SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION

CONTENT

2.1 Concept of simple harmonic motion(SHM)

2.1.1 Define the terminologies in SHM

2.1.2 SHM by using a suitable diagram

2.1.3 Calculate time period, amplitude, frequency,

velocity, maximum velocity, acceleration and
maximum acceleration of the SHM

2.2 Linear motion of an elastic motion

2.2.1 Elastic system(spring and mass)

2.3 Concept of pendulum system

 TERMINOLOGIES OF SHM
Motion in which a body moves back and forth
over a fixed path, returning to each position and
velocity after a definite interval of time.

Equilbrium
Position
 FORMULA
2 SHM
a =ω x
x = A cos θ
ω = 2πf
2 2
v =ω A −x ω
f =
Vmax = ωA 2π
2
amax = ω A 1
T =
A=r f
Inertia = mamax → m(mass ) 2π
T =
ω
 Terms Used in SHM
• Amplitude, A:
• Is the maximum displacement of a body from
its mean position
• The amplitude of vibration is the magnitude of
vibration
• The larger the amplitude, the more movement
or stress is experienced
• Periodic Time, T
• Is the time take for one complete revolution of
the particle OR the time needed to perform
one cycle
• Frequency, F
• Is the number of cycles perform in one second
and is the reciprocal of time period, T
FUNDAMENTAL DEFINITIONS
Displacement that measured from the x
equilibrium point
Time T
Velocity or speed v
Acceleration a
Mass m
Force F
angular velocity ω
Maximum Velocity/Speed Vmax
Maximum acceleration amax
 EXERCISE 1

Points moving with simple harmonic motion have

acceleration 9m/s2 and velocity 0.92m/s when it
was in 65mm from the centre position. Find
i. Amplitude
ii. Periodic time the movement
SOLUTIONS

ii. Periodic time the

 EXERCISE 2 (i)

A particle moving with simple harmonic motion has a

periodic time of 0.4s and it was back and forth between
two points is 1.22m. Determine

i. Frequency and amplitude of the oscillation

ii. Velocity and acceleration of the particle when it is
400mm from the center of oscillation
[Link] maximum velocity and acceleration of the
movement i. FrequencyAmplitude
SOLUTIONS
 EXERCISE 2 (ii)

ii. Velocity and acceleration of the particle when it is

400mm from the center of oscillation
 EXERCISE 2 (iii)

iii. The maximum velocity and acceleration of the

movement
 EXERCISE 3 (i)

A body of mass 1.5kg moving with simple harmonic

motion is towards one end of the swing. At the time it was
in A, 760mm from the center of oscillation, velocity and
acceleration is 9m/s and 110m/s2 respectively.

i. Frequency and amplitude of the oscillation

ii. Maximum acceleration and the inertia of the body
when it to the edge of swing Amplitude
SOLUTIONS
i. Frequency
 EXERCISE 3 (ii)

ii. Maximum acceleration and the inertia of the body

when it to the edge of swing
The piston of a steam engine moves with simple harmonic
motion. The crank rotates at 120r.p.m with a stroke of 2
metres. Find the velocity and acceleration of the piston
when it is at a distance of 0.75metre from the centre.
i. Velocity of the piston
SOLUTIONS

ii. Acceleration of the piston

 SHM DIAGRAM

Max. Displacement = A

Max. Velocity = Vmax = ωA

Max. Acceleration = amax = ω²A

 EXERCISE 4

•Figures (a) and (b) are the displacement-time graph and

acceleration-time graph respectively of a body in simple
harmonic motion. What is the frequency of the motion?

SOLUTIONS

Frequency
 EXERCISE 5

The following graphs show the variation of displacement, x

and velocity, v with time, t for a body in simple harmonic
motion. What is the value of T?

SOLUTIONS
 EXERCISE 6

A particle moves in simple harmonic motion along a

straight line about point x=0.40cm and the velocity is zero.
The frequency of the motion is 2.5Hz. Calculate the;
i. Period
ii. Angular velocity
iii. Amplitude
iv. Displacement at time t
v. Maximum velocity
vi. Maximum acceleration

SOLUTIONS
 v. Maximum
i. Period iii. Amplitude
velocity

15.708

ii. Angular velocity iv. Displacement at vi. Maximum

time t acceleration
 LINEAR MOTION OF AN
ELASTIC MOTION

A spring resists
being stretched or stretched
compressed.
compressed
 Hooke’s Law
When a spring is stretched, there is a
restoring force that is proportional to the
displacement.

x
F
m

F = -kx
 HOOKE'S LAW

The restoring force of an ideal spring is given by,

where k is the spring constant and x is the

displacement of the spring from its
unstrained length. The minus sign
indicates that the restoring force always
points in a direction opposite to the
displacement of the spring.
The force described by Hooke’s Law is
the net force in Newton’s Second Law

FHooke = FNewton

− kx = ma k = stiffness of the spring (N/m)

= spring constant (N/m)
⎛ k ⎞
a = −⎜ ⎟x
⎝m⎠
 ⎛ k ⎞
a = −⎜ ⎟x
⎝m⎠

2
a =ω x
2 k
ω =
m
k
ω=
m
 SHM Mass & Spring Simple Pendulum
System

ω = 2πf k
& ω = 2πf ω =
g
ω= & ω = 2πf
ω m l
f =
2π
k g
= 2πf = 2πf
m l
1
T = k g
f
f = m f = l
2π 2π 2π
T =
ω
1 1
T = T =
f f
m l
T = 2π T = 2π
k g
 '
T1 = k (e + x )

F = ma
'
mg − T1 = ma
ke − ke − kx = ma
e − kx = ma
⎛ k ⎞
x a = −⎜ ⎟ x
T1 = mg & T1 = ke ⎝m⎠
mg = ke
mg = ke
m e
=
k g

m
T = 2π
e=static deflection k
g=gravity e
T = 2π
g
 DISPLACEMENT IN SHM
x

m
x = -A x=0 x = +A

• Displacement is positive when the position

is to the right of the equilibrium position (x
= 0) and negative when located to the left.

• The maximum displacement is called the

amplitude A.
 VELOCITY IN SHM

v (-) v (+)

m
x = -A x=0 x = +A

• Velocity is positive when moving to the right

and negative when moving to the left.

• It is zero at the end points and a maximum at

the midpoint in either direction (+ or -).
 Acceleration in SHM
+a -a
-x +x

m
x = -A x=0 x = +A
• Acceleration is in the direction of the
restoring force. (a is positive when x is
negative, and negative when x is positive.)

F = ma = −kx

• Acceleration is a maximum at the end points

and it is zero at the center of oscillation.
 Acceleration vs. Displacement
a v
x

m
x = -A x=0 x = +A
Given the spring constant, the displacement, and
the mass, the acceleration can be found from:

or −kx
F = ma = −kx a=
m
Note: Acceleration is always opposite to displacement.
 EXERCISE 7

A body of mass 14kg being hung with springs straight from

one end attached to a rigid support. The body produced
25mm static deflection. It was pulled down 23mm and then
released. Find

i. The acceleration began to the body

ii. Periodic time
iii. The spring maximum force
iv. Velocity and acceleration the body when it is 12mm
from the equilibrium position
SOLUTI
ONS
i. The acceleration began to the body ii. Periodic time
iii. The spring maximum force

iv. Velocity and acceleration the body when it is 12mm

from the equilibrium position

a = 4.709 m/s2
THE SIMPLE PENDULUM

In order to be in SHM, the

restoring force must be
proportional to the negative of the
displacement. Here we have:

which is proportional to sin θ and

not to θ itself.

However, if the angle is small,

sin θ ≈ θ.
Therefore, for small angles, we have:

where

The period and frequency are:

 EXERCISE 9

A mass is suspended from a string 60mm long. It is

nudged so that it makes a small swinging oscillation.
Determine the frequency and periodic time.

SOLUTI
ONS
 EXERCISE 10

Amplitude of a simple pendulum is 7 and the

periodic 1.5s. Find
i. Maximum linear velocity
ii. Maximum linear acceleration
SOLUTI
ONS
 EXERCISE 11

A pendulum is formed by hanging a 0.5kg bob at the

end of a 1.5m long mass less string. It a raised to make
an angle of 5° from the vertical and then released (from
rest).
i. Calculate the period, frequency and angular
speed of the simple harmonic motion
ii. Calculate the maximum acceleration.

SOLUTI
ONS
 EXERCISE 12

A pendulum is made by letting a 1.2 kg object swing at

the end of a string that has a length of 1.4 m. The
maximum angle that the string makes with the vertical
as the pendulum swings is 27 degrees. What is the
maximum speed of the object?
SOLUTI
ONS
 EXERCISE 13

A simple pendulum has a mass of 0.3 kg and a length

of 1.5 m. It is displaced by an angle 10.0 and then
released. What is the maximum speed?
SOLUTI
ONS
Thank you !