LECTURE - 21
⬇ HAPPY BIRTHDAY SIR
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Split Backstory:
After Bengal Partition in 1905, various Anti-partition movements emerged, for e.g.
Swadeshi, boycott etc.
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Some leaders who wanted to take these anti-partition movements to the national level
were called extremist.
Those who wanted to restrict it to the Bengal region were called moderates.
At Surat Session of INC (1907) - presided by Rash Behari Ghosh.
Extremists wanted Tilak as President
Moderates opposed; chose Rash Behari Ghosh
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INC formally splits into Moderates and Extremists
- Petition
• They had ideological difference as well, Moderates believed in PPP i.e.
T Prayer, then
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Protest
• Extremists were made to leave INC
• Reunion of Moderates & Extremists in 1916 session at Lucknow.
Presided by Ambika Charan Majumdar. Y
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Lucknow Pact, 1916- a joint pact
between INC & Muslim league
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> Formed Ramosi Peasant force.
• Munda rebellion against Dikus(outsiders), 1899
• Janjatiya Gaurav divas celebrated on his birthday, 15 Nov.
• Jharkhand created on 15 Nov, 2000.
SANTHAL REBELLION :
Led by Sidhu and Kanhu Murmu, in 1855-56
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1236 40
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*All these rulers have been discussed in
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87 previous lectures in detail.
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1211 -
1236
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—also known as Dilras Banu Begum.
• Title- Zinda Pir
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• Treaty of Purandar, 1665
b/w Jai Singh and Shivaji
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(living saint.)
7 • Battles:
Battle of Dharmat (1658)
Battle of Samugarh (1658)
AURANGZEB
• Appointed Muhtasib &
Battle of Deorai, (1659)
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( religious officer) (1658-1707)
• Executed Darashikoh
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• Wrote : Fatwa-i-Alamgiri. (his brother)
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• Killed 9th Sikh
Guru Tegh Bahadur
Secretary Viceroy
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Montague Chelmsford
- Ended Dyarchy
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Indian Council Act
• Extended separate electorate to other religions. i.e. Anglo Indians, christians, sikhs etc.
• Dyarchy introduced in provinces. S
• Introduced Bicameralism in centre. Further bifurcated into :
• Divided subjects in two parts - central and provincial list Reserved - Adminitration, finance, etc
Transferred - Health, Sanitation, etc
Known as:
• “Guardian of Public Purse”
• Guide and Philosopher to Public
Accounts Committee.
till
yes of aga
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or
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Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG)
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• Part V, Chapter V, Article 148–151
• Appointed by: President
• B.R. Ambedkar’s mentioned CAG as the “Most important officer under the Constitution”
• CAG related Articles:
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Article 148: Office of Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG), appointment,
removal, salary and other conditions of service.
Article 149: Duties and powers of CAG.
Article 150: Form of accounts of the Union and of the States.
Article 151: Audit reports must be submitted to President.
1st CAG: V. Narhari Rao.
Presently: Sanjay Murthy
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A
National emergency: Part 18, Art 352
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Emergency discussed in previous lectures in detail.
Duration of both houses mentioned in Article 83.
LS : 5 years, or can extend for1 year at a time during national emergency.
RS : No duration because it’s the permanent house. , 1/3rd members retire every 2 years.
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MONSOON
(Arabic "Mausim"); means seasonal reversal of winds.
• Summer heating creates low pressure over land warm air
rises, draws in moist air from oceans.
• Coriolis force deflects winds, aiding the southwest flow.
• Southwest monsoon named for its direction (from SW).
• Easterly jet stream at ~14°N helps trigger monsoon.
• Winds split into:
Arabian Sea branch hits Western Ghats orographic
rainfall.
A sub-branch moves toward Aravallis, gives little rain
Bay of Bengal branch moves to NE hills: Garo, Khasi, Jaintia.
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• Mawsynram (in Khasi Hills) gets highest rainfall in the world.
• Both branches meet over Punjab region , causes rainfall due to
Convergence.
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Onset & Progression of Monsoon
• Monsoon arrives in Western Ghats (Kerala) in 1st week of June.
• Spreads across India by mid-July.
• Break in Monsoon: 1–2 week dry spell after onset of monsoon.
Reversal & Retreat of monsoon
• Retreat begins from NW India around September.
meeting zone of NE & SE trade winds.
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• Caused by southward shift of ITCZ (Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone) —
• Leads to high pressure over land, reversing wind flow from land to sea.
• Wind follows Coriolis force, flowing from high to low pressure.
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Northeast (Retreating) Monsoon
• Known as Northeast Monsoon (Oct–Dec).
• Brings rain to Coromandel Coast — especially Tamil Nadu & Andhra Pradesh.
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• Period marked by "October Heat" — hot, humid days post monsoon.
Aspects South-West Monsoon North-East Monsoon
Season June to September October to December
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Wind Direction Southwest to Northeast (SW -> Northeast to Southwest (NE ->
NE) SW)
Source of Moisture Indian Ocean Bay of Bengal
Regions Affected Most of India South Eastern Coast of India,
esp. Andhra Pradesh and Tamil
Nadu
Type of Rainfall Heavy Rainfall Moderate Rainfall
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• When sun, moon and the earth are in line , that’s called Syzygy position.
Umbra : Dark Shadow
Penumbra: Light Shadow.
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• New moon : Amavasya, Full moon : Purnima.
• 2nd full moon in a month’s calendar : Blue moon
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NALCO- National Aluminium company,
Aluminum Ore
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located in Odisha.
Largest Bauxite producing state: Odisha
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Taxonomy is that branch of science which deals with hierarchy.
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Trick to learn Biological Trick for animal kingdom: PC PA MEC —
Classification : Some Girls of our
P — Porifera
Class Play Kabaddi (Reverse order)
C — Coelenterate/ Cnidaria
C — Ctenophore.
Kabaddi -
K — Kingdom P — Platyhelminthes
Play P — Phylum A — Aschelmenthis
Class C — class A — Annelida
Our O — Order A — Arthropoda
Of F — Family M — Mollusca
Girls G — Genes E — Echinodermata
Some S — Species C — Chordata
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ARTHROPODA :
Jointed legs
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Open circulatory system
Bilateral symmetry Y Example:
Triploblastic Mosquito
Coelomate Silverfish
Largest class under Phylum: Arthropoda is Insecta Crayfish
Crabs
MOLLUSCA : Scorpion
2nd largest phylum
Jiggly/soft body
Ex: Octopus (Devil fish), Snail, Squid, etc.
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A
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Functional group often attach to a hydrocarbon and influence the properties of that compound.
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• Gametogenesis: formation of gametes.
(Spermatogenesis: Sperm formed in testes.)
R Viviparous: gives birth
Oviparous : gives birth
through laying eggs.
• Ovum formed in ovaries (meiosis completes at
A
Ovoviviparous : egg laying
fertilisation). mammals, egg develops inside
• Ovulation: Secondary oocyte released into fallopian tube. mother’s body.
• Sperm travel through cervix to reach fallopian tube. And
then-
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• Fertilisation: Sperm + ovum fuse zygot.
Implantation of embryo in uterus
• Gestation : zygote develops into foetus.
Followed by Parturition (childbirth)
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Ovary : primary sex
organs in female,
produces egg,
donation
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Eye
C
Blind spot: where image is
not formed
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• Control size of pupil 7 formation of image
• determines eye colour
Send message to the
• dark muscular structure
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brain .
L
• Controls amount of
light entering
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A
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• Helps in image
formation on retina
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• Facilitates adaptation
Rod cells: black and white image
Of lens
Cone cells : sensitive to colours.
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> Indore
> Mewati
Gharana
↑
Founder -> Mian Kallu or
Patiala gharana: Bade Ghulam Ali khan: known
as Tansen of 20th century
~
daughter of
Ali Bhutto
Zulfikar
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violation of
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Art .
0- 120 139 in 2025
(exception)
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PADMA AWARDS
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(Given on the eve of Republic Day)
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VIBHUSHAN BHUSHAN SHRI
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↓
2025 me 7 logo
ko mila hai.
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X
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