PHYSICAL SCIENCES

PAPER 2 (CHEMISTRY)

GRADE 12

TERMS & DEFINITIONS

QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

PER TOPIC

2020

This document consists of 111 pages.

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 2

CONTENTS

HOW TO USE THIS DOCUMENT..................................................................................................3

TERMS AND DEFINITIONS............................................................................................................4

QUESTIONS....................................................................................................................................12
ORGANIC MOLECULES: NOMENCLATURE........................................................................12
ORGANIC MOLECULES: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES...........................................................19
ORGANIC MOLECULES: ORGANIC REACTIONS.............................................................23
REACTION RATE AND ENERGY IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS.........................................29
CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM........................................................................................................36
ACIDS AND BASES....................................................................................................................42
GALVANIC CELLS......................................................................................................................47
ELECTROLYTIC CELLS............................................................................................................53
FERTILISERS..............................................................................................................................58

ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS........................................................................................................63
ORGANIC MOLECULES: NOMENCLATURE........................................................................63
ORGANIC MOLECULES: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES...........................................................69
ORGANIC MOLECULES: ORGANIC REACTIONS..............................................................73
REACTION RATE AND ENERGY IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS.........................................77
CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM........................................................................................................85
ACIDS AND BASES...................................................................................................................95
GALVANIC CELLS....................................................................................................................104
ELECTROLYTIC CELLS..........................................................................................................108
FERTILISERS............................................................................................................................111

BIBLIOGRAPHY...........................................................................................................................114

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 3

HOW TO USE THIS DOCUMENT

Dear Grade 12 learner

1. This document was compiled as an extra resource to help you to perform well in
Physical Sciences.

2. Firstly you must make sure that you study the terms and definitions provided for each
topic. Theory always forms part of any test or examination and you should ensure
that you obtain full marks for ALL theory questions. Always be prepared to write a
test on terms and definitions as soon as a topic is completed in class. Revise terms
and definitions of topics already completed frequently so that you know them by the
time you are sitting for a test or an examination.

3. Answer all the questions on a certain topic in your homework book as soon as the
topic is completed. DO NOT look at the answers before attempting the questions.
First try it yourself. Compare your answers with the answers at the back of the
document. Mark your work with a pencil and do corrections for your incorrect
answers. If you do not know how to answer a question, the answers are there to
guide you. Acquaint yourself with the way in which a particular type of question
should be answered. Answers supplied are from memoranda used to mark the
questions in previous years.

4. Your teacher can, for example, give you two of the questions in this document as
homework. The following day he/she will just check whether you answered them and
whether you marked your answers. The teacher will only discuss those questions in
which you do not understand the answers supplied in the document. Therefore a lot
of time will be saved.

5. You are probably thinking about the point behind the answers at the back of the
document. It is intended to help you to prepare for your tests and examinations. If
you choose to copy answers into your homework book without trying them out
yourself, you will be the losing party in the end! Not your teacher or anybody else!

6. Your teacher can also decide to give you a test on one of the questions given for
homework. If you just copied the answers without any understanding, surely he/she
will catch you! None of us want to be branded as dishonest, do we?

7. Work through all the questions and answers of a particular topic before you sit for an
examination, even if you answered the questions before.

8. Any additional resource is only of help when used correctly. Ensure that you make
use of all help provided in the correct way to enable you to be successful. All the best
for 2020 and may you perform very well in Physical Sciences.

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 4

TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

MATTER AND MATERIALS: ORGANIC MOLECULES
Addition reaction A reaction in which a double bond in the starting material is broken and
elements are added to it.
Addition polymer A polymer formed when monomers (usually containing a double bond)
combine through an addition reaction.
Addition polymerisation A reaction in which small molecules join to form very large molecules by
adding on double bonds.
Alcohol An organic compound in which H atoms in an alkane have been substituted
with hydroxyl groups (-OH groups).
General formula: CnH2n + 1OH
Aldehydes Organic compounds having the general structure RCHO where R = H or
alkyl.
General formula: RCHO (R = alkyl group)
Alkane An organic compound containing only C-H and C-C single bonds.
General formula: CnH2n + 2
Alkene A compound of carbon and hydrogen that contains a carbon-carbon double
bond. General formula: CnH2n
Alkyl group A group formed by removing one H atom from an alkane.
Alkyne A compound of carbon and hydrogen that contains a carbon-carbon triple
bond.
Boiling point The temperature at which the vapour pressure of a liquid equals
atmospheric pressure.
Carbonyl group Functional group of ketones (>C=O)
Carboxyl group Functional group of carboxylic acids (-COOH)
Carboxylic acid An organic compound containing a carboxyl group (-COOH group).
General formula: CnH2n + 1COOH (or RCOOH)
Chain isomers Compounds with the same molecular formula, but different types of chains.
Condensation polymer A polymer formed by two monomers with different functional groups that are
linked together in a condensation reaction in which a small molecule,
usually water, is lost.
Condensation Molecules of two monomers with different functional groups undergo
polymerisation condensation reactions with the loss of small molecules, usually water
Condensed structural A formula that shows the way in which atoms are bonded together in the
formula molecule, but DOES NOT SHOW ALL bond lines.
Cracking The chemical process in which longer chain hydrocarbon molecules are
broken down to shorter more useful molecules.
Dehydration Elimination of water from a compound usually such as an alcohol.
Dehydrohalogenation The elimination of hydrogen and a halogen from a haloalkane.
Dipole-dipole force Intermolecular forces found between polar molecules i.e. molecules in
which there is an uneven distribution of charge so that the molecule has a
positive and a negative side.
Elimination reaction A reaction in which elements of the starting material are “lost” and a double
bond is formed.
Esterification The preparation of an ester from the reaction of a carboxylic acid with an
alcohol.
Functional group A bond or an atom or a group of atoms that determine(s) the physical and
chemical properties of a group of organic compounds.
Functional isomers Compounds with the same molecular formula, but different functional
groups.
Haloalkane An organic compound in which one or more H atoms in an alkane have
(Alkyl halide) been replaced with halogen atoms.
General formula: CnH2n + 1X (X = F, Cℓ, Br or I)

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 5

Halogenation The reaction of a halogen (Br2, Cℓ2) with a compound.

Homologous series A series of organic compounds that can be described by the same general
formula.

OR
A series of organic compounds in which one member differs from the next
with a CH2 group.
Hydration The addition of water to a compound.
Hydrocarbon Organic compounds that consist of hydrogen and carbon only.
Hydrogenation The addition of hydrogen to an alkene
Hydrogen bond A strong intermolecular force found between molecules in which an H atom
is covalently bonded to wither an N, O or F atom.
Hydrohalogenation The addition of a hydrogen halide to an alkene.
Hydrolysis The reaction of a compound with water.
Intermolecular force Forces between molecules that determine physical properties of
compounds.
IUPAC name A chemical nomenclature (set of rules) created and developed by the
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) to generate
systematic names for chemical compounds.
London force A weak intermolecular force between non-polar molecules.
Macromolecule A molecule that consists of a large number of atoms.
Melting point The temperature at which the solid and liquid phases of a substance are at
equilibrium.
Molecular formula A chemical formula that indicates the type of atoms and the correct number
of each in a molecule, e.g. CH4.
Monomer Small organic molecules that can be covalently bonded to each other in a
repeating pattern.
Organic chemistry Chemistry of carbon compounds.
Polymer A large molecule composed of smaller monomer units covalently bonded to
each other in a repeating pattern
Polymerisation A chemical reaction in which monomer molecules join to form a polymer
Positional isomer Compounds with the same molecular formula, but different positions of the
side chain, substituents or functional groups on the parent chain.
Primary alcohol One C atom is bonded to the C atom bonded to hydroxyl group.
Example:
H H
H C C O H

H H
Primary haloalkane One C atom is bonded to the C atom bonded to the halogen.
Example:
H H
H C C Br
H H
Saturated compounds Compounds in which there are no multiple bonds between C atoms in their
hydrocarbon chains.
OR
Compounds with only single bonds between C atoms in their hydrocarbon
chains.

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 6

Secondary alcohol Two C atoms bonded to the C atom that is bonded to hydroxyl group.
Example:
H H
H C C O H
H
H C H
H

Secondary haloalkane Two C atoms bonded to the C atom bonded to the halogen.
Example:
H H

H C C Br

H
H C H

Structural formula A structural formula of a compound shows which atoms are attached to
which within the molecule. Atoms are represented by their chemical
symbols and lines are used to represent ALL the bonds that hold the atoms
together.

Structural isomer Organic molecules with the same molecular formula, but different structural
formulae.
Substituent A group or branch attached to the longest continuous chain of C atoms in
(branch) an organic compound.

Substitution reaction A reaction in which an atom or a group of atoms in a molecule is replaced

by another atom or group of atoms.
Tertiary alcohol Three C atoms bonded to carbon that is bonded to hydroxyl group.
Example:
H

H C H
H

H C C O H

H
H C H

Tertiary haloalkane Three C atoms bonded to the C atom bonded to the halogen.
Example:
H

H C H
H

H C C Br

H
H C H

Unsaturated Compounds in which there are multiple bonds (double or triple bonds)
compounds between C atoms in their hydrocarbon chains.
Van der Waals forces A combined name used for the different types of intermolecular forces.
Vapour pressure The pressure exerted by a vapour at equilibrium with its liquid in a closed
system.

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 7

CHEMICAL CHANGE: QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS OF CHEMICAL CHANGE

Mole One mole of a substance is the amount of substance having the same
number of particles as there are atoms in 12 g carbon-12.
Molar gas volume at The volume of one mole of a gas.
3
STP (1 mole of any gas occupies 22,4 dm at 0 °C (273 K) and 1 atmosphere
(101,3 kPa).
-1
Molar mass The mass of one mole of a substance. Symbol: M Unit: g∙mol

Avogadro’s Law Under the same conditions of temperature and pressure, the same number of
moles of all gases occupy the same volume.

Concentration The amount of solute

n per litre/cubic decimeter of solution.
-3
In symbols: c  Unit: mol∙dm
V
Empirical formula The simplest positive integer ratio of atoms present in a compound.

Percentage yield Yield is the amount of product obtained from a reaction.

actual mass obtained
percentage yield = 100
calculated mass
Percentage purity mass of pure chemical
percentage purity = 100
total mass of sample
Percentage The percentage of each of the components in a substance.
composition mass contribute d by component
Percentage of component = mass of all components 100
Limiting reagents The substance that is totally consumed when the chemical reaction is
complete.

CHEMICAL CHANGE: ENERGY AND CHANGE

Heat of reaction (ΔH) The energy absorbed or released in a chemical reaction.
Exothermic reactions Reactions that release energy. (ΔH < 0)

Endothermic Reactions that absorb energy. (ΔH > 0)

reactions
Activation energy The minimum energy needed for a reaction to take place.
Activated complex The unstable transition state from reactants to products.

CHEMICAL CHANGE: RATE OF REACTION

Reaction rate The change
c in concentration of reactants or products per unit time.
-3 -1
Rate = Unit: mol∙dm ∙s
t
Collision theory a model that explains reaction rate as the result of particles colliding with a
certain minimum energy.
Catalyst A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself
undergoing a permanent change.
(A catalyst increases the rate of a reaction by providing an alternative path of
lower activation energy. It therefore decreases the net/total activation energy.)

Factors that affect Nature of reacting substances, surface area, concentration (pressure for
reaction rate gases), temperature and the presence of a catalyst.

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 8

CHEMICAL CHANGE: CHEMCIAL EQUILIBRIUM

Open system A system which continuously interacts with the environment – it exchanges
matter and energy with its environment.
Closed system A system that only exchanges energy with its surroundings, but it does not
exchange matter with its surroundings.
Reversible reaction A reaction is reversible when products can be converted back to reactants.
Chemical equilibrium Dynamic equilibrium when the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of
the reverse reaction.
Factors that Pressure (gases only), concentration and temperature.
influence the
equilibrium position
Le Chatelier's When the equilibrium in a closed system is disturbed, the system will re-
principle instate a new equilibrium by favouring the reaction that will oppose the
disturbance.

CHEMICAL CHANGE: ACIDS AND BASES

Acid-base indicator A dye used to distinguish between acidic and basic solutions by means of
the colour changes it undergoes in these solutions.
Amphiprotic A substance that can act as either an acid or a base.
substance/ampholyte
+
Arrhenius theory An acid is a substance that produces hydrogen ions (H )/ hydronium ions
+
(H3O ) when it dissolves in water.
-
A base is a substance that produces hydroxide ions (OH ) when it dissolves
in water.
Auto-ionisation of A reaction in which water reacts with itself to form ions (hydronium ions and
water hydroxide ions).
Concentrated Contain a large amount (number of moles) of acid/base in proportion to the
acids/bases volume of water.
+
Conjugate acid-base A pair of compounds or ions that differ by the presence of one H ion.
pair Example: CO2 and HCO OR HCℓ and Cℓ-
3 3
+
Conjugate acid and A conjugate acid has one H ion more than its conjugate base.
2
base Example: HCO is the conjugate acid of base CO .
3 3
2
CO is the conjugate base of acid HCO .
3 3
Dilute acids/bases Contain a small amount (number of moles) of acid/base in proportion to the
volume of water.
Diprotic acid An acid that can donate two protons.
Example: H2SO4
Dissociation The process in which ionic compounds split into ions.
Endpoint The point in a titration where the indicator changes colour.
Equivalence point The point in a reaction where equivalent amounts of acid and base have
reacted completely.
Hydrolysis The reaction of a salt with water.
OR
The reaction of an ion with water to produce the conjugate acid and a
hydroxide ion or the conjugate base and a hydronium ion.
Ionisation The process in which ions are formed during a chemical reaction.
Ion product of water The product of the ions formed during auto-ionisation of water i.e.
+ –
[H3O ][OH ] at 25 °C.
+ –
Ionisation constant of The equilibrium value of the ion product [H3O ][OH ] at 25 °C.
water (Kw)
Ka value Ionisation constant for an acid.
Kb value Dissociation or ionisation constant for a base.

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 9
+
Lowry-Brønsted theory An acid is a proton (H ion) donor.
+
A base is a proton (H ion) acceptor.
Monoprotic acid An acid that can donate one proton.
Example: HCℓ
Neutralisation The reaction of an acid with a base to form a salt (ionic compound) and
water.
pH The negative of the logarithm of the hydronium ion concentration in
-3
mol·dm .
+
In symbols: pH = -log[H3O ] Unit: None
pH scale A scale from 0 – 14 used as a measure of the acidity and basicity of
solutions where pH = 7 is neutral, pH > 7 is basic and pH < 7 is acidic.
Salt The ionic compound that is the product of a neutralisation reaction.
Standard solution A solution of precisely known concentration.
-
Strong bases Dissociate completely in water to form a high concentration of OH ions.
Examples: sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and potassium hydroxide (KOH)
+
Strong acids Ionise completely in water to form a high concentration of H3O ions.
Examples:
hydrochloric acid (HCℓ), sulphuric acid (H2SO4) and nitric acid (HNO3)
Titration The procedure for determining the amount of acid (or base) in a solution by
determining the volume of base (or acid) of known concentration that will
completely react with it.
+
Weak acids Ionise incompletely in water to form a low concentration of H3O ions.

Examples: ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) and oxalic acid (COOH)2

-
Weak bases Dissociate/ionise incompletely in water to form a low concentration of OH
ions.
Examples:
ammonia (NH3), sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3), sodium carbonate
(Na2CO3), potassium carbonate (K2CO3), calcium carbonate (CaCO3)

CHEMICAL CHANGE: ELECTROCHEMICAL REACTIONS

Galvanic cell A cell in which chemical energy is converted into electrical energy. A
galvanic (voltaic) cell has self-sustaining electrode reactions.
Electrolytic cell A cell in which electrical energy is converted into chemical energy.
Redox reaction A reaction in which an electron transfer takes place.
Oxidation A loss of electrons./An increase in oxidation number.
Reduction A gain of electrons./A decrease in oxidation number.
Oxidising agent A substance that is reduced/gains electrons/whose oxidation number
decreases.
Reducing agent A substance that is oxidised/loses electrons/whose oxidation number
increases.
Anode The electrode where oxidation takes place.
Cathode The electrode where reduction takes place.
Electrolyte A solution that conducts electricity through the movement of ions.
Electrolysis The chemical process in which electrical energy is converted to
chemical energy OR the use of electrical energy to produce a chemical
change.
Salt bridge The connection between two half-cells needed to ensure electrical neutrality
in the cell.
OR
A component used in a galvanic cell to complete the circuit.
Electrodes An electrical conductor used in a galvanic cell to make contact with a non-
metallic part of the circuit e.g. the electrolyte.

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 10

Cell notation A short way to represent a galvanic cell.

When writing cell notation, the following convention should be used:

+
o The H2|H half-cell is treated just like any other half-cell.
o Cell terminals (electrodes) are written on the outside of the cell notation.
o Active electrodes:
reducing agent | oxidised species || oxidising agent | reduced species
o Inert electrodes (usually Pt or C):
Pt | reducing agent | oxidised species || oxidising agent | reduced species | Pt
- -
Example: Pt | Cℓ (aq) |Cℓ2(g) || F2(g) | F (aq) | Pt
Overall cell reaction The reaction obtained by combining two half-reactions.
Positive value of the The reaction is spontaneous under standard conditions.
standard emf
Standard conditions Temperature: 25 °C / 298 K
-3
for a galvanic cell Concentration: 1 mol∙dm
Pressure (gases only): 101,3 kPa / 1 atmosphere

Standard hydrogen The reference electrode used to compile the Table of Standard Reduction
electrode Potentials. The hydrogen half-cell was given a standard reduction potential
of 0 V.
+
Half-cell notation: Pt | H2(g) | H (aq)
+ -
Half-reaction: 2H + 2e ⇌ H2
Electroplating The covering of an object with a metal by making it the cathode in an
electrolytic cell.
Bauxite The ore from which aluminium is recovered.
Cryolite An aluminium compound in which aluminium oxide is dissolved to reduce
the cost of the extraction of aluminium. Cryolite has a lower melting point
than aluminium oxide.

CHEMICAL SYSTEMS: FERTILISERS

Non-mineral nutrients C, H and O
in plants Obtained from the atmosphere (CO2) and rain (H2O)
Primary nutrients for Nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and potassium (K)
plants
Function:
N: essential for plant growth, green leaves
P: development of roots, stems and seeds
K: resistance against diseases and production of flowers/fruits
NPK fertilisers Fertilisers containing the three primary nutrients for plants. They contain
ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), ammonium phosphate [(NH4)3PO4] and
potassium chloride (KCℓ).

N : P : K ratio The percentage nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium in a fertiliser.

Fractional distillation Industrial preparation of nitrogen from air.
of liquid air
Steam reforming Preparation of hydrogen from earth gas (methane)
Reaction: CH4 + H2O → 3H2 + CO
Haber process Industrial preparation of ammonia
Reaction: N2 + 3H2 ⇌ 2NH3
Iron catalyst

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 11

Ostwald process Industrial preparation of nitric acid

Reactions:
Catalytic oxidation of ammonia; catalyst:
Pt 4NH3 + 5O2 ⇌ 4NO + 6H2O

2NO + O2 → 2NO2
3NO2 + H2O → 2HNO3 + NO OR 4NO2 + 2H2O + O2 → 4HNO3

Contact process Industrial preparation of sulphuric acid

Reactions:
S + O2 → SO2
2SO2 + O2 → 2SO3 Contact catalyst: vanadium pentoxide (V2O5)
SO3 + H2SO4 → H2S2O7
(H2S2O7: fuming sulphuric acid OR pyro sulphuric acid OR oleum)
H2S2O7 + H2O → 2H2SO4
Preparation of ammonia + sulphuric acid → ammonium sulphate
ammonium sulphate 2NH3 + H2SO4 → (NH4)2SO4

Preparation of ammonia + nitric acid → ammonium nitrate

ammonium nitrate
NH3 + HNO3 → NH4NO3

Eutrophication The process by which an ecosystem, e.g. a river or dam, becomes enriched
with inorganic plant nutrients, especially phosphorus and nitrogen, resulting
in excessive plant growth. As plant growth becomes excessive, the amount
of dead and decaying plant material increases rapidly.

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 12

QUESTIONS

ORGANIC MOLECULES: NOMENCLATURE

QUESTION 1

Consider the organic compounds represented by the letters A to F in the table below.

A 2,2,4-trimethylhexane B CH3CH2CH2CH2CHO

H H Cℓ Br H H H

H C C C C H
C C
C H H H C D

H C H H H n

H H
H H O H O

E O C C C F Pentan-2-one

OH H C C n

1.1 Write down the LETTER that represents the following:

1.1.1 An aldehyde (1)

1.1.2 A condensation polymer (1)

1.1.3 A compound which has a carbonyl group bonded to two carbon atoms as
its functional group (1)

1.2 Write down the IUPAC name of:

1.2.1 Compound C (3)

1.2.2 The monomer of compound D (1)

1.3 Write down the structural formula of:

1.3.1 Compound A (2)

1.3.2 Compound F (2)

1.4 The table contains compounds which are functional isomers.

1.4.1 Define the term functional isomer. (2)

1.4.2 Write down the LETTERS that represent two compounds that are

[14]

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 13
functional isomers. (1)

[14]

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 13

QUESTION 2

The letters A to F in the table below represent six organic compounds.

H H
H C H
A B 2-methylbutanoic acid
H C H

C H
C
H H O H H H CH3 H CH2CH3

C H C C H D H C C C C H

C C C H CH3 H CH2CH3
CH2CH3
H H

E F C C
But-2-ene

H H n
2.1 Write down the:
2.1.1 NAME of the functional group of compound B (1)
2.1.2 Homologous series to which compound C belongs (1)
2.1.3 Type of polymerisation reaction that produces compound F (1)
2.2 Write down the IUPAC name of:
2.2.1 The monomer used to prepare compound F (1)
2.2.2 Compound C (2)
2.2.3 Compound D (2)
2.3 Write down the NAME or FORMULA of each product formed during the complete
combustion of compound D. (2)
2.4 Write down the structural formula of:
2.4.1 Compound B (2)
2.4.2 A CHAIN ISOMER of compound A (2)
2.5 A laboratory assistant uses bromine water to distinguish between compounds D
and E. She adds bromine water to a sample of each in two different test tubes. She
observes that the one compound decolourises the bromine water immediately, whilst
the other one only reacts after placing the test tube in direct sunlight. Write down the:
2.5.1 Letter (D or E) of the compound that will immediately decolourise the
bromine water (1)
2.5.2 Name of the type of reaction that takes place in the test tube containing
compound D (1)
2.5.3 Structural formula of the organic product formed in the test tube
containing compound E (2)
[18]

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 14

QUESTION 3

The letters A to F in the table below represent six organic compounds.

H

H C H

H H O H H H H H

A H O H B H C C H C H

C C C H C H C C

H H C H

H C Cℓ H H
H
C
C4H8 D CH3CH2COCH3

H H H H H
H
E CH3CH(CH3)CH2OH F H C H

C C C C

Use the information in the table (where applicable) to answer the questionsHthat follow.

3.1 Write down the LETTER that represents a compound that:

(A compound may be used more than once.)

3.1.1 Is a haloalkane (1)

3.1.2 Has a hydroxyl group as functional group (1)

3.1.3 Belongs to the same homologous series as ethanoic acid (1)

3.2 Write down the:

3.2.1 IUPAC name of compound B (3)

3.2.2 IUPAC name of compound E (2)

3.2.3 Structural formula of the functional group of compound D (1)

3.3 Compound C has CHAIN and POSITIONAL isomers.

3.3.1 Define the term positional isomer. (2)

3.3.2 Write down the IUPAC name of each of the TWO positional isomers of
compound C. (4)

3.3.3 Write down the structural formula of a chain isomer of compound C. (2)

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 15

3.4 Compound F reacts at high pressure and high temperature to form compounds P
and Q as given below.
H H H H H H
H H
H C C C C C C P + C C
H
H H
H H H H H
H
Compound F Compound Q
Write down the:
3.4.1 Type of reaction that takes place (1)
3.4.2 IUPAC name of compound Q (1)
3.4.3 Molecular formula of compound P (1)
Compound Q is the monomer of a polymer used to make plastic bags.
3.4.4 Write down the NAME and CONDENSED FORMULA of this polymer. (3)
[23]

QUESTION 4

The letters A to D in the table below represent four organic compounds.

H CH3 H H H H O H

H C C C C C C H C C C C H
A B

H CH3 H H H
H CH2CH3
C CH3CH2CHO D Butane
H
4.1 Write down the:
4.1.1 Letter that represents a ketone (1)
4.1.2 Structural formula of the functional group of compound C (1)
4.1.3 General formula of the homologous series to which compound A belongs (1)
4.1.4 IUPAC name of compound A (3)
4.1.5 IUPAC name of compound B (2)
4.2 Compound D is a gas used in cigarette lighters.
4.2.1 To which homologous series does compound D belong? (1)
4.2.2 Write down the STRUCTURAL FORMULA and IUPAC NAME of a
structural isomer of compound D. (4)
4.2.3 Is the isomer in QUESTION 4.2.2 a CHAIN, POSITIONAL or
FUNCTIONAL isomer? (1)
4.3 Compound D reacts with bromine (Br2) to form 2-bromobutane.
Write down the name of the:
4.3.1 Homologous series to which 2-bromobutane belongs (1)
4.3.2 Type of reaction that takes place (1)
Terms, definitions, questions and answers
Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 16
[16]

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 17

QUESTION 5

5.1 Consider the organic compounds represented by the letters A to C below.

A
Cℓ H H

H C C C H

H H

H H H H H

H C C C C C C H

H H H Cℓ H H
B
H H HH C H C H H
C C O H C C C H
C
H H H O H
HH
H

Write down the:

5.1.1 Name of the homologous series to which compound C belongs (1)

5.1.2 IUPAC name of compound A (3)

5.1.3 Structural formula of a tertiary alcohol that is a structural isomer of

compound B (2)

5.2 An alcohol and methanoic acid are heated in the presence of concentrated sulphuric
acid to form an ester.

5.2.1 What is the role of the concentrated sulphuric acid in this reaction? (1)

5.2.2 Write down the NAME or FORMULA of the inorganic product formed. (1)

The ester contains 6,67% hydrogen (H), 40% carbon (C) and 53,33% oxygen (O).
-1
The molar mass of the ester is 60 g·mol . Use a calculation to determine its:

5.2.3 Empirical formula (5)

5.2.4 Molecular formula (3)

Write down the:

5.2.5 Structural formula of methanoic acid (1)

5.2.6 IUPAC name of the ester (2)

[19]

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 17

QUESTION 6

Consider the organic compounds A to F below.

H H
CH H
A C C B H C C H
3 CH
C C
CH
C CH3CH2CH2CH2OH 3 D 2,2-dimethylpropane

H O H H

E H C O C C H F CH3CHC(CH3)2

CH H H

6.1 Write down the LETTER that represents a compound that:

6.1.1 Has a carbonyl group (1)

6.1.2 Is an alcohol (1)

6.1.3 Is a CHAIN ISOMER of CH3(CH2)3CH3 (1)

6.2 Write down the:

6.2.1 IUPAC name of compound B (2)

6.2.2 Structural formula of compound F (2)

6.2.3 IUPAC name of a POSITIONAL isomer of compound A (3)

6.3 Compound E is formed when a carboxylic acid reacts with another

organic compound.

Write down the:

6.3.1 Homologous series to which compound E belongs (1)

6.3.2 NAME or FORMULA of the catalyst used for the preparation of

compound E (1)

6.3.3 IUPAC name of compound E (2)

[14]

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 18

QUESTION 7

The letters A to F in the table below represent six organic compounds.

H H

H C C H
A B Ethyl ethanoate
C
C H
H
H H

C 2,3-dibromo-3-methylpentane D Polyethe e
n
H O H H H H O H

E H O H F H C C C O

C C C H H H C

7.1 Write down the LETTER that represents the following:

7.1.1 A hydrocarbon (1)

7.1.2 A functional isomer of compound F (1)

7.1.3 A compound which belongs to the same homologous series as

compound B (1)

7.1.4 A plastic (1)

7.2 Write down the STRUCTURAL FORMULA of EACH of the following:

7.2.1 Compound C (3)

7.2.2 The acid used to prepare compound B (2)

7.2.3 The monomer used to make compound D (2)

7.3 Compound A reacts with an unknown reactant, X, to form 2-methylpropane.

Write down the:

7.3.1 NAME of reactant X (1)

7.3.2 Type of reaction that takes place (1)

[13]

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

 Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 19

ORGANIC MOLECULES: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

QUESTION 1

1.1 Give a reason why alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons. (1)

1.2 Write down the structural formula of:

1.2.1 The functional group of alcohols (1)

1.2.2 A tertiary alcohol that is a structural isomer of butan-1-ol (2)

1.3 Learners investigate factors that influence the boiling points of alkanes and alcohols.
In one of the investigations they determine the boiling points of the first three
alkanes.

1.3.1 Write down an investigative question for this investigation. (2)

1.3.2 Fully explain why the boiling point increases from methane to propane. (3)

1.4 The learners find that the boiling point of propan-1-ol is higher than that of propane.
Explain this observation by referring to the TYPE of INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
present in each of these compounds. (3)
[12]

QUESTION 2

Learners use compounds A to C, shown in the table below, to investigate a factor which
influences the boiling point of organic compounds.

A CH3CH2CH2CH3
B CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3
C CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3

2.1 Which ONE of the compounds (A, B or C) has the highest boiling point? (1)
2.2 For this investigation, write down the:
2.2.1 Independent variable (1)
2.2.2 Dependent variable (1)
2.3 Write down the name of the type of Van der Waals force that occurs between the
molecules of compound B. (1)
2.4 How will the vapour pressure of 2-methylpentane compare to that of compound C?
Write down only HIGHER THAN, LOWER THAN or EQUAL TO. (1)
The learners now compare the boiling points of compounds D and E, shown in the table below.
D CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2OH
E CH3CH2CH2COOH

2.5 How does the boiling point of compound D compare to that of compound E? Write
down HIGHER THAN, LOWER THAN or EQUAL TO. Fully explain the answer. (4)
[9]

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 20

QUESTION 3

The table below shows five organic compounds represented by the letters A to E.

A CH4
B CH3CH3
C CH3CH2CH3
D CH3CH2CH2CH3
E CH3CH2OH

3.1 Is compound B SATURATED or UNSATURATED? Give a reason for the answer. (2)

Consider the boiling points of compounds A to E given in random order below and use them,
where applicable, to answer the questions that follow.

0 °C - 162 °C - 42 °C - 89 °C 78 °C

3.2 Write down the boiling point of:

3.2.1 Compound C (1)

3.2.2 Compound E (1)

3.3 Explain the difference in boiling points of compounds C and E by referring to the
TYPE of intermolecular forces present in EACH of these compounds. (3)

3.4 Does vapour pressure INCREASE or DECREASE from compounds A to D? Fully

explain the answer. (4)

3.5 How will the vapour pressure of 2-methylpropane compare to the vapour pressure of
compound D? Write down only HIGHER THAN, LOWER THAN or EQUAL TO. (1)
[12]

QUESTION 4

Four compounds of comparable molecular mass are used to investigate the effect of functional
groups on vapour pressure. The results obtained are shown in the table below.

VAPOUR PRESSURE
COMPOUND
(kPa at 20 °C)
A Butane 204
B Propan-2-one 24,6
C Propan-1-ol 2
D Ethanoic acid 1,6

4.1 Define the term functional group of an organic compound. (2)

4.2 Which ONE of the compounds (A, B, C or D) in the table has the:

4.2.1 Highest boiling point

(Refer to the vapour pressures in the table to give a reason for the
answer.) (2)

4.2.2 Weakest intermolecular forces (1)

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 21

4.3 Refer to the type of intermolecular forces to explain the difference between the
vapour pressure of compound A and compound B. (3)

4.4 The vapour pressures of compounds C and D are much lower than those of
compounds A and B. Name the type of intermolecular force in A and B that is
responsible for this difference. (1)

4.5 Briefly explain the difference in vapour pressure between compound C and
compound D. (2)
3
4.6 During a combustion reaction in a closed container of adjustable volume, 8 cm of
compound A (butane) reacts in excess oxygen according to the following balanced
equation:

2C4H10(g) + 13O2(g) → 8CO2(g) + 10H2O(g)

3
If the initial volume of the oxygen in the container was 60 cm , calculate the TOTAL
volume of the gases that are present in the container at the end of the reaction. All
the gases in the container are at the same temperature and pressure. (5)
[16]

QUESTION 5

5.1 Define the term boiling point. (2)

5.2 What is the relationship between strength of intermolecular forces and boiling point? (1)

The relationship between strength of intermolecular forces and boiling point is investigated
using four organic compounds from different homologous series. The compounds and their
boiling points are given in the table below.

COMPOUND BOILING POINT (°C)

A Propane -42
B Propan-2-one 56
C Propan-1-ol 97
D Propanoic acid 141

5.3 Refer to the TYPE and the STRENGTH of intermolecular forces to explain the
difference in boiling points between:

5.3.1 Compounds A and B (3)

5.3.2 Compounds C and D (3)

5.4 Is compound B a GAS or a LIQUID at room temperature? (1)

[10]

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 22

QUESTION 6
The relationship between boiling point and the number of carbon atoms in straight chain
molecules of alkanes, carboxylic acids and alcohols is investigated. Curves P, Q and R are
obtained.
GRAPH OF BOILING POINT VERSUS NUMBER OF C ATOMS

500 Curve R
Curve Q
400
Curve P
Boiling point (K)

300

200

100
1 2 3 5 6 7
4
Number of C atoms

6.1 Define the term boiling point. (2)

6.2 For curve P, write down a conclusion that can be drawn from the above results. (2)
6.3 Identify the curve (P, Q or R) that represents each of the following:
6.3.1 Alkanes (1)
6.3.2 Carboxylic acids (1)
6.4 Explain the answer to QUESTION 6.3.2 by referring to the:
 Types of intermolecular forces present in alkanes, carboxylic acids and
alcohols
 Relative strengths of these intermolecular forces
 Energy needed (5)
[11]

QUESTION 7
The boiling points of three isomers are given in the table below.
ISOMERS BOILING POINT (°C)
A 2,2-dimethylpropane 9
B 2-methylbutane 28
C pentane 36
7.1 Define the term structural isomer. (2)
7.2 What type of isomers (POSITIONAL, CHAIN or FUNCTIONAL) are these three
compounds? (1)
7.3 Explain the trend in the boiling points from compound A to compound C. (3)
7.4 Which ONE of the three compounds (A, B or C) has the highest vapour pressure?
Refer to the data in the table to give a reason for the answer. (2)
7.5 Use MOLECULAR FORMULAE and write down a balanced equation for the
complete combustion of compound B. (3)
[11]
Terms, definitions, questions and answers
Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 23

ORGANIC MOLECULES: ORGANIC REACTIONS

QUESTION 1

The flow diagram below shows the preparation of an ester using prop-1-ene as a starting
reagent. P, Q, R and S represent different organic reactions.
P Q
Prop-1-ene Propane Haloalkane
Cℓ2
R

Propan-1-ol

Ester

1.1 Write down the type of reaction represented by:

1.1.1 Q (1)

1.1.2 R (1)

1.2 For reaction P write down the:

1.2.1 Type of addition reaction (1)

1.2.2 Balanced equation using structural formulae (3)

1.3 Write down the structural formula of the haloalkane formed in reaction Q. (2)

1.4 In reaction S propan-1-ol reacts with ethanoic acid to form the ester.

For this reaction write down the:

1.4.1 Name of the reaction that takes place (1)

1.4.2 FORMULA or NAME of the catalyst needed (1)

1.4.3 Structural formula of the ester formed (2)

1.4.4 IUPAC name of the ester formed (2)

1.5 The propan-1-ol formed in reaction R can be converted to prop-1-ene. Write down
the FORMULA or NAME of the inorganic reagent needed. (1)
[15]

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 24

QUESTION 2

In the flow diagram below, but-1-ene is used as starting material in the preparation of
compound A.
reaction 1
CH3 ― CH2 ― CH = CH2
H2O; H2SO4

reaction 2 HCℓ Compound A

reaction 3
Compound B

2.1 Is but-1-ene a SATURATED or UNSATURATED compound? Give a reason for the

answer. (2)
2.2 Compound A is the major product formed in reaction 1.

Write down the:

2.2.1 Structural formula of compound A (2)
2.2.2 Type of reaction that takes place (1)
2.3 For compound B, write down the:
2.3.1 IUPAC name (2)
2.3.2 Structural formula of the positional isomer (2)
2.4 For reaction 3, write down:

2.4.1 TWO reaction conditions needed (2)

2.4.2 The type of reaction that occurs (1)
2.4.3 A balanced equation, using molecular formulae (3)
[15]

QUESTION 3

Consider the incomplete equations of two reactions below.

X represents the organic product formed in reaction 1, which is a SUBSTITUTION

REACTION. In reaction 2, X reacts with reactant Y as shown.
strong base
Reaction 1: C2H5Br NaBr + X

Concentrated H2SO4
Reaction 2: X + Y C 3 H 6 O2 + H 2 O

3.1 Consider reaction 1. Write down the:

3.1.1 Type of substitution reaction that takes place (1)

3.1.2 TWO reaction conditions (2)

3.1.3 IUPAC name of compound X (1)

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 25

3.2 Consider reaction 2. Write down the:

3.2.1 Type of reaction that takes place (1)

3.2.2 Structural formula of compound Y (2)

3.2.3 IUPAC name of the organic product (2)

[9]

QUESTION 4

4.1 The flow diagram below shows two organic reactions. The letter P represents an
organic compound.

Reaction 1 Ethyl propanoate

Alcohol + P

Reaction 2

Alkene

Use the information in the flow diagram to answer the questions that follow.

Write down the:

4.1.1 Type of reaction of which Reaction 1 is an example (1)

4.1.2 STRUCTURAL FORMULA of the functional group of ethyl propanoate (1)

4.1.3 IUPAC name of compound P (1)

Reaction 2 takes place in the presence of an acid catalyst and heat.

Write down the:

4.1.4 Type of reaction of which Reaction 2 is an example (1)

4.1.5 NAME or FORMULA of the acid catalyst (1)
4.1.6 STRUCTURAL FORMULA of the alkene (2)

4.2 The condensed formula of a polymer is shown below.

H H

C C

H H
n
Write down the:
4.2.1 STRUCTURAL FORMULA of the monomer that is used to prepare the
above polymer (2)
4.2.2 Type of polymerisation reaction (ADDITION or CONDENSATION) that is
used to prepare this polymer (1)
[10]
Terms, definitions, questions and answers
Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 26

QUESTION 5

The flow diagram below shows different organic reactions using CH2 = CH2 as the starting
reactant. X, Y and Z represent different organic compounds.

Reaction 4 Reaction 1
C2H6
CH2 = CH2 Y

Reaction 2 + HCℓ

Reaction 3 Z
X

5.1 During Reaction 1, CH2 = CH2 undergoes polymerisation to form compound Y.

For this reaction, write down the:

5.1.1 Type of polymerisation (1)

5.1.2 NAME of compound Y (1)

5.2 For Reaction 2, write down the:

5.2.1 IUPAC name of compound X (2)

5.2.2 Type of addition reaction of which this is an example (1)

5.3 During Reaction 3, compound X reacts with excess hot water.

Write down the:

5.3.1 STRUCTURAL FORMULA of compound Z (2)

5.3.2 NAME or FORMULA of the INORGANIC product (1)

5.4 Reaction 4 is an addition reaction.

5.4.1 Is C2H6 a SATURATED or an UNSATURATED compound? Give a

reason for the answer. (2)

5.4.2 Write down the NAME or FORMULA of the INORGANIC reactant needed
for this reaction. (1)

5.4.3 Using molecular formulae, write down a balanced equation for the
complete combustion of C2H6. (3)
[14]

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 27

QUESTION 6

The flow diagram below shows how prop-1-ene can be used to prepare other organic
compounds.

propane

D C alcohol
compound X prop-1-ene (major product)
(major product) B
HBr

6.1 Write down the type of reaction represented by:

6.1.1 A (1)

6.1.2 D (1)

6.1.3 F (1)

6.2 Write down the:

6.2.1 NAME or FORMULA of the catalyst needed for reaction A (1)

6.2.2 NAME or FORMULA of the inorganic reagent needed for reaction B (1)

6.2.3 Type of addition reaction represented by reaction C (1)

6.2.4 IUPAC name of compound X (2)

6.3 Use structural formulae to write down a balanced equation for reaction B. (5)

6.4 Both reactions D and E take place in the presence of a strong base.
State TWO conditions that will favour reaction D over reaction E. (2)
[15]

QUESTION 7

Butane (C4H10) is produced in industry by the THERMAL cracking of long-chain hydrocarbon

molecules, as shown in the equation below. X represents an organic compound that is
produced.
C10H22 → X + C4H10

7.1 Write down:

7.1.1 ONE condition required for THERMAL cracking to take place (1)

7.1.2 The molecular formula of compound X (1)

7.1.3 The homologous series to which compound X belongs (1)

Terms, definitions, questions and answers
Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 28

7.2 A mixture of the two gases, compound X and butane, is bubbled through bromine
water, Br2(aq), in a conical flask, as illustrated below. THE REACTION IS CARRIED
OUT IN A DARKENED ROOM.
Syringe
X and C4H10

Br2(aq)

The colour of the bromine water changes from reddish brown to colourless when the
mixture of the two gases is bubbled through it.

Which ONE of the gases (X or BUTANE) decolorises the bromine water? Explain the
answer. (4)

7.3 Study the flow diagram below, which represents various organic reactions, and
answer the questions that follow.

OH
I
CH CH CHCH
3 2 3

Butane chlorination
Compound P
C4H10 III

II Compound Q
concentrated (major product)
NaOH

Write down the:

7.3.1 IUPAC name of compound P (2)

7.3.2 Type of reaction labelled I (1)

7.3.3 Structural formula of compound Q (2)

7.3.4 The type of addition reaction represented by reaction III (1)

[13]

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 29

REACTION RATE AND ENERGY IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS

QUESTION 1

1.1 Define the term reaction rate in words. (2)

Learners use the reaction between IMPURE POWDERED calcium carbonate and excess
hydrochloric acid to investigate reaction rate. The balanced equation for the reaction is:
CaCO3(s) + 2HCℓ(aq) → CaCℓ2(aq) + H2O(ℓ) + CO2(g)
They perform four experiments under different conditions of concentration, mass and
temperature as shown in the table below. They use identical apparatus in the four experiments
and measure the volume of gas released in each experiment.

EXPERIMENT
1 2 3 4
-3
Concentration of acid (mol·dm ) 1 0,5 1 1
Mass of impure calcium carbonate (g) 15 15 15 25
Initial temperature of acid (°C) 30 30 40 40

1.2 The results of experiments 1 and 3 are compared in the investigation.

Write down the:

1.2.1 Independent variable (1)

1.2.2 Dependent variable (1)

1.3 Use the collision theory to explain why the reaction rate in experiment 4 will be
higher than that in experiment 3. (3)

The learners obtain graphs A, B, C and D below from their results.

A
Volume CO2 (cm3)

B
C
D

Time (s)

1.4 Which ONE of the graphs (A, B, C or D) represents experiment 1? Fully explain the
answer by comparing experiment 1 with experiments 2, 3 and 4. (6)

1.5 When the reaction in experiment 4 reaches completion, the volume of gas formed is
3 3
4,5 dm . Assume that the molar gas volume at 40 °C is equal to 25,7 dm .

Calculate the mass of the impurities present in the calcium carbonate. (5)
[18]

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 30

QUESTION 2

A group of learners uses the reaction of EXCESS hydrochloric acid (HCℓ) with zinc (Zn) to
investigate factors which influence reaction rate. The balanced equation for the reaction is:

Zn(s) + 2HCℓ(aq) → ZnCℓ2(aq) + H2(g)

They use the same volume of hydrochloric acid and 1,2 g of zinc in each of five experiments.
The reaction conditions and temperature readings before and after completion of the reaction
in each experiment are summarised in the table below.

REACTION CONDITIONS
Time
Experiment Concentration of Temperature (°C) State of division
-3 (s)
HCℓ (mol·dm ) Before After of the 1,2 g of Zn
1 0,5 20 34 granules 50
2 0,5 20 35 powder 10
3 0,8 20 36 powder 6
4 0,5 35 50 granules 8
5 0,5 20 34 granules 11

2.1 Is the reaction between hydrochloric acid and zinc EXOTHERMIC or

ENDOTHERMIC? Give a reason for the answer by referring to the data in the table. (2)

2.2 Give a reason for the difference in reaction rate observed for Experiments 1 and 2. (1)

2.3 The learners compare the results of Experiments 1 and 3 to draw a conclusion
regarding the effect of concentration on reaction rate. Give a reason why this is not a
fair comparison. (1)

2.4 How does the rate of the reaction in Experiment 5 compare to that in Experiment
1? Write down FASTER THAN, SLOWER THAN or EQUAL TO.

Write down the factor responsible for the difference in the rate of reaction and fully
explain, by referring to the collision theory, how this factor affects reaction rate. (5)
-1
2.5 Calculate the rate at which the hydrochloric acid reacts in Experiment 4 in mol·s . (6)
[15]

QUESTION 3

A group of learners uses the reaction of clean magnesium ribbon with dilute hydrochloric acid
to investigate factors that influence reaction rate. The balanced equation for the reaction is:

Mg(s) + 2HCℓ(aq) → MgCℓ2(aq) + H2(g) ∆H < 0

3.1 Is the above reaction EXOTHERMIC or ENDOTHERMIC? Give a reason for the
answer. (2)

3.2 In one of the experiments 5 g magnesium ribbon was added to the hydrochloric acid
solution.
3 -3
3.2.1 If 30 cm dilute hydrochloric acid solution of concentration 1,5 mol∙dm is
-1
USED UP in 1 minute, calculate the average reaction rate in mol∙s . (5)

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 31

The volume of hydrogen gas produced as a function of time in this experiment is

represented by graph S below. (The graph is NOT drawn to scale.)

Volume (cm3)
0 t 1 t2 t3
Time (s)
3.2.2 How does the rate of the reaction change between:
(Write down INCREASES, DECREASES or NO CHANGE.)

(a) t1 and t2
Use the collision theory to explain the answer. (4)

(b) t2 and t3
Give a reason for the answer without referring to the graph. (2)
3
3.3 In another experiment they add 5 g of magnesium to 30 cm of dilute hydrochloric
-3
acid of concentration 1,5 mol∙dm . They obtained graph T below. (The graph is NOT
drawn to scale.)

T
Volume (cm3)

Time (s)
Give TWO possible reasons why graph T differs from graph S. (2)
[15]

QUESTION 4

Dilute acids, indicated in the table below, react with EXCESS zinc in each of the three
experiments to produce hydrogen gas. The zinc is completely covered with the acid in each
experiment.

EXPERIMENT DILUTE ACID

3 -3
1 100 cm of 0,1 mol∙dm H2SO4
3 -3
2 50 cm of 0,2 mol∙dm H2SO4
3 -3
3 100 cm of 0,1 mol∙dm HCℓ

The volume of hydrogen gas produced is measured in each experiment.

4.1 Name TWO essential apparatuses needed to determine the rate of hydrogen
production. (2)

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 32

The graph below was obtained for Experiment 1.

Volume (cm3)
Experiment 1

0 t1 t2 t3
Time (s)
Use this graph and answer the questions that follow.
4.2 At which time (t1, t2 or t3) is the:
4.2.1 Reaction rate the highest (1)
4.2.2 Mass of zinc present in the flask the smallest (1)
4.3 In which time interval, between t1 and t2 OR between t2 and t3, does the largest
volume of hydrogen gas form per second? (1)
4.4 Redraw the graph for Experiment 1 in the ANSWER BOOK.
On the same set of axes, sketch the graphs that will be obtained for Experiments 2
and 3. Clearly label the three graphs as EXPERIMENT 1, EXPERIMENT 2 and
EXPERIMENT 3. (4)
4.5 The initial mass of zinc used in each experiment is 0,8 g. The balanced equation for
the reaction in Experiment 3 is:
Zn(s) + 2HCℓ(aq) → ZnCℓ2(aq) + H2(g)
4.5.1 Calculate the mass of zinc present in the flask after completion of the
reaction in Experiment 3. (5)
4.5.2 How will the mass of zinc present in the flask after completion
of the reaction in Experiment 2 compare to the answer to
QUESTION 5.5.1? Write down only LARGER THAN, SMALLER THAN or
EQUAL TO. (1)
[15]

QUESTION 5

Methanol and hydrochloric acid react according to the following balanced equation:
CH3OH(aq) + HCℓ(aq) CH3Cℓ(aq) + H2O(ℓ)
5.1 State TWO factors that can INCREASE the rate of this reaction. (2)
5.2 Define the term reaction rate. (2)
5.3 The rate of the reaction between methanol and hydrochloric acid is investigated. The
concentration of HCℓ(aq) was measured at different time intervals. The following
results were obtained:
-3
TIME (MINUTES) HCℓ CONCENTRATION (mol∙dm )
0 1,90
15 1,45
55 1,10
100 0,85
215 0,60

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 33
-3 -1
5.3.1 Calculate the average reaction rate, in (mol∙dm )∙min during the first
15 minutes. (3)
5.3.2 Use the data in the table to draw a graph of concentration versus time on
a graph paper. (3)
5.3.3 From the graph, determine the concentration of HCℓ(aq) at the
th
40 minute. (1)
5.3.4 Use the collision theory to explain why the reaction rate decreases with
time. Assume that the temperature remains constant. (3)
th
5.3.5 Calculate the mass of CH3Cℓ(aq) in the flask at the 215 minute. The
3
volume of the reagents remains 60 cm during the reaction. (5)
[19]

QUESTION 6

The reaction between dilute hydrochloric acid and sodium thiosulphate (Na2S2O3) is used to
investigate one of the factors that influences reaction rate. The balanced equation for the
reaction is:
Na2S2O3(aq) + 2HCℓ(aq) → 2NaCℓ(aq) + S(s) + H2O(ℓ) + SO2(g)
The hydrochloric acid solution is added to the sodium thiosulphate solution in a flask. The flask
is placed over a cross drawn on a sheet of white paper, as shown in the diagram below. The
time that it takes for the cross to become invisible is measured to determine the reaction rate.

flask

Na2S2O3(aq) + HCℓ(aq)

white paper

Four experiments, A to D, are conducted during this investigation. The volumes of reactants
used in each of the four experiments and the times of the reactions are summarised in the
table below.

Volume of Volume of Volume of

Experiment 3 3 3 Time (s)
Na2S2O3(aq) (cm ) H2O(ℓ) (cm ) HCℓ(aq) (cm )
A 25 0 5 50,0
B 20 5 5 62,5
C 15 10 5 83,3
D 10 15 5 125,0

6.1 State TWO factors that can influence the rate of the reaction above. (2)
6.2 Write down the NAME or FORMULA of the product that causes the cross to become
invisible. (1)

6.3 Give a reason why water is added to the reaction mixture in experiments B
to D. (1)

6.4 Write down an investigative question for this investigation. (2)

6.5 In which experiment (A, B, C or D) is the reaction rate the highest? (1)

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 34

6.6 Use the collision theory to explain the difference in reaction rate between
experiments B and D. (3)

6.7 The original Na2S2O3 solution was prepared by dissolving 62,50 g Na2S2O3 crystals
3
in distilled water in a 250 cm volumetric flask.

Calculate the mass of sulphur, S, that will form in experiment D if Na2S2O3 is the
limiting reactant. (7)
[17]

QUESTION 7

Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, decomposes to produce water and oxygen according to the
following balanced equation:
2H2O2(ℓ) → 2H2O(ℓ) + O2(g)

7.1 The activation energy (EA) for this reaction is 75 kJ and the heat of reaction (ΔH) is –
196 kJ.

7.1.1 Define the term activation energy. (2)

7.1.2 Redraw the set of axes below in your ANSWER BOOK and then
complete the potential energy diagram for this reaction.

Indicate the value of the potential energy of the following on the

y-axis:
 Activated complex
 Products
(The graph does NOT have to be drawn to scale.)
Potential energy (kJ)

H 2 O2
0

Course of reaction
(3)

When powdered manganese dioxide is added to the reaction mixture, the rate of the
reaction increases.

7.1.3 On the graph drawn for QUESTION 7.1.2, use broken lines to show the
path of the reaction when the manganese dioxide is added. (2)

7.1.4 Use the collision theory to explain how manganese dioxide influences the
rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. (3)

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 35

7.2 Graphs A and B below were obtained for the volume of oxygen produced over time
under different conditions.

60 ● ● ● ●
Graph A ●
●
50 ●
Volume of oxygen gas (dm3)

● Graph B
40

●
30 ●

20
●

10

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Time (s)
3 -1
7.2.1 Calculate the average rate of the reaction (in dm ∙s ) between
t = 10 s and t = 40 s for graph A. (3)
7.2.2 Use the information in graph A to calculate the mass of hydrogen
peroxide used in the reaction. Assume that all the hydrogen peroxide
3 -1
decomposed. Use 24 dm ·mol as the molar volume of oxygen. (4)
7.2.3 How does the mass of hydrogen peroxide used to obtain graph B
compare to that used to obtain graph A? Choose from GREATER THAN,
SMALLER THAN or EQUAL TO. (1)
7.3 Three energy distribution curves for the oxygen gas produced under different
conditions are shown in the graph below. The curve with the solid line represents
1 mol of oxygen gas at 90 °C.
Number of molecules

Kinetic energy
Choose the curve (P or Q) that best represents EACH of the following situations:
7.3.1 1 mol of oxygen gas produced at 120 °C (1)
7.3.2 2 moles of oxygen gas produced at 90 °C (1)
[20]

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 36

CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
QUESTION 1

A certain amount of nitrogen dioxide gas (NO2) is sealed in a gas syringe at 25 °C. When
equilibrium is reached, the volume occupied by the reaction mixture in the gas syringe is
3
80 cm . The balanced chemical equation for the reaction taking place is:

2NO2(g) ⇌ N2O4(g) ∆H < 0

dark brown colourless

1.1 Define the term chemical equilibrium. (2)

1.2 At equilibrium the concentration of the NO2(g) is 0,2 mol·dm-3. The equilibrium
constant for the reaction is 171 at 25 °C.

Calculate the initial number of moles of NO2(g) placed in the gas syringe. (8)

1.3 The diagram below shows the reaction mixture in the gas syringe after equilibrium is
established.

3
80 cm

The pressure is now increased by decreasing the volume of the gas syringe at
constant temperature as illustrated in the diagram below.

1.3.1 IMMEDIATELY after increasing the pressure, the colour of the reaction
mixture in the gas syringe appears darker than before. Give a reason for
this observation. (1)

After a while a new equilibrium is established as illustrated below. The colour of the
reaction mixture in the gas syringe now appears lighter than the initial colour.

1.3.2 Use Le Chatelier's principle to explain the colour change observed in the
gas syringe. (3)

1.4 The temperature of the reaction mixture in the gas syringe is now increased and a
new equilibrium is established. How will each of the following be affected?

1.4.1 Colour of the reaction mixture

Write down only DARKER, LIGHTER or REMAINS THE SAME. (1)

1.4.2 Value of the equilibrium constant (Kc)

Write down only INCREASES, DECREASES or REMAINS THE SAME. (1)
[16]

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 37

QUESTION 2
3
Pure hydrogen iodide, sealed in a 2 dm container at 721 K, decomposes according to the
following balanced equation:

2HI(g) ⇌ H2(g) + I2(g)

-1
∆H = + 26 kJ∙mol
The graph below shows how reaction rate changes with time for this reversible reaction.

Reaction rate

0 5 12 15 17 20
Time (minutes)
2.1 Write down the meaning of the term reversible reaction. (1)
th th
2.2 How does the concentration of the reactant change between the 12 and the 15
minute? Write down only INCREASES, DECREASES or NO CHANGE. (1)

2.3 The rates of both the forward and the reverse reactions suddenly change at
t = 15 minutes.

2.3.1 Give a reason for the sudden change in reaction rate. (1)

2.3.2 Fully explain how you arrived at the answer to QUESTION 2.3.1. (3)

The equilibrium constant (Kc) for the forward reaction is 0,02 at 721 K.

2.4 At equilibrium it is found that 0,04 mol HI(g) is present in the container. Calculate the
concentration of H2(g) at equilibrium. (6)

2.5 Calculate the equilibrium constant for the reverse reaction. (1)

2.6 The temperature is now increased to 800 K. How will the value of the equilibrium
constant (Kc) for the forward reaction change? Write down only INCREASES,
DECREASES or REMAINS THE SAME. (1)
[14]

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 38

QUESTION 3
3
Initially excess NH4HS(s) is placed in a 5 dm container at 218 °C. The container is sealed and
the reaction is allowed to reach equilibrium according to the following balanced equation:

NH4HS(s) ⇌ NH3(g) + H2S(g) ∆H > 0

3.1 State Le Chatelier's principle. (2)

3.2 What effect will each of the following changes have on the amount of NH3(g) at
equilibrium? Write down only INCREASES, DECREASES or REMAINS THE SAME.

3.2.1 More NH4HS(s) is added (1)

3.2.2 The temperature is increased (1)

-4
3.3 The equilibrium constant for this reaction at 218 °C is 1,2 x 10 .
Calculate the minimum mass of NH4HS(s) that must be sealed in the container to
obtain equilibrium. (6)

The pressure in the container is now increased by decreasing the volume of the container at
constant temperature.

3.4 How will this change affect the number of moles of H2S(g) produced? Fully explain
the answer. (3)
[13]

QUESTION 4

An unknown gas, X2(g), is sealed in a container and allowed to form X3(g) at 300 °C. The
reaction reaches equilibrium according to the following balanced equation:

3X2(g) ⇌ 2X3(g)

4.1 How will the rate of formation of X3(g) compare to the rate of formation of X2(g) at
equilibrium? Write down only HIGHER THAN, LOWER THAN or EQUAL TO. (1)
The reaction mixture is analysed at regular time intervals. The results obtained are shown in
the table below.

TIME [ X2 ] [ X3 ]
-3 -3
(s) (mol∙dm ) (mol∙dm )
0 0,4 0
2 0,22 0,120
4 0,08 0,213
6 0,06 0,226
8 0,06 0,226
10 0,06 0,226

4.2 Calculate the equilibrium constant, Kc, for this reaction at 300 °C. (4)
4.3 More X3(g) is now added to the container.
4.3.1
How will this change affect the amount of X2(g)? Write down
INCREASES, DECREASES or REMAINS THE SAME. (1)
4.3.2
Use Le Chatelier's principle to explain the answer to QUESTION 4.3.1. (2)

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 39

The curves on the set of axes below (not drawn to scale) was obtained from the results in the
table on page 10.

Concentration (mol∙dm-3)
t1 Time (s)
4.4 How does the rate of the forward reaction compare to that of the reverse reaction at
t1? Write down only HIGHER THAN, LOWER THAN or EQUAL TO. (1)

The reaction is now repeated at a temperature of 400 °C. The curves indicated by the dotted
lines below were obtained at this temperature.
Concentration (mol∙dm-3)

300 °C
400 °C

Time (s)
4.5 Is the forward reaction EXOTHERMIC or ENDOTHERMIC? Fully explain how you
arrived at the answer. (4)

The Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution curve below represents the number of particles against
kinetic energy at 300 °C.
Number of particles

300 °C

Kinetic energy

4.6 Redraw this curve in the ANSWER BOOK. On the same set of axes, sketch the
curve that will be obtained at 400 °C. Clearly label the curves as 300 °C and 400 °C
respectively. (2)
[15]

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 40

QUESTION 5
3
Initially, 2,2 g of pure CO2(g) is sealed in an empty 5 dm container at 900 °C.

5.1 Calculate the initial concentration of CO2(g). (4)

5.2 Give a reason why equilibrium will not be established. (1)

CaCO3(s) is now added to the 2,2 g CO2(g) in the container and after a while equilibrium is
established at 900 °C according to the following balanced equation:

CaCO3(s) ⇌ CaO(s) + CO2(g)

The equilibrium constant for this reaction at 900 °C is 0,0108.
5.3 Give a reason why this reaction will only reach equilibrium in a SEALED container. (1)
5.4 Calculate the minimum mass of CaCO3(s) that must be added to the container to
achieve equilibrium. (7)

5.5 How will EACH of the following changes affect the amount of CO2(g)? Write
down only INCREASES, DECREASES or REMAINS THE SAME.
5.5.1 More CaCO3(s) is added at 900 °C (1)
5.5.2 The pressure is increased (1)
-6
5.6 It is found that the equilibrium constant (Kc) for this reaction is 2,6 x 10 at 727 °C. Is
the reaction EXOTHERMIC or ENDOTHERMIC? Fully explain how you arrived at the
answer. (4)
[19]

QUESTION 6

Carbon dioxide reacts with carbon in a closed system to produce carbon monoxide, CO(g),
according to the following balanced equation:

CO2(g) + C(s) ⇌ 2CO(g) ΔH > 0

6.1 What does the double arrow indicate in the equation above? (1)
6.2 Is the above reaction an EXOTHERMIC reaction or an ENDOTHERMIC reaction?
Give a reason for the answer. (2)

Initially an unknown amount of carbon dioxide is exposed to hot carbon at 800 °C in a sealed
3
2 dm container. The equilibrium constant, Kc, for the reaction at this temperature is 14.
At equilibrium it is found that 168,00 g carbon monoxide is present.
6.3 How will the equilibrium concentration of the product compare to that of the
reactants? Choose from LARGER THAN, SMALLER THAN or EQUAL TO.

Give a reason for the answer. (No calculation is required.) (2)

6.4 Calculate the initial amount (in moles) of CO2(g) present. (9)
6.5 State how EACH of the following will affect the yield of CO(g) at equilibrium. Choose
from INCREASES, DECREASES or REMAINS THE SAME.
6.5.1 More carbon is added at constant temperature. (1)
6.5.2 The pressure is increased. (1)
6.5.3 The temperature is increased. (1)
[17]

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 41

QUESTION 7

Hydrogen gas, H2(g), reacts with sulphur powder, S(s), according to the following balanced
equation:

H2(g) + S(s) ⇌ H2S(g) ∆H < 0

The system reaches equilibrium at 90 °C.

7.1 Define the term chemical equilibrium. (2)

7.2 How will EACH of the following changes affect the number of moles of H2S(g) at
equilibrium? Choose from INCREASES, DECREASES or REMAINS THE SAME.

7.2.1 The addition of more sulphur (1)

7.2.2 An increase in temperature

Use Le Chatelier's principle to explain the answer. (4)

7.3 The sketch graph below was obtained for the equilibrium mixture.
Reaction rate (mol∙s-1)

t1
Time (s)

A catalyst is added to the equilibrium mixture at time t1.

Redraw the graph above in your ANSWER BOOK. On the same set of axes,
complete the graph showing the effect of the catalyst on the reaction rates. (2)
3
Initially 0,16 mol H2(g) and excess S(s) are sealed in a 2 dm container and the system is
allowed to reach equilibrium at 90 °C.

An exact amount of Pb(NO3)2 solution is now added to the container so that ALL the H2S(g)
present in the container at EQUILIBRIUM is converted to PbS(s) according to the following
balanced equation: Pb(NO3)2(aq) + H2S(g) → PbS(s) + 2HNO3(aq)
The mass of the PbS precipitate is 2,39 g.

7.4 Calculate the equilibrium constant Kc for the reaction H2(g) + S(s) ⇌ H2S(g) at
90 °C. (9)
[18]

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 42

ACIDS AND BASES

QUESTION 1

1.1 Nitric acid (HNO3), an important acid used in industry, is a strong acid.
1.1.1 Give a reason why nitric acid is classified as a strong acid. (1)
1.1.2 Write down the NAME or FORMULA of the conjugate base of nitric acid. (1)
-3
1.1.3 Calculate the pH of a 0,3 mol∙dm nitric acid solution. (3)
1.2 A laboratory technician wants to determine the percentage purity of magnesium
3
oxide. He dissolves a 4,5 g sample of the magnesium oxide in 100 cm hydrochloric
-3
acid of concentration 2 mol∙dm .
1.2.1 Calculate the number of moles of hydrochloric acid added to the
magnesium oxide. (3)
He then uses the apparatus below to titrate the EXCESS hydrochloric acid in the
above solution against a sodium hydroxide solution.

Retort stand Q

Sodium hydroxide solution

Erlenmeyer flask
Hydrochloric acid

1.2.2 Write down the name of apparatus Q in the above diagram. (1)

1.2.3 The following indicators are available for the titration:

INDICATOR pH RANGE
A 3,1 – 4,4
B 6,0 – 7,6
C 8,3 – 10,0
Which ONE of the above indicators (A, B or C) is most suitable to
indicate the exact endpoint in this titration? Give a reason for the answer. (3)
1.2.4 During the titration, the technician uses distilled water to wash any sodium
hydroxide spilled against the sides of the Erlenmeyer flask into the
solution. Give a reason why the addition of distilled water to the
Erlenmeyer flask will not influence the results. (1)
3 -3
1.2.5 At the endpoint of the titration he finds that 21 cm of a 0,2 mol dm
sodium hydroxide solution has neutralised the EXCESS hydrochloric acid.
Calculate the number of moles of hydrochloric acid in excess. (3)
1.2.6 The balanced equation for the reaction between hydrochloric acid and
magnesium oxide is: MgO(s) + 2HCℓ(aq) → MgCℓ2(aq) + H2O(ℓ)
Calculate the percentage purity of the magnesium oxide. Assume that only
the magnesium oxide in the 4,5 g sample reacted with the acid. (5)
[21]

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 43

QUESTION 2

2.1 Sulphuric acid is a diprotic acid.

2.1.1 Define an acid in terms of the Lowry-Brønsted theory. (2)

2.1.2 Give a reason why sulphuric acid is referred to as a diprotic acid. (1)

2.2 The hydrogen carbonate ion can act as both an acid and a base. It reacts with water
according to the following balanced equation:
 -

HCO 3 (aq) + H2O(ℓ) ⇌ H2CO3(aq) + OH (aq)

2.2.1 Write down ONE word for the underlined phrase. (1)

2.2.2 HCO (aq) acts as base in the above reaction. Write down the formula of
3 
the conjugate acid of HCO (aq).
3 (1)
-3
2.3 A learner accidentally spills some sulphuric acid of concentration 6 mol∙dm from a
flask on the laboratory bench. Her teacher tells her to neutralise the spilled acid by
sprinkling sodium hydrogen carbonate powder onto it. The reaction that takes place
is: (Assume that the H2SO4 ionises completely.)
H2SO4(aq) + 2NaHCO3(s) → Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(ℓ) + 2CO2(g)
The fizzing, due to the formation of carbon dioxide, stops after the learner has added
27 g sodium hydrogen carbonate to the spilled acid.

2.3.1 Calculate the volume of sulphuric acid that spilled. Assume that all the
sodium hydrogen carbonate reacts with all the acid. (6)
-3
The learner now dilutes some of the 6 mol∙dm sulphuric acid solution in the flask to
-3
0,1 mol∙dm .
-3
2.3.2 Calculate the volume of the 6 mol∙dm sulphuric acid solution needed to
3
prepare 1 dm of the dilute acid. (2)
3 -3
During a titration 25 cm of the 0,1 mol∙dm sulphuric acid solution is added to an
-3
Erlenmeyer flask and titrated with a 0,1 mol∙dm sodium hydroxide solution.

2.3.3 The learner uses bromothymol blue as indicator. What is the purpose of
this indicator? (1)
3
2.3.4 Calculate the pH of the solution in the flask after the addition of 30 cm of
sodium hydroxide. The endpoint of the titration is not yet reached at this
point. (8)
[22]

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 44

QUESTION 3

Anhydrous oxalic acid is an example of an acid that can donate two protons and thus ionises in
two steps as represented by the equations below:

(COOH)2(aq) + H2O(ℓ) ⇌ H3O (aq) + H(COO)


(aq) 2

H(COO) (aq) + H O(ℓ) ⇌ H O (aq) + (COO) (aq)

+
I:
 + 2
II:
2 2 3 2

3.1 Write down:

3.1.1 ONE word for the underlined phrase in the above sentence (1)

3.1.2 The FORMULA of each of the TWO bases in reaction II (2)

3.1.3 The FORMULA of the substance that acts as ampholyte in reactions I

and II. Give a reason for the answer. (2)

3.2 Give a reason why oxalic acid is a weak acid. (1)

-3
3.3 A standard solution of (COOH)2 of concentration 0,20 mol∙dm is prepared by
3
dissolving a certain amount of (COOH)2 in water in a 250 cm volumetric flask.

Calculate the mass of (COOH)2 needed to prepare the standard solution. (4)
3
3.4 During a titration 25 cm of the standard solution of (COOH)2 prepared in QUESTION
7.3 is neutralised by a sodium hydroxide solution from a burette.
The balanced equation for the reaction is:
(COOH)2(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) (COONa)2(aq) + 2H2O(ℓ)

The diagrams below show the burette readings before the titration commenced and
at the endpoint respectively.
Before the titration At the endpoint
3
cm 3
cm

2 38

Level of Level of
NaOH(aq) NaOH(aq)
3 39

3.4.1 Use the burette readings and calculate the concentration of the sodium
hydroxide solution. (5)

3.4.2 Write down a balanced equation that explains why the solution has a pH
greater than 7 at the endpoint. (3)
[18]

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 45

QUESTION 4

4.1 Ammonium chloride crystals, NH4Cℓ(s), dissolve in water to form ammonium and
chloride ions. The ammonium ions react with water according to the balanced
equation below:

(aq) + H2O(ℓ) ⇌ NH3(aq) + H3O (aq)

NH 4 +

4.1.1 Write down the name of the process described by the underlined
sentence. (1)

4.1.2 Is ammonium chloride ACIDIC or BASIC in aqueous solution? Give a

reason for the answer. (2)
4.2 A certain fertiliser consists of 92% ammonium chloride. A sample of mass x g of this
3 -3
fertiliser is dissolved in 100 cm of a 0,10 mol∙dm sodium hydroxide solution,
NaOH(aq). The NaOH is in excess. The balanced equation for the reaction is:
NH4Cℓ(s) + NaOH(aq) NH3(g) + H2O(ℓ) + NaCℓ(aq)
4.2.1 Calculate the number of moles of sodium hydroxide in which the sample
is dissolved. (3)
3
During a titration, 25 cm of the excess sodium hydroxide solution is titrated with a
-3
0,11 mol∙dm hydrochloric acid solution, HCℓ(aq). At the endpoint it is found that
3
14,55 cm of the hydrochloric acid was used to neutralise the sodium hydroxide
solution according to the following balanced equation:

HCℓ(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCℓ(aq) + H2O(ℓ)

4.2.2 Calculate the mass x (in grams) of the fertiliser sample used. (8)
-3
4.3 Calculate the pH of a 0,5 moldm sodium hydroxide solution at 25 °C. (4)
[18]

QUESTION 5

5.1 Define an acid in terms of the Lowry-Brønsted theory. (2)

5.2 Carbonated water is an aqueous solution of carbonic acid, H2CO3. H2CO3(aq)
ionises in two steps when it dissolves in water.

5.2.1 Write down the FORMULA of the conjugate base of H2CO3(aq). (1)
5.2.2 Write down a balanced equation for the first step in the ionisation of
carbonic acid. (3)
5.2.3 The pH of a carbonic acid solution at 25 °C is 3,4. Calculate the
hydroxide ion concentration in the solution. (5)
5.3 X is a monoprotic acid.
5.3.1 State the meaning of the term monoprotic. (1)
5.3.2 A sample of acid X is titrated with a standard sodium hydroxide solution
3
using a suitable indicator. At the endpoint it is found that 25 cm of acid X
3
is neutralised by 27,5 cm of the sodium hydroxide solution of
-3
concentration 0,1 mol∙dm . Calculate the concentration of acid X. (5)
+
5.3.3 The concentration of H3O ions in the sample of acid X
-4 -3
is 2,4 x 10 mol∙dm . Is acid X a WEAK or a STRONG acid?
Explain the
answer by referring to the answer in QUESTION 5.3.2. (3)
Terms, definitions, questions and answers
Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 46

QUESTION 4
[20]

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 46

QUESTION 6

6.1 Hydrogen carbonate ions react with water according to the following balanced
equation:

HCO (aq) + H2O(ℓ) ⇌ H2CO3(aq) +

3
(aq) 



OH
6.1.1 Define an acid according to the Lowry-Brønsted theory. (2)

6.1.2 Write down the FORMULAE of the two acids in the equation above. (2)

6.1.3 Write down the formula of a substance in the reaction above that can act
as an ampholyte. (1)
3 -3 3
6.2 During an experiment 0,50 dm of a 0,10 mol∙dm HCℓ solution is added to 0,80 dm
-3
of a NaHCO3 solution of concentration 0,25 mol∙dm . The balanced equation for the
reaction is:
NaHCO3(aq) + HCℓ(aq) → NaCℓ(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(ℓ)

Calculate the:

6.2.1 Concentration of the hydroxide ions in the solution on completion of the

reaction (8)

6.2.2 pH of the solution on completion of the reaction (4)

[17]

QUESTION 7

7.1 A learner dissolves ammonium chloride (NH4Cℓ) crystals in water and measures the
pH of the solution.

7.1.1 Define the term hydrolysis of a salt. (2)

7.1.2 Will the pH of the solution be GREATER THAN, SMALLER THAN or

EQUAL TO 7? Write a relevant equation to support your answer. (3)
3
7.2 A sulphuric acid solution is prepared by dissolving 7,35 g of H2SO4(ℓ) in 500 cm of
water.

7.2.1 Calculate the number of moles of H2SO4 present in this solution. (2)
3
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) pellets are added to the 500 cm H2SO4 solution.
The balanced equation for the reaction is:

H2SO4(aq) + 2NaOH(s) → Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(ℓ)

After completion of the reaction, the pH of the solution was found to be 1,3. Assume
complete ionisation of H2SO4.

7.2.2 Calculate the mass of NaOH added to the H2SO4 solution. Assume that
the volume of the solution does not change. (9)
[16]

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 47

GALVANIC CELLS
QUESTION 1

A standard electrochemical cell is set up using a standard hydrogen half-cell and a standard
2+
X|X half-cell as shown below. A voltmeter connected across the cell, initially registers 0,31 V.
V
+

Hydrogen gas _
Q

Platinum
2 
-3
1 mol·dm H (aq)
+ X (aq)

1.1 Besides concentration write down TWO conditions needed for the hydrogen half-cell
to function under standard conditions. (2)

1.2 Give TWO reasons, besides being a solid, why platinum is suitable to be used as
electrode in the above cell. (2)

1.3 Write down the:

1.3.1 NAME of component Q (1)

2+
1.3.2 Standard reduction potential of the X|X half-cell (1)

1.3.3 Half-reaction that takes place at the cathode of this cell (2)
2+
1.4 The hydrogen half-cell is now replaced by a M|M half-cell. The cell notation of this
cell is:
2+ 2+
M(s) | M (aq) || X (aq) | X(s)

The initial reading on the voltmeter is now 2,05 V.

1.4.1 Identify metal M. Show how you arrived at the answer. (5)

1.4.2 Is the cell reaction EXOTHERMIC or ENDOTHERMIC? (1)

1.5 The reading on the voltmeter becomes zero after using this cell for several hours.
Give a reason for this reading by referring to the cell reaction. (1)
[15]

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 48

QUESTION 2

A learner conducts two experiments to investigate the reaction between copper (Cu) and a
silver nitrate solution, AgNO3(aq).

EXPERIMENT 1

The learner adds a small amount of copper (Cu) powder to a test tube containing silver nitrate
solution, AgNO3(aq). The solution changes from colourless to blue after a while.

Before addition of Cu(s) After addition of Cu(s)

Colourless AgNO3(aq) Blue Cu(NO3)2(aq)

2.1 Define the term oxidising agent. (2)

2.2 Explain why the solution turns blue by referring to the relative strength of oxidising
agents. (4)

EXPERIMENT 2

The learner now sets up a galvanic cell as shown below. The cell functions under standard
conditions.

A B
Cu(s) Ag(s)

2+ +
Cu (aq) Ag (aq)

2.3 Write down the energy conversion that takes place in this cell. (1)

2.4 In which direction (A or B) will ANIONS move in the salt bridge? (1)

2.5 Calculate the emf of the above cell under standard conditions. (4)

2.6 Write down the balanced equation for the net cell reaction that takes place in this
cell. (3)
3 -3
2.7 How will the addition of 100 cm of a 1 mol dm silver nitrate solution to the
silver half-cell influence the initial emf of this cell? Write down only INCREASES,
DECREASES or REMAINS THE SAME. (1)
[16]

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 49

QUESTION 3

Learners set up an electrochemical cell, shown in the simplified diagram below, using
magnesium and lead as electrodes. Nitrate solutions are used as electrolytes in both half-cells.

String dipped in
KNO3(aq)
+
Electrode P Electrode Q

Electrolyte Electrolyte

Half-cell A Half-cell B

3.1 What type of reaction (NEUTRALISATION, REDOX or PRECIPITATION) takes place

in this cell? (1)

3.2 Which electrode, P or Q, is magnesium? Give a reason for the answer. (2)

3.3 Write down the:

3.3.1 Standard conditions under which this cell functions (2)

3.3.2 Cell notation for this cell (3)

3.3.3 NAME or FORMULA of the oxidising agent in the cell (1)

3.4 Calculate the initial emf of the cell above under standard conditions. (4)

3.5 How will the voltmeter reading change if the:

(Write down only INCREASES, DECREASES or REMAINS THE SAME.)

3.5.1 Size of electrode P is increased (1)

3.5.2 Initial concentration of the electrolyte in half-cell B is increased (1)

[15]

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 50

QUESTION 4

Learners are given the following two unknown half-cells:

2+
Half-cell 1: Q (aq) | Q(s)
-
Half-cell 2: Pt | R2(g) | R (aq)

During an investigation to identify the two half-cells, the learners connect each half-cell
2+
alternately to a Cd (aq) | Cd(s) half-cell under standard conditions. For each
combination of two half-cells, they write down the net cell reaction and measure the cell
potential. The results obtained for the two half-cell combinations are given in the table below.

COMBINATION NET CELL REACTION CELL POTENTIAL

2+ 2+
I Q (aq) + Cd(s) → Cd (aq) + Q(s) 0,13 V
2+ -
II R2(g) + Cd(s) → Cd (aq) + 2R (aq) 1,76 V

4.1 Write down THREE conditions needed for these cells to function as standard cells. (3)
4.2 For Combination I, identify:
4.2.1 The anode of the cell (1)
4.2.2 Q by using a calculation (5)
4.3 For Combination II, write down the:
4.3.1 Oxidation half-reaction (2)
4.3.2 NAME or FORMULA of the metal used in the cathode compartment (1)
4.4 Arrange the following species in order of INCREASING oxidising ability:
2+ 2+
Q ; R2 ; Cd
Explain fully how you arrived at the answer. A calculation is NOT required. (4)
[16]

QUESTION 5

An electrochemical cell consisting of half-cells A and B is assembled under standard

conditions as shown below.
- -3
Half-cell A Pt, Cℓ2 (101,3 kPa) | Cℓ (1 mol∙dm )
2+ -3
Half-cell B Mg (1 mol∙dm ) | Mg(s)

5.1 At which half-cell, A or B, are electrons released into the external circuit? (1)
5.2 Write down the:
5.2.1 Reduction half-reaction that takes place in this cell (2)
5.2.2 NAME or FORMULA of the substance whose oxidation number
DECREASES (1)
5.3 Calculate the initial cell potential of this cell when it is in operation. (4)
5.4 Write down an observation that will be made in half-cell B as the cell operates. Give
a reason for the answer. (2)
[10]

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 51

QUESTION 6

Magnesium (Mg) reacts with a dilute hydrochloric acid solution, HCℓ(aq), according to the
following balanced equation:

Mg(s) + 2HCℓ(aq) → MgCℓ2(aq) + H2(g)

6.1 Give
a reason why the reaction above is a redox reaction. (1)

6.2 Write down the FORMULA of the oxidising agent in the reaction above. (1)

It is found that silver does not react with the hydrochloric acid solution.

6.3 Refer to the relative strengths of reducing agents to explain this observation. (3)

The reaction of magnesium with hydrochloric acid is used in an electrochemical cell, as shown
in the diagram below. The cell functions under standard conditions.

hydrogen gas Q

Mg

platinum
-3 +
1 mol·dm H (aq) 2
Mg (aq)
half-cell A half-cell B

6.4 What is the function of platinum in the cell above? (1)

6.5 Write down the:

6.5.1 Energy conversion that takes place in this cell (1)

6.5.2 Function of Q (1)
6.5.3 Half-reaction that takes place at the cathode (2)
6.5.4 Cell notation of this cell (3)

6.6 Calculate the initial emf of this cell. (4)

6.7 How will the addition of concentrated acid to half-cell A influence the answer to
QUESTION 6.6? Choose from INCREASES, DECREASES or REMAINS THE
SAME. (1)
[18]

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 52

QUESTION 7

7.1 A nickel (Ni) rod is placed in a beaker containing a silver nitrate solution, AgNO3(aq)
and a reaction takes place.

Nickel (Ni) rod

AgNO3(aq)

Write down the:

7.1.1 NAME or FORMULA of the electrolyte (1)

7.1.2 Oxidation half-reaction that takes place (2)

7.1.3 Balanced equation for the net (overall) redox reaction that takes place (3)

7.2 A galvanic cell is now set up using a nickel half-cell and a silver half-cell.

Ag Ni

+
Ag (aq) 2+
Ni (aq)

7.2.1 Which electrode (Ni or Ag) must be connected to the negative terminal of
the voltmeter? Give a reason for the answer. (2)

7.2.2 Write down the cell notation for the galvanic cell above. (3)

7.2.3 Calculate the initial reading on the voltmeter if the cell functions under
standard conditions. (4)

7.2.4 How will the voltmeter reading in QUESTION 7.2.3 be affected if the
concentration of the silver ions is increased? Choose from INCREASES,
DECREASES or REMAINS THE SAME. (1)
[16]

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 53

ELECTROLYTIC CELLS
QUESTION 1

The simplified diagrams below represent two electrochemical cells, A and B.

A concentrated copper(II) chloride solution is used as electrolyte in both cells.

ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL A ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL B

P Q R T
Carbon Carbon

Copper Copper

Concentrated CuCℓ2(aq)
Concentrated CuCℓ2(aq)

1.1 Are A and B ELECTROLYTIC or GALVANIC cells? (1)

1.2 Which of the electrodes (P, Q, R or T) will show a mass increase? Write down a half-
reaction to motivate the answer. (4)

1.3 Write down the NAME or FORMULA of the product formed at:

1.3.1 Electrode P (1)

1.3.2 Electrode R (1)

1.4 Fully explain the answer to QUESTION 1.3.2 by referring to the relative strengths of
the reducing agents involved. (3)
[10]

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 54

QUESTION 2

The apparatus below is used to demonstrate the electrolysis of a concentrated sodium chloride
solution. Both electrodes are made of carbon. A few drops of universal indicator are added to
the electrolyte. The equation for the net cell reaction is:
2NaCℓ(aq) + 2H2O(ℓ) → Cℓ2(g) + H2(g) + 2NaOH(aq)

Power
source

Electrode Y
Electrode X

NaCℓ(aq) and universal

indicator

Initially the solution has a green colour. Universal indicator becomes red in acidic solutions and
purple in alkaline solutions.

2.1 Define the term electrolyte. (2)

When the power source is switched on, the colour of the electrolyte around electrode Y
changes from green to purple.

2.2 Write down the:

2.2.1 Half-reaction that takes place at electrode Y (2)

2.2.2 NAME or FORMULA of the gas released at electrode X (1)

2.3 Refer to the Table of Standard Reduction Potentials to explain why hydrogen gas,
and not sodium, is formed at the cathode of this cell. (2)
[7]

QUESTION 3

The diagram below shows a simplified electrolytic cell that can be used to electroplate a plastic
ring with nickel. Prior to electroplating the ring is covered with a graphite layer.
Battery

Plastic ring coated

Nickel electrode
with graphite
NiSO4(aq)

3.1 Define the term electrolyte. (2)

3.2 Give ONE reason why the plastic ring must be coated with graphite prior to
electroplating. (1)
Terms, definitions, questions and answers
Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 55

3.3 Write down the:

3.3.1 Half-reaction that occurs at the plastic ring (2)

3.3.2 NAME or FORMULA of the reducing agent in the cell.

Give a reason for the answer. (2)

3.4 Which electrode, the RING or NICKEL, is the cathode? Give a reason for the
answer. (2)

The nickel electrode is now replaced with a carbon rod.

3.5 How will the concentration of the electrolyte change during electroplating? Write
down only INCREASES, DECREASES or NO CHANGE. Give a reason for the
answer. (2)
[11]

QUESTION 4

The simplified diagram below represents an electrochemical cell used for the purification of
copper.
DC source

Electrode A

Electrode B
(impure copper)
Electrolyte

4.1 Define the term electrolysis. (2)

4.2 Give a reason why a direct-current (DC) source is used in this experiment. (1)

4.3 Write down the half-reaction which takes place at electrode A. (2)

4.4 Due to small amounts of zinc impurities in the impure copper, the electrolyte
2+
becomes contaminated with Zn ions.

Refer to the attached Table of Standard Reduction Potentials to explain why the
2+
Zn ions will not influence the purity of the copper obtained during this process. (3)

4.5 After the purification of the impure copper was completed, it was found that
-2
2,85 x 10 moles of copper were formed.

The initial mass of electrode B was 2,0 g. Calculate the percentage of copper that
was initially present in electrode B. (4)
[12]

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 56

QUESTION 5

The electrochemical cell below is set up to demonstrate the purification of copper.

B A

Copper(II) chloride
solution

5.1 Write down the type of electrochemical cell illustrated above. (1)

The graphs below show the change in mass of the electrodes whilst the cell is in operation.

P
Mass (g)

Time (min.)

5.2 Define a reducing agent in terms of electron transfer. (2)

5.3 Which graph represents the change in mass of electrode A? (1)

5.4 Write down the half-reaction that takes place at electrode A. (2)

5.5 Electrodes A and B are now replaced by graphite electrodes. It is observed that
chlorine gas (Cℓ2) is released at one of the electrodes.

At which electrode (A or B) is chlorine gas formed? Fully explain how it is formed. (3)
[9]

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 57

QUESTION 6
The diagram below shows an electrochemical cell used to purify copper. A solution that
conducts electricity is used in the cell.

A B

6.1 Write down:

6.1.1 ONE word for the underlined phrase above the diagram (1)
6.1.2 The type of electrochemical cell illustrated above (1)
6.2 In which direction (from A to B or from B to A) will electrons flow in the external
circuit? (1)
6.3 Which electrode (A or B) is the:
6.3.1 Cathode (1)
6.3.2 Impure copper (1)
6.4 How will the mass of electrode A change as the reaction proceeds? Choose from
INCREASES, DECREASES or REMAINS THE SAME. Give a reason for the answer. (2)
[7]

QUESTION 7
In the electrochemical cell below, carbon electrodes are used during the electrolysis of a
concentrated sodium chloride solution.
Gas X
Gas Y

Electrode P Electrode Q
Concentrated NaCℓ(aq)

The balanced equation for the net (overall) cell reaction is:
─ ─
2H2O(ℓ) + 2Cℓ (aq) → Cℓ2(g) + H2(g) + 2OH (aq)
7.1 Is the reaction EXOTHERMIC or ENDOTHERMIC? (1)
7.2 Is electrode P the ANODE or the CATHODE? Give a reason for the answer. (2)
7.3 Write down the:
7.3.1 NAME or FORMULA of gas X (1)
7.3.2 NAME or FORMULA of gas Y (1)
7.3.3 Reduction half-reaction (2)
7.4 Is the solution in the cell ACIDIC or ALKALINE (BASIC) after completion of the
reaction? Give a reason for the answer. (2)
[9]

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 58

FERTILISERS
QUESTION 1

1.1 The flow diagram below shows the processes involved in the industrial preparation of
fertiliser Q.
Haber Ostwald
Reactants Product A Main product B
process process

Fertiliser Q

Write down the:

1.1.1 NAMES or FORMULAE of the reactants used in the Haber process (2)
1.1.2 Balanced equation for the formation of fertiliser Q (3)

1.2 The diagram below shows a bag of NPK fertiliser.

3–1–5

20 kg

Calculate the mass of nitrogen in the bag. (4)

[9]

QUESTION 2

Reactions A, B, C and D in the flow diagram below represent the manufacturing of Fertiliser X.

SO2(g)

A SO3(g) B C D
H2S2O7(ℓ) H2SO4(ℓ) Fertiliser X

O2(g)

2.1 Write down the name of the industrial preparation of sulphuric acid. (1)
2.2 Write down the:
2.2.1 NAME or FORMULA of the catalyst used in reaction A (1)
2.2.2 Balanced equation for reaction C (3)
2.3 Ammonia is one of the reactants used in reaction D to make Fertiliser X.
Write down:
2.3.1 A balanced equation for reaction D (3)
2.3.2 The NAME of Fertiliser X (1)

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 59

2.4 Two 50 kg bags, containing fertilisers P and Q respectively, are labelled as follows:
Fertiliser P: 5 : 2 : 3 (25)
Fertiliser Q: 1 : 3 : 4 (20)
2.4.1 What do the numbers (25) and (20) on the labels represent? (1)
2.4.2 Using calculations, determine which fertiliser (P or Q) contains the
greater mass of potassium. (4)
[14]

QUESTION 3

The industrial process for the preparation of sulphuric acid involves a series of stages.

The second stage in this process involves the conversion of sulphur dioxide into sulphur
trioxide in a converter as illustrated below. In the converter the gases are passed over
vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) placed in layers as shown below.

Sulphur dioxide
V 2O
and air layer 1
5

V 2 O5 layer 2
Converter V 2 O5 layer 3

V 2 O5 layer 4

Gas outlet
3.1 Write down the:
3.1.1 Balan
ced equation for the reaction taking place in the converter (3)
3.1.2 Function of the vanadium pentoxide (1)
The table below shows data obtained during the second stage.

PERCENTAGE OF
VANADIUM TEMPERATURE OF TEMPERATURE OF
REACTANT
PENTOXIDE GAS BEFORE THE GAS AFTER THE
CONVERTED TO
LAYER REACTION (°C) REACTION (°C)
PRODUCT
1 450 600 66
2 450 518 85
3 450 475 93
4 450 460 99,5

3.2 Is the reaction in the second stage EXOTHERMIC or ENDOTHERMIC? Refer to the
data in the table to give a reason for the answer. (2)
3.3 After the conversion at each layer the gases are cooled down to 450 °C. Fully
explain why the gases must be cooled to this temperature. (3)
3.4 During the third stage sulphur trioxide is dissolved in sulphuric acid rather than in
water to produce oleum.
3.4.1 Write down the FORMULA of oleum. (1)
3.4.2 Give a reason why sulphur trioxide is not dissolved in water. (1)
3.5 Sulphuric acid reacts with ammonia to form a fertiliser. Write down a balanced
equation for this reaction. (3)
Terms, definitions, questions and answers
Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 60
[14]

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 60

QUESTION 4

Ammonia is an important fertiliser. Large amounts are prepared from hydrogen and nitrogen in
industry.

4.1 For the industrial preparation of ammonia, write down:

4.1.1 The name of the process used (1)
4.1.2 A balanced equation for the reaction that occurs (3)
4.1.3 The source of nitrogen (1)

4.2 The yield of ammonia changes with temperature and pressure during its industrial
preparation. The graphs below show how the percentage of ammonia in the reaction
mixture that leaves the reaction vessel varies under different conditions.

GRAPHS OF THE PERCENTAGE OF AMMONIA IN THE

REACTION MIXTURE VERSUS PRESSURE

300 °C
Percentage

400 °C

500 °C

Pressure (atmosphere)

4.2.1 Use the appropriate graph to estimate the percentage of ammonia

present in the reaction mixture at 240 atmosphere and 400 °C. (1)

4.2.2 State TWO advantages of using high pressure in the preparation of

ammonia. (2)
4.2.3 The advantage of using a low temperature is the large percentage of
ammonia formed. What is the disadvantage of using a low temperature? (1)

4.3 Ammonia is also used in the preparation of other fertilisers such as ammonium
nitrate. Calculate the mass of nitrogen in a 50 kg bag of pure ammonium nitrate
fertiliser. (3)
[12]

QUESTION 5

Ammonium nitrate is an important fertiliser. It is produced by reacting nitric acid with ammonia.
Both nitric acid and ammonia are prepared on a large scale in industry.
5.1 Write down the name of the industrial preparation of nitric acid. (1)
5.2 The catalytic oxidation of ammonia is one of the steps in the process named in
QUESTION 5.1. Write down the NAMES or FORMULAE of the TWO products
formed in this step. (2)
5.3 Write down a balanced equation for the preparation of ammonium nitrate. (3)

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 61

5.4 Calculate the mass, in kilogram, of ammonium nitrate that can be made from
4
6,8 x 10 kg of ammonia and excess nitric acid.
(One mole of ammonia produces one mole of ammonium nitrate.) (3)

5.5 Ammonium nitrate is often mixed with potassium chloride and ammonium phosphate.
Give a reason why it is mixed with these compounds. (1)
[10]

QUESTION 6

A chemical company produces ammonium sulphate, (NH4)2SO4, starting from the raw
materials P, Q and R, as shown in the flow diagram below.

P Q R

SO2(g)

nitrogen hydrogen
SO3(g)

reaction 1
process 1 oleum

compound X compound Y

(NH4)2SO4

6.1 Write down the NAME of raw material:

6.1.1 P (1)
6.1.2 Q (1)
6.1.3 R (1)
6.2 Write down the:
6.2.1 NAME of process 1 (1)
6.2.2 NAME of compound X (1)
6.2.3 FORMULA of compound Y (1)
6.2.4 Balanced equation for reaction 1 (3)
6.3 The company compares the nitrogen content of ammonium sulphate with that of
ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3.
6.3.1 Determine, by performing the necessary calculations, which ONE of the
two fertilisers has the higher percentage of nitrogen per mass. (4)
6.3.2 Write down the name of the process that should be included in the flow
diagram above if the company wants to prepare ammonium nitrate instead
of ammonium sulphate. (1)
[14]
Terms, definitions, questions and answers
Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 62

QUESTION 7

7.1 The flow diagram below shows the processes involved in the industrial preparation of
fertiliser Q.

Process Y
N2(g) + H2(g) Gas P SO2(g) + O2(g)
V 2 O5

H2SO4(ℓ)

Process X Compound B

H2O(ℓ)

Compound A Compound C

Fertiliser Q

Write down the:

7.1.1 Name of process X (1)

7.1.2 Name of process Y (1)

7.1.3 NAME or FORMULA of gas P (1)

7.1.4 Balanced equation for the formation of compound B (3)

7.1.5 Balanced equation for the formation of fertiliser Q (4)

7.2 The diagram below shows a bag of NPK fertiliser of which the NPK ratio is unknown.
It is found that the mass of nitrogen in the bag is 4,11 kg and the mass of
phosphorus is 0,51 kg.

x – y – z (36)

20 kg

Calculate the NPK ratio of the fertiliser. (4)

[14]

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 63

ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS

ORGANIC MOLECULES: NOMENCLATURE

QUESTION 1
2.1
2.1.1 B (1)

2.1.2 E (1)

2.1.3 F (1)

2.2
2.2.1 2-bromo-3-chloro-4-methylpentane
Marking criteria:
 Correct stem i.e. pentane. 
 All substituents correctly identified. 
 Substituents correctly numbered, in alphabetical order, hyphens and commas correctly
used.  (3)

2.2.2 Ethene  (1)

H
2.3 Marking criteria:
2.3.1  Six saturated C atoms in longest
H C H chain i.e. hexane. .
nd
 Three methyl substituents on 2 C
th
H H H H H and 4 C atom. 

H C C C C C C H

H H H H

H C H H C

HH (2)

2.3.2 H H
H H
 H
O Marking criteria:
 Whole structure correct: 
H C C C C C H  Only functional group correct: 

H H H (2)
H

2.4
2.4.1 Compounds with the same molecular formula but DIFFERENT functional goups.  (2)

2.4.2 B&F (1)

[14]

QUESTION 2

2.1
2.1.1 Carboxyl group  (1)

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 64
2.1.2 Ketones  (1)

2.1.3 Addition  (1)

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 65

2.2
2.2.1 Ethene  (1)

2.2.2 4-methylhexan-3-one  (2)

2.2.3 4-ethyl-2,2-dimethylhexane  (2)

2.3 Carbon dioxide / CO2 

Water / H2O  (2)

2.4
2.4.1 H

H C H
O
H H

H C C C C O H 

H H H (2)

2.4.2 H H H H H

H C C C C H OR H C C C C

H H H H
H H H (2)
H

2.5
2.5.1 E (1)

2.5.2 Substitution / halogenation / bromination  (1)

2.5.3 H Br Br H

H 
C 
C 
C

C H 

H   H H H
(2)
[18]

QUESTION 3

3.1
3.1.1 B (1)

3.1.2 E (1)

3.1.3 A (1)
3.2
3.2.1 4-chloro-2,5-dimethylheptane
Marking criteria:
 Correct stem i.e. heptane. 
 All substituents (chloro and dimethyl) correctly identified. Substituents correctly
numbered, in alphabetical order, hyphens and commas correctly used. 
Terms, definitions, questions and answers
Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 66
(3)

3.2.2 2-methylpropan-1-ol  (2)

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 67

3.2.3 O

C C C
(1)

3.3
3.3.1 Compounds with the same molecular formulabut different POSITIONS of the
functional group / side chain / substituents on parent chain.  (2)

3.3.2 But-1-ene  AND But-2-ene  (4)

KKH
3.3.3 H Marking criteria:
 Whole structure correct: 
H C H H  Only functional group correct: 
 
H C C C
H
(2)
H H

3.4
3.4.1 Cracking / elimination  (1)

3.4.2 Ethene  (1)

3.4.3 C4H10  (1)


3.4.4 Polyethene 
H H
C C
H H
n
(3)
[23]

QUESTION 4

4.1
4.1.1 B (1)

4.1.2 O

C H 
(1)

4.1.3 CnH2n-2  (1)

4.1.4 4-ethyl-5-methylhept-2-yne Marking criteria:

OR  4-ethyl 
4-ethyl-5-methyl-2-heptyne  5-methyl 
 hept-2-yne / 2-heptyne 
(3)

4.1.5 Butan-2-one / 2-butanone / butanone

Marking criteria:
 Functional group 
 Whole name correct  (2)

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 68
4.2
4.2.1 Alkanes  (1)

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 69

4.2.2 2-methylpropane  OR methylpropane 

H Marking criteria structural formula:
H C H  Three carbons in longest chain. 
 Methyl group on second carbon. 
H

H H 
H C C
(4)
C
H H H

4.2.3 Chain  (1)

4.3
4.3.1 Haloalkanes / Alkyl halides  (1)

4.3.2 Substitution / halogenation / bromonation  (1)

[16]

QUESTION 5

5.1
5.1.1 Ketones  (1)

5.1.2 3,5-dichloro-4-methyloctane  Marking criteria

• 3,5-dichloro 
• -4-methyl 
• octane  (3)

5.1.3 H Marking criteria

 Functional group (-OH) on second C
H C H atom. 
H H  Whole structure correct 

H C C C H
H O H
H (2)
5.2
5.2.1 Acts as catalyst. / Increases the rate of reaction. / Act as dehydrating agent.  (1)

5.2.2 Water / H2O (1)

5.2.3

(5)

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 70

5.2.4

(3)

5.2.5 O

H C (1)
H

5.2.6 Methyl methanoate  (2)

[19]

QUESTION 6

6.1
6.1.1 E (1)

6.1.2 C (1)

6.1.3 D (1)

6.2
6.2.1 Pent-2-yne OR 2-pentyne (2)

6.2.2 H H Marking criteria:

  Whole structure correct: 
H C C C C H  Only functional group correct: 

H H
H
H C
(2)

HH
6.2.3 2-methylbut-1-ene OR 3-methylbut-1-ene
Marking criteria:
 Correct stem i.e. but-1-ene/1-butene. 
 Only one type of substituent, methyl, correctly identified. 
 Entire name correct.  (3)

6.3
6.3.1 Esters  (1)

6.3.2 Sulphuric acid / H2SO4  (1)

6.3.3 Methylpropanoate  (2)

[14]

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 71

QUESTION 7

7.1
7.1.1 A OR D  (1)

7.1.2 B (1)

7.1.3 E (1)

7.1.4 D (1)

7.2
7.2.1 H Marking criteria:
 Five C atoms in longest chain. 
H C H  Two Br and one methyl substituents. 
H H H H  Whole structure correct. 

H C C C C C H

H H Br Br H
(3)

7.2.2 H

Marking criteria:
O  Whole structure correct: 

H C O H   Only functional group correct: 
C

H
(2)

7.2.3 H H Marking criteria:

 Whole structure correct: 
  Only functional group correct: 
C C 

H H (2)

7.3
7.3.1 Hydrogen gas  (1)

7.3.2 Addition / Hydrogenation  (1)

[13]

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

 Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 72

ORGANIC MOLECULES: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

QUESTION 1
1.1
 Alkanes have ONLY single bonds. 
OR
 Alkanes have single bonds between C atoms.
OR
 Alkanes have no double OR triple bonds OR multiple bonds. (1)
1.2
1.2.1
—C─O─H
 (1)

1.2.2 H Marking criteria:

 - OH group on second C atom of longest
H C H chain. 
 Tertiary group consisting of four C atoms
H H with methyl group on 2nd C atom. 

H C C H 
C

H H
O

H (2)
1.3
1.3.1 Criteria for investigative question:
The dependent and independent variables are stated. 
Ask a question about the relationship between the independent and dependent

variables.
Examples:
 How does an increase in chain length influence boiling point?
 What is the relationship between chain length and boiling point? (2)

1.3.2  Structure:
The chain length increases. 
 Intermolecular forces:
Increase in strength of intermolecular. 
 Energy:
More energy needed to overcome intermolecular forces. 
OR
 Structure:
From propane to methane the chain length decreases. 
 Intermolecular forces:
Decrease in strength of intermolecular. 
 Energy:
Less energy needed to overcome intermolecular forces.  (3)
1.4  Between propane molecules are London forces. 
 Between propan-1-ol molecules are London forces, dipole-dipole forces and
hydrogen bonds. 
 Hydrogen bonds are stronger than London forces.  (3)
[12]

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 70 FS/2017

QUESTION 2

2.1 C (1)
2.2
2.2.1 Chain length  (1)
2.2.2 Boiling point  (1)
2.3 London forces  (1)
2.4 Higher than  (1)
2.5 Lower than 
 Both compounds D and E have hydrogen bonding between molecules. 
 Compound D has one site for hydrogen bonding whilst compound E has two sites
for hydrogen bonding OR can form dimers. 
 More energy needed to overcome intermolecular forces in compound E.  (4)
[9]

QUESTION 3

3.1 Saturated/
ANY ONE:
 B has ONLY single bonds. 
 B has single bonds between C atoms.
 B has no double OR triple bonds OR multiple bonds. (2)

3.2
3.2.1 - 42 (°C)  (1)
3.2.2 78 (°C)  (1)
3.3
 Between molecules of C/propane are London forces / induced dipole forces. 
 Between molecules of E/ethanol are (London forces / induced dipole forces and)
hydrogen bonds. 
 Hydrogen bonds / Forces between alcohol molecules are stronger.  (3)
3.4
Decrease 

From A to D:
 Chain length increases. 
 Strength of intermolecular forces increases. 
 More energy needed to overcome intermolecular forces.  (4)
3.5
Higher than  (1)
[12]

QUESTION 4

4.1 A bond OR an atom OR a group of atoms that determine(s) the (physical and
chemical) properties of a group of organic compounds.  (2)

4.2
4.2.1 D / ethanoic acid 
Lowest vapour pressure.  (2)

4.2.2 A / butane  (1)

Terms, definitions, questions and answers
Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 71 FS/2017

4.3
 Between molecules of A / butane are London forces. 
 Between molecules of B / propan-2-one / ketones are dipole-dipole forces in
addition to London forces.
 Intermolecular forces in A are weaker than those in B.  (3)
4.4
London forces / induced dipole forces / dipole-dipole forces. 
OR
A and B do not have hydrogen bonding. / C and D have hydrogen bonding. (1)
4.5
OPTION 1
 D has more sites for hydrogen bonding than C. / D forms dimers. 
 D has stronger intermolecular forces.  (2)

4.6 OPTION 1 V(O2 reacted):

V(CO2) = 4V(C4H10) V(H2O) = 5V(C4H10) 13
= (4)(8)  = (5)(8)  V(O2) = V(C4H10)
= 32 cm
3
= 40 cm
3 2
13 3
=( )(8) = 52 cm
2
V(O2 excess):
3
V(O2) = 60 – 52 = 8 cm

3
Vtot = 32 + 40 + 8 = 80 cm 
OPTION 2

C4H10 O2 CO2 H2O

3
Initial V (cm )
8 60 0 0
3
Change in V (cm )
8 52  32  40 
3
Final V (cm )
0 8 32 40
3
Total volume = 8 + 32 + 40 = 80 cm 

(5)
[16]

QUESTION 5

5.1 Temperature at which the vapour pressure equals atmospheric pressure.  (2)
5.2 The stronger the intermolecular forces, the higher the boiling point. / The boiling point
is proportional to the strength of intermolecular forces. 
NOTE: NOT DIRECTLY proportional! (1)
5.3
5.3.1  Between molecules of A / propane are London forces. 
 Between molecules of B / propan-2-one are dipole-dipole forces in addition to
London forces.
 Intermolecular forces in A are weaker than those in B.  (3)
5.3.2  Both C and D: hydrogen bonding 
 D has two / more sites for hydrogen bonding. / D forms dimers. 
 D has stronger intermolecular forces than C.  (3)

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 72 FS/2017
5.4 Liquid  (1)
[10]

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

 Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 73 FS/2017

QUESTION 6

6.1 Temperature at which the vapour pressure equals atmospheric pressure.  (2)

6.2 Criteria for conclusion:

Dependent and independent variables correctly identified. 
Relationship between the independent and dependent variables correctly

stated.

Examples:
 Boiling point increases with increase in chain length.
 Boiling point decreases with decrease in chain length.
 Boiling point is proportional to chain length.
NOTE: Boiling point is NOT DIRECTLY proportional to chain length. (2)

6.3
6.3.1 P (1)

6.3.2 R (1)
6.4
 Between alkane molecules are London forces. 
 In addition to London forces and dipole-dipole forces each alcohol molecule has
one site for hydrogen bonding. 
 In addition to London forces and dipole-dipole forces each carboxylic acid
molecule has two sites for hydrogen bonding. 
 Intermolecular forces in carboxylic acids are stronger than intermolecular forces
in alkanes and alcohols. 
 More energy is needed to overcome intermolecular forces in carboxylic acids
than in the other two compounds.  (5)
[11]

QUESTION 7

7.1 Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae. (2)

7.2 Chain  (1)

7.3 From A to C:
 Structure:
Less branched / less compact / larger surface area (over which intermolecular
forces act).
 Intermolecular forces:
Stronger intermolecular forces. 
 Energy:
More energy needed to overcome intermolecular forces.  (3)

7.4 A
Lowest boiling point.  (2)

7.5 C5H12 + 8O2 5CO2 + 6H2O  Bal  (3)

[11]

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 74 FS/2017

ORGANIC MOLECULES: ORGANIC REACTIONS

QUESTION 1

1.1
1.1.1 Substitution / chlorination / halogenation  (1)

1.1.2 Substitution / hydrolysis  (1)

1.2
1.2.1 Hydrogenation  (1)
1.2.2 H  H H H
H

+ 
H C C H H H C C C H
C

H H H H
H H (3)
Marking criteria:
1.3  Whole structure correct: 
Cℓ H H
 Only functional group correct: 
H C C C

HH H H (2)
1.4
1.4.1 Esterification  (1)

1.4.2 Concentrated H2SO4 / sulphuric acid  (1)

1.4.3  Marking criteria:

H H H O H  Whole structure correct: 

H O
C C C C C H 

H H H H (2)

1.4.4 Propyl ethanoate  (2)

1.5 Sulphuric acid / H2SO4  (1)

[15]

QUESTION 2

2.2 Unsaturated 
Contains a double bond / multiple bond between C atoms.  (2)

2.2
2.2.1 H H H H

H C C C C H 

H H O H
Terms, definitions, questions and answers
Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 75 FS/2017

H (2)

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 76 FS/2017

2.2.2 Addition / hydration  (1)

2.3
2.3.1 2-chlorobutane  (2)

2.3.2 H H H H (1)

H C C C C H 

Cl H H H

2.4

2.4.1 H2O OR dilute NaOH / KOH  (1)

Mild heat 

2.4.2 Substitution / hydrolysis  (1)

2.4.3 C4H9Cℓ + NaOH → C4H10O + NaCℓ  bal. 

OR
C4H9Cℓ + H2O → C4H10O + HCℓ  bal.  (3)
[15]

QUESTION 3

3.1
3.1.1 Hydrolysis  (1)

3.1.2 (Mild) heat 

Dilute (strong) base/aqueous base  (2)

3.1.3 Ethanol  (1)

3.2
3.2.1 Esterification  (1)

3.2.2
O Marking criteria:
  Functional group correct: 
H   Whole structure correct: 
C O H
(2)

3.2.3 Ethylmethanoate  (2)

[9]

QUESTION 4
4.1
4.1.1 Esterification / Condensation  (1)
4.1.2
O

C O C 
(1)
4.1.3 Propanoic acid  (1)

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 77 FS/2017
4.1.4 Dehydration / elimination  (1)

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 75 FS/2017

4.1.5 (Concentrated) H2SO4 / sulphuric acid / H3PO4 / phosphoric acid  (1)

4.1.6 Marking criteria:

H H
 Only functional group correct: 
  Whole structure correct: 
C C

H H (2)

4.2
4.2.1 H H Marking criteria:
 Functional group correct: 
C C   Whole structure correct: 

H H (2)

4.2.2 Addition  (1)

[10]

QUESTION 5

5.1
5.1.1 Addition  (1)

5.1.2 Polyethene  (1)

5.2
5.2.1 Chloroethane  (2)

5.2.2 Hydrohalogenation/hydrochlorination  (1)

5.3
5.3.1
O
H 

H C C O
H
(2)
H

5.3.2 HCℓ / hydrogen chloride  (1)

5.4
5.4.1 Saturated 
There are no double / multiple bonds between C atoms.  (2)

5.4.2 H2 / hydrogen gas (1)

5.4.3 2C2H6 + 7O2 → 4CO2 + 6H2O  Bal.  (3)

[14]

QUESTION 6

6.1
6.1.1 Addition / Hydrogenation  (1)

6.1.2 Elimination / Dehydrohalogenation / Dehydrobromination  (1)

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 76 FS/2017

6.1.3 Substitution / Halogenation / Bromination  (1)

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 77 FS/2017

6.2
6.2.1 Pt / platinum  (1)

6.2.2 H2SO4 / sulphuric acid  (1)

6.2.3 Hydration  (1)

6.2.4 2-bromopropane  (2)

6.3 H H H H H

H
H C C C H H C C H  + H2O 
C

H O H Marking guidelines
H Whole structure of alkene correct: 
Only functional group correct: 

H
(5)

6.4 Higher temperature 

Concentrated base  (2)
[15]

QUESTION 7

7.1
7.1.1 High temperature / heat / high energy / high pressure  (1)

7.1.2 C6H12  (1)

7.1.3 Alkenes  (1)

7.2 X / C6H12 / Alkene 

OPTION 1
 X has a double bond. / X is unsaturated. 
 X can undergo addition. 
 X will react without light / heat. 
OPTION 2
 Butane is an alkane OR butane is saturated. 
 Butane can only undergo substitution. 
 Butane will only react in the presence of light or heat.  (4)

7.3
7.3.1 2-chlorobutane  (2)

7.3.2 Substitution / Hydrolysis  (1)

7.3.3 H H H H

H C C
C C H

H H
Terms, definitions, questions and answers
  Only functional group correct: 

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 78 FS/2017

7.3.4 Hydration  (1)

[13]

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 79 FS/2017

REACTION RATE AND ENERGY IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS

QUESTION 1

1.1 Change in concentration of products / reactants per unit time.  (2)

1.2
1.2.1 Temperature  (1)

1.2.2 Rate of reaction / Volume of gas formed per unit time  (1)
1.3
 Larger mass / amount / surface area. 
 More effective collisions per unit time. / More particles collide with sufficient
kinetic energy & correct orientation per unit time.  (3)
1.4
Marking criteria
Compare The reaction in exp. 1 is faster than in exp. 2 due to the higher

Exp.1 with acid concentration.
Exp. 2: Therefore the gradient of the graph representing exp. 1 is
greater / steeper than that of exp. 2. 

Compare The reaction in exp. 3 is faster than that in exp. 1 due to the

Exp. 1 with higher temperature.
Exp 3 & 4: The reaction in exp. 4 is faster than that in exp. 1 due to the
higher temperature / larger surface area.
OR 
Graph A represents exp. 4 due to the greater mass of CaCO3 -
greater yield of CO2 at a faster rate.
Therefore the gradient of the graphs of exp. 3 & 4 are

greater/steeper than that of exp. 1.
Final answer C  (6)

1.5 Marking criteria:

 Divide volume by: 25,7 
 Use ratio: n(CO2) = n(CaCO3) = 1:1 
m
 Substitute 100 in n  .
M
 Subtraction. 
 Final answer: 7,00 g to 7,5 g 
V
n(CO 2) =
Vm
4,5
= 25,7 
= 0,18 mol
n(CaCO3) = n(CO2) = 0,18 mol 
m
n(CaCO3) =
M
m
0,18 = m(CaCO )3= 18 g
100
m(CaCO3) not reacted: 25 – 18 = 7,00 g 
(5)
[18]

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 78 FS/2017

QUESTION 2

2.1 Exothermic 
Temperature increases during reaction. / Ti ˂ Tf  (2)

2.2 Larger surface area in experiment 2.  (1)

2.3 More than one independent variable. 

OR Different concentrations and state of division. (1)

2.4 Faster than 

A catalyst is used in experiment 5. 
 A catalyst provides an alternative pathway of lower activation energy. 
 More molecules have sufficient kinetic energy. 
 More effective collisions per unit time.  (5)

2.5 m
n(Zn) =
M = = 0,018 mol
1,2
65
n(HCℓ)reacted = 2n(Zn) = 2(0,018) = 0,037 mol 
n 0,037 -3 -1
Rate = = = 4,63 x 10 mol∙s 
t 8 (6)
[15]

QUESTION 3

3.1 Exothermic 
∆H < 0 / Energy is released.  (2)

3.2 OPTION 1 OPTION 2

3.2.1 n(HCℓ) = cV c
-3 Ave rate 
= (1,5) (30 x 10 )  t
= 0,045 mol
n (0 1,5) 
Ave rate  
(60 0) 
t -3 -1
= 0,025 mol∙dm ∙s
(0  45 ) 

(60 0)  average rate = (0,025)(30 x 10-3) 
-4 -1 -4 -1
= 7,5 x 10 mol∙s  = 7,5 x 10 (mol∙s ) 

(5)

3.2.2(a) Increases 
 The reaction is exothermic, resulting in an increase in temperature. 
 More molecules have sufficient kinetic energy. 
 More effective collisions per unit time.  (4)

3.2.2(b) Decreases 
Concentration of acid decreases. 
OR The surface area of magnesium decreases. (2)

3.3 ANY TWO

 Higher temperature 
 Larger surface area/state of division/contact area of Mg. / Use Mg powder. 
 Addition of a catalyst. (2)
[15]
Terms, definitions, questions and answers
 Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 79 FS/2017

QUESTION 4

4.1 Time: Stop watch 

Volume: Gas syringe / burette  (2)

4.2
4.2.1 t1  (1)

4.2.2 t3  (1)

4.3 Between t1 and t2  (1)

4.4
Exp. 2 
Volume (cm3)

Exp. 1



 Exp. 3

Time (s)
Marking criteria
Exp. Initial gradient higher than that of Exp.1. 
2 Curve reaches same constant volume as for Exp. 1 (but earlier). 
Exp. Initial gradient lower than that of Exp.1. 
3 Curve reaches a smaller constant volume as for Exp. 1 (later stage). 
(4)

4.5.1 Marking criteria

-3
n(HCℓ) = (0,1)(100 x 10 )
 Use mole ratio: n(Zn) = ½n(HCℓ)
m
 Substitute 65 into n = .
M
 n(Znfinal) = n(Zninitial) – n(Znused)
m(Znfinal) = m(Zninitial) – m(Znused)
 Final answer: 0,33 g – 0,48 g
OPTION 1 OPTION 2
n(HCℓ) = cV n(HCℓ) = cV
-3 -3
= (0,1)(100 x 10 )  = (0,1)(100 x 10 ) 
= 0,01 mol = 0,01 mol
n(Zn reacted): n(Zn reacted) = ½n(HCℓ)
n(Zn) = ½n(HCℓ) = ½(0,01) 
-3
= ½(0,01)  = 5 x 10 mol
-3
= 5 x 10 mol m
-3 n(Zn)i =
m(Zn reacted) = (5 x 10 )(65)  M
= 0,325 g
m(Znf) = 0,8 – 0,325  0,8
= 65 
= 0,48 g (0,475 g) -2
= 1,23 x 10 mol
-2 -3
n(Zn)f = 1,23 x 10 – 5 x 10 
-3
= 7,3 x 10 mol
-3
m(Zn) = nM = (7,3 x 10 )(65) = 0,47 g 

(5)

4.5.2 Smaller than  (1)

Terms, definitions, questions and answers
Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 80 FS/2017

QUESTION 4
[15]

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

 Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 80 FS/2017

QUESTION 5
5.1 ANY TWO:
Increase temperature. 
Increase concentration of acid. 
Add a catalyst.  (2)
5.2 Change in concentration of products / reactants per unit time.  (2)
5.3
5.3.1

(3)
5.3.2

(3)
-3
5.3.3 1,15 to 1,25 mol∙dm  (1)
5.3.4
 Concentration of reactants decreases. 
 Less particles per unit volume. 
 Less effective collisions per unit time.  (3)

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 81 FS/2017

5.3.5

(5)
[19]

QUESTION 6

6.1 ANY TWO:

Temperature of reaction mixture 
Addition of a catalyst 
Concentration of reactants (2)

6.2 Sulphur / S  (1)

6.3 Water is used to dilute/change the concentration of the Na2S2O3(aq)  (1)

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 82 FS/2017

6.4 Criteria for investigative question:

The dependent and independent variables are stated correctly. 
Asks a question about the relationship between dependent and independent

variables.

Dependent variable: reaction rate

Independent variable: concentration

Examples:
 What is the relationship between concentration and reaction rate?
 How does the reaction rate change with change in concentration? (2)
6.5 A (1)

6.6 Experiment B:
 The concentration of Na2S2O3(aq) is higher. / More Na2S2O3 particles per unit
volume. 
 More particles with correct orientation. 
 More effective collisions per unit time.  (3)

6.7 OPTION 1 OPTION 2 OPTION 3

m
cm  n   3
MV M 250 cm ..... 62,5 g
3 10
62,5 62,5 10 cm ....... x 62,5
  158 250
(158 )(0,25)
0,396 mol  m(Na2S2O3in D)
1,58 mol dm = 2,5 g
3
m
n n(Na S O in D) =
c  2 2 3
V M
2,5
0,396 = 158  
 0,25
= 0,0158 mol
1,58 mol dm 3

n(Na2S2O3 in D) = cV
= (1,58)(0,01) 
= 0,0158 mol

n(S) = (Na2S2O3) 
= 0,0158
m
n 
M
m
0,0158 
32
m 0,51 g 
(7)
[17]

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 83 FS/2017

QUESTION 7

7.1
7.1.1 The minimum energy needed for a reaction to take place.  (2)

7.1.2
75
Potential energy (kJ)

-196

Course of reaction
Marking criteria:
Shape of curve for exothermic reaction as shown. 
Energy of activated complex shown as 75 kJ in line with the peak. 
Energy of products shown as − 196 kJ below the zero. 
IF: Wrong shape, e.g. straight line. 0
3 (3)

7.1.3 Marking criteria

 Dotted line (---) on graph in QUESTION 7.1.2 showing lower energy for activated
complex. 
 Dotted curve starts at/above energy of reactants and ends at/above energy of
products on the inside of the original curve.  (2)

7.1.4  A catalyst provides an alternative pathway of lower activation energy. 

 More molecules have sufficient kinetic energy. 
 More effective collisions per unit time.  (3)

7.2
7.2.1 V
Ave rate =
t
= 52 16
40 10 
3 -1
= 1,2 (dm ∙s )  (3)

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

 Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 84 FS/2017

7.2.2 Marking criteria:

3
 V(O2) = 60 dm AND divide volume by 24. 
 Use ratio: n(H2O2) = 2n(O2) = 1:2 
-1 m
 Use 34 g∙mol in n  or in ratio calculation. 
M
 Final answer: 170 g 
OPTION 1 OPTION 2 OPTION 3
V 3
24 dm : 1 mol V
n(O2) = 3 n(O2) =
60 dm : 2,5 mol 
VM VM
60 n(H2O2) = 2n(O2) 60
= 24  = 24 
= 2(2,5) 
= 2,5 mol = 5 mol = 2,5 mol

n(H2O2) = 2n(O2) m
34 g : 1 mol n(O2) =
= 2(2,5)  x : 5 mol M
= 5 mol x = 170 g  m
2,5 =
m 32
n(H2O2) = m = 80 g
M
m 
5 = 2(34) gH2O2 .......32 g O2
34 x g H2O2 ................ 80 g O2
m = 170 g 
m(H2O2) = 170 g 

(4)

7.2.3 Equal to  (1)

7.3
7.3.1 Q (1)

7.3.2 P (1)
[20]

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

 Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 85 FS/2017

CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
QUESTION 1

1.1 The stage in a chemical reaction when the rate of forward reaction equals the rate of
reverse reaction. 
OR
The stage in a chemical reaction when the concentrations of reactants and products
remain constant. (2)
1.2 CALCULATIONS USING NUMBER OF MOLES
 Correct Kc expression (formulae in square brackets). 
 Substitution of concentrations into KC expression. 
 Substitution of KC value. 
3
 Equilibrium concentration of both NO & N O multiplied by 0,08 dm . 
2 2 4
 Change in n(N2O4) = equilibrium n(N2O4) – initial n(N2O4) 
 USING ratio: NO2 : N2O4 = 2 : 1 
 Initial n(NO2)= equilibrium n(NO2) + change n(NO2). 
 Final answer: 1,11 (mol) 
OPTION 1
[N2O4 2]
K c  [NO ] 
2
[N O ]
171 = 2 42 
[NO ]
2
[N2O4] = 171 x (0,2)2
-3
= 6,84 mol∙dm

NO2 N 2 O4
Initial quantity (mol) 1,11  0
Change (mol) 1,094 0,55 
Quantity2at equilibrium (mol)/
OPTION 0,016 0,55
-3
Equilibrium concentration (mol∙dm ) 0,2 6,84
[N O
2 42]
K c  [NO ] 
2
[N2O4 ]
171 = 
2
(0,2)
[N2O4] = 171 x (0,2)2
-3
= 6,84 mol∙dm
Equilibrium moles:
n(N2O4) = (6,84)(0,080)
= 0,55 mol
n(NO2) = (0,2)(0,080)
= 0,016 mol
n(N2O4 formed) = 0,55 – 0 = 0,55 mol 
Ratio:
n(NO2 reacted) = 2n(N2O4 formed) = 2(0,55) = 1,094 mol 
Initial n(NO2) = 0,016 + 1,094 = 1,11 (mol) 

(8)
Terms, definitions, questions and answers
Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 86 FS/2017
1.3
1.3.1 Concentration (of the gases) increases. / Molecules become more condensed or
move closer to each other.  (1)

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 87 FS/2017

1.3.2  Increase in pressure favours the reaction that leads to smaller number of moles
of gas. 
 Forward reaction is favoured. 
 Number of moles/amount of N2O4 / colourless gas increases.
OR Number of moles/amount of NO2 / brown gas decreases.  (3)
1.4
1.4.1 Darker  (1)
1.4.2 Decreases  (1)
[16]
QUESTION 2
2.1 A reaction is reversible when products can be converted back to reactants.  (1)
2.2 No change  (1)
2.3
2.3.1 Temperature decreases  (1)
2.3.2 Decrease in temperature decreases the rate of both forward and reverse
reactions. 
 Decrease in temperature favours the exothermic reaction. 
 The rate of the reverse (exothermic) reaction is faster or the reverse reaction is
favoured.  (3)
2.4

(6)

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

 Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 88 FS/2017

2.5 1
Kc = = 50 
(1)
0,02

2.6 Increases  (1)

[14]

QUESTION 3

3.1 When the equilibrium (in a closed system) is disturbed, the system will re-instate a
new equilibrium by favouring the reaction that will cancel the disturbance.  (2)

3.2
3.2.1 Remains the same  (1)

3.2.2 Increases  (1)

3.3 OPTION 1 Marking criteria:

Kc = [NH3][H2S]   Kc expression.
-4
1,2 x 10-4 = [NH3][H2S]  Substitution of 1,2 x 10 .
3
[NH3] = [H2S]  x volume (5 dm )
= 0,011 mol∙dm
-3  Use mole ratio: 1:1
-1
n(NH3) = cV  Substitution 51 g∙mol
= (0,011)(5)   Final answer: 2,81 g
= 0,06 mol (0,06 mol)
n(NH4HS) = n(NH3) = 0,06 mol 
m(NH4HS) = nM
= (0,06)(51) 
= 2,81 g 
OPTION 2
NH4HS NH3 H2S
Initial quantity (mol) 0 0
Change (mol) x x x
Quantity at equilibrium (mol) - x x
-3
Equilibrium concentration (mol∙dm ) x x Divide by
- 5
5 5
Kc = [NH3][H2S] 
x x
1,2 x 10-4= ( )( )
5 5
x = 0,0547 mol
m(NH4HS) = nM
= (0,0547) (51) 
= 2,79 g 
(6)

3.4 Decreases 
 Increase in pressure favours the reaction that leads to the smaller number of
moles of gas. 
(3)
 The reverse reaction is favoured. 
[13]

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 89 FS/2017

QUESTION 4

4.1 Equal to  (1)

4.2 2
Kc = [X 3 ] 3 
[X 2 ]
2
(0,226) 
=
(0,06) 
3

= 236,46  (4)

4.3 (1)
4.3.1 Increases 

4.3.2  The increase in [X3] is opposed. / Change is opposed. 

 The reverse reaction is favoured. / X3 is used. / [X3] decreases.  (2)

4.4 Higher than  (1)

4.5 Exothermic 
 The concentration of the product / X3(g) is lower. / The concentration of the
reactant / X2(g) is higher. 
 The increase in temperature favoured the reverse reaction. 
 According to Le Chatelier's principle an increase in temperature favours the
endothermic reaction. 
OR
 [X3] decreases and [X2] increases. 
 Kc decreases if temperature increases. 
 Decrease in temperature favoured the forward reaction.  (4)

4.6
Number of particles

300 °C

400 °C

Kinetic energy
Marking criteria
Peak of curve at 400 °C lower than at 300 °C and shifted to the right. 
Curve at 400 °C has larger area at the higher Ek. 
(2)
[15]

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 89 FS/2017

QUESTION 5

5.1

(4)

5.2 For equilibrium, a forward and a reverse reaction are needed. 

OR Without CaO(s), the reverse reaction is not possible.
OR If only CO2 is present, the reverse reaction cannot take place. (1)

5.3 CO2 is a gas and will escape if the container is not sealed.  (1)

5.4 OPTION 1 (POSITIVE MARKING FROM Q6.1)

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 99 FS/2017

OPTION 2 (POSITIVE MARKING FROM Q6.1)

(7)

5.5
5.5.1 Remains the same  (1)

5.5.2 Decreases  (1)

5.6 Endothermic 

 Kc decreases with decrease in temperature. 

 Therefore the product of the concentration of products decreases./The reverse
reaction is favoured. 
 A decrease in temperature favours the exothermic reaction. 
OR
 Kc increases with increase in temperature. 
 Increase in temperature favours the forward reaction. 
 Increase in temperature favours the endothermic reaction.  (4)
[19]

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 91 FS/2017

QUESTION 6

6.1 Reversible reaction  (1)

6.2 Endothermic 
ΔH is positive. / ΔH > 0  (2)

6.3 Larger than 

Kc > 1  (2)
6.4
OPTION 1
m
n 
M
168
 28
6 mol

CO2 CO
Initial quantity (mol) x 0 ratio 
Change (mol) 3 6
Quantity at equilibrium (mol) x–3 6
Divide by 2 
-3 x 3
Equilibrium concentration (mol∙dm ) 3
2
2
K c [CO] 
[CO ]
2
2
(3)
14 = 
x 3
2
x = 4,29 mol 

OPTION 2
m n
n  c 
M V
168 6
  Divide by 2 
28  2
6 mol 3 mol dm 3

CO2 CO
ratio 
-3
Initial concentration (mol∙dm ) x
0
-3
Change (mol∙dm ) 1,5 3
Equilibrium
2 concentration (mol∙dm )
-3 x 1,5  3
K c  [CO] 
[CO ]
2
2
[3]
14 = 
x 1,5
 x = 2,14 mol∙dm-3
n(CO2) = cV = (2,14)(2) = 4,29 mol 

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 92 FS/2017

OPTION 3
m
n 
M
168
 28 
6 mol
CO2 CO
Initial quantity (mol) 4,28 0
Change (mol) 3 6
Quantity at equilibrium (mol) 1,28  6 ratio 
-3
Equilibrium concentration (mol∙dm ) 0,64 3
x2
[CO]
Kc  2 
[CO 2 ]
2
[3]
14 
= [CO2
-3
 [CO2] = 0,64
] mol∙dm (9)

6.5
6.5.1 Remains the same  (1)

6.5.2 Decreases  (1)

6.5.3 Increases  (1)

[17]

QUESTION 7

7.1 The stage in a chemical reaction when the rate of forward reaction equals the rate of
reverse reaction. 
OR
The stage in a chemical reaction when the concentrations / quantities of reactants
and products remain constant. (2)

7.2
7.2.1 Remains the same  (1)

7.2.2 Decreases 
 When the temperature is increased the reaction that will oppose this increase /
decrease the temperature will be favoured. 
OR
The forward reaction is exothermic.
 An increase in temperature favours the endothermic reaction. 
 The reverse reaction is favoured.  (4)

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 93 FS/2017

7.3 Marking criteria:

 Vertical parallel lines show a sudden increase in rate of both forward and reverse
reactions. 
 Horisontal parallel lines showing a constant higher rate for both forward and
reverse catalysed reactions after time t1. 
Reaction rate (mol∙s-1)

t1
Time (s)
. (2)

7.4 CALCULATIONS USING NUMBER OF MOLES

-1 m
 Use M(PbS) = 239 g∙mol in n  or in ratio calculation. 
M
 Use ratio: n(H2S)equil = n(PbS) 
 n(H2S)formed = n(H2S)equilibrium 
 USING ratio: H2 : H2S = 1 : 1 
 n(H2)equilibrium = n(H2)initial – n(H2)formed 
3
 Divide equilibrium n(H2S) & n(H2) by 2 dm . 
 Correct Kc expression 
 Substitution of concentrations into Kc expression. 
 Final answer: 0,07 

OPTION 1
m
n(PbS) =
M
2,39
= 239
= 0,01 mol
n(H2S)equilibrium = n(PbS) = 0,01 mol

H2 H2S
Initial quantity (mol) 0,16 0 ratio 
Change (mol) 0,01 0,01 
Quantity at equilibrium (mol) 0,15  0,01 divide by 2 
-3
Equilibrium concentration (mol∙dm ) 0,075 0,005
[H S]
K c [H2 ] 
2

0,005
0,075 
= 0,067 0,07 

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 94 FS/2017

OPTION 2
n(PbS) = m
M
= 2,39
239
= 0,01 mol
n(H2S)reacted = n(PbS) = 0,01 mol
= n(H2S)equilibrium

n(H2S)formed = n(H2S)equilibrium – n(H2S)initial

= 0,01 – 0 
= 0,01 mol

n(H2)reacted = n(H2S)formed = 0,01 mol

n(H2)equilibrium = n(H2)initial - n(H2)reacted

= 0,16 - 0,01 
= 0,15 mol
n
c(H2) = n
c(H2S) =
V V
0,15 0,01
= 2  = 2
-3 -3
= 0,075 mol∙dm = 0,005 mol∙dm
[H2S]
Kc  
[H2 ]
0,005

0,075 
= 0,067 0,07  (9)
[18]

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 95 FS/2017

ACIDS AND BASES

QUESTION 1

1.1
1.1.1 Ionises / dissociates completely in water.  (1)

3 / Nitrate ion 
1.1.2  (1)
NO
+ +
1.1.3 pH = - log[H3O ] / - log[H ] = -log(0,3) = 0,52  (3)
1.2
1.2.1 n
c  
V
n
2= 
0,1
 n(HCℓ) = 0,2 mol  (3)
1.2.2 Burette  (1)
1.2.3 B
Titration of strong acid and strong base.  (3)
1.2.4 The number of moles of acid in the flask remains constant.  (1)

1.2.5 n n
  n = 4,2 x 10 mol 
-3
c   0,2 =
V 0,021
-3
n(HCℓ)excess = n(NaOH) = 4,2 x 10 mol (3)
1.2.6 POSITIVE MARKING FROM QUESTION 1.2.1 AND 1.2.5.

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

 m 36,5
n(MgO reacted) = m(HCℓ reacted) = 7,154 g
M 40 g MgO .............. 73 g HCℓ 
m
 0,098 =
Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry)
 Gr 12 96x g MgO ................... 7,154 g FS/2017
40 x = 3,92 g
m = 3,92 g 3,92
3,92 % purity = 
% purity =  4,5 100
4,5 100 = 87,11% 
= 87,11%  (5)
[21]

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 97 FS/2017

QUESTION 2

2.1
+
2.1.1 An acid is a proton (H ion) donor.  (1)

2.1.2 It ionises to form 2 protons for each H2SO4 molecule. / It ionises to form 2 moles of
+
H ions. 
OR
+
It donates 2 H ions per H2SO4 molecule. (1)

2.2
2.2.1 Amphiprotic substance / Ampholyte  (1)

2.2.2 H2CO3  (1)

2.3
2.3.1

(6)

2.3.2

(2)

2.3.3 Shows end point of titration. / Shows when neutralisation occurs.  (1)

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

 Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 97 FS/2017

2.3.4

(8)
[22]

QUESTION 3

3.1
3.1.1 Diprotic  (1)

3.1.2 H2O 
2
(COO) 2  (2)
3.1.3  

HC 2O4 /H(COO) 2 
It acts as base (in reaction I) and as acid (in reaction II).  (2)

3.2 Ionises / dissociates incompletely / partially.  (1)

3.3 OPTION 1 OPTION 2 Marking guidelines:

n  Any formula of:
m c  
c 
MV  V m n
n
c  / c  / n
0,2  0,2 =  m
m  MV V M
0,25
0,2590 n = 0,05 mol 3
 m  Substitution of V as 0,25 dm .
n=
m 4,5 g  M -1
 Substitution of 90 g∙mol .
m
0,05 =
90   Final answer: 4,5 g
m = 4,5 g 

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 98 FS/2017
(4)

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

 Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 99 FS/2017

3.4
3.4.1 OPTION 1 Marking guidelines:
c a Va n a  Formula
   Substitution of 0,2 x 25.
c b Vb n b 3
0,2 25 1  Use Vb = 36 cm .
   Use mol ratio 1:2.
cb 36 2  Final answer: 0,28 mol∙dm
-3
-3
cb = 0,28 mol∙dm 

OPTION 2 Marking guidelines:

n((COOH)2) = cV   Any ONE of formulae.
= (0,2)(0,025)   Substitution of 0,2 x 0,025.
= 0,005 mol  Use mol ratio 1:2.
n(NaOH) =2(0,005)  Use Vb = 0,036 dm .
3

= 0,01 mol  Final answer:

n -3
c  0,28 mol∙dm
V
0,01
= 0036
-3
= 0,28 mol∙dm 

(5)
3.4.2 (COO)
2 -

2 (aq) + 2H2O(ℓ) ⇌ (COOH)2(aq) + 2OH (aq)  Bal.  (3)

[18]
QUESTION 4

4.1
4.1.1 Hydrolysis  (1)

4.1.2 Acidic 
+
Forms H3O ions during hydrolysis. 
OR
Salt of strong acid and weak base. (2)

4.2
4.2.1 n = cV 
= (0,1)(0,1) 
= 0,01 mol  (3)

4.2.2 POSITIVE MARKING FROM QUESTION 7.2.1.

Marking criteria
 Substitute volume and concentration to calculate n(HCℓ) 
 Use mole ratio: n(NaOH) = n(HCℓ) = 1:1 
 n(NaOH) x 4 OR V(HCℓ) x 4 OR n(HCℓ) x 4 
 Subtraction: n(NaOHinitial) - n(NaOHexcess) 
 Use mole ratio: n(NaOH) = n(NH4Cℓ) = 1:1 
-1 m
 Substitute 53,5 g·mol in n = .
M
 Percentage calculation 
 Final answer: 0,11 g - 0,21 g 

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 10 FS/2017
0
OPTION 1
-3 -3
n(HCℓ) = caVa = (0,11)(14,55 x 10 ) = 1,6 x 10 mol
-3
n(NaOH) = n(HCℓ) = 1,6 x 10 mol 
3 -3
n(NaOH excess) in 100 cm = 1,6 x 10 x 4 
-3
= 6,4 x 10 mol
-3
n(NaOH reacted) = 0,01 - 6,4 x 10 
-3
= 3,6 x 10 mol
-3
n(NH4Cℓ) = n(NaOH) = 3,6 x 10 mol (0,003598 mol)

m(NH4Cℓ) = nM x m
-3
= (3,6 x 10 )(53,5) n(NH4Cℓ) = 0,92  n(NH4Cℓ) =
= 0,193 g 53,5 53,5 
 m
x 3,6 x 10-3 =
92% : 0,193 g 3,6 x 10-3 = 0,92 53,5
100% : x 53,5 n(NH4Cℓ) = 0,192 g

x = 0,193 100  x = 0,21 g  m(fertiliser):

92 0,192 100
m= 
= 0,21 g  92
= 0,21 g 
OPTION 2 OPTION 3
3 3
V(HCℓ) to neutralise 100 cm NaOH: n(HCℓ) to neutralise 100 cm NaOH:
V(HCℓ) = 14,55 x 4  n(HCℓ) = cV
3
= 58,2 cm = (0,11)(0,01455 x 4) 
-3
= 0,006402 mol (6,4 x 10 mol)
n(HCℓ) = cV
= (0,11)(0,0582)  n(NaOHexcess):
-3
= 0,006402 mol n(NaOH) = n(HCℓ) = 6,4 x 10 mol 

n(NaOH) = n(HCℓ) n(NaOHreacted):

= 0,006402 mol  n(NaOH) = 0,01 - 0,006402 
= 0,003598 mol
n(NaOHreacted):
n(NaOH) = 0,01 - 0,006402  n(NH4Cℓ) = n(NaOH)
= 0,003598 mol = 0,003598 mol 

n(NH4Cℓ) = n(NaOH) m(NH4Cℓ) = nM

= 0,003598 mol  = (0,003598)(53,5) 
= 0,192 g
m(NH4Cℓ) = nM
= (0,003598)(53,5)  92% : 0,192 g
= 0,192 g 100
100% : 0,192 x = 0,21 g 
92
92% : 0,192 g
0,192
100 = 0,21 g 
100% : (8)
92

Terms, definitions, questions and answers

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 100 FS/2017

4.3 OPTION 1 OPTION 2

- -3 -
[OH ] = [NaOH] = 0,5 mol∙dm pOH = -log[OH ] 
= -log(0,5) 
+ -
Kw = [H3O ][OH ] = 0,301
-14 +
1 x 10 = [H3O ]0,5 
[H3O+] = 2 x 10-14 mol∙dm-3 pH + pOH = 14
pH = 14 – 0,301 
+
pH = -log[H ]  = 13,7  (13,699)
-14
= -log(2 x 10 ) 
= 13,7  (4)
[18]

QUESTION 5

5.1 It is a proton donor.  (2)

5.2
5.2.1 (aq) 
2 (1)
CO 3

+
HCO 3(aq) + H3O (aq)  Bal.  (3)
5.2.2 H2CO3 + H2O

⇌
5.2.3

(5)

5.3
+ +
5.3.1 An acid that donates ONE proton / H ion / H3O ion. 
OR
+ +
An acid of which ONE mol ionises to form ONE mol of protons / H ions / H3O ions. (1)

5.3.2

(5)

5.3.3 Weak 
+ +
The [H ] OR [H3O ] is lower than the concentration of acid X. 
Therefore the acid is incompletely ionised.  (3)
[20]

Terms, definitions, questions and answers