw.”
“Not so bad,” replied Frost modestly.
“I should say not!” Ned walked to the far corner of the tee and
placed his little pinch of sand on the ground, carefully shaping it
between his fingers. Then he put his ball on it. But he took it up the
next moment and flicked away a half inch from the top of the little
cone. When he faced the ball the gallery saw with surprise that he
was going to play the “longest way round.” The surprise became
audible and some of the older boys frowned their neighbors into
silence. Ned lost no time in preliminaries. Back came his club and
then up in a wide sweep and down again. Off went the ball, low and
hard. A dead leaf fluttered down from a branch, showing where the
guttie had just escaped coming to grief against an out-reaching limb.
Straight along the edge of the hill it sped, ten feet or so above the
ground at the top of its arc, and struck, bounded and rolled. It was a
good drive, a remarkably good one for Ned, and the gallery’s
approval was loud and continued, even while they failed to see Ned’s
reason for driving in that direction. He had put his ball almost as far
from the tee as Frost’s, but it lay much farther from the hole. The
players parted company and the gallery split up into two groups,
more than half of them choosing to follow Ned’s fortunes.
“It doesn’t seem to me,” ventured Kendall, “that he gained
anything by putting his ball up there.”
“It doesn’t look so,” replied Teller, “but it’s all right. Ned will win
now. He’s laughing. He always laughs when he’s at his best. I’ve
seen it lots of times.”
“I hope so,” murmured Kendall as he followed the others along the
edge of the woods. When Ned reached his ball he looked at it for
several moments. Then he studied the course ahead. Below him at
the right lay The Bowl. Between him and the little red flag at the
hole lay a hollow, with a corner of the bunker elbowing into line.
One advantage was with him. He was now only a scant yard or two
below the level of the bunker, whereas Frost must work uphill all the
way to the green. Ned’s ball lay on a slight slope, so that he had to
stand several inches above it. But it was not cupped. It lay nestled in
a little tuft of dry grass, with a tiny twig holding it from rolling
further down the slope. Ned thoughtfully picked out his lofter. Then
he as thoughtfully slipped it back into the bag and drew forth a
brassie. Several of the knowing ones shook their heads. It seemed a
bad lie for a brassie shot, they thought. But Ned faced the hole,
swung the club and had luck with him. The ball struck the opposite
hillside, bounded high in the air and fell dead only four yards from
the bunker! A yell of astonishment and delight went up from the
watchers.
“What did I tell you?” demanded Teller with a pleased smile on his
face.
“But—but he oughtn’t to have used that brass club, then,”
objected Kendall. “The book says so!”
“I guess the book was wrong.” Teller nodded at the distant ball.
“There’s the answer to that.”
Below them Frost was making his second stroke. Up the hill went
the ball, landed, jumped a foot or two into the air, came down and
trickled back a yard before it found lodgment.
“He will be lucky if he gets over from there in one,” Kendall heard
one of the gallery remark. “He’s thirty yards from the bunker and
way below it.”
But he did get over, making a very pretty shot with a niblick and
just grazing the top of the bunker. Ned went over neatly and the ball
bounded out of sight toward the green. Frost’s fourth stroke took
him well onto the green, but at the left of the hole. It was apparent
that Ned, playing 4, could at least tie the hole in 6. But when his ball
was found it lay only twenty yards or so from the hole and visions of
a bogey score floated before the eyes of the excited audience.
Smilingly and, as it looked, almost carelessly, Ned took his mashie,
cast one short glance at the flag and hit the ball. Up and away it
went in a short arching flight.
“Too hard,” someone groaned behind Kendall. But Kendall, his
heart in his mouth, saw the ball drop, make one feeble effort to
bound, and then lie dead within a yard of the flag!
Something that was like a hushed cheer went up from the gallery
which had now reunited and had drawn aside at the edge of the
green. Ned slipped his mashie back into his bag with a fine
unconcern and took out his putter. Frost at the side of the green was
looking rather serious as he bent over his ball. His fifth stroke left
him within a scant two feet of the hole. The audience literally held
their breath as Ned brushed aside an invisible obstacle in his path to
the goal, measured the distance and direction with his eye and
swung his putter back gently. Tap! Forward rolled the ball, straight
for the hole, but oh, so slowly! Three inches away from the edge it
seemed about to stop, but it changed its mind and trickled on—on—
and then, pop, it was out of sight!
A breath of relief went up from the watchers, but it was not until
Frost had holed out that the applause came. Then a dozen fellows
pressed around Ned to slap him on the back and shake his hand.
“Five, Tooker! That bogey! It’s never been done before! Oh, you Ned
Tooker!” Frost shook hands with him, too, hiding his discomfiture as
best he could. As they took up the journey to the eighth tee the
score for the two rounds stood at 73 each, and the match depended
on the next two holes.
 CHAPTER XIV
DAN IS OUT OF SORTS

T he eighth hole is a short one, 150 yards, and the bogey is 3. A

long drive, a short approach and you’re on the green. The hole
has been done in 3 a good many times, and to-day both Ned and his
adversary equaled bogey. At the ninth tee the excitement amongst
the audience had grown intense. The ninth was five yards shorter
than the last hole and was an easy one. There was a bunker near
enough the tee to punish a weak drive, but after that it was fair
sailing. Ned made a hard, straight drive that was a fraction too high.
Had there been even a mild breeze he would have suffered in
direction. Frost’s ball went lower, skimming above the bunker with
only a half-dozen feet to spare, and doing a remarkable amount of
rolling after it had struck the smooth turf. It was a fine long shot and
bettered Ned’s by fifteen yards. The gallery unanimously agreed as
they took up their way across the links and skirted the bunker that
the match depended now on the next strokes. Frost had the
advantage in distance, but it was felt that Ned was quite capable of
overcoming that handicap, since on midiron plays he had shown
himself superior to Frost all the afternoon.
Ned was away and played first, using his mashie. The ball went
away high and the gallery watched its arch with breathless interest.
It struck on the green, about two yards out of line with the flag, and
apparently quite near the hole. One of the players who had finished
his game and, with the others, was standing near the home green,
waved his hand and cut a caper. Frost selected a midiron for his
approach. For the first time that day he seemed nervous, and was
an unusually long time in making his shot. It had good direction,
struck well this side of the green and rolled smoothly on until it lay
within four yards of the hole. The gallery hurried to the green, the
two players following more leisurely. Ned’s lie was almost but not
quite as good as Frost’s, being just over four paces distant from the
hole, while Frost’s was just under. Kirk stepped forward and lifted
the flag from the hole, treading across the short turf as though
presiding at a funeral. The gallery ranged itself around the green,
determined not to miss a thrill.
Ned looked critically along the line to the hole, swung his putter
once or twice from the wrists and addressed his ball. Had a
grasshopper sneezed at that moment every member of the gallery
would have jumped a foot! Ned swung his club back gently, brought
it smoothly forward, there was a little tap and the ball ran swiftly
toward the hole. Ned had put too much force into the stroke, for the
ball reached the edge of the cup, leaped across and trickled on for a
yard! A murmur of dismay went up. Kendall’s heart sank. Frost
gripped his putter, brushed aside a tiny pebble, settled himself and
tapped his ball very gently. His direction was good, but, having
determined not to fall into Ned’s error, he erred on the other side
and the ball traveled a scant two yards. A sigh of relief arose about
Kendall; he caught a boy grinning at him and grinned back; Teller
Sanford’s black eyes were gleaming with excitement. There was only
a tied match to hope for now, but that was better than the defeat
that would have come had Frost holed out in his first try. But even a
yard is a long way sometimes when much depends on the result,
and there was a good deal of suspense while Ned measured the
distance and swung his putter. But this time the ball behaved itself
and dropped into the hole with a comforting thud. A sigh of relief
went up from all around. Then every eye fixed itself on the
Broadwood player. Two yards was not a long putt for Frost, but there
was always the chance that he wouldn’t make it, and as he sped the
little ball forward more than one onlooker gripped his hands. It
began to slow down soon after it left the club; a foot from the hole it
was barely rolling; at the very brink of the hole it paused, seemed to
look into the abyss before it, shudder and stop. For an instant no
one moved or breathed. It seemed that the ball would drop over the
edge at any instant. But it didn’t. Frost, watching it, shrugged his
shoulders and walked toward it.
“Oh, call it in!” cried Ned, and jumped in the hope of jarring the
ground sufficiently to set the ball in motion. But the thing was
obdurate. It never stirred. Frost tapped it with his putter and it rolled
out of sight. Then he turned to Ned with outstretched hand.
“You win, Tooker,” he said, with a smile. He was a little bit pale.
Ned shook hands, but—
“Nonsense!” he said. “I’m not going to take the game on a fluke
like that. We’ll call it a draw, Frost, and play another nine.”
“Oh, no!” replied Frost. “It was a fair win.”
He reached down and rescued his ball from the hole. Then he
walked very deliberately to the edge of the green, dropped the ball
on the turf, swung his putter and sent the offending guttie flying into
the river. Then he came back, a smile on his face.
“I feel better,” he said to Ned, with a laugh. “Well, we had a close
game of it, Tooker, and you deserved to win. Wonder how the other
games came out.”
“It’s two to two,” said Linton. “The match depends on those
chaps.” He nodded across to where Simpson and Sawyer were
preparing to drive off from the ninth tee.
“Who won?” asked Ned of Kirk.
“I lost,” answered Kirk unhappily. “It was 86 to 90. I’m awfully
sorry, Ned.”
“It doesn’t matter. How did the others come out?”
“Pete lost to Linton and Jim Morgan beat Carter. What was your
score, Ned?”
“I was 79 and Frost 80. Anyone heard how Simpson is getting
on?”
 “He was four to the bad at the end of the first round,” replied Kirk.
“I guess he’s out of it.”
And he was. Sawyer, of Broadwood, finished triumphantly with a
lead of 6 strokes under Jack Simpson and Broadwood had won the
match, three games out of five.
“Well, we will have to try you again in the spring,” said Ned to
Frost.
“We’ll be glad to,” the other answered. “And I hope you and I,
Tooker, can get together again. You’re the best I ever ran up against,
but I’m not convinced I can’t beat you.”
“I daresay you will the next time,” laughed Ned. “Good-by. We’ve
had a dandy time.”
Ned, Kendall and Teller Sanford walked back together, Ned a little
disappointed.
“I don’t care if we did get beaten,” said Kendall, “as long as you
won your game, Ned.”
“I do,” Ned replied. “I thought sure we’d get a fall out of them this
time. Hang ’em, we’ve never managed to win since I’ve been here!
But you wait until next spring! Gee, but I’m tired! I’m going to have
a hot and cold shower, fellows. I’ll see you later.”
The Football Team came back to school in time for a late supper,
wearied and happy. Carrel’s School had been vanquished to the tune
of 22 to 3, and it seemed that at last Yardley had found her pace.
Carrel’s three points had been made by a field goal in the first three
minutes of play. After that the home team had never had a chance
and Yardley had scored a touchdown in each period and had kicked
two goals out of four, Hammel succeeding once out of three tries
and Dan Vinton securing the other. Only one incident had marred the
game. Arthur Thompson, playing right half in the third period, had
sprained his knee and would be out of the game for the rest of the
season.
 The school in general was too happy over the size of the score to
pay much attention to this misfortune at first. But by the next day it
was realized that the team had sustained a serious loss in
Thompson. He had proved himself head and shoulders above any of
the other half-back substitutes, and it was scarcely to be supposed
that both Roeder and Stearns would be so fortunate as to play
through the rest of the season uninterruptedly. Now, in case either
was forced to retire, his duties would fall to Green or Fayette, neither
of whom could be called a first-class back.
Gerald hurried over to Arthur’s room in Whitson as soon as he
heard the bad news and found a very despondent-looking invalid.
Arthur had had his supper in bed, and the doctor had just gone,
after wrapping the injured knee in yards of gauze.
“How’s this for luck?” asked Arthur miserably. “I can stand not
playing football any more this fall, but what about pole-vaulting? I’ll
make a fine Track Team captain if I have to hobble around with a
cane!”
“It isn’t as bad as that, is it?” asked Gerald anxiously. “What did
the doctor say?”
“Oh, he didn’t say much of anything. Said it would be all right in a
week or two, but that I’d have to be careful of it for a month or so
after I got out. I asked him if it would interfere with pole work and
he just hemmed and hawed and looked wise in that silly way doctors
have. I’d like to kick him!”
“Why, of course it will be all right by spring, Arthur,” Gerald said
with conviction. “Look at the people who sprain their ankles and
wrists and—and things every day!”
“Well, why didn’t he say so, then?” asked Arthur crossly. “Besides,
pole-vaulting puts a lot of work on a fellow’s knees, and if mine is
stiff and creaky I won’t be able to do ten-feet-six!”
“Oh, sure you will! Buck up, Arthur. Tell me about the game.”
 “The game? Oh, it was all right, I guess. Tom was a wonder to-
day; went through ’em as though they were paper. And Hammel was
a dandy, too, even if he did miss two goals.”
“How did Dan play?”
“Rotten, if you want the unvarnished truth, Gerald. I don’t know
what’s the matter with Dan. I suppose, though, it’s just being
captain that’s queering his game. He dropped two passes to-day and
was as slow as molasses down the field. I guess Dan’s gone fine.”
Gerald nodded. “I thought he seemed to have the dumps this
evening,” he murmured thoughtfully. “Do you know, Arthur, I’m a bit
worried about Dan.” Arthur looked a question and Gerald continued:
“He isn’t the same chap he was last year. He’s cross about half the
time, and nervous as a—a—”
“As a hen. Hens are awfully nervous, Gerald.”
“Yes, he is. He worries all the time because he’s afraid Broadwood
may lick us, and every time a player stubs his toe or skins his
knuckles Dan has a fit.”
“I know.” Arthur nodded. “What he needs is the rest cure. He
ought to take my place for a week.”
“I wish he could,” said Gerald.
“So do I!”
“He said he was coming over here later to see how you were.”
“Well, I’ll have to be smiling and happy or he will jump into the
river, I suppose,” Arthur growled. “Oh, hang the luck, anyway!”
“I’m awfully sorry,” said Gerald sympathetically. “If you want
anything while you’re laid up, or if there’s anything I can do—”
“Thanks. There isn’t, though. Hello! Come in!”
It was Dan who had knocked and who, at Arthur’s invitation,
entered. At his heels came Tom Roeder. Dan had a frown on his
forehead and looked tired and worried.
 “Hello!” greeted Arthur cheerfully. “Hello, Tom! What price me?”
“It’s a shame, Arthur,” said Dan. “I don’t know what the team is
going to do without you, either.”
“Going to win,” laughed Arthur. “Don’t let that bother you.”
“How are you feeling?” asked Dan anxiously.
“Oh, fine! I could get up and walk around, only that brute of a
doctor won’t let me.”
“You’d better not try it,” said Tom sternly. “What does he say
about the knee?”
“All right in a week or so.”
“It’s my fault for insisting on your coming out for the team,” Dan
grieved.
“Your fault! Poppycock! That’s nonsense to talk like that,”
responded Arthur. “Besides, there’s no harm done. My old knee will
be as fit as a fiddle in a few days.”
“We’re going to miss you on the team, though,” said Dan
mournfully.
Arthur laughed. “You’ll never know I’ve gone,” he said. “Now, for
the love of mud, Dan, stop looking like a bereaved cow. Cheer up!”
“I’ve been trying to get him to cheer up all the evening,” said Tom,
“and he hasn’t smiled a single smile yet. Honest, Dan, things aren’t
half as bad as you look!”
Dan did smile then rather wanly. “I’m tired,” he said. “That’s all
that’s the matter with me. Payson says I’ve got to lay off for a day or
two, though. I guess I’d better, after the exhibition I put up to-day.
Pretty poor, wasn’t it, Tom?”
“So-so,” replied Tom untroubledly. “Don’t let it bother you. We all
go to pieces now and then. Payson’s right, though, old man, and you
do need a bit of a rest. Next Saturday you’ll feel like a fighting cock
and play like a house afire!”
 “Hope so. Well, I told Payson I’d go down and see him for a
minute. I’m awfully sorry about this, Arthur. If there’s any sort of
thing I can do, let me know, won’t you? Good night. Good night,
fellows.”
Dan departed. For a moment no one said anything. Arthur,
however, raised his brows, and Tom shook his head as much as to
say, “Don’t ask me!”
“He’s got it bad,” remarked Arthur finally. “Well, I daresay it’s not
much fun being football captain at a school where nearly three
hundred fellows are watching you all the time and expecting you to
turn out a winning team no matter what the conditions may be. I
guess it’s natural enough to get nervous now and then.”
“That’s so,” Tom agreed. “I’ll bet I’d be batty in no time if I was
cap. I hope Dan gets over it before next Saturday, though.”
“He will. Payson will steady him down all right.”
“I daresay. Poor old Dan sure did play a punk game to-day.”
“He kicked that goal in good shape, though,” said Gerald.
“You’re right,” Tom agreed. “It was a dandy. Almost as good as
that friend of yours could have done, Arthur.”
“What friend of mine?”
Tom winked at Gerald. “Why, that chap you saw kicking goals in
your sleep that day.”
“I wasn’t asleep,” answered Arthur with a frown. “I don’t care if he
couldn’t be found; I saw him all right.”
“Well, if there is such a chap,” said Tom, “why doesn’t he show
up? Payson has hunted the whole school through.”
“I have an idea,” said Gerald, “that he wasn’t one of our fellows at
all, that he was some village chap who came up and used the field
knowing there wouldn’t be anyone there in the morning.”
“I hadn’t thought of that,” Arthur replied. “I’ll just bet that was it!”
 “The explanation,” agreed Tom gravely, “is plausible. I am glad to
hear it, Arthur. It restores my faith in your veracity.”
Dan did no work on Monday, Tuesday nor Wednesday. The coach
even refused to allow him to visit the field the first two days. By
Thursday, Dan’s attack of nerves had apparently departed. There
was an extra hard practice that afternoon in preparation for the
game with Porter Institute. Porter was known to have what Tom
called “a corking lot of huskies,” and was expected to give a good
deal of trouble. And so it turned out.
Saturday was a miserable day. It had started to rain Friday
evening and had kept it up all night. At eleven the sun shone for a
few moments and it was hoped that the afternoon would be fair. But
by dinner time the rain was coming down again “fently but girmly,”
to use Ned Tooker’s phrase, and so it continued all during the game,
clearing finally when the Porter team was rolling stationward with
Yardley’s scalps hanging from their belts. For Yardley met her first
defeat that day.
Porter Institute had a fine team; there was no gainsaying that; but
it must be also acknowledged that Yardley did not play up to form. A
fumble by the Porter full-back a few minutes after the game started
gave the home team its one lone score. Dan picked up the ball and,
with Mitchell assisting for a time, sprinted down the field for seventy
yards and a touchdown. Hammel missed the goal with great ease.
After that Yardley was on the defensive for the rest of the first two
periods and managed to hold Porter from scoring, although the
Blue’s goal was twice threatened. Porter, however, came back strong
after the rest and hammered out a touchdown in the third period
and kicked a goal. Yardley brought everything to bear that she knew
after that and succeeded in reaching Porter’s twenty-six yards. From
there, had she possessed a drop-kicker of fair ability, she might have
made a field-goal. But Dan and Simms consulted and decided that
they had better not risk it, although Norton had been showing fair
work in practice. Instead, they went at Porter’s line again and after
two downs, which netted them a scant four yards, tried a forward
pass that went to a Porter back and lost them the ball. That was
Yardley’s only chance to score. In the last period Porter found her
adversary’s line less easy and tried end runs and forward passes and
on-side kicks. When the game was almost over Porter had the ball
on Yardley’s thirty-three yards, made two on a wide run around
Norton, and worked the ball back into the center of the gridiron by a
whirlwind shift followed by an attack at the guard-tackle hole. With
two yards to go the Porter right half stepped back and put the
pigskin straight over the bar by a drop-kick, adding another three
points to her six. That was the last scoring, and the final account
stood 9 to 5.
Dan redeemed himself that day, playing his position brilliantly. The
principal fault with the team as a whole was slowness and lack of
aggressiveness. The center of the line was especially lacking in the
latter. Some two hundred rain-coated youths splashed up the hill
after the final whistle had sounded looking rather glum. There were
many criticisms. Most of the fellows held that Dan had erred in not
trying a goal from the field in the third period. Others pointed out
that even had Yardley kicked that goal she would still have been
beaten by a point, and maintained that Dan had done the proper
thing in trying for a touchdown, which, had it been secured, would
have given the contest to the home team. But by the time supper
was over the critical attitude passed. After all, Porter Institute was
only Porter Institute, and no one really cared very much about her. It
was bad to be beaten, but the defeat might act as a tonic and nerve
the home team to a grand and impressive victory over Broadwood.
And the defeat of Broadwood was the chief aim and consideration.
But Dan was once more in the depths. He had hoped for a clean
slate that fall and now here was a beating to be chalked up against
him. Payson shrugged his shoulders and smiled, but Dan took the
defeat very tragically and refused to be comforted.
“There’s something wrong with our fellows,” he declared in
Payson’s room in the village that evening. “They don’t play! They
don’t seem to have any punch! They—”
 “The team’s all right,” interrupted Payson quietly. “They aren’t
playing the best they know how, Vinton, but they will two weeks
from to-day; and that’s what we want, isn’t it? We don’t want a team
that reaches high water mark a fortnight before our big game, you
know. They’re coming all right. This week we’ll hammer some speed
into them and give them the new signals. We won’t have to fuss
with more than six new plays, and that’s fortunate. If the fellows
come on slowly, as they’ve been coming and as they ought to come,
we can work them hard right up to the Broadwood game and not be
afraid of having them go fine. And that’s what I’m hoping for, Vinton.
We haven’t had what I call a simon-pure slump all season, and I
don’t want one now. Porter had a well-developed team, my boy, a
team at least a week ahead of us. And they outplayed us. If we had
won from them to-day our fellows would have gone into a slump
next week as sure as fate. Don’t ask me why, because I can’t tell
you; but I know I’m right. It’s a matter of psychology, I fancy. I’ve
seen it too often. No, we’re doing well enough. There’s no need to
worry. So don’t do it. The first thing you know you’ll be all worked
up and no use to the team just when you’re wanted the most. Get
out of doors to-morrow, Vinton, and take a long walk. Take someone
with you who will talk of something besides football. Forget football
for a day, will you? Just try, eh?”
“All right,” replied Dan with a smile. “I suppose I am getting sort
of cranky. But you don’t happen to know where I’m likely to find a
fellow at this time of year who won’t talk football, do you?”
“Oh, you can find one,” laughed Payson. “Take a fellow who has
some other interest. You football chaps are likely to think that
everyone is just as interested in the game as you are. Did you know
that the Yardley Golf Team had a match with Broadwood last
Saturday?”
“No,” replied Dan uninterestedly. “Who won?”
“Broadwood, I believe. I just mention it to show that while you
and most of the school were ‘footballing’ there were a few chaps
who were absorbed in something entirely different. By the way, do
you know Tooker, the golf captain?”
“Yes, fairly well.”
“All right. There’s your man. Get him to walk with you. Start out
after church and take a good long tramp. Go over to Lloyd and have
your dinner there. It’s six miles or so over there and there’s a very
good little hotel. After dinner sit around and come back in time for
supper. I wish you’d do that, Vinton. Will you?”
“Why, yes, if you really want me to,” said Dan doubtfully. “But I
don’t see much use in it. And I don’t believe Ned Tooker will care to
go.”
“Well, ask him. If he won’t, find someone else. But don’t take any
of the team along. Get away from football for one day. You’ll be
surprised to find how it will tone you up. By the way, how’s your
appetite?”
Dan made a face. Payson nodded:
“I thought so. Well, I’ll wager you anything you like that if you’ll
do what I say to-morrow you’ll eat enough dinner for a dozen men.
And you needn’t stick to training diet, either. Eat whatever they give
you, and lots of it.”
“Why don’t you take your own medicine?” asked Dan. “Can’t you
go along with me?”
“I could, but you’d be dragging in football every minute. And,”
laughed the coach, “if you didn’t I should! No, you do it the way I
said. Tooker’s a good chap; he will make you laugh, and that’s what
you need.”
After Dan had taken his departure, in a much better frame of mind
than he had arrived in, the head coach went to the telephone and
called up Dudley Hall. The telephone there was in Mr. Austin’s room,
and when the chemistry instructor came to the line Mr. Payson said:
“Is that you, Mr. Austin? This is Payson. I want very much to get
hold of Tooker. Is there any way you can get him to the ’phone
without much trouble? You can? Thank you very much. Yes, I’ll hold
the line.”
 CHAPTER XV
NED EARNS A QUARTER

“W alking,” replied Ned the next morning with enthusiasm, “is

the very best thing I do. As our English cousins say, I’m
awfully keen about it. When do we go and whither?”
“I thought we might start right after church service and tramp
over to Lloyd. Payson says there is a good place to eat over there.”
“All right. That suits me.”
“You’re sure you weren’t going to do something else?” asked Dan.
“We aren’t likely to get back much before supper, you know.”
“I wasn’t going to do a thing, Vinton. If I had been I’d give it up,
because on a dandy day like this there’s nothing finer than a good
tramp in the country. I’ll get into a pair of easier shoes, though, I
guess.” Ned observed his patent leather Oxfords disapprovingly. “And
I’ll meet you outside Clarke at eleven-ten sharp.”
And so at a quarter-past eleven Dan and Ned took the road
together. Each had togged himself in an old suit of knickerbockers
and had put on a pair of good stout, easy shoes. The morning was
just what one might expect in early November after a day of rain.
There was a bright blue sky overhead, a wealth of golden sunshine
and a little breeze from the southwest that held a tang of the
sparkling Sound. After they had crossed the bridge over the river
and taken the inland road that led to Broadwood, they had the
broad marsh on their right. The marsh this morning was a wonderful
far-stretching expanse of faded green and russet and gold and red,
with, here and there, a brilliant blue ribbon of water winding across.
On their left as they trudged over the road made firm by the rain,
was a hillside of maples and beeches. The storm had almost stripped
the former of their scarlet livery, but the beeches were still brightly
yellow, while the ground was thickly carpeted with the fallen maple
leaves.
For the first mile or so Ned did most of the talking, rattling along
unceasingly of every subject under the sun, drawing Dan’s attention
to a bit of landscape or a brilliant burst of color between whiles.
Infrequently a carriage or motor passed them, but for the most of
the way they had the curving road to themselves. At the Old Cider
Mill, Dan’s memory turned to the time the spring before when a
number of them had gone over to Broadwood late at night and
perpetrated an April fool joke on the rival school. He mentioned it to
Ned, and Ned said:
“Tell me about that lark. I never got the rights of it. You needn’t
mention names, you know.”
So Dan recounted the adventure and told how he had tried to
keep Gerald in ignorance of the project for fear the boy would insist
on going. “I didn’t want him to, you see, because I felt sort of
responsible to his father.” And how, when they had reached the mill,
they had paused to eat some sandwiches they had brought along,
and had looked up the road in the moonlight and seen someone
coming. “We went inside to wait for him to go by. But he didn’t pass
and after a while we peeked out and there he was sitting over there
eating up the sandwiches. And when we got out it was Gerald
himself! He had found out about it and played ’possum until we had
started and then followed us.”
“And didn’t the gardener over at Broadwood hear you and chase
you off the place?”
“He did. And he saw Gerald and recognized him and came over
and pointed him out to Collins. We had a merry chase through the
shrubbery and over the wall. The gardener chap got mixed up with
my foot once when he was chasing Gerald and took a header. I
fancy it didn’t improve his temper any.”
 “I didn’t know anything about it until I got home,” said Ned. “Then
my dad passed the morning paper over to me and pointed out the
story they had about it. Of course he suspected me of having a
hand, but I proved a clean bill of health. It’s funny, Vinton, they
never tried to get back at us for that trick.”
“They haven’t enough ingenuity,” replied Dan. “Perhaps, though,
they’ll think up some scheme by next first of April.” He chuckled. “I’ll
never forget the way that strip of white cloth looked in the moonlight
up there that night. We planted it square in front of Knowles Hall.
It’s a wonder someone didn’t see us.”
“What was it you put on the sign? I’ve forgotten.”
“Alf Loring got that up, I think. It was: ‘Father, is this a school?’
‘No, my son, it is Broadwood.’ ‘O you April Fools!’”
“That was a hot one,” laughed Ned. “I guess that sunk in! I’ll bet
they were snorting mad.”
“They were. And poor Gerald had to go on probation for a dickens
of a time. So did Thompson, later. I had to explain things to Gerald’s
father, which wasn’t much fun.”
“What sort is the old man?” Ned asked.
“He’s a dandy. And he isn’t really old. You’ve seen him, haven’t
you?”
“Once when he came up to the school and spoke to us in the hall.
I didn’t remember him very well.”
“He got home Friday. Gerald wanted me to go to dinner at Sound
View to-day, but I begged off. There’s a kid who has improved since
he came to Yardley. You don’t remember him two years ago, do
you?”
“Only dimly. I don’t know him very well. I used to think he was a
bit stuck-up, but several fellows have told me I was wrong.”
“You were,” replied Dan earnestly. “Gerald’s just as decent a chap
as there is in school, and I’m not saying that because he’s my
roommate or because I sort of brought him up. But I will
acknowledge that he wasn’t very promising when he first came. His
father had pretty nearly spoiled him without realizing it a bit. But
Yardley is a great place to take the nonsense out of a fellow. Gerald
had his troubles for a while and then, having plenty of common
sense, he took a tumble and knuckled down.”
“I ran across quite a character the other day,” said Ned. “I guess it
was two or three weeks ago now. A fellow named Burtis.”
“Burtis? I met him. He came to my room one night just after
school opened and told me to put him down on the list of football
candidates, or something like that. I remember it tickled Gerald and
me to death. But he was rather a smart-looking chap, as I recall
him. How’s he getting on?”
“Oh, having his troubles too, Vinton. We all do at first, I guess.
But he will make good, unless I’m very much mistaken. I’m showing
him golf just at present.”
“By the way, you fellows played Broadwood the other day, I hear.
How did you come out?”
“They won three out of five. They’ve got a pretty good team. Golf
is one of their strong suits.”
“They do some things fairly well,” Dan allowed. Then, after a
pause, and with a smile, he went on: “Funny, isn’t it, how rabid we
are at first; when we’re juniors, say? I used to think that the
Broadwood chaps were a lot of thugs and assassins. My patriotism
was absolutely murderous! After a while you meet some of the
Greenies and it’s quite a shock to discover that they’re really a very
decent lot of fellows, not much different from your own crowd.”
“I know,” Ned agreed. “I remember once when I was a youngster
here; it was my second year, I think; I went home on the train with
some Broadwood fellows. They sat across the car from me. I really
expected them to be a lot of bounders and instead of that they were
a fine-looking set and behaved themselves all the way to New York.
As you said, it was something of a shock. And there’s the school, by
the way. You can just see a corner of a building through the trees.”
“Yes, I see. That’s the gym, I think. They’ve got a mighty good
location for a school, haven’t they?”
“Nice and high, but too far from the water. Here’s where we turn
off, isn’t it? What’s the sign board say?”
“‘Lloyd 3½ miles,’” Dan read. “We’re almost halfway, then. It
hasn’t seemed far. How are your legs?”
“Just getting limbered up,” replied Ned stoutly. “And it’s only a
little after twelve. We can make it by half-past one without hurrying,
I guess. Forward, brave comrade!”
The new road, which led northward at right angles from the
turnpike, was narrower and offered harder walking, but they made
good time and at one o’clock were out on the Saybrook road with
their destination only a mile distant. Lloyd was a tiny hamlet at the
intersection of two main lines of travel, but it was a pretty, old-
fashioned place, with huge elms drooping over comfortable white
houses and many tiny gardens still vivid with autumn flowers: phlox
and nasturtiums and cosmos. The railroad passed Lloyd fully a mile
away, but for all that the hotel when they reached it was by no
means deserted, a fact readily explained by the four or five
automobiles standing in front or in the little yard at the side. It was a
rambling white building with a veranda running along in front, and a
swinging sign hung from a big elm at the corner. “Washington’s
Head” was the original legend on the board, and under it was a
weather-faded likeness of the Father of his Country. But, so the story
went, a visiting artist, finding, perhaps, time heavy on his hands,
had some years before turned the capital H into a D, so that now the
sign informed the world at large that “Washington’s Dead.”
“I don’t know how you feel,” said Ned as they went up the steps,
“but I’m starved to death.”
“I feel a bit hungry myself,” acknowledged Dan. “I wonder if
dinner is ready.”
 It was, and after washing the marks of the road from their hands
and faces they graciously allowed the proprietor of the inn to
conduct them to their seats in the dining-room. What followed after
may be left to the imagination. There was an old-fashioned
vegetable soup to start with of which Ned remarked that they had
managed to get everything into it save the kitchen stove. And then
there was fish and roast chicken and vegetables and apple fritters
and salad and ice cream and lemon pie and cake and cheese and
crackers and coffee. And if Ned missed a single item or Dan allowed
anything to get by him I have been grossly misinformed. And
afterwards they struggled out to the veranda, sank into two chairs,
placed their heels on the rail and stared somnolently across the
street at a funny little old story-and-a-half house almost hidden by
shrubbery and box hedges. There was little conversation for a while.
The sun was nice and warm, the breeze was broken by the corner of
the veranda and life was very blissful and sleepy. Finally,
“I suppose we ought to start back before long,” murmured Ned
drowsily.
“Yes.” Dan lifted his eyelids and nodded lazily. Then he shut his
eyes again and returned to a condition halfway between slumber
and wakefulness.
“Good night,” muttered Ned. Later by ten minutes,
“How many of those fritters did you eat?” he asked.
“Four,” replied Dan, this time without opening his eyes.
“I only had three,” said Ned regretfully. “I think I’ll go back.”
“Too late, too late!” murmured Dan. “Ye cannot enter now!”
“Perhaps if we hang around here they’ll give us five o’clock tea.”
Dan groaned. “Not if I’m strong enough to resist,” he said. “What
time is it?”
“Haven’t you a watch?”
“Yes, but I can’t get at it.”
 “That’s my case exactly.”
Five minutes afterwards Ned remarked weakly: “I think it’s about
a quarter-past three.”
“We ought to be going,” sighed Dan.
“We ought,” groaned Ned. After that silence fell again.
But presently a motor began to throb around the corner of the
house and a big touring car, dusty and dirty, backed up to the curb
before the door. The two boys opened their eyes with sighs and
frowns and watched. A party of two men and two ladies emerged
from the hotel. The man at the wheel of the car called to them:
“See if you can find someone to bring that suitcase out, Jim,” he
said. “It’s in front of the desk there.”
Ned’s chair came down with a bang and he jumped to his feet.
“Yes, sir; right away, sir!” he said briskly. In a moment he had
dashed into the office and out again, bearing a big leather suitcase.
Dan’s chair came down and he stared in bewilderment.
“Where shall I put it, sir?” Ned was asking solicitously.
“Stick it in back there, my boy. That’s it.”
Ned deposited the bag, swung the tonneau door open and stood
respectfully at attention while the party seated themselves. The man
at the wheel put his hand into his pocket, selected a coin and
handed it back.
“Here you are, boy,” he said.
Ned touched his forehead sketchily, “Thank you, sir!”
The car bounded forward and Ned, grinning delightedly, danced
up the steps.
“I’ve made a quarter! I’ve made a quarter!” he chanted.