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The Distributive Property

To multiply a sum or difference by a number, multiply each number in the sum or difference by the number
outside the parentheses, then evaluate.

Distributive Property
With addition: 5(7 + 3) = 5(7) + 5(3) a(b + c) = a(b) + a(c)

With subtraction: 5(7 − 3) = 5(7) − 5(3) a(b − c) = a(b) − a(c)

Example 2 Simplify each expression.

a. 6(x + 9) b. 10(12 + z + 7)
6(x + 9) = 6(x) + 6(9) 10(12 + z + 7) = 10(12) + 10(z) + 10(7)
= 6x + 54 = 120 + 10z + 70
= 10z + 190
c. 16(8w − 3) d. 5(4m − 3n − 1)
16(8w − 3) = 16(8w) − 16(3) 5(4m − 3n − 1) = 5(4m) − 5(3n) − 5(1)
= 128w − 48 = 20m − 15n − 5

Practice Check your answers at [Link].

Evaluate.
1. 25(7 + 11) 2. 4(13 − 5) 3. 9(16 + 7 − 8) 4. −4(10 − 9 − 6)

Simplify the expression.

5. 4(y + 7) 6. −2(z + 5) 7. 5(b − 11) 8. −8(d − 1)

9. 12(4a + 13) 10. 9(20 + 17m) 11. 11(2k − 11) 12. −7(−2n − 9)

13. 3(x + 4 + 9) 14. 6(25 + 6z + 10) 15. 8(p − 6 − 5) 16. −10(4 + v − 1)

17. 7(2x + 7 + 9y) 18. −4(4r − s + 17) 19. −3(−12 − 3d − 8) 20. 2 − 6(2n − 9)

21. 1.5(6c + 10d + 3)

3
( 1
22. — q + — + —
4 6
7
8 ) 23. −2.4(5h − 10 + 4) 24. 0.5(2.6x + 5.8)

Write and simplify an expression for the area of the rectangle.

7. 8. 9.
12 1.5 14

3x + 20 16 5w
15 + 8x

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Evaluating Algebraic Expressions

An algebraic expression is an expression that may contain numbers, operations, and one or more symbols.
A symbol that represents one or more numbers is called a variable. To evaluate an algebraic expression,
substitute a number for each variable. Then use the order of operations to find the value of the
numerical expression.

Example 1 Evaluate each expression when x = 3.

a. 5x + 7 b. 14 − x2
5x + 7 = 5(3) + 7 Substitute 3 for x. 14 − x 2 = 14 − 32 Substitute 3 for x.
= 15 + 7 Multiply. = 14 − 9 Evaluate power.
= 22 Add. =5 Subtract.
c. 2x 2 − 8x + 4
2x 2 − 8x + 4 = 2(3)2 − 8(3) + 4 Substitute 3 for x.
= 2(9) − 8(3) + 4 Evaluate power.
= 18 − 24 + 4 Multiply.
= −2 Simplify.

Example 2 Evaluate each expression when x = −2 and y = 6.

a. 7x − 5y b. x2 − 2xy + y 2
7x − 5y = 7(−2) − 5(6) x2 − 2xy + y 2 = (−2)2 − 2(−2)(6) + 62
= −14 − 30 = 4 − 2(−2)(6) + 36
= −44 = 4 − (−24) + 36
= 64

Practice Check your answers at [Link].

Evaluate the expression when x = 2 and y = −3.

1. 3x + 10 2. 14 − 2y 3. 5 − y 2 4. 4x 2 + 9

5. y 2 + 8y − 4 6. −3x 2 − x + 7 7. 0.75x − 4x − 1.5 8. 3(y + 8 − 4y)

9. 2x + 3y 10. 6y − 5x 11. 4x 2 + 3y 12. x2 − y2

x+y 2x + y
13. y − x + y 2 14. x 2y 2 + xy 15. — 16. —
y−x xy

Copy and complete the table.

17. 18. x −2 −1 0 1 2
x 0 1 2 3 4
3x − 2 −4x + 1

19. MONEY You earn 8x + 7y dollars for working x hours at a restaurant and y hours at a bus station.
How much do you earn for working 12 hours at the restaurant and 16 hours at the bus station?

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Order of Operations
To evaluate numerical expressions, use a set of rules called the order of operations.

Order of Operations
1. Perform operations in Parentheses.
2. Evaluate numbers with Exponents.
3. Multiply or Divide from left to right.
4. Add or Subtract from left to right.

Example 1 Evaluate each expression.

a. 20 − 5 6 ⋅
⋅
20 − 5 6 = 20 − 30 Multiply 5 and 6.
= −10 Subtract 30 from 20.

⋅
b. 12 3 + 42 ÷ 8

⋅
12 3 + 42 ÷ 8 = 12 3 + 16 ÷ 8⋅ Evaluate 42.

= 36 + 16 ÷ 8 Multiply 12 and 3.

= 36 + 2 Divide 16 by 8.

= 38 Add 36 and 2.

c. 7(5 − 3) + 6 ÷ (−3)
2

7(5 − 3) + 62 ÷ (−3) = 7(2) + 62 ÷ (−3) Perform operation in parentheses.

= 7(2) + 36 ÷ (−3) Evaluate 62.

= 14 + 36 ÷ (−3) Multiply 7 and 2.

= 14 + (−12) Divide 36 by −3.

=2 Add 14 and −12.

Practice Check your answers at [Link].

Evaluate the expression.

1. 8 + 2 5 ⋅ 2. 40 ÷ 8 − 7 ⋅
3. 5 42 ÷ 8

3 − (−9) 2+4
4. 1 − 7 + 52 5. — 6. — − 1
−10 + 6 1−5

7. (12 − 8)2 ÷ 25 ⋅
8. 18 + 92 − 7 (−3) ⋅
9. 32 ÷ 8 + 2 82

10. 6 ÷ (7 ÷ 28) 11. 36 ÷ ( 1 − ∣ 2 − 7 ∣ ) ⋅

12. (−2)2 5 − 7(9 − 5)

13. 4(3 + 8) − 82 ÷ 32 14. 10(3 − 6)3 + 41 ⋅

15. (2 − 5)2 − (4 52)

16. RESTAURANT There are 82 people in a restaurant. Four groups of 3 leave and then five groups
of 2 enter. Evaluate the expression 82 − 4(3) + 5(2) to find how many people are in the restaurant.

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Powers and Exponents

A power is a product of repeated factors. The base of a power is the common factor. The exponent of a
power indicates the number of times the base is used as a factor.

base exponent

() 2
—
5
3
⋅ ⋅
2 2 2
=— — —
5 5 5
power 2
— is used as factor 3 times
5

Example 1 Write each product using exponents.

⋅ ⋅
a. (−9) (−9) (−9) (−9) (−9)⋅ ⋅
Because −9 is used as a factor 5 times, its exponent is 5.

⋅ ⋅ ⋅
So, (−9) (−9) (−9) (−9) (−9) = (−9)5. ⋅
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
b. π π h h h
Because π is used as a factor 2 times, its exponent is 2. Because h is used as a factor 3 times,
its exponent is 3.

⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
So, π π h h h = π 2h3.

Example 2 Evaluate each expression.

a. (−5)4

⋅
(−5)4 = (−5) (−5) (−5) (−5)⋅ ⋅ Write as repeated multiplication.

= 625 Simplify.

b. −54

⋅ ⋅ ⋅
−54 = −(5 5 5 5) Write as repeated multiplication.

= −625 Simplify.

Practice Check your answers at [Link].

Write the product using exponents.

⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
1. 7 7 7 7 7 7 2. ( −13 ) ⋅ ( −13 ) ⋅ ( −31 )
— — — ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅
3. x x y y y y y

4. 2.5 ⋅ 2.5 ⋅ b ⋅ b ⋅ b ⋅ b ⋅
5. (−n) (−n) (−n) (−n) ⋅ ⋅ 6. (−12) ⋅ (−12) ⋅ v ⋅ v ⋅ v

Evaluate the expression.

7. 104 8. −152 9. ( 34 )
—
3
10. ( −12 )
—
5

11. VOLUME Write an expression involving a power that represents the

volume (in cubic centimeters) of the die shown. Then find the volume. 3
1 5 cm

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Properties of Exponents
Product of Powers Power of a Product Power of a Power

⋅
am an = a m + n
Add exponents.
(ab)m = ambm
Find the power of each factor.
(am)n = amn
Multiply exponents.
Quotient of Powers Power of a Quotient Negative Exponent Zero Exponent
m m
a
—
an =a
m−n
,a≠0 ( ab )
—
m
=—
a
bm
,b≠0
1
a−n = —n , a ≠ 0
a
a0 = 1, a ≠ 0

Subtract exponents. Find the power of the numerator

and the power of the denominator.

Example 1 Evaluate (a) 4.90 and (b) (−3)−4.

1
a. 4.90 = 1 Definition of zero exponent b. (−3)−4 = —4 Definition of negative exponent
(−3)
1
=— Evaluate power.
81

Example 2 Simplify each expression. Write your answer using only positive exponents.
59
⋅
a. 23 24 = 27 = 128 b. — = 59 − 6 = 53 = 125
56
12y0
c. — = 12y0x7 = 12x7 ⋅
x 6 x 2 x6 + 2
d. — = — = x8 − 5 = x3
x−7 x5 x5
e. (z4)2 = z4 ⋅ 2 = z8 ⋅ ⋅
f. (6mn)3 = 63 m3 n3 = 216m3n3
4 6 −2
y 4 10x y 2x3
g. ( 3y ) = 3 = 81y
—
4
—
4
—
5x3y
10
h. — = —x(6 − 3)y(−2 − 1) = 2x3y−3 = —
5 y3

Practice Check your answers at [Link].

Evaluate the expression.
−50
1. (−9)0 2. −8−1 3. 4−3 4. —
3−2

Simplify the expression. Write your answer using only positive exponents.
108 x7
5. 29 2−6 ⋅ 6. −—
1012
⋅
7. y y−5 8. —
x−7
x−2
9. −5x7 x−11 2x4 ⋅ ⋅ 10. —
5z0
11. (w2)−3 12. (8xy)2

z8 (x5)3
13. 3x5 (−2x)4 ⋅ 14. (−5m2n−1)3 15. — 16. —
z−2 z9⋅ x6
xy−2
17. ( )3x
—
2
3
18.
( )
6x 4
—
5y
−2
19. —
x4y−3
20. —
8xy
6x5yz−2
21. METRIC SYSTEM There are 106 micrometers in a meter and 103 meters in a kilometer.
How many micrometers are there in 106 kilometers?

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Simplifying Algebraic Expressions

Parts of an algebraic expression are called terms. Like terms are terms that have the same variables raised
to the same exponents. Constant terms are also like terms.
An algebraic expression is in simplest form when it has no like terms and no parentheses. To combine
like terms that have variables, use the Distributive Property to add or subtract the coefficients.

Example 1 Simplify 8y + 7y.

8y + 7y = (8 + 7)y Distributive Property
= 15y Add coefficients.

Example 2 Simplify 2(x + 5) − 3(x − 2).

2(x + 5) − 3(x − 2) = 2(x) + 2(5) − 3(x) − 3(−2) Distributive Property
= 2x + 10 − 3x + 6 Multiply.
= 2x − 3x + 10 + 6 Group like terms.
= −x + 16 Combine like terms.

Example 3 Simplify xy + 3y − 2x + 5y − 3xy.

xy + 3y − 2x + 5y − 3xy = xy − 3xy + 3y + 5y − 2x Group like terms.
= −2xy + 8y − 2x Combine like terms.

Practice Check your answers at [Link].

Simplify the expression.

1. 7x + 15x 2. 8y − 14y 3. 7d + 9 − 5d

4. 3w + 2(2 − 3w) + 2 5. (x + 3) + (3x − 7) 6. (5k + 6) + (4k − 8)

7. (−7n + 6) + (5n + 15) 8. (9z + 12) − (6z + 8) 9. (8b + 1) − (−10b − 5)

10. s(8 − 2t) + 3t(4 − 2s) + 5t 11. qr + 2q2 − 3qr − r2 − 6q2 12. g3(h − 4g) − h(3 − 2g3)

13. EARNINGS The original price of a model car is d dollars. You use a coupon and buy the kit for
(d − 10) dollars. You assemble the model car and sell it for (2d − 20) dollars. Write an expression that
represents your earnings. Interpret the expression.

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Slope of a Line
The slope of a nonvertical line is the ratio of vertical change (rise) to (x2, y2)
y
horizontal change (run) between any two points on the line. If a line
in the coordinate plane passes through points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2), (x1, y1) rise = y2 − y1
then the slope m is
run = x2 − x1
rise change in y y2 − y1 O x
m = — = — = —.
run change in x x2 − x1

Slopes of Lines in the Coordinate Plane

Negative slope: falls from left to right, as in line j n y
j k
Positive slope: rises from left to right, as in line k

Zero slope (slope of 0): horizontal, as in line x

Undefined slope: vertical, as in line n

Example 1 Find the slope of the line shown. y

4
Let (x1, y1) = (0, −2) and (x2, y2) = (1, 2).
y2 − y1 2 (1, 2)
slope = — Write formula for slope.
x2 − x1 4
−4 −2 2 4 x
2 − (−2)
=— Substitute. (0, −2)
1−0
1
=4 Simplify.

Practice Check your answers at [Link].

Find the slope of the line.

1. y 2. y 3. y
4 4 4

(−2, 3)
2 2
(−1, 2) (4, 2)
(0, 1)
−4 −2 2 4 x −4 −2 2 4 x −4 −2 2 4 x
(−2, −2) (1, −2)
−2 −2 −2

−4 −4 −4

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Slope-Intercept Form
The x-intercept of a line is the x-coordinate of the point where y
the line crosses the x-axis. It occurs when y = 0. y-intercept = b

The y-intercept of a line is the y-coordinate of the point where (0, b)

the line crosses the y-axis. It occurs when x = 0. x-intercept = a

A linear equation written in the form y = mx + b is in x

(a, 0)
slope-intercept form. The slope of the line is m, and the
y-intercept of the line is b.

y = mx + b
slope y-intercept

Example 1 Identify the slope and the y-intercept of the graph of each linear equation.
a. y = −3x − 8 b. y − 4 = —13 x
y = −3x + (−8) Write in slope-intercept form. y = —13 x + 4 Add 4 to each side.

The slope is −3, and the y-intercept is −8. The slope is —13 , and the y-intercept is 4.

Example 2 Find the x-intercept and the y-intercept of the graph of 2x + y = 4.

To find the x-intercept, substitute 0 To find the y-intercept, substitute 0
for y and solve for x. for x and solve for y.
2x + y = 4 2x + y = 4
2x + (0) = 4 2(0) + y = 4
x=2 y=4

The x-intercept is 2, and the y-intercept is 4.

Practice Check your answers at [Link].

Identify the slope and the y-intercept of the graph of the linear equation.
1 1
1. y = 4x + 7 2. y = −—3 x + 8 3. y = —9 x − 6
2
4. y + 9 = −5x 5. y − 2x = −6 6. 7 + y = −—3 x

Find the x-intercept and the y-intercept of the graph of the equation.
7. y = 2x 8. y = x + 8 9. y = 3x + 6

10. 3x + y = 9 11. 2x + 3y = 12 12. 2x − 5y = 10

13. SHOPPING The amount of money you spend on x books and y movies is given by the equation
8x + 12y = 96. Find the intercepts of the graph of the equation. What do these values represent?

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Solving Linear Equations

To determine whether a value is a solution of an equation, substitute the value into the equation
and simplify.

Example 1 Determine whether (a) x = 1 or (b) x = −2 is a solution of 5x − 1 = 4.

a. 5x − 1 = −2x + 6 b. 5x − 1 = −2x + 6
? ?
5(1) − 1 = −2(1) + 6 Substitute. 5(−2) − 1 = −2(−2) + 6 Substitute.

4=4 ✓ Simplify. −11 ≠ 10 ✗ Simplify.

So, x = 1 is a solution. So, x = −2 is not a solution.

To solve a linear equation, isolate the variable.

Example 2 Solve each equation. Check your solution.

a. 4x − 3 = 13 b. 2(y − 8) = y + 6
4x − 3 + 3 = 13 + 3 Add 3. 2y − 16 = y + 6 Distributive Property
4x = 16 Simplify. 2y − y − 16 = y − y + 6 Subtract y.
4x 16 y − 16 = 6 Simplify.
—=— Divide by 4.
4 4
y − 16 + 16 = 6 + 16 Add 16.
x=4 Simplify.
y = 22 Simplify.

Check Check
4x − 3 = 13 2(y − 8) = y + 6
? ?
4(4) − 3 = 13 2(22 − 8) = 22 + 6
13 = 13 ✓ 28 = 28 ✓

Practice Check your answers at [Link].

Determine whether (a) x = −1 or (b) x = 3 is a solution of the equation.
1. 5x + 7 = 2 2. − 4x + 8 = −4 3. 2x − 1 = 3x − 4

Solve the equation. Check your solution.

4. x − 9 = 24 5. n + 14 = 0 6. −16 = 4y
5
7. −—6 t = −15 8. 81 = 46 − x 9. 4x + 5 = 1
10. x + 5 = 11x 11. 9(y − 3) = 45 12. 6 = 7k + 8 − k
13. 6n + 3 = −4n + 7 14. 2c + 5 = 3(c − 8) 15. 18m + 3(2m + 8) = 0
w−6 15 + h 8 − 3x
16. — = 8 17. — = 10 18. — = x
5 3 5
3 5 7
19. (8r + 6) + (4r − 1) = 14 20. —23 y − 3 = 9 21. —12 x − —
10
= —2 x + —
10

22. MONEY You have a total of $3.25 in change made up of 25 pennies, 6 nickels, 2 dimes, and
x quarters. How many quarters do you have?

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Writing Linear Equations

Given a point on a line and the slope of the line, you can write an equation of the line.

Example 1 Write an equation in slope-intercept form of the line that passes through the point (−5, 6)
and has a slope of —35 .
y = mx + b Write the slope-intercept form.
Substitute —35 for m, −5 for x, and 6 for y.
3
6= —5 (−5) +b
6 = −3 + b Simplify.
9=b Solve for b.
3
So, the equation is y = —5 x + 9.

A linear equation written in the form y − y1 = m(x − x1) is in point-slope form. y

The line passes through the point (x1, y1), and the slope of the line is m. (x, y)

slope y − y1
(x1, y1)
y − y1 = m(x − x1)
x − x1
x
passes through (x1, y1)

Example 2 Write an equation in point-slope form of the line that passes through the
point (−8, 3) and has a slope of —34 .
y − y1 = m(x − x1) Write the point-slope form.
Substitute —34 for m, −8 for x1, and 3 for y1.
3
y−3= —4 [x − (−8)]
3
y−3= —4 (x + 8) Simplify.

So, the equation is y − 3 = —34 (x + 8).

Practice Check your answers at [Link].

Write an equation in slope-intercept form of the line that passes

through the given point and has the given slope.
1
1. (1, 3); m = 2 2. (4, 2); m = 3 3. (−2, 3); m = —2
2 1 2
4. (6, −5); m = —3 5. (4, −2); m = −—4 6. (−7, −3); m = −—7

Write an equation in point-slope form of the line that passes through

the given point and has the given slope.
3
7. (1, 1); m = 5 8. (−3, 4); m = 2 9. (6, −3); m = —2

2 3 3
10. (5, 7); m = —5 11. (−4, 5); m = −—4 12. (−2, −3); m = −—8

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