CHAPTER ENGINEERING

7 MECHANICS OF
SOLIDS
Shear Force, Axial Force
and Bending Moment
Diagrams
ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Classification of Beam Supports
ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Internal Hinge
ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
7-3. Calculations of Beam Reactions
Example7-1
Find the reaction at the supports for a simple beam loaded as shown
in Fig. 7-7(a). Neglect the weight of the beam.

7-4
ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Example7-2
Find the reactions for the partially loaded beam with a uniformly varying
load shown in Fig. 7-8(a). Neglect the weight of the beam.

7-5
ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Example 7-3
Determine the reactions at A and B for the beam shown in Fig. 7-9(a) due
to the applied force.

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Hinges or pinned joints

Occasionally, hinges or pinned joints are introduced into beams and frames. A hinge
is capable of transmitting only horizontal and vertical forces. No moment can be
transmitted at a hinged joint. Therefore, the point where a hinge occurs is a
particularly convenient location for "separation“ of the structure into parts for
purposes of computing the reactions. This process is illustrated in Fig. 7-10. Each
part of the beam so separated is treated independently. Each hinge provides an extra
axis around which moments may be taken to determine reactions. The introduction
of a hinge or hinges into a continuous beam in many cases makes the system
statically determinate. The introduction of a hinge into a determinate beam results in
a beam that is not stable. Note that the reaction at the hinge for one beam acts in an
opposite direction on the other beam.
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ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
DIRECT APPROACH FOR P, V & M (Method of Sections)

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Definition of positive shear

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Positive shear and Bending moment

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Example7-4
Consider earlier Example 7-2 and determine the internal system of forces
at sections a-a and b-b; see Fig. 7-l5(a).

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ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
P, V, and M Diagrams
Example 7-5

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ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Example7-6
Determine axial-force, shear, and bending-moment diagrams for the
cantilever loaded with an inclined force at the end; see Fig. 7-17(a).

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ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Example7-7
Construct shear and bending-moment diagrams for the beam loaded with
the forces shown in Fig. 7-18(a).

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ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Example7-8
Plot shear and a bending-moment diagram for a simple beam with a
uniformly distributed load; see Fig. 7-19.

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ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Example7-9
For the beam in Example 7-4, shown in Fig. 7-20(a), express the shear V
and the bending moment M as a function of x along the horizontal member.

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ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Example 7-10
Write analytic expressions for V and M for the beam shown in Fig. 7-21.

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ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Example 7-11
Consider a structural system of three interconnected straight bars, as shown
in Fig. 7-22(a). At arbitrary sections, determine the internal forces P, V, and
M in the members caused by the application of a vertical force P1 at D.

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ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
SOLUTION

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ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
V AND M BY INTEGRATION
7-9. Differential Equations of Equilibrium for a Beam Element

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ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
7-10. Shear Diagrams by Integration of the Load

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7-11. Moment Diagrams by Integration of the Shear

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Example 7-13
Construct shear and moment
diagrams for the symmetrically
loaded beam shown in Fig. 7-27(a)
by the integration process.

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ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Example 7-14
Consider a simple beam with a uniformly increasing load intensity from an
end, as shown in Fig. 7-28(a). The total applied load is W. (a) Construct
shear and moment diagrams with the aid of the integration process.
(b) Derive expressions for V and M using Eq. 7-5.

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Example 7-15

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7-12. Effect of Concentrated Moment on Moment Diagrams

In the derivation for moment diagrams by summation of shear-diagram

areas, no external concentrated moment acting on the infinitesimal element
was included, yet such a moment may actually be applied. Hence, the
summation process derived applies only up to the point of application of an
external moment. At a section just beyond an externally applied moment, a
different bending moment is required to maintain the segment of a beam in
equilibrium. For example, in Fig. 7-30 an external clockwise moment MA
is acting on the element of the beam at A. Then, if the internal clockwise
moment on the left is M0, for equilibrium of the element, the resisting
counterclockwise moment on the right must be M0 + MA. At the point of
the externally applied moment, a discontinuity, or a "jump," equal to the
concentrated moment appears in the moment diagram. Hence, in applying
the summation process, due regard must be given the concentrated
moments as their effect is not apparent in the shear diagram.
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ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Example 7-16
Construct the bending-moment diagram for the horizontal beam
loaded as shown in Fig. 7-31(a).
ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Example 7-17
ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Problems for solution from Popov
In addition to other books mentioned, solve following
problems from Popov:
3-10, 13-19, 24-28, 40-66, 71-73, 77-83 & 88-93
ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Sample Problems

SOLUTION:
• Taking entire beam as a free-body,
calculate reactions at B and D.
• Find equivalent internal force-couple
systems for free-bodies formed by
cutting beam on either side of load
application points.
Draw the shear and bending
moment diagrams for the beam • Plot results.
and loading shown.
ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS

SOLUTION:
• Taking entire beam as a free-body, calculate
reactions at B and D.
• Find equivalent internal force-couple systems at
sections on either side of load application points.
∑ Fy = 0 : − 20 kN − V1 = 0 V1 = −20 kN

∑ M 2 = 0 : (20 kN )(0 m ) + M 1 = 0 M1 = 0

Similarly,
V3 = 26 kN M 3 = −50 kN ⋅ m
V4 = 26 kN M 4 = −50 kN ⋅ m
V5 = 26 kN M 5 = −50 kN ⋅ m
V6 = 26 kN M 6 = −50 kN ⋅ m
ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS

• Plot results.
Note that shear is of constant value
between concentrated loads and
bending moment varies linearly.
ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS

SOLUTION:
• Taking entire beam as free-body,
calculate reactions at A and B.

• Determine equivalent internal force-

couple systems at sections cut within
segments AC, CD, and DB.
Draw the shear and bending • Plot results.
moment diagrams for the beam
AB. The distributed load of 40
lb/in. extends over 12 in. of the
beam, from A to C, and the 400
lb load is applied at E.
ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS

SOLUTION:
• Taking entire beam as a free-body, calculate
reactions at A and B.
∑MA = 0:
B y (32 in.) − (480 lb )(6 in.) − (400 lb )(22 in.) = 0

B y = 365 lb

∑MB = 0:
(480 lb)(26 in.) + (400 lb)(10 in.) − A(32 in.) = 0
A = 515 lb

∑ Fx = 0 : Bx = 0

• Note: The 400 lb load at E may be replaced by a

400 lb force and 1600 lb-in. couple at D.
ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS

• Evaluate equivalent internal force-couple systems

at sections cut within segments AC, CD, and DB.

From A to C:
∑ Fy = 0 : 515 − 40 x − V = 0
V = 515 − 40 x

∑ M1 = 0 : ( )
− 515 x − 40 x 12 x + M = 0
M = 515 x − 20 x 2
From C to
D:
∑ Fy = 0 : 515 − 480 − V = 0
V = 35 lb

∑ M 2 = 0 : − 515 x + 480( x − 6) + M = 0
M = (2880 + 35 x ) lb ⋅ in.
ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS

• Evaluate equivalent internal force-couple

systems at sections cut within segments AC,
CD, and DB.

From D to
∑ Fy = 0 : 515 − 480 − 400 − V = 0
B:
V = −365 lb

∑M2 = 0:
− 515 x + 480( x − 6 ) − 1600 + 400( x − 18) + M = 0
M = (11,680 − 365 x ) lb ⋅ in.
ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS

• Plot results.
From A to
C: V = 515 − 40 x
M = 515 x − 20 x 2

From C to
D:V = 35 lb
M = (2880 + 35 x ) lb ⋅ in.

From D to
B: V = −365 lb
M = (11,680 − 365 x ) lb ⋅ in.
ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS

SOLUTION:
• Taking entire beam as a free-body, determine
reactions at supports.
• Between concentrated load application
points, dV dx = − w = 0 and shear is
constant.
• With uniform loading between D and E, the
shear variation is linear.
Draw the shear and
• Between concentrated load application
bending-moment points, dM dx = V = constant . The change
diagrams for the beam in moment between load application points is
and loading shown. equal to area under shear curve between
points.
• With a linear shear variation between D
and E, the bending moment diagram is a
parabola.
ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS

SOLUTION:
• Taking entire beam as a free-body,
determine reactions at supports.
∑MA = 0:
D(24 ft ) − (20 kips )(6 ft ) − (12 kips )(14 ft )
− (12 kips )(28 ft ) = 0
D = 26 kips
∑ F y =0 :
Ay − 20 kips − 12 kips + 26 kips − 12 kips = 0
Ay = 18 kips

• Between concentrated load application points,

dV dx = − w = 0 and shear is constant.
• With uniform loading between D and E, the shear
variation is linear.
ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS

• Between concentrated load application

points, dM dx = V = constant . The change
in moment between load application points is
equal to area under the shear curve between
points.
M B − M A = +108 M B = +108 kip ⋅ ft
M C − M B = −16 M C = +92 kip ⋅ ft
M D − M C = −140 M D = −48 kip ⋅ ft
M E − M D = +48 M E = 0

• With a linear shear variation between D

and E, the bending moment diagram is a
parabola.
ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS

SOLUTION:
• The change in shear between A and B is equal
to the negative of area under load curve
between points. The linear load curve results
in a parabolic shear curve.
• With zero load, change in shear between B
and C is zero.
• The change in moment between A and B is
Sketch the shear and equal to area under shear curve between
bending-moment diagrams points. The parabolic shear curve results in
for the cantilever beam and a cubic moment curve.
loading shown. • The change in moment between B and C is
equal to area under shear curve between
points. The constant shear curve results in a
linear moment curve.
ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS

SOLUTION:
• The change in shear between A and B is equal to
negative of area under load curve between points.
The linear load curve results in a parabolic shear
curve.
dV
at A, V A = 0, = − w = − w0
dx

VB − V A = − 12 w0 a VB = − 12 w0 a

dV
at B, = −w = 0
dx

• With zero load, change in shear between B and C is

zero.
ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS

• The change in moment between A and B is equal

to area under shear curve between the points.
The parabolic shear curve results in a cubic
moment curve.
dM
at A, M A = 0, =V = 0
dx
M B − M A = − 13 w0 a 2 M B = − 13 w0 a 2
M C − M B = − 12 w0 a( L − a ) M C = − 16 w0 a(3L − a )

• The change in moment between B and C is equal

to area under shear curve between points. The
constant shear curve results in a linear moment
curve.