Drawing Magnetic

Field Pattern and

Evaluating Magnetic
Flux and Force
Lesson Objectives:
At the end of this module, you should be able to:

1. draw magnetic field pattern and motion of charge

particle;
2. differentiate electric and magnetic interactions;
3. describe interaction between poles of magnets;
4. evaluate magnetic force and magnetic flux; and
5. calculate magnetic force per unit length on current.
What is magnetism?
Magnetism
It came from the term ‘Magnesia’, a coastal
district of ancient Thessaly, Greece, where
certain stones were found by the Greeks
more than 2000 years ago.

These stones, called lodestones, had the

unusual property of attracting pieces of iron.

Magnets were first fashioned into compasses

and used for navigation by the Chinese in
the twelfth century.
Magnet
An object or a device that gives off an
external magnetic field.

Basically, it applies a force over a

distance on other magnets, electrical
currents, beams of charge, or
magnetic materials.

Magnetism can even be caused by

electrical currents.
Magnetic Field
A region around a magnetic material
or a moving electric charge within
which the force of magnetism acts.

The magnetic field is strong when the

field lines are closely-spaced and the
magnetic field is weak when the field
lines are widely spaced.
Magnetic Field Lines
Electric Interactions and
Magnetic Interactions
Electricity and magnetism are essentially
two aspects of the same thing, because a
changing electric field creates a magnetic
field, and a changing magnetic field creates
an electric field.

This is usually referred to as

electromagnetism.
If the motion of electric
charges produces
magnetism, where is
the motion in a
common bar magnet?
ANSWER

1. Material that the magnet is made out of.

2. Electron spin and electron revolution.
3. Particle nature of matter.
Lorentz Force

The Lorentz Force is the combination of

electric and magnetic force on a point of
charge due to electromagnetic fields.
Magnetic Flux

Magnetic flux is a measurement of the

total magnetic field which passes
through a given area.

It is a useful tool for helping describe

the effects of the magnetic force on
something occupying a given area.
Magnetic Flux

When calculating the magnetic flux include the component of

the magnetic field vector which is normal to our test area.

Now choose a simple flat surface with area A as our test area and
there is an angle θ between the normal to the surface and a
magnetic field vector (magnitude B) then the magnetic flux is,
𝚽 = 𝐵Acosθ, where 𝚽 is the magnetic flux in Webers (Wb), B is
the magnetic field in Tesla, A is the area in meters square, θ is the
angle between the area and the magnetic field.
Magnetic Flux Density

A related term that you may come across is the magnetic flux
density and is measured in Wb/m^2.

Because we are dividing flux by area, we could also directly state

the units of flux density in Tesla.

In fact, the term magnetic flux density is often used

synonymously with the magnitude of the magnetic field.
 Why is the magnetic flux
through a closed surface zero?
Answer

For a closed surface, the sum of magnetic flux is always equal

to zero (Gauss' law for magnetism). No matter how small the
volume, the magnetic sources are always dipole sources (like
miniature bar magnets), so that there are as many magnetic field
lines coming in (to the south pole) as out (from the north pole).
Sample Problem

Suppose a small magnetometer probe is moved around

(without rotating) inside a 0.5 m^2 area near a large sheet
of magnetic material and indicates a constant reading of 5
mT.

What is the magnetic flux through the area?

Sample Problem

Calculate the magnetic flux through a rectangular wire frame

3.0 m long and 2.0 m wide if the magnetic field through the
frame is 4.2 mT.
a) Assume that the magnetic field is perpendicular to the area
vector.
b) Assume that the magnetic field is parallel to the area vector.
c) Assume that the angle between the magnetic field and the
area vector is 30 degrees.
Sample Problem

Assume the angle is 40 degrees, the magnetic field is 50 nT,

and the flux is 250 mWb. What is the radius of the loop?
Magnetic Force

Magnetic force in terms of current and magnetic field,

F = ILBsinθ, where I is the current in Amperes, L is the
length of the wire in meters, and B is the magnitude of the
magnetic field in Tesla.
Sample Problem

A 15cm straight wire carries a 30A current. What is

the magnitude of the magnetic force on the wire if it is
placed between the pole ends of a magnet at an angle
of 45 degrees? Assume the magnetic field strength
between the poles is 0.75T.
Sample Problem

A wire of length 0.75m carries a current of 20.0A. The

wire experiences a force of 5.8N in the presence of a
magnetic field 0.50T. What is the angle between the
magnetic field and the wire?
Solving Problems
Involving Magnetic
Field
Lesson Objectives:
At the end of this module, you should be able to:

1. evaluate the magnetic field vector at any point along the

axis of a circular current loop;
2. calculate magnetic field for highly symmetric current;
and
3. solve problems involving magnetic field.
Coulomb’s Law for Magnetism
Lorentz Equation

If a particle of charge q moves with velocity v in the

presence of both a magnetic field B and an electric field E,
it will feel a force F = q (E + v) B.

It was named after the Dutch physicist, Hendrik A. Lorentz.

Biot-Savart’s Law
In electromagnetism: the magnetic
intensity at any point due to a
steady current in an infinitely long
straight wire is directly proportional to
the current and inversely proportional
to the distance from point to wire.

It as named after the French physicists

Jean –Baptiste Biot and Felix Savart.
Ampere’s Law

States that for any closed loop path, the sum of the
length elements times the magnetic field in the direction
of the length element is equal to the permeability times
the electric current enclosed in the loop.

This is a useful law that relates the net magnetic field

along closed loop to the current passing through the loop.
Magnetic Field

Magnetic field at a distance r from a long straight wire

carrying a current I is 𝛍0I/2𝛑r.
The direction of the magnetic field is given by a right-hand
rule. In this rule, point the thumb on your right hand in
the direction of the current in the wire. When you curl
your fingers, they curl the same way that the magnetic
field curls around the wire.
Right-Hand Rule
Magnetic Field

Magnetic fields arise from charges, similarly to electric

fields, but are different in that the charges must be
moving.
A long straight wire carrying a current is the simplest
example of a moving charge that generates a magnetic
field.
Sample Problem

A surveyor is using a magnetic compass 6.1 m below a

power line in which there is a steady current of 100 A. What
is the magnetic field at the site of the compass due to the
power line?
Sample Problem

Determine B for the points on the axis of a circular loop of

wire of radius R = 5.2cm carrying a current I = 8.2A.
Sample Problem

A straight wire carrying a current of 12A and a magnetic

field of 2.7 x 10^–6 T, what is the radius?
Identifying the
Factors that Affect
the Induced EMF and
Induced Current
Lesson Objectives:
At the end of this module, you should be able to:

1. identify the factors that affect the induced EMF and induced current;
2. relate Faraday’s experiment and Maxwell’s evaluation to a given
experiment;
3. differentiate EMD from non-EMF;
4. calculate the induced EMF in a closed loop using Faraday’s law and
determine the direction of the induced electric field, magnetic field, and
current using Lenz’s law; and
5. compare and contrast alternating current (AC) and direct current
(DC).
Alternating Current v. Direct Current
Comparison Chart
Alternating Current Direct Current

Amount of Energy That a. safe to transfer over longer city distances a. voltage of DC cannot travel very far until it
Can Be Carried b. can provide more power begins to lose energy

Cause of the Direction a. rotating magnet along the wire a. steady magnetism along the wire.
of Flow of Electrons

Frequency a. 50 Hz or 60 Hz (depends on the country) a. 0 Hz

Direction a. reverses its direction while flowing in a a. flows in one direction in the circuit
circuit

Current a. magnitude of current varies with time a. magnitude of current is constant

Flow of Electrons a. electrons keep switching directions - a. electrons move steadily in one direction, or
forward and backward forward
Alternating Current v. Direct Current
Comparison Chart
Alternating Current Direct Current

Obtained From a. Ac generator and mains a. cell or battery

Passive Parameters a. impedance a. resistance only

Power Factor a. lies between 0 and 1 a. always 1

Types a. sinusoidal, trapezoidal, triangular, and a. pure and pulsating

square
Experimental Setup for Faraday

Faraday was a scientist

experimenting with circuits
and magnetic coils way back
in the 1830s. His experiment
setup led to Faraday's Law.
Experimental Setup for Faraday
When the switch is closed, the electric current will flow within
the wire attached to the battery. When this current flow, it has
an associated magnetic field (or magnetic flux) with it.
When the wire wraps around the left side of the magnetic core,
a magnetic field (magnetic flux) is induced within the core.
This flux travels around the core. So, the magnetic flux
produced by the wired coil on the left exists within the wired
coil on the right, which is connected to the ammeter.
Experimental Setup for Faraday
In Faraday’s observation, whenever he closes the switch,
current would begin to flow and the ammeter would spike
one way (measuring +10 Amps on the other side). But it
was very brief, and the current on the right coil would go
to zero.
Whenever he opens the switch, the current measured
would spike to the other side (-10 Amps would be
measured), and the measured current on the right side
would be zero.
Experimental Setup for Faraday
Similarly, when the switch was opened, the magnetic flux
in the core would decrease from its constant value back to
zero.
Hence, a decreasing flux within the core induced an
opposite current on the right side.
Faraday figured out that a changing magnetic flux
within a circuit (or closed loop of wire) produced an
induced EMF, or voltage within the circuit.
Experimental Setup for Faraday
In another experiment, Faraday reversed the procedure.
He made the wire stationary in a moving magnetic field.
His observations were the same as those of the moving
wire in a stationary magnetic field.
The induced current in the conductor reversed its
direction with a change in the direction of the motion of
the magnetic field.
Induced Electromotive Force

It is a change in the magnetic field flux (magnetic lines of

force) that results in an electromotive force (or voltage).
Faraday’s law of induction states that an electromotive
force is induced by a change in the magnetic flux.
Induced Electromotive Force

In figure (a), an emf is induced in the wire when it is moved downward

but not when moved parallel to the magnetic lines of force as shown in
figure (b).
In other words, when a conductor cuts through a magnetic field, the
magnetic field induces an emf in the conductor due to the change
produced in the magnetic lines of force.
Induced Electromotive Force
In figure (c), is shown a looped wire of several
turns and moved downward between the poles of
the magnet, the galvanometer shows a greater
amount of deflection. The same greater deflection
is observed if the rate of motion of the coil is
increased, or if a stronger magnetic field is used.
The effect of each of these cases is to increase the
number of lines of force cut by the loops of the
conducting wire for a given length of time.

As a conclusion, it can be stated that the greater

the rate at which the magnetic lines of force are
cut by the conductor, the greater the induced emf
and the induced current in a closed circuit.
Induced Current

It is a current developed in the wire due to the

up-and-down movement of the wire in the magnetic field.
Or, it is a result of an emf induced by a changing magnetic
field, whether or not there is a path for current to flow.
Faraday’s Law of Induction

In his experiment, he described the production of electric

fields as a result of changing magnetic fields.
Faraday’s Law of Induction
"ε" is the value of voltage induced (the old name for
voltage was "Electro Motive Force", or EMF. That's the "ε"
in the equation). The change in time is "dt" which is
measured in seconds. "dΦB " stands for the change in
magnetic flux. The flux is equal to B⊥A, where B is the
magnetic field strength, and A is the area. The unit of
magnetic field strength is Tesla and area is in square
meter. The minus sign in Faraday’s Law gives the direction
of the induced EMF.
Sample Problem
A single turn of wire of cross-sectional area 5.0 cm2 is 90°
to a magnetic field of 0.02 T, which is reduced to 0 in 10 s
at a steady rate. What is the e.m.f. induced?

Answer: 0 V
Narrating Maxwell’s reasoning
in Linking EM light, Story
behind Hertz Experiment, and
relating the Properties of EM
Wave and The Properties of
Vacuum and Optical Medium
Lesson Objectives:
At the end of this module, you should be able to:

1. narrate Maxwell’s reasoning in linking EM to light;

2. narrate story behind Hertz’s experiments
3. relate the properties of EM wave and the properties of
vacuum and optical medium
Experimental Setup for Faraday
➔ Electromagnetic waves are produced by oscillating charges. They
are propagated by simultaneous periodic variations of electric and
magnetic field intensity, and that include radio waves, microwaves,
infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays,and gamma rays.
➔ The propagation of an electromagnetic wave through a material
medium occurs at a net speed which is less than 3.00 x 10.
Light travels with a net speed of less
than c through matter.
Once the energy of the electromagnetic wave is reemitted by an atom, it
travels through a small region of space between atoms. Once it reaches
the next atom, the electromagnetic wave is absorbed, transformed into
electron vibrations and then reemitted as an electromagnetic wave. While
the electromagnetic wave will travel at a speed of (3 x 10^8 m/s) the
absorption and reemission process cause the net speed of the
electromagnetic wave to be less than c.
Scientists and Electromagnetic
Waves: Maxwell and Hertz
James Clerk Maxwell, an English scientist,
developed a scientific theory. He noticed that
electrical fields and magnetic fields can couple
together to form electromagnetic waves.

Maxwell discovered that a CHANGING magnetic

field will induce a CHANGING electric field and
vice-versa.
Scientists and Electromagnetic
Waves: Maxwell and Hertz
Heinrich Hertz, a German physicist,
applied Maxwell's theories to the
production and reception of radio waves.

He used two rods to serve as a receiver and

a spark gap as the receiving antennae.
Where the waves were picked up, a spark
would jump. Hertz showed in his
experiments that these signals possessed
all of the properties of electromagnetic
waves.
Hertz Solved Two Problems

First, the velocity of radio waves was equal to the velocity of

light! (This proved that radio waves were a form of light!)
Second, Hertz found out how to make the electric and magnetic
fields detach themselves from wires and go free as Maxwell's
waves.
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
The electromagnetic spectrum, in simple terms, is defined as the
range of all types of electromagnetic radiation.
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
The electromagnetic spectrum includes, from longest wavelength to
shortest: radio waves, microwaves, infrared, ultraviolet, visible light,
X-rays, and gamma rays.

The shorter the wavelength, the higher the frequency. Hence, frequency
and wavelength are inversely proportional to each other.
The Electromagnetic Spectrum

Radio wave - are the waves having

the longest wavelength in the
electromagnetic spectrum.

Radio waves are used for wireless

transmission of sound messages,
or information, for
communication, as well as for
maritime and aircraft navigation
The Electromagnetic Spectrum

Microwave - Microwaves are a form of

"electromagnetic" radiation; they are
waves of electrical and magnetic
energy moving together through
space.

Microwaves cook by using

electromagnetic waves, which are
absorbed into the molecules of water,
sugar and fat in food
The Electromagnetic Spectrum

Infrared - Infrared radiation

(IR), sometimes known as
infrared light, is
electromagnetic radiation
(EMR) with wavelengths longer
than those of visible light
it is undetectable by the
human eye
The Electromagnetic Spectrum

Ultraviolet -Ultraviolet (UV) light is a

type of electromagnetic radiation that
has shorter wavelengths than visible
light.

UV radiation is widely used in

industrial processes and in medical
and dental practices for a variety of
purposes, such as killing bacteria,
creating fluorescent effects, curing inks
and resins, phototherapy and
suntanning.
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
X-ray - electromagnetic radiation of
extremely short wavelength and high
frequency

X-rays are a type of radiation called

electromagnetic waves. X-ray imaging
creates pictures of the inside of your body.
The images show the parts of your body in
different shades of black and white. This is
because different tissues absorb different
amounts of radiation. Calcium in bones
absorbs x-rays the most, so bones look
white.
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Gamma Ray - is electromagnetic radiation
of the shortest wavelength and highest
energy

Uses of Gamma Rays:

● Sterilize medical equipment

● Sterilize food (irradiated food)
● Used as tracers in medicine
● Radio Therapy- In oncology, to kill
cancerous cells
● Gamma-Ray Astronomy
Types Of Waves
A transverse wave is a moving wave that consists of
oscillations occurring perpendicular (or right angled) to the
direction of energy transfer.
Types Of Waves
Longitudinal waves are waves in which the displacement of
the medium is in the same direction as, or the opposite
direction to, the direction of propagation of the wave.
Longitudinal waves cause the medium to vibrate parallel to
the direction of the wave.
Applying the Law of
Reflection and
Explaining the
Conditions for Total
Internal Reflection
Lesson Objectives:

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

1. apply the law of reflection; and

2. explain the conditions for total internal reflection.
Reflection of Light

Reflection is the change in direction of a wave front

at an interface between the two different media so
that the wave front returns into the medium from
which it originated.
Types of Reflection: Specular
Reflection and Diffuse
Specular or Regular Reflection
If the surface is smooth and shiny, like glass, water or polished
metal, the light will reflect at the same angle as it hits the
surface. The reflected light rays travel in the same direction. The
reflection is called specular reflection.
Types of Reflection: Specular
Reflection and Diffuse
Diffuse Reflection
When light hits an object and reflects in lots of different directions,
this happens when the surface is rough. For a rough surface,
reflected light rays scatter in all directions. The reflection is called
diffuse reflection.
Reflection Of Light

M is a plane mirror. It is a plane glass but on one side (the hatching show the surface)
a suitable abrasive is coated to give the reflection effect to the glass that is to make
the glass to be a plane mirror.
Reflection Of Light
Law of reflection states that the incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal to
the surface of the mirror all lie in the same plane.

Angle of Incidence - the angle of incidence is the angle made by the ray incident on
the surface from the line which is normal to the plane at the point of incidence.

Angle of reflection - is the angular reflection formed by a reflected ray and a

perpendicular to the surface at the point of reflection.