Chapter -1

Safe Guarding of Machine.

 There are several different types
of machine guards. Guards are
materials that keep workers from
having direct contact with moving
parts and other dangerous areas of a
machine.
 Some guards also protect workers
from shavings, flying shards or metal
sparks created by working
machines. requires any machine part
that could cause injury to be guarded.
 Guard design and material will vary
from machine to machine and from
tool to tool.
A good rule to remember is:

 Any machine part, function,

or process which may cause
injury must be
safeguarded.

 Where the operation of a

machine or accidental
contact with it can injure
the operator or others in
the vicinity, the hazards
must either be eliminated
or controlled.
Statutory Provisions of Machine guarding
 The Building and other Construction Workers‘ (Regulation of
Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1996 Sec 40
 40. Power of appropriate Government to make rules for
the safety and health of building workers:- (BOCW -1996)

 2 (i) the safeguarding of machinery including the fencing of

every flywheel and every moving part of prime mover and
every part of transmission or other machinery, unless it is in
such a position or of such construction as to be safe to every
worker working on any of the operations and as if it were
securely fenced;

 F A Act -1948
CHAPTER IV SAFETY ( F A Act -1948 )
21. Fencing of machinery
(i) every moving part of a prime mover and every flywheel connected to
a prime mover, whether the prime mover or flywheel is in the engine
house or not;
(ii) the headrace and tailrace of every water-wheel and water turbine;
(iii) any part of a stock-bar which projects beyond the head stock of a

lathe; and
(iv) unless they are in such position or of such construction as to be safe

to every person employed in the factory as they would be if they

were securely fenced, the following, namely-
(a) every part of an electric generator, a motor or rotary converter;

(b) every part of transmission machinery; and

(c) every dangerous part of any other machinery;

 shall be securely fenced by safeguards of substantial construction

which [shall be constantly maintained and kept in position] while the
parts of machinery they are fencing are in motion or in use
CHAPTER IV SAFETY ( F A Act -1948 )
 22. Work on or near machinery in motion.
 23. Employment of young persons on dangerous
machines.
 24. Striking gear and devices for cutting off power.
 25. Self-acting machines
 26. Casing of new machinery.
 27. Prohibition of employment of women and children
near cotton- openers. (textile industries)
Points of operation ---
Flying Chips or Sparks

 The purpose of machine

guarding is to protect against
and prevent injury from....

Nip points

Moving parts
What can happen ??
Real site photos
Site photos
Effective Guards
 An effective guard must . . .

 1. Prevent contact: The safeguard must prevent hands, arms, or any part of a worker's body or clothing
from making contact with dangerous moving parts. A good safeguarding system eliminates the possibility of
the operator or other workers placing any part of their bodies near hazardous moving parts.
 2. Secured & well-constructed: Workers should not be able to easily remove or tamper with the
safeguard, because a safeguard that can easily be made ineffective is no safeguard at all. They must be
firmly secured to the machine. Guards should be made of durable material that will withstand the conditions
of normal use. They may be constructed of sheet metal, screen, wire cloth, bars, plastic, or any other
material that is substantial enough to withstand whatever impact it may receive and to endure prolonged
use.
 3. Protect from falling objects/contain the hazard: The safeguard should ensure that no objects can fall
into moving parts. A small tool which is dropped into a cycling machine could easily become a projectile that
could strike and injure someone.
 4. Create no new hazards: A safeguard defeats its own purpose if it creates a hazard of its own such as a
shear point, a jagged edge, or an unfinished surface which can cause a laceration or creates a pinch point
between the guard and moving machine parts. The edges of guards, for instance, should be rolled or bolted
in such a way that they eliminate sharp edges.
 5. Create no interference: Any safeguard which impedes a worker from performing the job quickly and
comfortably might soon be overridden or disregarded. Proper safeguarding can actually enhance efficiency
since it can relieve the worker's apprehensions about injury.
 6. Allow safe lubrication: If possible, one should be able to lubricate the machine without removing the
safeguards. Locating oil reservoirs outside the guard, with a line leading to the lubrication point, will reduce
the need for the operator or maintenance worker to enter the hazardous area.
Design requirements of machine Guarding
 Guards should be so designed, constructed and used that they will:
 Provide positive protection;
 Prevent access to the danger zone during operations;
 Cause the operator no discomfort or inconvenience;
 Operate automatically or with minimum effort;
 Not interfere with efficient operation of the machine;
 Be suitable for the job and the machine;
 Not weaken the structure of the machine;
 Preferably constitute a built-in feature;
 Provide for machine oiling, inspection, adjustment and repairs;
 Be constructed strongly enough to resist normal wear and shock;
 Be durable, resistant to fire and corrosion and easily repaired;
 Withstand long use with minimum maintenance;
 Not constitute a hazard by themselves such as splinters, pinch points, shear
points, sharp corners, rough edges or other sources of accidents; and
 Protect against operational contingencies, not merely against normally
expected hazards.
Criteria for Guard Selection
Machine Guarding Types
 Guarding for point of operations
 Cutting Edges
 Tool Points
 Press or shear points
 Nip or running contact points
 Feed points
 Power Transmission Machinery
 Gears
 Pulley- belts
 Couplings, Clutches
 Brakes, Calms, Shafts, Rolls
 Prime Movers
Designing Guards
 Considerall possible contingencies ,
including acts of thoughtlessness and
foolhardiness.
 Theopinions of the operator of the machine,
the supervisors, and maintenance personnel
could enhance design and construction.
 Guardscannot be removed unless the hazards
they guard against have been eliminated.
 Effective Characteristics
 Considereda permanent part of the
machine or equipment.
 Installedas close to the machine part as
feasibly possible.
 Prevent access to all moving machine
parts.
 Designed for the specific job and specific
machine.
 Effective Characteristics
 Designed and fabricated – to the extent
practical – to such dimensions and weights
that one person is able to physically install
and remove the individual guard
components.
 Constructed and maintained to withstand
vibration and shock during normal
operation.
 Not present a hazard in itself.
Methods of Guarding
 Theselection of a guarding method may
depend upon a number of factors such as:
 space limitations,
 production methods, and
 frequency of use.
 Moving machine parts must be guarded
rather than restricting access to the area
by installing railings, chains, cable, or
gates
 Types of Safeguarding

 The type of operation, the size or shape of stock,

the method of handling, the physical layout of the
work area, the type of material and production
requirements or limitations will help you
determine the best method for safeguarding.
 As a general rule, fixed guards that enclose the
danger area best protect power transmission
apparatuses. However, there are several options
for point-of-operation hazards that have moving
parts. Choose the most effective and practical
option.
 Safeguards can be grouped under five general
classifications: guards, devices, safety controls,
gates and location/distance.
Examples
Examples
Example :
Example :
Find
The most common types of machine guards are:
 Fixed Guard Characteristics:
Guards are barriers
which prevent access to
– A permanent part of the
machine. Tools are needed for
danger areas removal.
– Not dependent upon moving
parts to perform its intended
function.
– Constructed of sheet metal,
screen, wire cloth, bars,
plastic, or substantial material.
– Usually preferable to all other
types because of its simplicity
and permanence.
 As a general rule, power transmission
apparatus is best protected by fixed guards
that enclose the danger areas.

Enclosed
shaft end
Interlocked Guard Characteristics :
 When this type of guard is opened/removed:
– The tripping mechanism and/or power automatically shuts off or
disengages.

– The machine cannot cycle or be started until the guard is back

in place.

– They may use electrical, mechanical, hydraulic, or pneumatic

power or any combination of these.

– Replacing the guard must not automatically restart the machine.

– PM is important because sometimes they fail and sometimes they
are sabotaged!
Interlocked
guarding
can be
defeated!
This was
taped down.
Good
opportunity
for RCA.
 Interlocked Guards
When this type of guard is opened or removed, the tripping
mechanism and/or power automatically shuts off or disengages,
and the machine cannot cycle or be started until the guard is back
in place.
▪ Guards the dangerous part before the
machine can be operated.
▪ Keeps the guard closed until the
dangerous part is at rest.
▪ Prevent operation of the machine if
the interlocking device fails
▪ May use electrical, mechanical,
hydraulic, or pneumatic power or any
combination of these.
▪ Should not prevent “inching” by
remote control, if required.
▪ Replacing the guard should not
automatically restart the machine.
▪ All moveable guards must be
interlocked to prevent hazards.
These guards allow flexibility in accommodating various sizes of stock
Example of Adjustable guards
 The openings of these
guards are determined by the
movement of the stock.

– As the operator moves the

stock into the danger area, the
guard is pushed away,
providing an opening which is
only large enough to admit the
stock.

– After the stock is removed, the

guard returns to the rest
position.
Presence-Sensing Devices

 It may stop the machine if a hand or

 Photoelectric (optical)
any part of the body is inadvertently
 – Uses a system of light placed in the danger area.
sources and controls
which can interrupt the
machine's operating
cycle. Radiofrequency
(capacitance)
 – Uses a radio beam that is
part of the machine
control circuit.
 – When the capacitance
field is broken, the
machine will stop or will
not activate.
Photoelectric
• Restraint

 – The restraint (holdout) device

utilizes cables or straps that are
attached to the operator's hands
at a fixed point
 – The cables or straps must be
adjusted to let the operator's
hands travel within a
predetermined safe area - there is
no extending or retracting action
involved
– Automatic and Semi-automatic Feeding
• Robotics

 – Machines that load and unload

stock, assemble parts, transfer
objects, and perform other tasks
 – They perform work otherwise
done by the operator
 – Best used in high production
processes requiring repeated
routines
Miscellaneous Aids

 Does not give complete protection

from machine hazards, but may
provide the operator with an extra
margin of safety.
 Examples:
 •Awareness barriers
 •Shields
 •Holding tools
 •Push sticks or blocks
Miscellaneous Aids
Machine guarding :
Hydra equipment guarding
Hydra equipment guarding
Hydra equipment guarding
Questions PDIS -102 year 2021

 What is electro-eye guard . 2 mark

 Write down the principles which implemented the machine guarding.

*5 marks.

 Name the types of guards used in paper working machine & its special
precautions. *10marks.