SHORT QUESTIONS

BIOLOGY
(HSSC-I)

NBF (Curriculum 2022)

FSc Biology-I Chapter # 1

CHAPTER#1
CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS

1. Why cell wall is not found in animals?

2. Justify that secondary wall cannot be found in growing cells.
3. How membrane pliability is maintained. Also justify its roles?
4. In which way the Golgi vesicle is organized?
5. Differentiate primary and secondary lysosomes.
6. Write the significance of stem cells.
7. Describe various types of stem cells.
8. What is the advantage of having induced pluripotent stem cells?
9. Why Meiosis-II lacks G2 stage?
10. Enlist various stages of meiosis-I.
11. Somatic cells will divide either by mitosis or meiosis while germ cells by meiosis only. Justify.
12. Write the difference between:
a) Plant cell wall and bacterial cell wall
b) Cytoplasm of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell
13. Compare mitochondria & bacteria.
14. What are polysomes? Why are they formed?
15. Label “A” and also describe the process shown in diagram.
16. Why is there no lysosome in plants?
17. Name the organelles of cells that are highly specialized to
do; a) protein synthesis, b) actively transport substances into the cell, c) synthesis of lipids, d)
phagocytize foreign substances.
18. Why lysososmes are called autophagosomes?
19. You have got storage diseases? What type of deficiencies would you expect in your body cells?
20. Why ER is present in all eukaryotic cells but not in prokaryotic cells?
21. Complete the following table:
ORGANELLE PRESENCE IN FUNCTIONS
Plants, fungi, bacteria,
A Cell wall
algae
B Peroxisomes Detoxification of liver
C Mitochondria
D Storage of amylose
22. How and where lysosomes are formed in the cell?
23. Label the following diagram:
24. Why mitochondria are called the power house of the cell?
25. Which model for cell membrane is the most accepted?
Give reasons.
FSc Biology-I Chapter # 2

CHAPTER#2
BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES

1. All major chemical blocks found in living organisms forms polymers. Why are polymers
especially useful in organization of living systems?
2. Why is the water an important medium for life?
3. Why sucrose is a non-reducing sugar?
4. Draw structure of D-galactose chain.
5. Complete the following table:
Molecule Solubility Branching pattern
A Amylose
B Branched sugar in plant
C Lactose
6. Cellulose cannot be digested yet it is important for man. Why?
7. Why phospholipids form thin layer on the surface of an aqueous solution?
8. Why terpenes are important for life?
9. How is peptide bond formed?
10. Give functions of protein.
11. How might error in the DNA of an organism effect protein function?
12. What is the basic structure of protein molecule? Draw its chemical structure.
13. What is the significance of primary structure in proteins?
14. Give the characteristics of fibrous protein.
15. How ATP help metabolism?
16. Synthesize complementary DNA and RNA strands from given sequence: A,A,T,C,T,G,G,A,C,T
17. Compare DNA and RNA.
18. What is nucleoside? Draw the basic structure of nucleotide unit elaborating the position of
groups.
19. Identify and elaborate the features of given molecule (in diagram).
20. Differentiate between epimers and sterioisomers with example.
21. Chitin is most resistant to decay. Justify.
22. What are the features of functional proteins? Give at least one
example.
23. How can you say water as a universal solvent?
24. Complete the following table:

MOLECULE % IN CELL MONOMER

A. Protein
B. 0.1%
C. Ribonucleotide
25. Write the significance of RNA in gene expression.
FSc Biology-I Chapter # 3

CHAPTER#3
ENZYMES

1. Define the terms: enzyme, co-factor, holoenzyme, competitive inhibition, feedback inhibition,
non-competitive inhibition.
2. Which temperature would be the most suitable for enzymes?
3. What is the effect of factor “a” on enzymatic activity?
4. Write the nature and significance of active site of enzyme.
5. Write main characteristics of enzymes.
6. List the factors affecting enzyme activity.
7. Differentiate between apoenzyme and co-enzyme.
8. Why does the enzymatic rate constant after specific substrate
concentration?
9. What is the role of free energy of activation in chemical reaction?
10. Why are the enzymes specific in their function?
11. Write different models of enzyme action and also give their validity.
12. Interpret and analyze the graph “b”.
13. How inhibition is helpful for us?
14. Complete the following table:
Enzyme Class Example
A Amylase
B Histidine decarboxylase
C Oxidoreductases
15. Name the model of enzyme action and write its application(s).
FSc Biology-I Chapter # 4

CHAPTER#4
BIOENERGETICS

1. In which phase of photosynthesis sugar is produced? Elaborate with sketch.

2. What will happen if plants are exposed to green lights?
3. Distinguish between: a) Action spectrum and absorption spectrum, b) Aerobic and anaerobic
respiration, c) Photophosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation, d) Chlorophyll a and
chlorophyll b, e) Photosystem I and II.
4. Compare CO2 fixation in C3 and C4 plants.
5. Enlist main steps of oxidation of cellular respiration.
6. Name the structure given in diagram. Write function of labelled part ‘B’.
7. Why ‘A’ in the given diagram is significant?
8. What is the significance of RubisCO in calvin cycle?
9. The source of oxygen released during photosynthesis is water. Justify.
10. What is the function of photosystem?
11. Give the role of mitochondria in respiration.
12. How would ATP molecule releases energy?
13. Complete the following table:
[Link]. Process Structure involved Product
A Anaerobic respiration Lactic acid
B Matrix of mitochondria
Non cyclic
C
photophosphorylation
D Aerobic respiration G3P
14. Why does cyclic photophosphorylation take place?
15. Write application and benefits of fermentation process.
16. Complete the following diagram:
17. Sketch energy budget for aerobic respiration in bacteria.
18. Why fats and proteins are required to be metabolized aerobically?
19. How would process of chemiosmosis take place in chloroplast?
20. What do you know about Hatch-Slack cycle and its significance?
21. Why did plants need to evolve the process of photorespiration?
22. Enlist the events of photorespiration with the help of chemical
reactions.
23. Plants do not need exchange of gases during dawn and dusk.
Justify.
24. Complete the following table:
Structure / Pigment Wavelength absorbed
A. PS-I
B. 680nm
C. Chl. ‘a’
D. 430-500nm
25. Photolysis is unique process, inevitable for photosynthesis. Justify.
FSc Biology-I Chapter # 5

CHAPTER#5
ACELLULAR LIFE

1. Give the structure of virus.

2. Why viruses are nonliving?
3. What are the components of bacteriophage virus?
4. What do you mean by AIDS, HIV and TMV?
5. Why are viruses called “obligate parasite”?
6. Classify viruses according to the capsid.
7. Viruses are causing economical losses in plants. Justify with an example.
8. Give the structure of bacteriophage virus.
9. Complete the following table:
VIRUS GENOME DISEASE SYMPTOMS
i. RNA Replicates in oropharynx and spread to CNS
ii. AIDS
iii. Viroid
10. What do you know about begomoviruses?
11. Distinguish between the lytic and lysogenic cycle of bacteriophage?
12. What are the uses of bacteriophage in genetic engineering?
13. Why viruses are the cause of concern?
14. How are viruses classified on the basis of their host?
15. What are the ways to control HIV?
16. How are viruses specific?
17. What is the difference between prion and viroid?
18. Draw the labeled diagram of bacteriophage.
19. What are retroviruses?
20. How does HIV infect humans?
21. How will virus survive inside the host body?
22. Why begomoviruses are harmful?
23. Name and give properties of the following entity.
24. How prions differ from viroids?
25. Name the viruses causing:
a. Oral herpes b. CLCuD c. Hepatitis E
d. Flu e. Diarrhea f. Mild rash
FSc Biology-I Chapter # 6

CHAPTER#6
PROKARYOTES

1. Write the pigments of cyanobacteria.

2. Do you know the difference between bacteria and arachea?
3. What are morphological forms of bacteria?
4. Draw and label structure of flagellum.
5. How chemosynthetic bacteria are autotrophic in nature?
6. Which chemical methods are used to control the microbes?
7. Give physical methods to control microbes?
8. What is chemical composition of cell wall of bacteria?
9. Distinguish between: Lysosome and mesosome, Peptidoglycan and muramic acid, Gram positive
and gram negative bacteria, Lytic and lysogenic bacteria, pathogenic and non pathogenic
bacteria, Autotrophy and hetrotrophy, photosynthetic and chemosynthetic bacteria, Mutation and
mutant, chromosome and a bacteriophage, Bacteria and mitochondria, prokaryotes and
eukaryotes, cyanobacteria and bacteria.
10. What are plasmids?
11. How do bacteria survive unfavourable conditions?
12. List five ways in which bacteria are beneficial to man.
13. Why cyanobacteria are considered as the most prominent of the photosynthetic bacteria?
14. Enlist various methods used in controlling bacteria?
15. Label the diagram and write its properties.
16. How would genetic modification occur in bacteria?
17. Give the significance of normal flora.
18. Why is molecular clock significant?
19. Write the features of archaea.
20. Complete the following table:
BACTERIA CONTROL MEASURE
a. Streptococcus pneumoniae
b. Escherichia coli
c. Salmonella typhi
21. What are the benefits of bacterial flora to human?
22. Give the structure of bacterial cells?
23. What are the different categories of bacteria on the basis of flagella?
24. What is the function of Pilli?
25. Differentiate b/w gram +ve and –ve bacteria?
FSc Biology-I Chapter # 7

CHAPTER#7
PROTISTS AND FUNGI

1. Name the three eukaryotic kingdoms.

2. How do ciliates differ from other protozoans?
3. How do algae differ from plants?
4. Write two characteristics of: a) Protozoa b) Dianoflagellates c) Diatoms d) Slime mold
e) Oomycetes
5. How fungi resemble plants?
6. How fungi get their nutrition?
7. Name the fungal mutualistic associations.
8. List the methods of asexual reproduction in fungi.
9. What is zygospore and how it is formed?
10. Where basidiospores are produced?
11. Write difference between: a) Fungi and Plants. b) Fungi and Animals c) Zygomycota and
Basidiomycota d) sporangium and conidium e) Ascus and Basidium. F) Diakaryotic and Diploid.
g)Ascocarp, Ascus and Ascospores h)Basidiocarp, Basidium and Basidiosopres. I)
Endomycorrhizae and Ectomycorrhizae.
12. Define: Aflatoxins, mycotoxins.
13. Write features that distinguish oomycetes from fungi.
14. List the differences between bacteria and fungi.
15. Why fungi and plants are classified in different kingdom?
16. What ecological consequences would occur if all fungi on earth were destroyed by human using
new & deadly fungicides?
17. Write down the characteristics of kingdom Protista.
18. Name the various groups of kingdom Protista.
19. What is the importance of actinopods and foraminiferans?
20. Why green algae are considered to be the ancestors of plants?
21. How do predatory fungi take their nutrition?
22. What conditions are required for growth of fungi?
23. How ascospores and basidiospores are produced?
24. Name the different methods of reproduction of fungi.
25. Differentiate b/w spores and conidia.
FSc Biology-I Chapter # 8

CHAPTER#8
DIVERSITY AMONG PLANTS

1. Why plants are classified separately?

2. What is the phylogenetic system of classification?
3. How are plants classified? Name various divisions and sub-divisions of kingdom.
4. Give salient features of Division Bryophyta.
5. Why bryophytes are named as Amphibians of kingdom Plantae?
6. Differentiate b/w homospory & heterospory?
7. Why plants are able to survive on land?
8. How were megaphyllous leaves evolve?
9. Which features differentiate psilopsida from other tracheophytes?
10. Give the features of gymnosperms.
11. Complete the following table:
PLANT PHYLUM/ CLASS FEATURE
A. Maiden hair fern
B. Lycopsida
C. Homospory, Thallus
12. Write the steps of evolution of seed.
13. What is the significance of double fertilization?
14. Why plants are classified as a separate kingdom?
15. Why sporophytes depend on gametophyte in bryophytes?
16. Name the sex organs of plants?
17. Represent schematically the life cycle of moss plant.
18. What are the distinct features of lycopsids?
19. Why the sphenopsids are termed as arthrophytes?
20. Name the plant and its phylum shown in diagram.
21. Which of the generation is dominant in given plant?
22. Differentiate b/w monoecious and dioecious plants.
23. Name the various steps involved in the evolution of seed habit.
24. Give significance of angiosperms.
25. Name the class or family to which following plants belong;
Zea mays, Bauhinia verigata, Dalbergia sissoo, Rosa indica and Pinus
FSc Biology-I Chapter # 9

CHAPTER#9
FORM AND FUNCTION IN PLANTS

1. Define: osmosis, diffusion, nutrition, nutrients, osmotic adjustment, primary growth, secondary
growth, homeostasis, Transport, Plasmolysis, Water potential, Active transport, Imbibition,
Transpiration, Gutation, cohesion and adhesion.
2. What is water potential?
3. Names the hormones involved in each of the following psychological processes: a) germination
of seeds: b) stem elongation: c) ripening of fruits:d) abscission of leaves; e)dormancy of seeds.
4. Differentiate between: collenchyma and sclerenchyma, photoperiodism and phototropism,
transpiration and evaporation, Autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition, Diffusion and osmosis,
Apoplast and symplast pathway
5. Why support is needed in terrestrial life?
6. What is the path of salts and water in vascular plants?
7. How does symplast differ from apoplast?
8. Enlist the names of supporting tissues in plants.
9. Why plants need meristem?
10. What are annual rings? Define primary and secondary growth in plants.
11. What happens to the primary tissues of a stem when secondary growth occurs?
12. Why does the wood of many tropical trees lack annual rings?
13. Why is hardwood more desirable than softwood for making furniture?
14. What are types of movement in plants in response to stimuli?
15. What is the role of transpiration pull?
16. Label the following diagram:
17. Name various modes of transpiration.
18. What is nutrition?
19. What are the advantages of eating insects for insectivorous plants?
20. Name the hypothesis supporting the flow of organic solutes across plant
body.
FSc Biology-I Chapter # 10

CHAPTER#10
DIVERSITY AMONG ANIMALS

1. Write four distinct features of animals?

2. To what life cycle is radial symmetry an adaptation? Bilateral symmetry?
3. Give three features of Platyhelminthes for parasitic mode of life.
4. Give three distinguishing features of Aschelminthes.
5. Relate reptiles as ancestors of birds and mammals.
6. Why platyhelminthes are parasitic?
7. Which features differentiate osteichthyes from other animals?
8. Give the features of pseudocoelomates.
9. Complete the following table:
ANIMAL PHYLUM FEATURE
A. Human
B. Cnidaria
C. Segmented worms
10. How would you differentiate protostomes and deuterostomes?
11. Justify the phyletic position of echinoderms.
12. Name two phyla of animals that are radially symmetrical and two that are bilaterally,
symmetrical.
13. List the vertebrate class (or classes) in which we find each of the following. a) a skeleton of
cartilage. b) two chambered heart. c) The amniotic egg. d) A four chambered heart. e) Placenta.
f) Lungs supplemented by air sacs.
14. Identify the phyla that have the following characteristics: a) radial summetry b) acoelomate c)
pseudocoelomate d) alternation of sexual and asexual stages e) enidocytes.
15. Write three main differences between prototheria, metatheria and eutheria.
16. What are the affinities of echinodermata with chordates and hemichordates?
17. What are the differentiation characters of echinoderms?
18. What are the characteristics features of arthropoda?
19. Give the economic importance of insects.
20. Differentiate b/w; i) internal and external fertilization, ii) oviparous, viviparous and
ovaviviparous.
21. Write about the properties of phylum Echinodermata.
22. Classify the animals of grade bilateria. Also write one feature of each.
23. What features make Amphibians adapt on land?
24. What are the adaptations in animals for land habitat?
25. In which phylum or class the following animals belong;
Sycon, spongilla, hydra, earthworm, man, dog, parrot, deer, bat, trout, seal, crocodile, shark.
FSc Biology I CHAPTER # 11

CHAPTER # 11
REPRODUCTION
1. What is reproduction? How is it important for survival of species?
2. Write the key features of human reproductive system.
3. Compare male and female reproductive systems.
4. Enlist structures associated with male reproductive system.
5. Why reproductive duct in male is considered as urinogenital duct?
6. Label the parts of fig. 1.
7. What is the role of ‘A’ in fig. 1.
8. Where would fertilization occur in fig. 1.
9. How would ‘D’ affect the process of birth in fig. 1.
10. Name the hormone controlling male reproductive system. Also write structure or cells from
where they are secreted.
11. What is the significance of external genitalia in human males?
12. Complete the table given below:
CAUSES EFFECTS
Neisseria gonorrhea
Syphilis
Genital Herpes
13. Which of the factors will effect reproduction in female?
14. Why oogenesis is a restricted process with reference to age?
15. Name the three structures of female reproductive system along with their functions.
16. What is the role of endometrium?
17. Sketch the event of reproductive system.
18. Write the causes of infertility.
19. Graphically show the process of oogenesis.
20. Why male genital organ is external?
21. What is IVF? Give its advantages.
22. Give reasons of miscarriage.
23. Differentiate between male and female reproductive system.
24. Enlist STDs with their causative agents.
25. Complete the table given below:
DISEASE EFFECT
Azoospermia
Smaller no. of sperms are produced
Uterus damage
FSc Biology I CHAPTER # 12

CHAPTER # 12
INHERITANCE
1. Define the following:
a. Variation b. Pure breeding line c. Complementary gene interaction
2. How codominance causes variations?
3. What is multiple allele? How is it the source of variation?
4. How blood group phenotype is expressed?
5. What happen if wrong transfusions occur?
6. What is the genetics of Rh-Blood group system and how would it affect transfusion principle?
7. Differentiate Heterogametic & Homogametic individuals with examples.
8. What are the effects of erythroblatosis foetalis?
9. What is continuous variation? Give an example.
10. Write the functions of genes associated with human skin colour.
11. How will you find the phenomenon of gene linkage in traits?
12. Why crossing over is an important concept in genetics?
13. What is pseudoautosomal trait & holandric trait?
14. Why some traits express differently in males & females?
15. Interpret the given pedigree diagram of colour blindness.

NUMERICALS
1. What would be the possible blood group in children when mother is AB+ and father is B- for
heterozygous.
2. Can a child acquire ‘A’ blood group when mother is ‘A’ and father is ‘B-’?
3. 3000 different crosses for genes A and B were carried out. Out of them 2400 are homozygotic.
Calculate the locus distance among genes A and B.
4. What is the probability of son and daughter in a generation?
5. Calculate the phenotype in Drosophilla when female is red eyed heterozygous and male is white
eyed?
6. What is the phenotype in children when career daughter marries a haemophilic man?
7. Calculate the phenotype of children when carrier daughter marries a colour blind man.
8. What is phenotype in children when hemophilic daughter career for colour blind marries a
normal man?
9. Can a person having blood group AB has baby with blood group O?
10. What is the genotype of parents when babies have each type of blood group?
FSc Biology I CHAPTER # 13

CHAPTER # 13
CHROMOSOME AND DNA

1. Write chemical composition of chromosome.

2. What are primers? Give their role?
3. What is DNA polymerase? Write down role of DNA polymerase?
4. Which model supports DNA replication?
5. How post transcriptional modification of mRNA occur in eukaryotes?
6. Why semi conservative model is the most accepted one?
7. Compare behaviour of chromosomes with the genes.
8. Complete the following table:
PROCEDURE ENZYME
a. Breaking H-bonding (during replication)
b. DNA polymerase-I
c. Transcription
9. What is promoter? Give its significance.
10. How nucleosome is organized?
11. Okazaki fragments are formed during replication. Why?
12. Differentiate translation process of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.
13. What is positive and negative gene regulation?
14. What is central dogma in molecular genetics?
15. Is genetic code universal? Why?
16. What is TATA Box?
17. What do you know about Sutton’s theory?
18. Write morphology of chromosome.
19. Differentiate between euchromatin & heterochromatin.
20. Compare behavior of gene with chromosome.
21. Write contribution of Griffith in genetics.
22. How DNA was proved as genetic material?
23. Give the role of;
a. SSb b. Primase c. DNA polymerase III d. DNA polymerase II
e. DNA polymerase I f. Peptidyl transferase?
24. Write advantages of gene mutation.
25. Give causes and effects of point mutation.
FSc Biology I CHAPTER # 14

CHAPTER # 14
EVOLUTION
1. How life was originated according to the concept of evolution?
2. How would new species arise?
3. Prokaryotes are ancestor of eukaryotes. Elaborate this view of evolutionists.
4. Complete the table given below:
SCIENTIST CONTRIBUTION
Cuvier
Concept of special creation
Malthus
Darwin
Sent theory to Darwin
James Hutton
5. Elaborate the significance of natural selection.
6. Which of the observations made Darwin to think about origin of life?
7. There are 640 red flower plants. Find the gene frequency for ‘R’ and white flower plants if the
total size of population is 1000.
8. There are 840 long plants. Find the frequency for ‘L’ and the number of heterozygous plants if
the total size of population is 1000.
9. Define genetic drift. Why it significantly change gene frequency?
10. Compare the concept of special creation and concept of evolution.
11. What was the sequence of evolution of life in the earliest times?
12. Give the concept of endosymbiosis.
13. How true nucleus was evolved?
14. Why Lamarck theory was rejected?
15. Write the observations of Darwin from South American mainland.
16. What is the significance of Finches in evolution?
17. Define natural selection. Why it occurs?
18. Define the following:
a. Neo-Darwinism b. Palentology c. Convergent Evolution
19. Compare Convergent & divergent evolution.
20. How would you describe the evolution of modern day horse Equus?
21. How would you relate Cytochrome ‘C’ as an evolutionary linkage?
22. Why variations occur in gene pool?
23. What is fixed allele?
24. Which of the effect significantly creates genetic drift & why?
25. Why geography is one of the factors for evolution? Justify with reference to the concept of
speciation.
FSc Biology-I Chapter # 15

CHAPTER # 15
MAN AND HIS ENVIRONMENT
1. Define productivity. How it effects ecosystem?
2. What factors affect productivity?
3. What is carrying capacity? How carrying capacity affects population?
4. What is Acid rain? How will it effect environment?
5. What is Global warming?
6. What is ozone depletion?
7. What are the major reservoirs of ecosystem?
8. Define and give significance of biogeochemical cycle.
9. Write about water reservoirs on land.
10. Write the steps of nitrogen cycle.
11. How succession is beneficial process for the ecosystem?
12. What are the attributes of population?
13. Why nuclear power is hazardous for ecosystem?
14. What are the drawbacks associated with the rising level of CO 2 in air?
15. How ozone depletion effects environment?
16. Why non-conventional energy resources are becoming inevitable for the world?
17. What possible strategies are adapted for protection and conservation of ecosystem?
18. Define succession. Why primary succession is a time taking process?
19. Complete the table given below:
EFFECT CAUSES
Global warming, Flooding
Nuclear energy
Population pressure
20. How can we meet the challenge of resource depletion?
21. Why biogeochemical cycles are significant?
22. Ecological pyramids determine the strength of ecosystem. Elaborate and justify.
23. Why over use of nuclear energy is cause of concern?
24. Compare conventional and non-conventional energy resources.
25. Enlist the factors effecting global temperature.