PVT BEHAVIOR OF PURE FLUIDS
Jhanvi Sharma , Anushka Singh , Ravindra Kumar Niranjan
Department of Chemical Engineering, BIET Jhansi, "(rkniranjan@[Link])”
ABSTRACT PRESSURE- TEMPERATURE (P-T) DIAGRAM
The study of Pressure-Volume-Temperature (PVT) behavior of pure fluids is
foundational in understanding thermodynamic processes in chemical and The Pressure–Temperature (P–T)
mechanical systems. This project focuses on how these three fundamental diagram shows the phase
behavior of a pure substance as
properties interact, especially under varying conditions of temperature and
pressure and temperature vary. It
pressure. By analyzing phase transitions, critical points, and real gas
includes three main regions: solid,
behavior through experimental data and equations of state, we gain insights
liquid, and vapor.
crucial for industrial applications like refrigeration, fluid transport, and
The lines separating these regions
chemical processing .This understanding forms the basis for designing
represent phase boundaries—
efficient thermodynamic cycles and predicting fluid performance in complex
fusion (melting), vaporization
systems. A strong grasp of PVT relationships also aids in the development of
(boiling), and sublimation.
advanced materials and energy-saving technologies.
The triple point is where all three
INTRODUCTION phases coexist in equilibrium. The
critical point marks the end of the
liquid-vapor boundary, beyond
The PVT behavior of pure fluids explains how pressure, volume, and which there is no distinct phase
temperature are interrelated and influence the fluid’s phase—solid, liquid, or transition.
vapor. This relationship is essential in thermodynamics for analyzing and
designing engineering systems. While ideal gases follow simple laws, real Key Features of a P-T Diagram :
fluids show deviations due to molecular interactions, especially under high Phases: The diagram shows distinct regions corresponding to solid, liquid,
pressure or low temperature. and gas (or vapor) phases.
To model these behaviors accurately, engineers use equations of state like Phase Boundaries :Lines separate the different phase regions, indicating
Van der Waals and Peng-Robinson. Understanding PVT relationships is the conditions where phase transitions (e.g., melting, boiling,
crucial in industries such as oil and gas, refrigeration, and power generation. sublimation) occur.
Triple Point : This is a unique point on the diagram where all three phases
TEMPERATURE -VOLUME (T-V) DIAGRAM (solid, liquid, and gas) can coexist in equilibrium.
Critical Point : This point represents the highest temperature and pressure
at which a liquid and gas phase can coexist. Above the critical point,
The Temperature–Volume
the substance exists as a supercritical fluid, where the distinction
(T–V) diagram illustrates how
between liquid and gas phases is lost.
the volume of a pure
Lines of Equilibrium : The lines between the phase regions represent the
substance changes with
conditions where two phases coexist in equilibrium.
temperature at constant
pressure. It shows three main CONCLUSION
regions: solid, liquid, and
vapor. Understanding the PVT behavior of pure fluids is essential in both
Phase transitions like melting theoretical and applied thermodynamics. The PVT diagram serves as a
and boiling occur along the powerful visual tool that maps how a fluid responds to changes in
boundaries between these pressure, volume, and temperature, and how these changes govern
regions. the phase in which the substance exists.
It provides deep insights into phase transitions such as boiling,
Key Features of a T-V Diagram:
condensation, melting, and sublimation, and clearly outlines critical
Single-Phase Regions:
points like the triple point, where all three phases coexist, and the
Compressed Liquid (or Subcooled Liquid): The region where the substance
critical point, where the distinction between liquid and vapor
is in a liquid state at temperatures lower than its saturation temperature at
disappears.
a given pressure.
These diagrams are not merely academic—they form the basis of
designing and operating a wide range of industrial systems, from
Superheated Vapor: The region where the substance is in a gaseous state
chemical reactors and distillation units to refrigeration cycles and power
at temperatures higher than its saturation temperature at a given pressure.
plants. Accurate interpretation of PVT data ensures proper material
selection, process optimization, energy efficiency, and safety under
Two-Phase Region (Saturated Liquid-Vapor Region): This region represents
extreme conditions.
the coexistence of liquid and vapor phases at a given temperature and
In essence, the PVT behavior of pure fluids is a cornerstone of modern
pressure.
process engineering, enabling engineers to predict, control, and
innovate across various sectors that rely on fluid phase behavior.
Saturation Lines:
Saturated Liquid Line: Indicates temperature at which a liquid starts to
evaporate at a given pressure. Saturated Vapor Line: Indicates the
temperature at which a vapor starts to condense at a given pressure. REFERENCES
How to Interpret a T-v Diagram:
1. Location of a State: A point on the diagram represents the state of the • A Textbook of Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics by K.V.
substance based on its temperature and volume. NARAYANAN
2. Phase Determination: By observing the location of the state point, one • Smith, J.M., Van Ness, H.C., Abbott, M.M., Introduction to Chemical
can determine the phase of the substance (liquid, vapor, or a mixture). Engineering Thermodynamics, 7th Edition, McGraw-Hill.
3. Process Visualization: A line connecting two points on the diagram can • NPTEL – Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics, IITs.
represent a process (e.g., heating, cooling) and the changes in the [Link]
substance's phase and properties. • Yaws, C.L., Thermophysical Properties of Chemicals and Hydrocarbons,
4. Identifying Properties: The saturation temperature, enthalpy of Gulf Professional Publishing.
vaporization, and other properties can be determined using the T-
V diagram.
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