Chapter

2 Matrices
2.1
Elementary Transformations 2.3 Application of matrices
2.2 Inverse of a matrix

Quick Review

Elementary Transformations: Determinant of a matrix:

Symbol
Meaning a bc
Interchange of i" and j" rows IfA =d e fthen determinant of Ais given b
Interchange of i" and jh columns lg h i
RË’ kRi Multiplying the ;th row by
non-zero scalark la b
e fl=a(ei- hf)- b(di-gf)+c(dh-ge)
C;’ kC; Multiplying the ih column by g h il
non-zero scalar k
R’Rt kR Adding k times the elements of Inverse of a matrix:
;th row to the
elements of ilh row corresponding If AandB are non-singular
square
the same order such that AB BA =matrices
*..

of
C’C+ kC, Adding k times the elements of I(where
is identity matrix of the same order as of A
¡ column to the and
elements of i" columncorresponding B), then A and B are called inverses of each
Note: other. We write A=B andB= A.
1. A row of a matrix cannot be ie. AA=AAI.
a column and vice versa. interchanged with
If \A|=0, then A exists.
2. The elements of row or multiples of the ii. If the inverse of a square matrix
elements of row cannot be added to elements of exists., then it is
unique. A matrix can not have more than one
a column and vice versa. distinct inverse.
Inverse of a nonsingular matrix by elementary transformations:
To find inverse of a nonsingular square matrix A.
i. By elementary row transformations:
Step-I: Consider AA=J
Step-II: Perform elementary row transformations on matrices A andI to convert matrix A
and the matrix I in RHS intoa new matrix B. into identity matrix I
Thus, we get
IA=B
i.e. A =B
ii. By elementary column transformations:
Step-I: Consider A"A=I
Sten-JI: Perform elementary column transformations on matrices A and I to convert matrix A into identity
matrix I and the matrix I in RHS into a new matrix B.
Thus, we get
AI=B
i.e. A-'=B

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Minor of an element
of a matrix
Co-factor of an element
of a matrix
Adjoint of a square matrix
Let A=[a be a square Let A = Jal be a The adjoint of a square matrix A= [ajm xm
matrix of order n. The
matrix of order n.square
The is the transpose of the matrix [Ajmm
minor M; of a; in A is
the determinant of the
co-factor A; of a; in Ais where A denotes the co-factor of a; of A.
square matrix obtained equal to (-1y* Mi, where
M; stands for minor of the If A= | a1 ag az3 then
by deleting i" row and
h column of A in which element aj. Thus,
Aj = Mi, ifi+jiseven
ajlies. and Aj Ap A A Az A1
Aj=-Mj, ifi +jis odd. adj A A,l An A Az A Ag
|A_| A2 A3 Aj A A_

Inverse of a square matrix by adjoint

method

If A is any non-singular square matrix, its

inverse is given by
(adj A)

where A is the value of the determinant of A.

Application of matrices

Method of Inversion Method of Reduction

Consider AX = B In this method, we need not calculate A

a, ap ag We apply elementary row transformations on
where A= a,1 AX= B(i.e., on A and B) such that
|a, a2 a13 b
|a31 a32 a33|
b, reduces to
|b,
a31 a2 a33 |b,
X=y and B = b,
b x

Pre-multiplying by A", b2 b
0 b3
A (AX) =AB
.. (A A)X = AB which gives,
IX= A'B’X=AB bËxt b12y + by3z = b, ...)
from this, we will get the values of x, y bz2y +bzsz= b, ...(1)
and z.
bs3z = b, ...(iii)
By solving (i), (i) and (iii) we will get the
values ofx, y and z.

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a 0 0 viii. IfA is an orthogonal matrix, then A-!is

1. If A=0
a 0
is also an
b 0 then An = and orthogonal matrix.
0 00 c 0 4. If A and B are square matries of order
n such
|1 that |A 0and |B|0, then
1. A.(adj A) = (adj A)A = |A| I,
A=|o 1 11. adj (A-) =(adj A)
b If A|= 0, then A(adj A) = (adj A) A = 0
1 1V. adj (A") = (adj A)"
C V. adj (A")= (adj A)", me N.
vi. adj (kA)=k (adjA), ke R
2. If A = a b] vii. IfA is singular then Jadj A| =0
lc d and ad -bc 0, then viii. ladj A< = |A
A-! 1 ix. If A is a square matrix of order 2, then
(ad- bc) -c ladj Al= |A|
X. IfA is square matrix of order 3, then
3. If A and B are invertible matrices of the same
order, then
ladj A< =|A
xi. The adjoint of a diagonal matrix is a diagonal
i (A}=A matrix.
ii. (Ay=(A,keN xii. IfA is symmetric matrix then adj A is also a
symmetric matrix. 7.
111. (kA)= k
A,(k+ 0) xiii. adj (adj A) |A|. A
iv.
V.
(A'=(Ay
(AB) =B'A-! xiv. Jadj (adj A)) = |A
vi. IfA is symmetric, then A is also symmetric. XV. adi (adj (A)) = A(for a 2 x 2matrix)
Vii. IfA is a scalar matrix, then A is also scalar matrix. xvi. adj (AB) = (adi B). (adj A)