Computer Network (BCS603)

Unit – 5 Application Layer

Edushine Classes

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https://telegram.me/rrsimtclasses/
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 Introduction to Application Layer :

The Application Layer is the top-most layer of the OSI model (7th layer) and also in the
TCP/IP model.
🔹 It is closest to the user — meaning the apps you use (like browsers, Gmail, WhatsApp) all
work at this layer.
🔹 It provides services to users and apps so they can communicate over a network.
• The application layer provides the functionality to send and receive data from users. It
acts as the interface between the user and the application.
• The Application Layer is the “face” of the network that the user interacts with. It helps
applications talk over the internet using services like browsing, email, file sharing, and
more.
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✅ Functions of the Application Layer (Explained Simply)

Here are the main functions of the Application Layer:
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✅ Protocols in Application Layer (With Uses)

Protocol Full Form Use / Function
HTTP HyperText Transfer Protocol Used to browse websites (web pages)
HTTPS Secure HTTP Same as HTTP but with encryption (secure)

FTP File Transfer Protocol To upload/download files between computers

SFTP Secure File Transfer Protocol Same as FTP, but secure (uses SSH)
SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Used to send emails
POP3 Post Office Protocol version 3 Used to receive emails (downloads to device)

IMAP Internet Message Access Protocol Used to receive emails (keeps mail on server)

DNS Domain Name System Converts website names to IP addresses

DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Assigns IP addresses to devices automatically

Telnet Terminal Emulation Protocol For remote login (not secure)
SSH Secure Shell Secure remote login and command execution

SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol Used for network monitoring and management

NTP Network Time Protocol Synchronizes clocks of computers over network

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🌐 What is Domain Name System (DNS)?

DNS stands for Domain Name System.
• It is like the phonebook of the internet.
It helps to convert website names (like www.google.com) into IP addresses (like
142.250.190.78), which computers use to identify each other.
✅ Why DNS is Needed (Requirements):
1.Humans remember names, not numbers
→ Easier to remember www.facebook.com than 157.240.22.35.
2.IP addresses can change
→ Even if IP changes, name stays same (DNS maps new IP).
3.Reduces Complexity
→ No need to update every time IP changes.
4.Helps Routing and Access
RRSIMT
→ Helps find CLASSES WHATSAPP
websites fast - 9795358008
and globally. Follow Us
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⭐ Features of DNS:

Feature Explanation
Data is spread across many servers
Distributed system
worldwide
Hierarchical Works in levels (root → TLD → subdomain)
Reliable and Fast Caches previous results for quick access
Easy to use You use domain names instead of IPs
Scalable Supports billions of domain names

RRSIMT CLASSES WHATSAPP - 9795358008 Follow Us

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🏷️ Types of Domains in DNS :

DNS divides domain names into 3 main types:

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🔹 1. Generic Domain (gTLD) 🔹 2. Country Domain (ccTLD)

• Used for general/global websites. • Based on country codes (2 letters).
• Examples: • Examples:
 .com → Commercial (e.g.,  .in → India (e.g., google.co.in)
amazon.com)  .uk → United Kingdom
 .org → Organizations (e.g.,  .us → United States
wikipedia.org)  .jp → Japan
 .net → Networks (e.g., slideshare.net)  .au → Australia
 .edu → Educational institutions (e.g., ✅ Used for region-specific websites.
mit.edu)
 .gov → Government (e.g., usa.gov)
✅ Used worldwide, not country-specific.

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🔹 3. Inverse Domain
• Used to map IP address back to domain name.
• Works opposite of normal DNS.
• Example:
• IP → 157.240.22.35
• Reverse DNS might map it to → facebook.com
✅ Used in network troubleshooting, email servers (spam check), etc.

Domain Type Example Used For

Generic Domain .com, .org, .edu General/global use
Country Domain .in, .us, .uk Country-specific websites
Inverse Domain IP → Domain Reverse IP lookup
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🔄 How DNS Works (Step-by-Step)

Let’s say you want to visit a website like www.edushineclasses.in👇
Step 1: Your Computer Checks Cache
First, your browser, computer, or router checks:
• “Do I already know the IP address of this website?”
• If yes, it uses that — ✅ Done.
• If no, it continues to the next step.
📞 Step 2: Ask the DNS Resolver
• Your computer sends a query to a DNS Resolver (usually from your ISP or Google like
8.8.8.8).
• The resolver’s job is to find the IP address for the domain.

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Step 3: Go to the Root Server

DNS Resolver asks the Root DNS Server:
• “Hey, do you know the IP of www.edushineclasses.in?”
• Root server says:
“I don’t know the full address, but I know who handles .in domains — go ask the TLD server.”
Step 4: Go to TLD Server
• Resolver goes to the TLD (Top Level Domain) server for .org.
• Asks: “Do you know edushineclasses.in?”
• TLD says:
“Ask the Authoritative Name Server for edushineclasses.in.”

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🏠 Step 5: Go to Authoritative Name Server

• Resolver goes to Authoritative Name Server of edushineclasses.in
• This server says:
“Yes! The IP address of www.edushineclasses.in is 52.25.139.210”
💻 Step 6: Send the IP Back
• DNS Resolver sends the IP address back to your computer.
• Now your browser knows where to go.
🌐 Step 7: Load the Website
• Your browser uses the IP 52.25.139.210 to contact the actual server.
• The website opens on your screen ✅
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🔍 What is DNS Resolution?

DNS resolution means: "Finding the IP address of a domain name."
There are two ways your system can resolve a domain:
i. Recursive Resolution
ii. Iterative Resolution
1. Recursive Resolution (Your computer says: "Please do everything for me")
Your system tells the DNS Resolver:
• "I don’t know anything. Please go and find the IP for me and come back with the answer."
The resolver takes the full responsibility to go through:
• Root Server
• TLD Server
• Authoritative Server
Then it returns the final IP address to your system.
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💡 Example:
You (Client):
• "Hey Resolver, give me the IP of www.geeksforgeeks.org."
Resolver:
• Asks Root Server → Gets TLD
• Asks TLD Server → Gets Authoritative Server
• Asks Authoritative Server → Gets IP: 52.25.139.210
Resolver gives this final answer back to you.
✅ You don’t talk to any other server.
✅ You just get the final answer.
📌 Features:
• Easy for the client (no extra work)
• More work for the resolver
• Takes more memory at resolver side
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2. Iterative Resolution (Client does the step-by-step job)

Your system tells the DNS Resolver:
• “Tell me the next place I should ask.”
And then your computer goes to each server one-by-one to find the final answer.
💡 Example:
 You (Client):
"Hey Root Server, what’s the IP of www.geeksforgeeks.org?"
 Root Server:
"I don’t know, but ask the .org TLD server."
 You ask TLD Server:
"Do you know geeksforgeeks.org?"  Authoritative Server:
 TLD Server: "Yes! It is 52.25.139.210."
"No, but ask the authoritative server." ✅ You (the client) talk to every server
 You ask Authoritative Server:
"Do you know the IP?"directly.
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Feature Recursive Resolution Iterative Resolution

Client finds IP by asking
Who finds the IP? Resolver does full work
step-by-step
Client effort Very low High
Resolver effort High Low
Time taken Slightly more Usually less (but depends)
Google DNS (8.8.8.8) uses
Example DNS root servers use this
this
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🌐 What is the World Wide Web (WWW)?

The World Wide Web is a system of web pages that you can access using the internet. It
allows us to see websites, watch videos, read blogs, shop online, learn from websites, and
more.
 When you open a browser like Chrome or Firefox and type in a website address (like
www.google.com), you are using the World Wide Web.
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 Key Points :

Term Easy Meaning

Web A collection of websites you can visit.
A group of related web pages (like YouTube,
Website
Facebook, etc.).
A single page of a website (like the
Web Page
homepage or about page).
Software like Chrome, Firefox, or Safari that
Web Browser
lets you open websites.
A special computer that stores websites and
Web Server
gives them to you when you request.
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📥 How does WWW work?

1.You type a website address (like www.rrsimt.ac.in) in your browser.
2.The browser sends a request to the web server.
3.The server finds the web page you asked for.
4.It sends the page back to your browser.
5.You see the page (text, images, videos, etc.).
The World Wide Web (WWW) is a collection of websites and web pages that can be
accessed using the Internet. It works through web browsers and uses protocols like HTTP to
display content such as text, images, and videos.
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 HTTP(Hyper text transfer Protocol) :

• HTTP stands for HyperText Transfer Protocol.
• It is the main protocol used on the World Wide Web.
Whenever you open a website, your browser uses HTTP to talk to the server and get the
page.
Example :HTTP is a set of rules that help your browser and a web server talk to each other
and exchange web pages, images, videos, etc.

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🚫 Why is HTTP called a Stateless Protocol?

This is important!
HTTP is called stateless because:
 💡 It does not remember anything from the previous request.
Every time you send a new request to the server, the server doesn’t know who you are or
what you did before.
📦 Example of Stateless:
Let’s say:
• You first open page1.html → Server gives you page1.
• Then you open page2.html → Server gives you page2.
But the server doesn’t remember that you had opened page1 before.
It treats each request as new.
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 Electronic Mail :
• Electronic mail, commonly known as email, is a method of exchanging messages
over the internet.
• Email (Electronic Mail) is a way to send messages using the Internet.
Just like sending a letter, but digitally and instantly!
 Here are the basics of email:
• An email address: This is a unique identifier for each user, typically in the format of
[email protected].
• An email client: This is a software program used to send, receive and manage emails,
such as Gmail, Outlook, or Apple Mail.
• An email server: This is a computer system responsible for storing and forwarding
emails to their intended recipients.
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 Email Architecture – How Email Works (Simple Structure)

There are 3 main components in email architecture:
1. User Agent (UA) – You, the user!
This is the email app or software like:
• Gmail
• Outlook
• Thunderbird
You use it to write, read, and send emails.
2. Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) – The post office 📮
• It is the software that sends your email to another computer.
• Think of it as a delivery van that picks up your mail and finds the best route to
deliver it.

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3. Mail Delivery Agent (MDA) – The local postman 👨✈

• It receives the email and puts it into the receiver’s inbox.
📬 Example Flow:
You send an email to your friend:
1.You write and send it via User Agent (like Gmail).
2.The message goes to the MTA (server like smtp.gmail.com).
3.The MTA sends it across the internet to your friend’s MTA.
4.It reaches the MDA and then goes to your friend’s inbox.
5.Your friend uses their User Agent to read the email.
📬 Email Protocols :
• SMTP: Sends the email from your computer to the server (like a postman).
• POP3: Downloads the email to your computer, then deletes it from the server.
• IMAP: Lets you view emails without deleting from the server (used in mobile, Gmail).
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📬 1. SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

• Used for sending emails.
• Sends your email from your email app to the mail server or from one server to another
server.
🔹 Example:
• When you send an email from Gmail, SMTP helps deliver it to the receiver’s server.
🔹 Works only in one direction:
• You ➝ Server ➝ Receiver
• Can’t be used to receive or read emails.
🔹 Port Number:
• Port 25 (standard)
• Port 587 (with encryption)
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📥 2. POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

• Used to receive emails.
• It downloads emails from the server to your device and then deletes them from the
server.
🔹 Example:
• You open your email app (like Outlook). It connects to the server, downloads all emails,
and then the emails are gone from the server.
🔹 Good for:
• People who use only one device (like a personal laptop).
🔹 Not good for:
• Accessing the same email account on multiple devices (like mobile + PC), because once
emails are downloaded, they are not available anywhere else.
🔹 Port Number:
• Port 110
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🌐 3. IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol)

• Used to receive emails.
• But instead of downloading and deleting, it lets you view emails directly from the
server.
🔹 Example:
• You open Gmail on your mobile, laptop, or tablet. You see the same inbox
everywhere.
• Because emails stay on the server until you delete them manually.
🔹 Good for:
• People who use multiple devices.
• You can sync, organize folders, and even search emails on the server.
🔹 Port Number:
• Port 143 (non-secure)
• Port 993 (with encryption)
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📎 MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail 🌐 What is FTP?

Extensions) FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is a standard
It extends the basic email format way to send or receive files between two
MIME is a standard that allows emails to computers over the internet or a network.
send:  Imagine you want to upload your
• 🖼️ Images website files to your hosting server —
• 📄 Documents (like PDF, Word) FTP is the tool used for that.
• 🎵 Audio files 💻 Example:
• 📹 Videos You made a website and now want to
• ️ HTML content (fancy formatted text) upload it to the internet.
Originally, email could only send plain text, You open an FTP client (like FileZilla),
but thanks to MIME, you can now attach connect to the hosting server using your
files and send rich content! login, and upload files using drag and
drop. Simple! ✅
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⚙TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol) :

• TFTP is a very simple way to send and receive files between computers on a network.
• Think of it like a very basic version of a courier that can only deliver or pick up small files,
without asking too many questions.
🔹 Key Points:
 Used in small networks (like a computer lab or office).
 No login or password needed.
 No fancy features, just basic file transfer.
 Uses UDP (not TCP), so it's fast but less reliable.
🔹 Port Number:
• 69 (UDP)
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 📡 FTP Connection Modes: Active vs Passive

When you use FTP to transfer files, the way the connection is made between your computer
(Client) and the server can be either:
🔵 Active Mode 🔵 Passive Mode

Feature ️ Active FTP 🔵 Passive FTP

📞 Who opens data connection Server connects back to the client Client connects to the server for data
❌ Not friendly (because server tries to
🔐 Firewalls/NAT friendly ✅ Better with firewalls and NAT
connect back)
📍 Port used by server Server uses port 20 for data Server uses a random port above 1024
Client initiates both control and data
📍 Port used by client Client listens on a random port
connections
🔧 Control connection port Port 21 (same in both) Port 21 (same in both)
Modern systems, secure environments
👀 Use case Older systems, trusted networks
with firewalls
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Ques : Explain the following terms : (AKTU 2022-23)

i.FTP ii. SMTP
iii. DNS iv. ARP

Ques. Difference between FTP and HTTP (AKTU 2023-24)

Ques : Write a short note on : (AKTU2021-22)

i. FTP
ii. SMTP
iii. DNS

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✅ What is SNMP?
SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) is a protocol used to manage and
monitor devices like:
• Routers
• Switches
• Servers
• Printers
• Modems
Think of it like a watchman that keeps an eye on devices in a network and helps
collect or change their information.
 Why SNMP is used?
• To check device health (Is it working properly?)
• To monitor traffic or errors
• To get alerts when something goes wrong (like a device goes offline)
• To configure settings on devices remotely
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💻 What is Remote Login?

Remote login means accessing another computer from far away (remotely) over a
network or the internet.
Imagine sitting at your home 🏠 and using a computer that's in your office 🏢 — as if
you're sitting right in front of it. That's remote login!

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 Why Remote Login is Used?

• To manage servers or computers from a different location.
• Useful for IT admins or developers working from home.
• To run programs, check files, or troubleshoot issues on remote systems.
There are two types of Remote Login Protocol :
i. TELNET
ii. SSH
💻 What is TELNET?
TELNET (TELecommunication NETwork) is a network protocol used to remotely log in to
another computer over the internet or a local network.
📌 Think of it like you're sitting in front of another computer from far away, and you’re
controlling it through your own keyboard!
• It allows one computer (client) to connect to another computer (server).
• After connecting, you can run commands on the server just like you're using it physically.
• It is mainly used in command-line interface (no mouse or GUI – just typed commands).
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🔐 TELNET is NOT Secure

• TELNET sends data (including usernames and passwords) as plain text.
• Anyone who intercepts the data can read it easily.
• That’s why it's mostly replaced by SSH (Secure Shell) now.

🛠️ How TELNET Works (Simple Steps):

• Client starts a TELNET session using a TELNET application or terminal.
• Client sends a connection request to the server's TELNET port (usually port 23).
• Server accepts the connection.
• User is prompted to enter a username and password.
• After login, user can type and execute commands on the remote server.
• When done, the user logs out and closes the session.
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🛡️ What is SSH?
SSH (Secure Shell) is a secure network protocol used to remotely access and control
another computer or server over a network or the internet.
📌 You can think of SSH like a secure version of TELNET that keeps your login info and data
safe with encryption.
SSH is mainly used by network administrators, developers, and IT professionals to:
• Remotely log in to servers
• Manage files
• Run commands
• Transfer files securely
• Set up secure tunnels between systems

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🔐 Why is SSH “Secure”?

• SSH encrypts all data you send and receive.
• Your password, commands, files—everything is safe and unreadable to hackers.
• Even if someone captures the data, they can’t understand it without the
encryption key.
🛠️ How SSH Works (Simple Steps):
1.You open SSH client software (like PuTTY or Terminal).
2.You type the command like:
ssh username@server-address
3. SSH connects to the server’s port 22 (default SSH port).
4. Server asks for your password or key.
5. Once verified, you're logged into the server and can start working securely.
6. You can now run commands as if you’re using that computer locally.
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 📡 Network Management :
Network Management means taking care of a computer network so that it works
smoothly, safely, and without any problems.
It includes monitoring, maintaining, troubleshooting, and controlling the devices and
systems connected to a network—like computers, routers, switches, and servers.

🛠️ Main Goals of Network Management:

✅ Make sure the network is working properly.
✅ Find and fix problems quickly.
✅ Protect the network from hackers or data loss.
✅ Improve performance and avoid slow internet or crashing.

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 Function of Network Management :

Area What it Means (Easy Word)

Finding and fixing network problems (like
1. Fault Management
broken links or down devices).
Setting up and updating devices like routers
2. Configuration Management
and switches.
Checking speed, traffic, and ensuring
3. Performance Management
everything runs fast.
Protecting the network from viruses, hackers,
4. Security Management
and attacks.
Tracking who is using how much data or
5. Accounting Management
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bandwidth.
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Ques : Write Short note on : (AKTU 2018-19)

i. SMTP ii. TELNET
iii. HTTP
📦 What is Data Compression?
Data Compression means reducing the size of files or data so that it takes less storage
space or less time to send over a network.
It helps in:
• Saving space (e.g., smaller file size on your computer or phone).
• Faster upload/download on the internet.
• Sending files more easily via email or messaging.

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🔍 Why is it useful?
• To save memory or disk space.
• To reduce transmission time.
• To improve speed and efficiency in data communication.
📑 Types of Data Compression:
🔹 1. Lossless Compression
👉 No data is lost. You get back the exact original file after decompressing.
✅ Features:
• Perfect for text, documents, or code (where every bit matters).
• Common formats: ZIP, PNG, GIF, FLAC.
Example:
If you compress a text file or ZIP a folder, after unzipping, you get exactly the same file—
nothing is missing.
📦 How it works:
It finds repeating patterns or common characters and replaces them with shorter codes.
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🔹 2. Lossy Compression
👉 Some data is lost during compression, but it's done in a way you don’t usually notice
(especially for media like images, audio, or video).
✅ Features:
• Good for media files like photos, music, and videos.
• Smaller size but slightly reduced quality.
• Common formats: JPEG, MP3, MP4, WEBP.
Example:
If you save a photo in JPEG format, it may lose tiny details or colors—but it still looks good,
and the file size becomes smaller.
📦 How it works:
It removes less important parts of the data (like sounds you can't hear or colors you can't
see clearly).
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🔐 What is Cryptography?
• Cryptography is a method of protecting information by turning it into a secret code so
that only authorized people can understand it.
• It keeps your messages, emails, passwords, and data safe from hackers or others.
• It is widely used in banking, chatting apps (like WhatsApp), websites, etc.

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 Basic Cryptography Process :

• Plain Text: Original message in readable form. (e.g., "Hello Arman")
• Encryption: Process of converting plain text into unreadable text.
• Cipher Text: The scrambled or encoded message (not understandable).
• Decryption: Turning cipher text back into plain text.
• Plain Text: You get the original message back.
🗝️ Types of Cryptography :
There are two main types:
🔐 1. Symmetric Key Cryptography (Same key used)
• Only ONE key is used for both encryption and decryption.
• This key must be shared secretly between sender and receiver.
• Fast and simple method.

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✅ Example:
If Arman and Rohan share the same key, Arman encrypts a message with it, and Rohan
uses the same key to decrypt it.
🔑 Used In:
AES, DES, Blowfish
📌 Problem:
Key distribution is risky—if someone steals the key, they can read the message.

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🔐 2. Asymmetric Key Cryptography (Different keys used)

Uses two keys:
• Public Key (shared with everyone)
• Private Key (kept secret)
The sender encrypts using the receiver’s public key, and only the receiver can decrypt it
using their private key.

✅ Example:
• Arman wants to send a message to Rohan.
• Arman encrypts using Rohan’s public key.
• Rohan decrypts using his own private key.
• Even Arman cannot decrypt the message!

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🔑 Used In:
RSA, ECC
📌 Advantage:
More secure—no need to share a secret key.
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 Difference Between Symmetric key & Asymmetric Cryptography

Feature Symmetric Key Asymmetric Key

Keys Used One key (same for both) Two keys (public + private)
Speed Fast Slower
More secure (private key
Security Less secure (key sharing)
safe)
Examples AES, DES RSA, ECC
Secure email, websites
Used In File encryption
(HTTPS)

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🔐 What is RSA Algorithm?(V.V.V.IMP)

RSA (Rivest-Shamir-Adleman) is one of the most used asymmetric encryption
algorithms.
• It uses two keys:
📬 Public Key → used to encrypt the data
🔐 Private Key → used to decrypt the data
• It’s mainly used in secure data transmission (like HTTPS, email security, digital
signatures, etc.)
• It is an Asymmetric Cryptography algorithm.

Encryption : C = Pe mod n
Decryption : P = Cd mod n

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 📘 Simple Steps in RSA

Step 1: Choose Two Prime Numbers
Let’s call them p and q
Example:
p = 3, q = 11
Step 2: Calculate n and φ(n)
• n = p × q = 3 × 11 = 33
• φ(n) = (p - 1) × (q - 1) = (3 - 1) × (11 - 1) = 2 × 10 = 20
Step 3: Choose Public Key e
• e must be a number such that:
• 1 < e < φ(n)
• e and φ(n) are coprime (no common factor other than 1)
Let’s choose e = 7
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Step 4: Calculate Private Key d

• d is such that (d × e) mod φ(n) = 1
We need:
d × 7 mod 20 = 1
Try d = 3 → 3 × 7 = 21, and 21 mod 20 = 1 ✅
So, d = 3
🔑 Keys are:
• Public Key (e, n) = (7, 33)
• Private Key (d, n) = (3, 33)

Let Data(P) = 8 (Plain text)

Now let first encrypt

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Encryption :
C = Pe mod n
C = 87 mod 33 = 2 (Cipher Text )

Now ,
Decryption :
P = Cd mod n
P = 23 mod 33 = 8 (Plain text)

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Thank You…

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