Principles of
Electromagnetics
18EC51
Topic covered: Vector Basics
Concept of a Field
• Something associated with region of space (eg: Room – temperature)
Practically temp. differs in every point of the room
• Field: It is a region of space in which a physical quantity is well defined at all points at a given instant of time
• Physical quantity characteristics – single value, continuous, definite
• Time independent – Gravitational field f(x,y) Time independent – Magnetic field of earth f(x,y,t)
• By nature of Physical quantity – field may be scalar or vector
Concept of field types
SCALAR VECTOR
Quantity that represents magnitude – Quantity that represents both magnitude
real number (+ve/-ve) and direction
Eg: mass, volume, speed Eg: force, velocity
One dimensional 1D, 2D, 3D
Change in the quantity reflects on Change may reflect either magnitude or
magnitude only direction or even both of them.
Cannot be resolved Can be resolved in any direction
Mathematically: Vectors – results either scalar or vector
Scalar operated with scalar = scalar only Ex: dot product, cross product
Scalar operated with vector = vector
Obey algebraic rules Obey vector algebra
Scalar can divide other scalar Two vectors can never divide each other
Vector representation
•
2D Vector and components
Locate any point in space
Method 1
(x,y)
Method 2
a/b/c = ?
sin θ = A/C
cos θ = B/C
tan θ = A/B
V = Vx + Vy
V = Vx.ax + Vy.ay
Unit vector
•
Base vector
• Vector oriented strictly along the direction of coordinate axis
• ax, ay, az ------ Base vectors
• Unit vector - aOP can be along any direction P
• Base vectors are also unit vectors but
the direction is always along the axis.
If the direction indicator is along any direction then it is called unit
bector
General vector
AB – General Vector
AB = |AB| aAB
A = x1 ax + y1 ay
B = x2 ax + y2ay
AB = B – A = (x2-x1)ax + (y2-y1)ay
mag AB =
Unit Vector = aAB = AB/|AB| =
Position vector
• To find point A and B - the reference is taken from origin to measure
them
• OA, OB
• OA = x1-0)ax + (y1-0)ay = x1 ax + y1 ay
• OB = (x2-0)ax +(y2-0)ay
• AB = OB – OA = (x2-x1)ax _+ (y2-y1)ay
• |AB|={ (x2-x1)^2 + (y2-y1)^2 }1/2
O
Position vector
Position vector/radius vector is the distance from origin O to that
vector point
P(3,4,5) - represents (x,y,z)
Figure – rp – position vector
From origin to P – OP
O(0,0,0) P(3,4,5)
OP = P – O = (3-0)ax + (4-0)ay + (5-0)az
OP = 3ax + 4ay + 5az
Unit vector significance
• Unit vector = vector / Magnitude
Extracting/removing magnitude from the vector
Verify the resultant unit vector --> the magnitude should be 1
Distance vector
PQ = Q – P
P(xp, yp, zp) & Q(xq, yq, zq)
OP and OQ are position vectors
OP = xp.ax + yp.ay + zp.az
OQ = xq.ax + yq.ay + zq.az
Numerical
Write the vectors for the following:
1. AB – A(2,4) B(5,6)= F
AB = B-A = (5-2)ax + (6-4)ay = 3ax + 2ay = AB| a
1. PQ – P(4,-7) Q(2,3)= (-2)ax + (3 – (-7)ay
2. MN – M(0,4) N(-2, -4)
Take 2D system as (x,y)
Find magnitude of vectors for above
|AB|= root (3^2 + 2^2) = root 13 = 3.60
Find unit vectors for above = 3ax + 2ay / 3.60 = 0.83ax + 0.55ay = 0.995 = 1
Numerical
Write the vectors for the following:
1. AB – A(2,4,5) B(5,6,1) = (5-2)ax + (6-4)ay + (1-5)az = 3ax + 2ay -4az
2. PQ – P(5,5,5) Q(2,3,4)
Take 3D system as (x,y,z)
Find magnitude of vectors for above
root 29 = 5.385
Find unit vectors for above
3ax + 2ay -4az / 5.385 = 0.55ax +0.37ay – 0.74az =Mag =1
Numerical
Justify Fvert and Fhoriz
Numerical
Solution for numericals
• PQ – P(4,-7) Q(2,3)= (-2)ax + (3 – (-7)ay = -2ax +10ay
Mag=root(2^2 + 10^2)= root(4+100) = root (104) =
Direction = (-2ax +10ay)/Mag =
• Find MN – M(0,4) N(-2, -4)
• Find PQ – P(5,5,5) Q(2,3,4)
