Sr No Questions CO

1 Define Sampling Theorem. 1

2 What is Nyquist rate? 1

3 Define aliasing in signal processing.1

4 What is Quantization Error? 1

5 Define Pulse Code Modulation (PCM). 1

6 What is Delta Modulation? 1

7 Differentiate between uniform and non-uniform quantization. 1

8 Derive the Nyquist rate and discuss its significance. 1

9 Explain the concept of Sampling Theorem with an example. 1

10 Explain aliasing and how it affects digital communication. 1

11 Describe Quantization Error and methods to reduce it. 1

12 Explain Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) with a block diagram. 1

13 Compare PCM and Delta Modulation with advantages and

disadvantages. 1

14 Explain Quantization Error in PCM and methods to reduce it. 1

15 Derive the expression for Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) in PCM. 1

16 Explain the Sampling Theorem and derive its mathematical

expression. 1

17 Discuss the significance of Nyquist rate in preventing aliasing. 1

18 Compare the advantages and disadvantages of PCM and Delta

Modulation. 1

19 Explain different types of pulse modulation techniques with

examples. 1

20 Describe the process of Analog to Digital conversion using PCM. 1

21 Explain the concept of companding and its importance in digital

communication. 1

22 Define digital modulation. 2

23 What is BASK, and how does it work? 2

24 Explain the principle of BPSK. 2

25 How does BFSK differ from BPSK? 2

26 What is the role of coherent detection in digital modulation? 2

27 What are M-ary transmission techniques? 2

28 Compare coherent and non-coherent reception. 2

29 Explain the working principle of BASK and its practical applications.

2

30 Compare the advantages and disadvantages of coherent and non-

coherent detection. 2

31 How does increasing M-ary levels impact spectral efficiency and

power efficiency? 2

32 Explain the role of probability of error in digital communication

systems. 2

33 Discuss the impact of noise on different digital modulation

techniques. 2

34 Explain how channel coding enhances the performance of digital

modulation schemes. 2

35 Explain the working principle of BASK with mathematical

expressions and waveforms. 2

36 Derive the probability of error for BFSK and explain its significance.
2

37 Analyze the effect of increasing M-ary levels on bandwidth and error

probability. 2

38 Derive the bit error rate (BER) expressions for BPSK and BFSK and
compare their performance. 2

39 Compare coherent and non-coherent detection in terms of

performance and complexity. 2

40 Discuss the trade-offs between spectral efficiency and power

efficiency in digital modulation techniques. 2

41 Explain the impact of noise on digital modulation techniques and

suggest ways to mitigate it. 2

42 Explain the concept of constellation diagrams and how they are

used in digital modulation. 2

43 A source produces 4 symbols with probabilities 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, and

1/8. Find the information content of each symbol. 3

44 Define entropy in the context of information theory. 3

45 What is the significance of the Shannon-Hartley Capacity Theorem?
3

46 Explain the term ‘Information Rate’.3

47 How does channel capacity affect data transmission? 3

48 What are the key differences between Shannon-Fano and Huffman

encoding? 3

49 Define code efficiency and redundancy in source coding. 3

50 Why is channel encoding necessary in digital communication? 3

51 State entropy, its expression in a binary PCM systems the binits 0

and 1 are transmitted. Calculate the amount of information conveyed by
the binits If they are equally likely to be transmitted and unit. 3

52 Four symbols of the alphabet of discrete memory less source and

their probabilities are given as {S1,S2,S3,S4) and {1/3, 1/6, 1/4, 1/4}.
Point out the symbols using Shannon fano coding and calculate the
average code word length and efficiency 3

53 "Define Entropy and Information rate of Discrete Memoryless source.

Consider a DMS with a source alphabet {S0, S1, S2} and source statistics
{0.7, 0.15, 0.15}.

Find:

1) Information content of each message.

2) Entropy of DMS." 3

54 A source emits five messages with probabilities 1/3, 1/3, 1/9, 1/9,
and 1/9 respectively. Encode using Shanon-Fano [Link] the entropy of
the source and compact binary code and also find the average length of
the codeword. Determine the efficiency and redundancy of this code. 3

55 Explain the concept of forward error correction. 3

56 What is Hamming Distance, and why is it important? 3

57 Differentiate between systematic and non-systematic codes. 3

58 Explain the function of syndrome testing in error detection. 3

59 What is a generator polynomial in cyclic codes? 3

60 Describe the role of a feedback shift register in polynomial division.

3

61 Compare Shannon-Fano and Huffman encoding, providing step-by-

step examples. 3
62 Explain Shannon’s entropy equation and its significance in data
transmission. 3

63 Calculate the entropy of a discrete information source with the

following probabilities: P(X=0) = 0.4, P(X=1) = 0.3, P(X=2) = 0.2, P(X=3)
= 0.1. 3

64 Explain the Shannon-Hartley Capacity Theorem in detail with real-

world applications. 3

65 Discuss the limitations of Shannon’s theorem in practical

communication systems. 3

66 How does entropy influence the efficiency of data compression?

Explain with examples. 3

67 Explain forward error correction techniques and analyze their impact

on communication systems. 3

68 Discuss in detail the role of redundancy in coding and its effect on

transmission efficiency. 3

69 Explain the concept of Hamming Distance and Hamming Weight

with mathematical derivations. 3

70 Define a continuous-time signal with an example. 4

71 Define a discrete-time signal with an example. 4

72 What is the difference between continuous-time and discrete-time

signals? 4

73 What is a periodic signal? Give an example. 4

74 What is an aperiodic signal? Give an example. 4

75 Define even and odd signals with suitable examples. 4

76 What is a deterministic signal? Provide an example. 4

77 Derive the mathematical representation of a continuous-time

sinusoidal signal. 4

78 Derive the mathematical representation of a discrete-time sinusoidal

signal. 4

79 Explain the differences between continuous-time and discrete-time

signals with examples. 4

80 Explain and classify signals based on periodicity with suitable

examples. 4
81 Define and explain the properties of even and odd signals with
mathematical proofs. 4

82 What are deterministic and random signals? Explain with examples.

4

83 Explain the classification of continuous-time and discrete-time

signals with suitable examples. 4

84 Derive the mathematical representation of a continuous-time

sinusoidal signal and explain its properties. 4

85 Derive the mathematical representation of a discrete-time sinusoidal

signal and explain its properties. 4

86 Explain and derive the conditions for a signal to be periodic in both

continuous and discrete-time domains. 4

87 Compare and contrast continuous-time and discrete-time signals in

terms of representation, analysis, and applications. 4

88 Define and derive the conditions for even and odd signals with
mathematical proofs and graphical representations. 4

89 Explain deterministic and random signals with proper examples and

their significance in communication systems. 4

90 Define and derive the conditions for energy and power signals with
mathematical expressions and examples. 4

91 Find whether the signal is causal or not. 𝑦(𝑛) = 𝑢(𝑛 + 3) − 𝑢(𝑛 − 2).
5

linear or not. 𝑦(𝑛) = 𝑛𝑥(𝑛). 5

92 Determine whether the given system described by the equation is

93 Find the linear convolution of x(n)={1, 2, 3} with h(n)={2, 4} 5

94 Is the discrete time system described by the difference equation

y(n) = x(-n) is causal? 5

95 Find out the range of values of the parameter ‘a’ for which the linear
time invariant system with impulse response h(n) = an u(n) is stable. 5

96 Define continuous-time (CT) and discrete-time (DT) systems with

examples. 5

97 What is a linear time-invariant (LTI) system? 5

98 Differentiate between static and dynamic systems. 5

99 What are the basic classifications of CT and DT systems? 5

100 Define causal and non-causal systems with examples. 5

101 What is the importance of system classification in signal processing?

5

102 Define impulse response and its significance in system analysis. 5

103 Find the linear convolution of x(n)={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} with h(n)={2,

4, 6, 8} 5

104 Find the autocorrelation of {1,2,1,3}. 5

105 Given an LTI system with the impulse response ), compute the step
response of the system. 5

106 Calculate the convolution sum for the analysis of an LTI system,
where the input signal x[n] = {1, 2, 3, 2, 1}, and the system's impulse
response is h[n] = {0.5, 1, 0.5}. 5

107 Identify the given system for linearity, causality,static/dynamic.

Y(t)=t.x(t) 5

108 Identify the given system for time variance, stability, static/dynamic.
Y(t)=x(-t). 5

109 Explain the differences between continuous-time (CT) and discrete-

time (DT) systems with suitable examples. 5

110 Define and classify different types of CT and DT systems with

examples. 5

111 Explain linear and nonlinear systems with examples. 5

112 Describe the significance of static and dynamic systems in signal

processing. 5

113 Discuss the concept of memoryless systems and their applications.

5

114 Explain the difference between time-invariant and time-variant

systems with examples. 5

115 Explain in detail the differences between continuous-time (CT) and

discrete-time (DT) systems with suitable examples and applications. 5

116 Derive the mathematical representation of a general CT and DT

system. 5

117 Determine the linear convolution of x(n) = {1,1,1,1} and h(n)=

{2,2} using graphical representation. 5
118 Determine the linear convolution of x(t)=u(t) and h(t)=u(t+2)-u(t-5)
using graphical representation. 5

119 Identify the given system for linearity, causality, time variance,
stability, static/dynamic. Y(t)=x(t)+3x(t+4) 5

120 Identify the given system for linearity, causality, time variance,
stability, static/dynamic. Y(t)=t2 x(t) 5

121 Identify the given system for linearity, causality, time variance,
stability, static/dynamic. Y(t)=x(t)+tx(t) 5

122 Find the linear convolution of x(n)={1, -2, 3, 4, 5, -6, 7} with

h(n)={2, 4, 6, -8,10} where the BOLD letter is value at origin.. 5

123 Classify different types of CT and DT systems and justify their

classification with real-world examples. 5

124 Explain the significance of causality and stability in system analysis

and their impact on real-world applications. 5

125 Compare and contrast time-invariant and time-variant systems with

practical examples. 5

126 What is a BIBO stable system? Derive and explain the mathematical
condition for stability. 5

127 Discuss the practical implications of static and dynamic systems in

engineering applications. 5

128 Define and explain invertible systems. How does invertibility affect
system performance? 5

129 Define Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). 6

130 What is Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)? 6

131 Explain the Cellular Concept in mobile communication. 6

132 What is Frequency Reuse in cellular networks? 6

133 List the different Multiple Access Schemes used in communication.

6

134 Define Satellite Communication and its applications. 6

135 What is Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)? 6

136 Explain the architecture of Global System for Mobile

Communications (GSM) with a neat diagram. 6

137 Describe the working principle of Code Division Multiple Access

(CDMA). 6
138 Explain the concept of Cellular Frequency Reuse with an example.
6

139 What are the different Multiple Access Schemes used in mobile
communication? 6

140 Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of Satellite

Communication. 6

141 Explain the role of base stations in cellular networks. 6

142 Explain the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)

architecture with a neat diagram. 6

143 Describe in detail the working principle of Code Division Multiple

Access (CDMA). 6

144 Explain the Cellular Concept and Frequency Reuse with an example.
6

145 Compare and contrast FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA techniques with
advantages and disadvantages. 6

146 Describe the Multiple Access Schemes used in mobile

communication. 6

147 What are the main components of a satellite communication

system, and how do they work? 6

148 Explain the different modulation techniques used in GSM and CDMA.
6

149 What is the role of spread spectrum techniques in CDMA? 6

150 Explain the impact of bandwidth limitations on digital

communication. 1

151 Compare the performance of phase modulation and frequency

modulation in noise environments. 1

152 Discuss the significance of pulse modulation in industrial

automation. 1

153 Explain the significance of modulation in communication systems.

1

154 Explain the need for synchronization in digital communication. 1

155 Explain the trade-off between bandwidth and power efficiency in

modulation techniques. 1
156 Compare the effectiveness of Phase Modulation (PM) and Frequency
Modulation (FM) under noise conditions. 1

157 Analyze the effect of jitter in digital communication systems. 1

158 Design a secure voice communication system using PCM and justify
your approach. 1

159 How can digital modulation techniques enhance communication in

IoT networks? 1

160 Why do we still rely on analog modulation techniques despite digital

advancements? 1

161 How can modulation techniques evolve to support terabit wireless

communication? 1

162 Why is synchronization increasingly critical for next-generation

wireless systems? 1

163 Compare digital modulation techniques in terms of power and

spectral efficiency. 2

164 How does multipath fading affect the performance of digital

modulation techniques? 2

165 Explain the impact of carrier frequency offset on BPSK and QPSK. 2

166 Explain the impact of pulse shaping on bandwidth and inter-symbol

interference. 2

167 Explain the significance of error vector magnitude (EVM) in digital

modulation.2

168 Explain the advantages and limitations of using frequency-hopping

in BFSK. 2

169 Compare and contrast the use of binary and non-binary LDPC codes
in digital communication. 2

170 How does Shannon entropy influence data compression techniques?

3

171 Explain why CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) is widely used in error
detection. 3

172 How does the use of feedback shift registers improve the
implementation of cyclic codes? 3

173 Discuss the minimum Hamming Distance concept and its application
in error correction. 3
174 Discuss the significance of choosing an optimal coding technique for
IoT applications. 3

175 How does channel coding improve the efficiency of satellite

communication systems? 3

176 Discuss the real-world applications of Huffman coding in database

compression. 3

177 Explain the aliasing effect with a proper mathematical example. 4

178 What is the importance of modulation in signal processing? Explain

with examples. 4

179 What are the practical limitations of the sampling theorem? Explain
with examples. 4

180 Derive the relationship between impulse response and convolution

for continuous-time LTI systems. 4

181 What is the Z-transform? Derive its mathematical representation

and explain its applications in signal processing. 4

182 Discuss the challenges faced in real-time signal processing and

possible solutions. 4

183 Discuss the importance of multirate signal processing and its

applications in modern signal processing. 4

184 What is an adaptive filter? Discuss its importance and applications

in modern communication systems. 4

185 How does impulse response determine system causality? 5

186 Explain how the step response of a system can be obtained from its
impulse response. 5

187 Derive the convolution integral formula for continuous-time

systems. 5

188 Explain the difference between convolution integral and convolution

sum with examples. 5

189 Derive the convolution of two rectangular pulse signals and explain
its significance. 5

190 Define correlation and derive its mathematical expression for CT and
DT signals. 5

191 How do satellite transponders work in communication systems? 6

192 Compare the advantages and disadvantages of LEO, MEO, and GEO
satellites. 6

193 Why is interference management critical in multi-user

communication? 6

194 Describe the handover process in GSM and CDMA networks and
compare their performance. 6

195 Explain how multiple access techniques enable multi-user

communication in cellular networks. 6

196 How does the use of duplexing techniques impact cellular

communication performance?6

197 How does cell splitting improve network efficiency in multi-user

communication? 6

198 Discuss a real-world case study where multi-user detection

improved mobile communication. 6

199 Explain how 5G technology is expected to revolutionize multi-user

communication. 6

200 If tasked with designing a satellite network for global broadband

access, what would be your approach? 6