TOPIC- SKELETAL SYSTEM

SUBJECT- HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-I

Skeletal System
• The skeletal system functions as the basic framework of a body and the entire body are built
around the hard framework of Skeleton.
• It is the combination of all the bones and tissues associated with cartilages and joints.
• Almost all the rigid or solid parts of the body are the main components of the skeletal system.
• Joints play an important role in the skeletal system as it helps in permitting the different types of
movements at different locations.
• If the skeleton were without joints, then there would be no sign of the movements in the human
body.
Parts of the Skeletal System
• Bones
• Joints
• Cartilages
• Ligaments (bone to bone)
• Tendons (bone to muscle)

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Division of Skeletal System
1. Axial Skeleton
• Includes skull, spine, ribs, sternum
2. Appendicular Skeleton
• Includes appendages of the body (shoulders, arms, hips, and legs)
Axial skeleton
• The axial skeleton runs along the body’s central axis, therefore it is called the central core of the
human body.
• The axial skeleton is composed of 80 bones and it consists of:
1. Skull Bone – It includes 8 cranial bones, 14 facial bones, 6 auditory ossicles, and the Hyoid Bone
2. The bone of the Thoracic Cage – It includes 25 bones of the thorax- a breastbone and 24 ribs.
3. The bone of the Vertebral column- It includes 24 vertebrae bones, the sacrum bone, and the
coccyx bone.
Appendicular skeleton
• The appendicular skeleton is composed of 126 bones and it comprises of the-
1. Pelvic girdle
2. Upper Limbs
3. Lower Limbs
4. Shoulder Girdle or the Pectoral

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FUNCTIONS OF BONES AND SKELETAL SYSTEM:
• Bone tissue makes up about 18% of the weight of the human body.
• The skeletal system performs several basic functions:
• Support: The skeleton serves as the structural framework for the body by supporting soft
tissues and providing attachment points for the tendons of most skeletal muscles.
• Protection: The skeleton protects the most important internal organs from injury. For example,
cranial bones protect the brain, vertebrae (backbones) protect the spinal cord, and the rib cage
protects the heart and lungs.
• Assistance in movement: Most skeletal muscles attach to bones; when they contract, they pull
on bones to produce movement.
• Mineral homeostasis (storage and release): Bone tissue stores several minerals, especially
calcium and phosphorus, which contribute to the strength of bone. Bone tissue stores about
99% of the body’s calcium. On demand, bone releases minerals into the blood to maintain
critical mineral balances (homeostasis) and to distribute the minerals to other parts of the body.
• Blood cell production: Within certain bones, a connective tissue called red bone marrow
produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, a process called hemopoiesis.
• Triglyceride storage: Yellow bone marrow consists mainly of adipose cells, which store
triglycerides. The stored triglycerides are a potential chemical energy reserve. In a newborn, all
bone marrow is red and is involved in hemopoiesis. With increasing age, much of the bone
marrow changes from red to yellow.

BONES:
• Adult skeleton has 206 bones
• Two basic types of bone tissue:
1. Compact bone- dense throughout
2. Spongy bone- Small needle- like pieces of bone, many open spaces
Classification of Bones
• Bons are classified by their shape
1. Long
2. Short
3. Flat
4. Irregular
5. Sesamoid Bones
6. Sutural Bones

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Long Bones
• Long in shape
• Shaft with heads at both ends
• Mostly compact bone
• Example: Femur, humerus
Anatomy of Long Bones
• Diaphysis- Length of bone made of compact bone
• Epiphysis- Ends of bone made of mostly spongy bone
• Epiphyseal line/plate-In the epiphysis, where bone grows from
• Articular cartilage- covers surface of epiphysis to reduce friction
• Periosteum- covers diaphysis
• Endosteum- lines the inside of diaphysis
• Medullary cavitycavity inside the shaft; contains yellow marrow (fat)
and red marrow (for blood cell formation)

Short Bones
• Cube-shape
• Mostly spongy bone
• Example: carpals, tarsals

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Flat Bones
• Thin, flat, usually curved
• Two thin layers of compact
• bone on outside
• Layer of spongy bone on inside
• Example: skull, ribs, sternum
Irregular Bones
• Irregular shape
• Don’t fit into other bone categories
• Example: hip bones, vertebrae
Sesamoid Bones
• They develop in to Some tendons in areas where friction occurs.
• Present in Palms of the hands and sole of feer (patellae (knee caps).
Sutural Bones :-
• • These are very small bones found within the sutural joints I between cranial bones
Bone Markings
• Bone markings are features of bones where muscles, tendons, a ligaments can attach, as well as
passages for nerves and blood vessels.
• Projection/Process- Grow out from the bone surface
• Depression/Cavity- Indentations in the Bone
Bone Growth & Development
• Ossification- The process of forming the bones of the body
• BIRTH- bones are mostly cartilage; soft
• INFANTS & CHILDREN- Calcium and phosphorus are laid down to form bone.
• TEENS- bones grow longer; occurs at growth (epiphyseal) plates
• EARLY 20s- Growth stops (earlier for females)
• 20s & ON- Bone does not grow longer, but will continue to break down and form new bone

Bone Cells
• Osteocytes- Mature bone cells
• Osteoblasts- Bone forming cells
• Osteoclasts- Bone destroying cells. Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium