Shore supply is required so that the ship’s generators and their prime movers can be shut down

for major overhaul during a dry docking period. In a dry dock, the engine / generator cooling is
in most cases impossible.

Need for Shore supply:

1. Reduces fuel consumption which is costly
2. Reduces pollution around the port area
3. Helps in turning off major equipment for maintenance and overhaul

Location, parts and requirements:

1. Connection box to connect the shore supply cable is located at the entrance to the
accommodation or in the emergency generator room but connected to the main switch
board.
2. Have suitable terminals to accept the shore supply cable
3. Have an earthing terminal to connect the ship’s hull to the shore’s earth point.
4. Have a circuit-breaker or a switch and to protect the cable linking the connection box to
the main switchboard.
5. Have a data plate depicting details of the ship’s electrical system (voltage and frequency),
including the method for connecting the shore supply cables.
6. Fixtures for trailing cables to avoid excessive stress on the cable terminal,
7. The supply cables should be brought in through an opening or hatch and not over a door.
8. Cables are well insulated

Interlocking:
The shore supply switch on the main switchboard is interlocked with the generator supply
breakers so that it cannot be closed if the generator is online (including the emergency generator)
so as to prevent the shore power from being inadvertently paralleled with the shipboard power.
There will be a blackout during the changeover.

Procedure for Shore Power Reception:

1. Isolate the emergency generator to ensure it does not start.
2. When it is intended to receive power from the shore, confirm the “Power Available” light
is on.
3. Isolate all non-essential services, including sequential restart.
4. Check the shore supply voltage.
5. Check the phase sequence.
6. Close the breaker for shore power at the shore connection box.
7. Open all generator ACBs.
8. Close the breaker for shore power at the main switchboard.
9. Close the emergency switchboard tie breaker at the main switchboard.
10. Close the main switchboard tie breaker at the emergency switchboard to supply the
emergency switchboard as normal.
11. Proceed to supply essential services such as fire detection, lighting etc.
12. If no maintenance is scheduled for the emergency generator, it may be left on auto
standby.
Procedure for Transfer from Shore Supply to a Main Diesel Generator
1. Ensure the main switchboard is set to MANUAL.
2. Run up the chosen generator.
3. Set the synchronising switch to the incoming generator.
4. Ensure the voltage is approximately 440V.
5. Adjust the frequency of the generator to approximately 60Hz
6. Open the shore supply breaker at the main switchboard
 7. Close the generator ACB
8. Check the voltage and frequency
9. Change the Power management system(PMS) mode to automatic, if required
10. Change the emergency switchboard back to normal supply
11. Ensure the emergency generator is enabled to start if required.

Electrical Deck Auxiliaries

Consists of:
1. cargo winches

2. Cranes
3. Capstans (vertical axis used for winding a rope or cable)

4. warping winches
Used for ship anchoring, mooring, hauling and lifting operations

5. hatch-cover winches.

6. Mooring winch (winch barrel or a drum, a warp end and a driving motor)
 7. windlass (usually “windlass” refers only to horizontal cylinder winches)
(used for dropping and lifting heavy equipment. Eg anchor)

Starter
Need of starter
1. To reduce the starting current
2. To reduce the impact of voltage sag due to the large inrush current
3. To give enough time for the rotor to gain rotational inertia

DC Motor starterTypes:
1. Rheostatic starter
a. 3 point starter
b. 4 point starter
2. Automatic starter
a. Definite Time Starters
b. Counter EMF Starters
c. Current-Limit Starters

IM Starters:

1. Direct on line starting

2. Star- delta starting
3. Compensator starting (Auto Transformer)

Sync Motor starters:

1. Pony motor
2. Damper winding
Factors to consider when choosing an AC motor starter
1. Starting current
2. Size of machine
3. Starting pf
4. Stator connection
5. Amount of voltage reduction
6. Cost

What is an Earthing System?

An earthing system is defined as a set of conductors and electrodes that provide a low-
resistance path for electrical current to flow to the ground in the event of a fault or malfunction.
This is important for several reasons:
 Protection of equipment: An earthing system helps to protect electrical equipment
from damage due to overvoltage or short-circuit conditions. It also prevents static
buildup and power surges caused by nearby lightning strikes or switching operations.
 Protection of people: An earthing system helps to prevent electric shock hazards by
ensuring that the exposed metal parts of electrical installations are at the same potential
as the earth. It also facilitates the operation of protective devices such as circuit
breakers or residual current devices (RCDs) that can disconnect the supply in case of a
fault.
 Reference point: An earthing system provides a reference point for electrical circuits
and equipment so that they can operate at a safe voltage level with respect to the Earth.
This ensures that any electrical energy that is not used by the load is safely dissipated to
the earth.
Isolated and Earthed Neutral Systems

A Hull-return System is a system in which insulated conductors are provided for connection to
one pole or phase of the supply, the hull of the vessel or other permanently earthed structure
being used for effecting connections to the other pole or phase.

1. Standard practice on a majority of ships favors an unearthed (isolated) system.

a. Very little current will flow due to an earth fault on one phase, because there is no
easy path for it through the hull and back to the electrical system (gen).
b. An isolated neutral system is one that has its neutral electrically isolated from the
Earth.

c. Systems ashore have their neutrals normally earthed.

 d. In the ship, very little current will flow due to an earth fault on one phase, because
there is no easy path for it through the hull and back to the electrical system.
e. Although fault current is negligible with an isolated/unearthed neutral point,
over-voltages are high
f. The likely transient is 2.5*line voltage.
g. Rotating electrical machinery on board ships must be capable of withstanding
2*rated voltage+1000V, the minimum value being 2000V (in this case the rated
voltage is considered to be the line voltage).
h. However this can prove very dangerous to human life
i. An essential electric motor with an earth fault can be kept running until stoppage
for repair is convenient. (This would be as soon as possible in order to avoid a
full-phase fault that would result if an earth fault occurred on another phase as
well.)
j. The priority requirement onboard a ship is to maintain continuity of the electrical
supply to equipment in the event of a single earth fault occurring

2. The priority ashore is immediate isolation of the earth-faulted equipment

3. An earthed system has the neutral point connected to the earth.
4. A few vessels have electrical distribution systems with an earthed neutral

a. The neutral point of the alternator is connected to the steel hull.

b. Danger exists when a neutral is connected to the hull because the three phases are
always at a different potential in comparison to the neutral.
c. When the neutral is connected to the hull, the generator's centre is extended as a
node throughout the entire length of the ship incorporating all conductive
materials connected to the hull
d. Any accidental contact between current-carrying conductors is potentially fatal.
 e. Shore facilities make extensive use of the neutral conductor to carry current but
ships rarely employ such a circuit.
f. Equipment with an earth fault, with the system earthed, must be disconnected
immediately if a fault develops. This is made possible by the level of fault current
that is high enough to operate a trip relay or circuit.
g. E.g. case:
In the case of a motor, if the neutral is opened due to a fault protection device and
the other power supply lead did not open, then the motor connected to such a
circuit would stop as there would no longer be a completed circuit to the motor.
But there would be a difference in potential between the faulty motor housing and
the hull that the operator or anyone else contacts.
If someone touches the faulty motor housing, current would take the only
available path back to the earth i.e., through him and the hull
5. In addition to safety reasons, the generator is not connected electrically to the hull as a
current-carrying conductor. This is to prevent electrolysis.

Methods of Speed Control of Induction

Motor
Out of all the electrical machines, Induction Motor is the most used machine in
industries. More than 90% of motors used in industries are squirrel cage induction motor
due to its rugged and maintenance free design. Generally an Induction Motor operates
at almost constant speed as the load is varied. But in some industrial applications,
speed control of motor is required. This necessitates the requirement of having methods
for speed control of induction motor.
Thus, speed control of induction motor can be achieved by a total of five different
methods:
1. VVVF Speed Control
2. Pole Changing Method
3. Rotor Circuit Resistance Control
4. Stator Voltage Control
5. Emf Injection in Rotor Circuit
These methods are shown in figure below.
These method of speed control can further be classified on the basis of whether the
control is achieved from Stator side or Rotor Side. Following methods lies under Stator
side as thses methods are applied on stator winding:
 Pole Changing Method
 Stator Voltage Control
 VVVF Speed Control
Following methods are employed from rotor circuit side for speed control:
 Cascade Operation of Induction Motor
 emf Injection in Rotor Circuit
 Rotor Circuit Resistance Control Method
It should be noted that, speed control from rotor side is only applicable for Slip Ring
Induction Motor.

Speed Control of Synchronous Motor

Synchronous motors are defined as constant speed motors that run at the synchronous speed of
the supply. They are typically used for constant speed operations and to improve the power
factor under no load conditions. Synchronous motors also have fewer losses compared to
induction motors of the same rating.

The speed of a synchronous motor is given by

Where, f = supply frequency and p = number of poles.

The synchronous speed depends on the supply frequency and the number of poles on the rotor.
Since changing the number of poles is difficult, it’s not used. However, with solid-state devices,
we can vary the current frequency to the synchronous motor. This allows us to control the
motor’s speed by changing the supply frequency.

A combination of rectifiers and inverters can be used to control the speed of synchronous
motors. There are two main methods for this:
1. Inverter Fed Open Loop Synchronous Motor Drive
2. Self Synchronous (Closed – Loop) Operation