Chapter 6: Structural Design

6.1 Introduction
• Plain Cement Concrete(PCC)
 Cement+sand+aggregate+water
 High compressive strength, low tensile strength
 Direct Tensile strength of concrete is about 10% of compressive strength
 Flexural tensile strength is about 15%of compressive strength
 Modulus of elasticity of concrete Ec=5000√𝑓𝑐𝑘 (IS
456:2000),Ec=5700√𝑓𝑐𝑘 (IS 456:1978) ,𝑓𝑐𝑘 = characteristic compressive
strength of concrete.
 Unit weight of PCC = 24 KN/m3
 (M5-M10 ) concrete is used in PCC
• Reinforced cement concrete (RCC)
 Concrete(PCC)+Rebar (steel)
 High compressive & tensile strength
 Modulus of elasticity of steel Es= 2x105 N/mm2
 Unit weight of RCC = 25 KN/m3
 Grade of concrete used in RCC is ≥ M20
𝐷2
 Unit weight of steel = (kg/m) where, D is diameter of bar in mm.
162
 Prestressed concrete(PSC)
 Grade of Concrete used in PSC is ≥ M30

Grade of Concrete
Concrete grade M10 M15 M20 M25
Characteristic compressive
10 15 20 25
strength(N/mm2)
Ratio(C:FA:CA) 1:3:6 1:2:4 1:1.5:3 1:1:2
Water cement ratio(w/c) 0.6-0.65 0.55-0.6 0.5-0.55 0.45-0.5

Steel for Reinforcement

1. Mild Steel (Fe250)
2. High yield strength deformed(HYSD)
i) ToR Steel (Fe415)
ii) TMT Steel (Fe500,Fe550)
 Where, Fe stand for iron & 250,415,500 & 550 stands for yield strength of iron
250N/mm2, 415 N/mm2, 500 N/mm2 and 550 N/mm2)

Definition of RCC

 The composite material of steel and concrete acts as a structural member

and can resist tensile as well as compressive stresses very well.

Difference between working stress and limit state

Working Stress Method Limit State Method
 Stress- Strain behavior is linear.  Stress-Strain behavior is non-linear.
 WSM is also known as elastic design.  LSM is also known as plastic design.
 WSM is Stress based method of RCC design.  LSM is Strain based method of RCC design.
 In WSM, the material follows Hooke’s law as stress In LSM, stress is allowed to cross the yield
is not allowed to cross the yield limit. limit.
 In WSM, Safety Factor is considered.  In LSM, Partial Safety Factor is considered.
 WSM doesn’t consider shrinkage, creep & long  LSM considers the behavior of structure
term effects on structures. beyond the yielding point.
 A section which is plane before bending remains  A section which is plane normal to the axis
plane after bending. of structural component remains plane after
bending.
280  The Ultimate Stresses are considered as
 Modular Ratio is generally taken into
3∗𝑐𝑏𝑐 allowable permissible stresses
consideration to calculate allowable stresses.

6.1.1 Types of Reinforcement Sections

Balanced section, under reinforced section and over reinforced section at limit
state

1. Balance section
 If the ratio of amount of steel to concrete in a beam is such that the
maximum strain in the two materials reaches simultaneously, a sudden
failure would occur such section is called balanced reinforced section.
 Area of Concrete (Ac) = Area of Steel (Ast)
 X= Xc ,Where X& Xc are actual &Criticaldepth of Neutral
 The failure of such beam is called balanced failure in which crushing of
concrete and yielding of steel occursimultaneously.
2. Under reinforced section
 If less amount of steel used in the section than that of a balance section
is called under reinforced section.
 Area of steel (Ast)<Area of concrete(Ac)
  In such a condition the stress in the steel will reaches its yield point, and
the stress in the concrete remains below the permissible stress. Under
such a condition the beam will fail due to over stress in the steel.
 In design, we always desire the beams to fail in this mode because the
occupants of the building will get enough time to evacuate, minimizing
loss of life and property.
 X<XC
 The failure of such beam is called tension failure(ductile failure)

3. Over reinforced section

 The percentage of steel provided is greater than that of balanced
section.
 Area of steel (Ast)>Area of concrete(Ac)

 The steel provided in the beam is such that concrete reach the
limiting values of strain prior to steel. This results in breaking of
concrete and since now there is no concrete present to take the
compression the beam fails suddenly.
 X>XC
 The failure of such beam is called compression failure (Brittle
failure)

6.1.2 Types of reinforcement beam based on reinforcement used.

1. Singly Reinforced beam

 The beam that is longitudinally reinforced only in tension zone, it is
known as a singly reinforced beam.
 In Such beams, the ultimate bending moment and the tension are carried
by the reinforcement, while the compression is carried by the concrete.

D
 2. Doubly Reinforced Beam
 The beam that is reinforced with steel in the tension and compression
zone is known as the doubly reinforced beam
 Doubly reinforced beam is provided to increase the moment capacity
of beam with limited dimensions.

Condition for DRB

1. When depth and width of beam is limited/restricted
2. When moment capacity of singly reinforced section is less than factored
moment due to loading condition i.e Mcapacity< Mfactored
3. When beam is subjected to heavy loading, eccentric as well as reversal
loading.

Note: By over reinforcing the RCC beam the moment of resistance can be
increased upto 25%.

Concept of transformed or equivalent section

d
D N.A.
Ast mAst

RCC Section Transformed Section

s,c =stress in steel and concrete

s&c = strain in steel and concrete

 Es , Ec = modulus of elasticity of steel and concrete
Ps, Pc = load carried by steel & concrete
Aeqc =Equivalent Area
d = effective depth of beam
Total load carried by section (P) = Ps + Pc
P = s* Ast +c*Ac ……………. (i)
By working stress method

s =c
s c
=
Es Ec
Es
s = *c
Ec

s = m * cwhere m is modular ratio.

From equation (i),
P = m*c* Ast +c*Ac
P = c * (m* Ast +Ac)
𝑃 𝑃
c = = where Aeqc = (m* Ast +Ac) is called the equivalent
(m∗ Ast + Ac ) 𝐴𝑒𝑞𝑐
area of the section in terms of concrete. It means that the area of steel Ast, can be
replaced by an equivalent area of concrete equal to m.Ast.
280
Modular ratio (m) = (pg 80, IS 456:2000 code)
3∗𝑐𝑏𝑐
(Divided by 3 for bending compression & by 4 for axial compression)

𝑐𝑏𝑐 = Permissible bending compressive stress for concrete

(See pg 81, Table 21, IS 456:2000 code)
𝑠𝑡 = Permissible tensile stress in steel reinforcement,
(See pg 82, Table 22, IS 456:2000 code)
Concept of Modular Ratio: modular ratio makes it possible to transform composite section
into equivalent homogeneous section made up of one material.
 Analysis of Singly Reinforced Rectangular Section
b
𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐 𝜎𝑐 <𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐 𝜎𝑐 >𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐

xc X
d

N.A
N.A.

d-xcd-x N.A

l
𝜎𝑠𝑡 𝜎𝑠𝑡 𝜎𝑠𝑡
𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
Ast
RCC Section Balanced Under reinforced over reinforced
Section Section Section

Fig: Stress Diagram

1. Balanced Section
𝜎𝑠𝑡
𝜎 𝑐𝑏𝑐 𝑚 𝜎 𝑐𝑏𝑐 𝑥𝑐
= i.e. 𝜎𝑠𝑡 = x= xc
𝑥𝑐 𝑑−𝑥 𝑐 𝑚 𝑑−𝑥 𝑐

2. Under reinforced section

Moment of area on compression side = moment of area on tension side
Area of compression side *distance = Equivalent Area of
concrete*distance
Of C.G of compression area from N.A of C.G of tensile area from
N.A.

(b * x)* 𝑥 2 = m* Ast *(d- x) x <xc

3. Over-reinforced section

(b * x)* 𝑥 2 = m* Ast *(d- x) x >xc

Moment of Resistance (MoR)
 b 𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐
𝑥
3

x C
d

Ast

RCC Section Stress diagram

𝑥
Lever arm (Z) = d -
3
Moment of Resistance (MoR)
MoR is equal to moment of couple formed by two equal & opposite
forces i.e. C= T
Mr = C*lever arm = T*lever arm
(𝜎 𝑐𝑏𝑐 +0) 𝑥 𝜎 𝑐𝑏𝑐 𝑥
Mr = C*Z = b* x* *(d- ) = b* x* *(d - )
2 3 2 3
𝑥
Mr = T*Z = Ast * 𝜎𝑠𝑡 * (d - )
3

Deep Beam
𝑙 𝑒𝑓𝑓
1. Simply supported deep beam if ≤2
𝐷
𝑙 𝑒𝑓𝑓
2. Continuous deep beam if ≤ 2.5
𝐷
6.2 Shear and Bond for R.C. Sections
6.2.1 Design of shear reinforcement in beam
1) No shear reinforcement
 If factored shear force (Vu) < 0.5 × shear capacity of section (Ve)
 Members of Minor structural importance such as lintels.
2) Minimum shear reinforcement
 If nominal shear stress (v) < design shear strength of concrete (c)
Asv 0.4

bsv 0.87y
3) Shear reinforcement
 If v>c, shear reinforcement is designed in the form of
a) Vertical stirrups
 b) Inclined stirrups
c) Combined of vertical and inclined stirrups.
4) Redesign of section
If v>c, max, redesign the section
Vu
Where, v = Nominal shear stress =
bd
c = Design shear strength of concrete
Maximum shear stress(c, max) = 0.63 𝑓𝑐𝑘

 Design shear strength of concrete depends upon

a) Grade of concrete
b) Percentage of longitudinal tensile reinforcement
 Maximum shear stress depends upon: Grade of concrete

Shear Failure of RC beam

1. Diagonal tension failure

 Such failure is developed near to support where Shear force is large as
compared to bending moment.
 The cracked formed due to this failure makes an angle of 450 with the
horizontal.

2. Diagonal compression failure

 Such failure Occurs in between support and mid span.
 Failure occurs at place Where Shear force and Bending moment has
equal importance.
 The cracked formed due to this failure makes an angle of 450 to 900
with the horizontal
3. Flexural Tension failure
 Such Failure is developed at mid span when bending moment is
large as compared to shear force.
 The cracked formed due to this failure makes an angle of 900with
the horizontal.
6.2.2 Types of shear reinforcement and their design
1. Vertical shear Reinforcement 2. Inclined Shear
Reinforcement
 3. Combination of vertical and inclined stirrups

 Maximum shear stress in rectangular beam = 1.5 *Average stress

 Maximum shear stress in Circular beam = 1.33 *Average stress
 Maximum spacing of shear reinforcement
 0.75d or 300mm whichever is less for vertical stirrups
 d or 300mm whichever is less for inclined stirrups
Where d = effective depth
 The common type of shear reinforcement is the two-legged stirrup, comprising
closed and open loop, with its ends anchored properly around longitudinal bars.
 It is placed perpendicular to the members axis(vertical stirrup)

Bond stress
1) Anchorage or development bond
s
Ld =
4bd
Development length (ld)
Minimum length of bar which must be embedded in concrete beyond any
section or overlap so that there is no any slippage occurs.
 2) Flexural bond
M1
Ld 1.30 + Lo ,Where lo = anchorage length
V
Design Bond stress value for plain bars in tension

Grade of
M20 M25 M30 M35 M40
concrete

Design Bond
1.2 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.9
Stress(N/mm2)

 Design bond stress for plain bar in compression should be increased by 25%
 Design bond stress for deformed bar should be increased by 60%
6.2.3 Determination of Anchorage Length
Anchorages are provided to get the sufficient development length at the end of bar.
Types of bend 450 900 1350 1800

Anchorage Value 4∅ 8∅ 12 ∅ 16 ∅

Anchorage values of Bends or hooks. (Page 43, clause 26. 2.2.1.) IS 456: 2000

1. Anchoring bars in tension

i) Hooks are provided normally in plain bars in tension
ii) Deformed bars may be used without end Anchorage if the development length
requirement is satisfied.
For standard bend, anchorage length = 8 ∅
For standard U types hooks = 16 ∅
 2. Anchoring bars in compression
Anchorage length of bar in compression = development length of bars in compression

Splicing/Lapping
- If the required length of steel bar is greater than available length of steel bar, then
bar needs to be spliced to get full length.
Splicing Length:
1. Compression member: Ld or 24∅ ,whichever is greater
2. Flexural Member: Ld or 30∅ , whichever is greater
3. Direct Tension: 2 Ld or 30∅ , whichever is greater
4. Straight length of lap in hook: 15∅ or 200 mm, whichever is greater
5. No Splicing is done if diameter is greater than 36 mm
6. Lap Length is based on minimum diameter if diameters are unequal

Bundling of bars
The development length of each bar of bundled bars shall be that for individual bar,
Increased by 10 % for two bars in contact
Increased by 20% for three bars in contact
Increased by 33 % for four and more bars in contact

Flange Beams
 Flange beams are of two types : T- beam & L- beam
 In RCC construction, slabs and beams are cast monolithically. In such
construction, a portion of the slab act as flange of beam.

Fig: T beams and L beams

 Intermediate beams: T-beams

 End beams: L-beams.
Terms used in flange beams

1. Breadth of Web (b w )
 Breadth of web is the width of the beam supporting the slab.
1 2
 b w = ( 3 to 3 ) * depth of web

2. Thickness of the Flange (Df )

 The thickness of flange is equal to the thickness or depth of the slab.

3. Overall Depth of the Beam (D)

 It is generally assumed as:
1 1
( 15 to 20 ) * Span for light load
1 1
( 12 to 15 ) * Span for medium load
1
* Span for heavy load
12

6.3 Axially loaded RC column

Column: Compression member
E.g. column, strut etc.
6.3.1 Types of Columns
1. Types of column based on slenderness ratio
a) short column
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡 𝑕 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓
 3< = ≤ 12
𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏

𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡 𝑕 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓

 10 < = ≤ 40
𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑦𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟 𝑚𝑖𝑛
 Crushing failure occurs
b) Long column
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡 𝑕 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓
 = > 12
𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏
 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡 𝑕 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓
 = >40
𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑦𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟 𝑚𝑖𝑛
 Buckling failure occurs
c) Intermediate column
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡 𝑕 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓
 4< = < 30
𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏

𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡 𝑕 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓

 30 < = <120
𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑦𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟 𝑚𝑖𝑛
 Crushing& buckling failure occurs
𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓
Pedestal: < 3 & reinforcement in pedestal = 0.15% of gross sectional area.
𝑏

2. Types of column Based on type of loading

1. Axially loaded column
If vertical axial loads act on the center of gravity of the cross-section of the
column, then it is termed as axially loaded column. For example: interior
column of multi-storey buildings with symmetrical loads from floor slabs
from all sides.

Point of application load

2. Column with uniaxial eccentric loading

When vertical loads do not coincide with center of gravity of column cross
section and load acts either on X or Y axis of the column cross section, then
it is called uniaxial loading column. e.g. columns rigidly connected beam
from one side only such as edge columns.

Point of application of load

ex

3. Column with Biaxial Eccentric Loading

 When vertical load on the column is not coincide with center of gravity of
column cross section and loads act on either certain distance along both in x &
y direction then the column is called biaxial eccentric loaded column.
e.g.: corner columns with beams rigidly connected at right angles at the top of
columns.
Point of application of load
ex ey

3. Based on Types of Reinforcement

1. Tied Column
This type of column is commonly construction from reinforced concrete. Longitudinal
reinforcement are confined within closely spaced tie reinforcement.

Fig. 1: Tied column

2. Spiral Column
Spiral column is also construction from reinforced concrete. In this type of column,
longitudinal bars are confined within closely spaced and continuously wound spiral
reinforcement. Spiral reinforcement provide lateral restrains (Poisson’s effect) and delays
axial load failure (ductile).
 Fig. 2: Spiral Column

3. Composite column
When the longitudinal reinforcement is in the form of structural steel section or pipe with or
without longitudinal bars, it is called as a composite column. This type of column have high
strength with fairly small cross section.

Fig. 3: Composite column

4. Based on Construction Material

Types of columns based on construction materials include
1. Reinforced Concrete,
2. Steel,
3. Timber,
4. Brick,
5. Block,
6 Stone Column.
5. Based on Shape
Shape of Reinforced Concrete Column includes:
1. Rectangular Column
2. Square Column
3. Circular Column
4. Hexagonal Column
5. T-Shaped Column
6. L- shaped Column

6.3.2 Design of rectangular column section

Design Consideration Of column

  Minimum Diameter of longitudinal bar = 12 mm
 Minimum Number of Longitudinal Bar: Provide at least one bar at each corner
a) For rectangular/square column : 4 number
b) Circular column : 6 number
c) Hexagonal : 6 number
 Minimum Percentage of Reinforcement: 0.8 % cross sectional area
 Maximum Percentage of reinforcement:
: 4 % of x- sectional area (Practical Purpose)
: 6 % of x- sectional area (Theoretical Purpose)
 Spacing of longitudinal bars shouldn’t be more than 300 mm
 Design of lateral (transverse) ties.
∅ 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑎
Diameter = or 6mm. whichever is greater
4
Pitch (minimum of)
= least lateral dimension of column
= 16*∅𝑚𝑖𝑛
= 48* ∅𝑡
= 300 mm

Core Section: Centrally located portion of column in which the load must act so as to
produce only compressive stress but not produce tensile stress is called Kernel or core.
Section Core
1. Square (BxB) B/3
2. Rectangular(BxD) B/3,D/3
3. Circular (Dia.D) D/4

6.4 Design and Drafting of R.C. Structures

6.4.1 Design of Singly and Doubly Reinforced Beam
6.4.1.1 Design Consideration
a) Minimum area of tension reinforcement
0.85bd
(Ast)min = f
y

b) Maximum area of tension/ compression reinforcement = 0.04bD.

c) Minimum horizontal distance between two bars. Greater of:
a) Diameter of bars if diameter is equal
b) Diameter of larger bar if diameter ore unequal
c) 5mm more than nominal maximum size of coarse aggregate.
d) Minimum vertical distance between two bars in rows: not less than, Greater of:
a) 15 mm
b) Maximum size of bars
2
c) * Nominal maximum size of coarse aggregate.
3
6.4.1.2Assumptions of RC Section in Bending

a) Plane sections normal to the axis remain plane after bending i.e. strain above & below
neutral axis are proportional to the distance from neutral axis (strain distribution
triangular).
b) The maximum strain in concrete at the outermost compression fibers is taken as
0.0035 in bending.
c) The relationship between stress-strain distribution in concrete is assumed to be
nonlinear as shown in fig below .the maximum compression stress in concrete is equal
to 0.67 fck/ 1.5 or 0.446fck

Idealized curve
fck
Characteristic curve
0.67 fck
Design curve
𝑓 𝑐𝑘
Stress 0.67 = 0.446 fck
1.5

0.002 0.0035

Strain

Fig: Stress –strain Curve for Concrete

d) The tensile strength of concrete is ignored.

e) The partial safety factor used in steel reinforcement is 1.15 & concrete is 1.5.
f) The maximum strain in tension reinforcement in the section at failure shall not be less
than
𝑓𝑦
= 1.15∗𝐸 + 0.002
𝑆

6.4.1.3 Design of singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam

1. Given,
 Dimension of section, permissible stresses in concrete & steel,
Area of tensile reinforcement & modular ratio

Required, Moment of Resistance (MoR)

Steps
 Calculate the actual depth (x) of N.A. using

(b * x)* 𝑥 2 = m* Ast *(d- x)

 Calculate the Critical depth (xc) of N.A. using

𝜎 𝑐𝑏𝑐 𝑥𝑐
𝜎𝑠𝑡 =
𝑚 𝑑−𝑥 𝑐
 If x < xc , under-reinforced section
 If x > xc, over –reinforced section
Use Corresponding Moment of Resistance Formula.

6.4.1.4Analysis of Doubly Reinforced Beam

The moment ofresistance of doubly reinforced beam (M) is calculated using
M = M1 + M2, Where M1 = moment of resistance of similar balance section
without compression steel
M2 = Additional moment of resistance provided by compression steel
M1 = moment of compressive force of concrete about the center of tensile steel
𝜎 𝑥
M1= b* x* 𝑐𝑏𝑐 *(d- )
2 3
M2 = Equivalent area in terms of concrete* compressive stress *(d-d’)
= (mc-1) Asc𝜎𝑠𝑐 (d-d’)
𝜎 𝑐𝑏𝑐 𝑥
M = M1 + M2 = b* x* *(d- ) + (mc-1) Asc𝜎𝑠𝑐 (d-d’)
2 3

6.4.1.5 Permissible Stresses in Concrete (Refer to Table 21, IS 456)

Grade of Permissible Stress in Compression
Concrete Bending Compression Direct Bond Stress Modular
Compression Ratio
σ cbc (N/mm2) (N/mm2)
2
σcc (N/mm )

M10 3.0 2.5 - 31.11

M15 5.0 4.0 0.6 18.67

M20 7.0 5.0 0.8 13.33

M25 8.5 6.0 0.9 10.98

M30 10.0 8.0 1.0 9.33

M35 11.5 9.0 1.1 8.12

M40 13.0 10.0 1.2 7.18

M45 14.5 11.0 1.3 6.44

M50 16.0 12.0 1.4 5.83

6.4.1.5 Permissible stress in Reinforcement

The permissible stress in reinforcement as per IS 456:2000 are given below

S.N Types of Reinforcement Characteristic Permissible stress(σ st )

Strength, fy
140 N/mm2 if dia less or equal to 20 mm
1. Mild steel 250 N/mm2
otherwise 130 N/mm2
2. HYSD Fe 415 415 N/mm2 230 N/mm2
3. HYSD Fe 500 500 N/mm2 275 N/mm2

6.4.1.5 Design Examples:

1. Find the moment of resistance of a RCC beam 250mm wide and 500mm
effective depth if it is reinforced with 3-16 mm dia. Bars. The permissible
stresses for concrete and steel are given as 7 MPa and 230 MPa.
 Solutions
Given, b = 250 mm, d = 500 mm
𝜋∗16 2
Ast = 3* = 603.186 mm2
4
280 280
Modular ratio (m) = = = 13.33
3∗𝑐𝑏𝑐 3∗7
 Calculation of actual Depth of N.A

(b * x)* 𝑥 2 = m* Ast *(d- x)

250∗𝑥 2
= 13.33 * 603.186 *(500-x)
2

x = 150.04 mm

Calculation of Critical Depth of N.A

𝜎 𝑐𝑏𝑐 𝑥𝑐
𝜎𝑠𝑡 =
𝑚 𝑑−𝑥 𝑐

7 𝑥𝑐
230 =
13.33 500−𝑥 𝑐

Solving, xc= 144.3 mm

Here, x >xcso, over-reinforced section, MoR is governed by concrete
𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐 x
Mr = b* x* *(d- )
2 3

7 150.04
= 250* 150.04* *(500- )
2 3

Mr = 59.08 KNm Ans

2. Calculate the depth of neutral axis for a singly reinforced balanced

beam if the permissible stress in steel in tension is 140 N/mm2 and
concrete used is M15.
Given,
For M15,𝑐𝑏𝑐 =5 N/mm2
𝜎𝑠𝑡 =140 N/mm2
280 280
Modular ratio (m) = = =18.67
3∗𝑐𝑏𝑐 3∗5
At balance condition,
𝜎 𝑐𝑏𝑐 𝑥𝑐
𝜎𝑠𝑡 =
𝑚 𝑑−𝑥 𝑐
𝜎𝑠𝑡
𝜎 𝑐𝑏𝑐 𝑚
=
𝑥𝑐 𝑑−𝑥 𝑐
 5 140
18.67
=
𝑥𝑐 𝑑−𝑥 𝑐

5(d- xc) = 7.5*xc

xc= 0.4*d
6.4.2 Simple one way and two way slab

Types of Slab
1. One wayslab
2. Two wayslab
1. One way slab: - It is defined as the deflection ofslabis considered
in one direction only.

Characteristics
 Rectangular slabs which are supported on two sides by Walls
orbeams.
 Rectangular slabs which are supported on all four sides by
walls or Beams and the ratio of longer span to shorter span is

greater thantwo.
 One way slab bending in onedirection
 Main reinforcement is provided on shorterside.
2. Two way slab:- It is defined as the deflection of slab is
considered with respect to both direction (shorter direction
and longerdirection).

Characteristics

 Rectangular slabs which are supported on all four sides by

walls orbeams and the ratio of longer span to shorter span
is equal or less thantwo.

 Two way slab bending in twodirection

  Main reinforcements are provided on both direction
 For prismatic beams of rectangular sections and slabs of uniform
thickness and Spans up to 10m, span/eff. depth (l/d) ratios are specified by
the code (IS 456:2000 Cl. 23.2.1) (l/d)max = (l/d)basic x kt xkc
(l/d)basic or α= 7 for cantilever spans
=20 for simply supported spans
=26 for Continuous spans
Where, kt or γ = modification factors for tension
reinforcement kc or δ = modification factors for
compression reinforcement.
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛
((l/D)max
𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑕

= 30 for simply supported span (one way slab)

= 35 for continuous span (one way slab)
= 35 for simply supported span (two way slab)

= 40 for continuous span (two way slab)

= 12 for cantilever slab

 For slabs spanning in two direction, the shorter of the two spans
should be used for calculating the span to effective depthratios.
 For two way slabs of shorter span (up to 3.5 m) with mild
steel reinforcement, The span to overall depth ratios given below
may generally beassumed
To satisfy vertical deflection limits for loading
class up to 3 KN/m2.
(l/D)max
=35 for simply supportedspan
= 40 for continuous span
For high strength deformed bars of grade Fe415, the values
given above should be multiplied by 0.8

Design Considerations
1. Minimum over all depth of slab is100mm.
2. Minimum clear cover is 15mm or maximum diameter of the bar
whichever is greater.
3. Cover of the end of the reinforcing bar is 2Ф or 25mm whichever
 isgreater.
4. Maximum diameter of main steel bar is (1/8)th of the overall depth . (IS
5. Minimum clear spacing between barsisMaximum of the
following:
• Nominal maximum size of coarse aggregate +5mm
• Maximum diameter of bar,Фmax.
6. Maximum distance between bars in tension
For Main reinforcement bar (lesser of following)

i. Three times the effective depth ofslab.

ii. 300mm
For Distribution bar (for temperature and shrinkage)

Least of following
i. Five times the effective depth ofslab.
ii. 450mm
7. Minimum area of reinforcement in the slab
i) 0.15% of the total cross-sectional area for mildsteel.
ii) 0.12% of the total cross-sectional area for HYSDsteel.

Torsional Reinforcement

 Provided at simply supported along fouredges

 Length = 0.2*shorterspan
 Area of Reinforcement = 0.75*Ast,max(+ve)
Flat slab
 Minimum thickness of flat slab = 125mm
 Directly rest oncolumn
 Monolithic with the column and nobeams
 Drop panel: thickened part of flat slab over its supportingcolumn
 Column capitals/heads: the enlarged head of a supporting column
of flatslab
Design Steps of Slab
Design of one-way slab
a) Check for ratio of spans
ly / 1x>2 (for one-way slab)
b) Determine the depth of slab
By deflection criteria,
1/d  Basic value × F1 × F2 × F3
(Where, Basic value is 7 for cantilevers, 20 for simply supported and 26
for continuous
F1 is a factor to account tensile reinforcement and in generally more than
1.25
F2 and F3 are close to unity
c) Find the factored moment Mu for 1m width of slab.
d) Determine Mu,lim for 1m wide slab.
e) Spacing of the main bars must be calculated using,
2/4
S = A × 1000
st

Spacing must not be more than 3d or 300mm. Note that the main bars
must be provided along shorter span.
f) Check for shear
Vu
Design shear = v = b × d (Remember, b = 1000mm)

The design strength of concrete is taken as Ksc

where, ks is a factor depending upon slab thickness obtained from clause
40.2 in IS 456:2000.
Shear reinforcement is avoided in slab so if v>c the slab thickness is
increased and redesigned.
g) Check for deflection
1
d  Basic value × F1 × F2 × F3
h) Distribution steel
A minimum of 0.12 percent of total cross section for Fe 415 and a
minimum of 0.15% of total cross section for mild steel is provided as distribution
steel, which is provided along the longer span.
Design of two-way slab
a) Check for two way
1y / 1x< 2 (for way slab)
b) Determine the depth of slab
If short span is less than 3.5 m and live load less than 3 KN/m2, 1x/d ratio
is as follows.
Fe 250 Fe415/Fe500
Simply supported 35 28
Continuous 40 32
If shorter span is greater than 3.5 m or LL is greater than 3 KN/m2,
1x / d  Basic value × F1 × F2 × F3
c) Find effective length 1x and 1y as obtained from IS 456:2000.
d) Calculate design moments using coefficients as per condition (table 26 of
IS 456:2000)
M x =  x× wu × 1x
+ + 2

M+y = +y × wu × 12x

M x– =  –x× wu × 1x2
M y– =  y– ×wu × 1x2
It becomes crucial to understand the symbols. Mx and My are design
moments along X and Y direction respectively. The positive sign indicates sagging
moment at mid - span and negative sign indicates hogging moment in the top face of
the slab at support locations.
e) Calculate design shear force
r4 1x 1y
Vu = wu × 1 + r4 × 2 where, r = 1
x

f) Design reinforcement in both directions

Mu = 0.87 × fy × Ast × d × 1 – Bd f 
Ast fy
 ck

g) Check for shear

Vu
v = b × d

v< Ksc
Where, Ks is a factor depending upon slab thickness obtained from clause
40.2 in IS 456:2000.
Shear reinforcement is avoided in slab so if v>c the slab thickness is
increased and redesigned.
h) Check for deflection
1/d provided  Basic value × F1 × F2 × F3
6.4.3 Axially loaded short and Long Column
Load Carrying Capacity of column

 Load carrying Capacity of short column, P = cc* Ac + sc*Asc

 Load Carrying Capacity of helical stirrups around the longitudinal steel bars
will be increased by 5%.

P = 1.05*(cc* Ac +sc*Asc)
Where cc = Permissible stress in concrete in compression
Ac = Area of Concrete
sc = Permissible stress in steel in compression
Asc = Area of steel in column
 Load carrying Capacity of Long column, P = Cr*(cc* Ac + sc*Asc)
𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓
Where, Cr = Reduction Factor = 1.25 -
48𝑏
𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓
= 1.25 -
160 𝑟 𝑚𝑖𝑛
Design Examples

1. Design a column to carry an axial load of 850 KN. The length of column is 5m.
Ends of column are properly restrained in position but not restrained against
rotation. Use M15 grade of concrete and Fe250 steel.
Solution:
Given, P = 850 KN, L = 5m, leff = 1*5 = 5 m
For M15 Grade of concrete, cc = 4 N/mm2
For mild steel, sc = 130 N/mm2
Assume, percentage of steel = 1%
Area of steel, Asc = 1% of Ag = 0.01Ag
Area of concrete, Ac = Ag – Asc = (1- 0.01) Ag = 0.99 Ag
For gross area of column,
P = cc* Ac + sc*Asc
850*103 = 4*0.99Ag +130*0.01*Ag
Solving, Ag = 161596.96 mm2
Provide square column, b = 𝐴𝑔 = 401.99 mm
Provide size of column = 410mmx410mm
Check for column
𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓 5∗1000
Slenderness ratio = = = 12.2 > 12 so column is long.
𝑏 410
Find, Cr
𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓 5∗1000
Cr = Reduction Factor = 1.25 - = 1.25 - = 0.99
48𝑏 48∗410
Now,

P =Cr*(cc* Ac + sc*Asc)

850*103 = 0.99*[4*(410*410-Asc) +130*Asc]

Solving, Asc = 1477.66 mm2

Assume diameter of longitudinal bar = 16 mm

𝜋∗16 2
Area of single bar = = 201.06 mm2
4

1477 .66
Number of bars, n = = 7.35 ≈ 8
201.06

Provide 8- 16 mm longitudinal bars

For Lateral Ties

16
Diameter of ties = or 6mm whichever is greater
4

= 6 mm

Pitch = 410 mm or 16*16mm or 48*6 mm or 300 mm whichever is less

= 410 mm or 256 mm or 288 mm or 300 mm whichever is less

= 288 mm

Provide 6mm@288mm c/c spacing

Questions:

1. Define RCC. Explain About Singly and Doubly reinforced sections with
examples. [1+4]
2. Describe about balanced, under reinforced section and over reinforced RCC
Sections. [5]
3. Write down the design consideration of doubly reinforced beam. Explain
about condition for providing doubly reinforced beam.[2+3]
4. Explain about the shear failure of RC Sections. [5]
5. Define bond stress, development length. Explain the different types of shear
reinforcement and their design criteria.[2+3]
6. Find the moment of resistance of a RCC beam 250mm wide and 500mm
effective depth if it is reinforced with 3-16 mm dia. Bars. The permissible
stresses for concrete and steel are given as 7 MPa and 230 MPa. [10]
7. Define compression member. Write down the different types of
Column.[1+9]
8. A column has cross sectional area 300 x 300 mm and is reinforced with 4-
25mm. Determine the permissible load if effectively held in position at both
ends, but restrained against rotation having
a) A length of 3m
b) A length of 5 m. Use M25 concrete and Fe415 steel [10]
9. Explain about the moment resisting bars in slab with their design
considerations. [5]
10.Write down the design steps of simple one way slab with necessary codal
provisions.[5]