Paper 2

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⭐ Legal Thinking - Sources of Islamic Laws
5-6 examples in the answer must
be mentioned
Quran as the Source of Law:
 Quran is one of the Primary Source of Islamic Law
 Quran is a code of conduct that guides men in any and every aspect of life.
 It is the word of God
 It enlightens your mind and heals your soul and broken hearts.
 The Quran can establish Islamic laws without requiring any other source
 As Allah says, "This is the book in it is guidance without doubt for those who fear Allah" (2)
 The laws of Quran are perfect, comprehensive, eternal (remains unchanged since 1400 years), universal
(not confined to a place, time or people) and humanistic
 Quran cannot be questioned or contradicted by the other sources as it is the unchangeable word of God
 Ref: "We have, without doubt, sent down the Message; and We will assuredly guard it (from
corruption)"
 It includes:
- How to worship
- Tauheed
- Lawful and Unlawful
- Day of Judgement
- Moral and Ethical Codes for a Muslim
- 25 Prophets
- Scientific Knowledge
- Obligations on a Muslim
- Social Relations
- Jihad
- Huquq-ul-Ibaad
 Tafsir of Quran is written to explain the implicit meanings in the Quran
→ Examples
 Law of Inheritance: "Allah commands you regarding your children: the share of the male will be twice that
of the female" [Al-Nisa]
 Criminal Law: "As for male and female thieves, cut off their hands for what they have done" [Al-Maidah]
 Murderer Law: "O believers! The law of equality in murder cases is prescribed: a free person for a free
person, a slave for a slave, and a woman for a woman. But if the victim's family forgives the killer, then
compensation should be given respectfully. This is a mercy from Allah. However, anyone who exceeds this
limit will face a severe punishment."
 Religious Law: "And offer prayer and pay zakat" [Al-Baqarah]
 Religious Law: "Obey Allah and obey the messenger and those charged with authority among you" [Al-
Nisa]
 Religious Law: "Fasting is prescribed for you - as it was for those before you - so perhaps you will become
mindful of Allah"
 Marriage Law: "Prohibited to you (in marriage) are your mothers, daughters and sisters"
 Business Law: "Allah has allowed trade but forbidden usury" [Al-Baqarah]
 Law of Trade: "And give full measure when you measure, and weigh with a balance that is straight. That is
good and better in the end"
 Law of Trade: "Trade and usury are the same, but God has allowed trade and forbidden usury"
 Social Law: "The woman and man guilty of adultery - flog each of them a hundred lashes" [An-Nur]
 Law of Equality: "All believers are equal to one another"
 Social Law: "Take neither Jews nor Christians as guardians - they are guardians of each other"

Hadith as the Source of Law:

 Hadith is the second Primary Source of Islamic Law
 They are the words, actions or approvals of Prophet PBUH reported through narrations (they may or may
not include sunnah's)
 Hadith elaborates upon the implicit meanings in Quran
 Prophet's sayings, silent approvals, reports of Him doing something and verbal teachings all are his
Hadiths
 Sunnah are the actual practices, lifestyle or the habits of Prophet PBUH

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  Sunnah are the actual practices, lifestyle or the habits of Prophet PBUH
 Hadith can never contradict the Quran, and if it does, it means that it is corrupted
 Hadith and Quran complement each other
 Ref: " Obey Allah and the Prophet"
 Ref: "Whatever the Prophet gives you, take it, whatever he forbids you, refrain from it"
→ Examples (Hadith alone)
 Prophet PBUH announced the flesh of Donkey haram in Khyber expedition
 "The part of garment below the ankle (for men) is in the fire"
 "Silk and gold are made unlawful for the men of my nation but lawful for women"
 “A non-Muslim cannot inherit from a Muslim.”
→ Examples (Quran + Hadith)
 Quran: "Establish prayer and pay zakat"
Hadith: "Pray as you see me pray" / "No prayer is acceptable without Fatiha" AND "No zakat is payable
until a year passes on it (wealth)" / "Neither the property of different people be gathered together nor the
joint property should be split for fear of Zakat" (issue of people not giving Zakat properly, viewing it as a
burden, and trying to avoid it through unfair means.)
 Quran: "The woman and man guilty of adultery - flog each of them a hundred lashes"
Hadith: Prophet PBUH ordered to stoning to death for married men and women who comitted Zina
 Quran: "As for male and female thieves, cut off their hands for what they have done"
Hadith: "The hand should be cut off for stealing something that is worth a quarter of a Dinar or more"
 Quran: "Pilgrimage is a duty men owe to Allah those who can afford the journey"
Sunnah: Prophet PBUH explained the ummah how to perform Hajj and pronounced its Talbiyah
 Quran: "O believers! Intoxicants and gambling, dedication to stones, and division by arrows are the filthy
works of Satan."
Sunnah: Prophet PBUH used to beat a drunk man with palm-leaf stalks and shoes
 Quran: The Quran commands that purity of the body is compulsory before prayer
Sunnah: Prophet PBUH explains the method of purity (wuzu)

Ijma as the Source of Law:

 Secondary Source of Islamic Law
 Consensus of opinion
 Based on Quran and Hadith and previous Ijma's
 Ijma is used when the Quran and Hadith do not give clear guidance
 It is a unanimous decision on the matters after Prophet PBUH's death
 Ref: "You are the best of people evolved for the mankind, enjoining what is good and forbidding what is
evil"
 Ref: Prophet PBUH said, "Gather together the righteous from among my community and decide the
matter by their council"
 Ref: Prophet PBUH said, "My ummah will never agree on an error as the hand of God is upon them"
 There are two kinds of Ijma:
1. Ijma of the matters of Belief (common agreement of all Muslims on basic beliefs)
2. Ijma on legal matters (Quran and Hadith are silent)
- Ijma e Qawli is the verbal consensus
□ Companions accepted Abu Bakr as Caliph
- Ijma e Amali is the practical consensus
□ 4 Sunnah before Zuhr are Sunnat e Mu'akkadah
 Ijma can be done by
- The people of Madina
- Caliphs
- Jurists
- Companions
- Imams
- Muslim Scholars
 Rule of Ijma:
1. People practicing it must have deep knowledge of the Qurna and Sunnah
2. They must be pious, righteous and have fear of Allah
3. Legal issues must not contradict with the Quran or Sunnah
4. If one jurist disagrees with strong evidence, the ruling can be challenged

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 4. If one jurist disagrees with strong evidence, the ruling can be challenged
 Ijma is considered to be a decisive judgement by some people
→ Examples (Ijma alone)
 Battle of Uhad: An Ijma was held on whether the battle should be fought in Madina or outside of Madina,
and it was decided that battle should be fought outside of Madina even though Prophet himself wanted
to fight in while staying in Madina, but he agreed upon the opinion of the majority
 Battle of Trench: An Ijma was held before the battle to choose the best strategy to win this battle and
Salman Farsi proposed this idea of digging up a trench. Most of Prophets companions agreed upon this
idea and this strategy was adopted.
 Battle of Badr: After the battle, Prophet PBUH consulted his companions and decided that the PoW could
be freed for ransom
 Hazrat Abu Bakr
- Elections as Caliph
- Compilation of Quran
 Hazrat Umar
- Traweeh prayer of 20 rakats in Ramadan
 Hazrat Usman
- 2 Azaans on Friday
- Burning of defected copies of Quran
 IVF: In the modern day, IVF is made halal within a lawful marriage, using only the husband and wife's
genetic material
 Moon Sighting Committee: In the modern day, a group of people come together to observe and confirm
the sighting of the new moon, which marks the beginning and end of Islamic months
→ Examples (Ijma + Quran)
 Marriage Prohibitions
- Quran: "Prohibited to you (in marriage) are your daughters, mothers, and sisters"
- Ijma: This list is extended to grandmothers and granddaughters
 Israil
- Quran: "Indeed, Allah forbids you from making allies of those who fight you because of your religion,
and expel you from your homes, and aid in your expulsion. And whoever makes allies of them — then
it is those who are the wrongdoers."
- Ijma: All scholars have declared Israil as a non-friendly territory because they kill innocent Muslims
→ Examples (Ijma + Hadith)
 Hadith: "Whoever buys food, let him not sell it until he has taken possession of it"
Ijma: Ijma confirms this rule despite the Hadith being narrated by only one companion
 Hadith: "If in a miscarried fetus life is established by its movements, a funeral prayer should be offered for
it, and it is entitled to its share of inheritance"
Ijma: Ijma decided no funeral prayer for a fetus miscarried before 4 months, if it showed no signs of life
 Hadith: "Muhammad is not the father of any of your men, but is the Messenger of Allah and the seal of
the Prophets"
Ijma: Qadiani's/Ahmadis were declared non-believers as they denied the finality of Prophet PBUH

Qiyas as the Source of Law:

 Qiyas is an analogical deduction from the first 3 sources
 The first jurist to practice Qiyas was Imam Abu Hanifah
 3 key parts of Qiyas are
1. Asal - Fundamental Teaching (root)
2. Far - New matter in question (branch)
3. Illa - link that connect asl and far
By relating these together it is possible to arrive at a new judgement, the hukm
 Ref: "You are the best of people evolved for the mankind, enjoining what is good and forbidding what is
evil"
 Only a person who is fluent in Arabic, well-versed in the Qur'an and Hadith with their interpretations,
knowledgeable in Hadith sciences, aware of the views of the Prophet’s companions and early scholars,
and possesses high intelligence, piety, and good Islamic character can practice Qiyas.
 Most of the people reject Qiyas as it can include personal interest
 When Muaz ibn Jabal (RA) was appointed governor of Yemen, the Prophet (PBUH) asked him how he
would make judgments. Muaz replied: “I will judge according to the Quran.” The Prophet asked, “And if

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 would make judgments. Muaz replied: “I will judge according to the Quran.” The Prophet asked, “And if
you do not find it there?” Muaz said, “Then I will refer to the Sunnah.” The Prophet then asked, “And if
you do not find it there?” Muaz replied, “Then I will make Ijtihad (personal reasoning), using my
judgment.” The Prophet (PBUH) was pleased with his answer, approving Qiyas
→ Examples (Qiyas + Quran)
 Friday Prayer
- Asal: "O believers! When the call to prayer is made on Friday, then proceed diligently to the
remembrance of Allah and leave off your business. That is best for you, if only you knew"
- Far: Are all transactions forbidden?
- Illa: Both selling and buying can distract Muslims from Friday prayers
- Hukm: All transactions are forbidden after the call to prayer on Friday
 Drunkard
- Asal: The Quran prescribes 80 lashes for the crime of slander.
- Far: What punishment should be given to a drunkard when no specific number of lashes was given?
- Illa: Both slander and drinking are major offenses that corrupt society and morals.
- Hukm: Based on analogy, Hazrat Ali applied the same punishment — 80 lashes — for the drunkard.
→ Examples (Qiyas + Hadith)
 Wine
- Asal: "Every intoxicant is khamr (wine) and every intoxicant is forbidden"
- Far: What about other drugs?
- Illa: Both alcohol and other drugs cause intoxication
- Hukm: All intoxicating substances are forbidden
 Nail Polish
- Asal: A Hadith was narrated in which it said that when H Aisha had flour on her nails, Prophet PBUH
asked her to perform wudu again as that flour was counted as an impurity
- Far: Does nail polish also prevent wuzu?
- Illa: Both flour and nail polish act as barriers
- Hukm: Ablution is not valid with nail polish on nails, however, breathable nail polish is an option
 Debt
- Asal: Prophet PBUH paid off the debts of deceased individuals
- Far: Can an heir pay off the debt of their deceased relative?
- Illa: Both the Prophet and the heir are taking responsibility for the deceased's obligations
- Hukm: It is permissible for an heir to pay off the debt of a deceased relative
 Hajj
- Asal: A woman asked the Prophet PBUH if she could perform Hajj for her mother who had passed
away. He said yes.
- Far: Can other heirs perform Hajj for their deceased relatives?
- Illa: Hajj was obligatory on the deceased, and it was unfulfilled — just like the mother in the Hadith.
- Hukm: An heir can perform Hajj on behalf of a deceased relative.

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⭐ Hadith Passages
Individual Teachings
(Teachings that focus on personal responsibility, inner character, worship, speech, modesty, etc.)
 Passage 1 – Sincerity in Religion
 Passage 3 – Speak Good or Remain Silent
 Passage 4 – Fulfilling the Five Pillars
 Passage 5 – Daily Acts of Charity
 Passage 6 – Action Against Wrongdoing
 Passage 7 – Striving in the Way of Allah
 Passage 8 – Reward of Martyrdom
 Passage 9 – Honest Earnings through Labor
 Passage 14 – Kindness in Financial Dealings
 Passage 17 – Modesty
 Passage 18 – Faith and Humility
 Passage 19 – World is a Trial for Believers
 Passage 20 – Allah Looks at Intentions, Not Appearances
 Passage 13 – Studying and Retaining the Qur’an

Communal Teachings
(Teachings that focus on society, brotherhood, helping others, justice, compassion, support, etc.)
 Passage 2 – Brotherhood & Selflessness
 Passage 10 – Supporting Widows & Orphans
 Passage 11 – Reward for Caring for Orphans
 Passage 12 – Gentleness in Leadership
 Passage 15 – Mercy Towards Others
 Passage 16 – Unity of the Muslim Ummah

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⭐ Hadith and Sunnah
 Hadith are the words, actions or approvals of Prophet PBUH reported through narrations (they may or may not include sunnah's)
 Hadith elaborates upon the implicit meanings in Quran
 Prophet's sayings, silent approvals, reports of Him doing something and verbal teachings all are his Hadiths
 Sunnah are the actual practices, lifestyle or the habits of Prophet PBUH
 Praying salah in a specific way, using miswak, greeting with salaam, and modest way of dressing are all his Sunnah's
 Hadith and Sunnah are the second primary source of Islamic law
 Muhadithun are scholars of Hadith who carefully study Ahadith to check if they are authentic

Components of Hadiths
→ Isnad
 Isnad/Sanad is the chain of narrators
 To check if the Hadith is authentic, Muhadithun carefully examine the chain of narrators and their characters
 Every chain should start from a close companion of Prophet PBUH
 The narrators should be well known and pious with no past crime records
 The narrator should not be too young (immature) or too old (memory problems)
 The Muhadithun also check if the meeting of the narrators was possible or not by looking at their DOB, DOD and POB, POD
 Scholars wrote books to record the details of narrators: Kitab-al-Jarah wa al-Ta'dil by Hatim al-Razi and Asma-al-Rijal
→ Matn
 Matn is the text of Hadith
 Muhadithun also analyze the content of Hadith
 The Matn of the Hadith can never go against the Quran or against an authentic Hadith
 The matn should not go against Prophet PBUH or his family
 The matn should not go against the law of nature
 The matn should be in Qurayshi dialect
 The matn should not be predicting the future
 If the hadith talks about severe punishments for small deeds or big rewards for small deeds, the Hadith is considered unauthe ntic

Major Types of Hadiths

1. Hadith e Qudsi
 Words of Allah conveyed by Prophet PBUH, but not part of the Quran
 Matn is from Allah, wording is from the Prophet PBUH
 Not as authoritative as Quran, but still authentic and sacred
2. Hadith e Nabvi
 Sayings, actions or approvals of Prophet PBUH conveyed by his companions
 Not part of the Quran, but spoken by the Prophet PBUH in his own words

Types of Hadiths
1. Sahih Hadith
 Authentic/Genuine/Perfect Hadith
 Matn is correct and the chain of narrators is perfect
 Example: "He who missed the Asr prayer is ad if he has lost his family and property" Abdullah bin Umar → Nafay → Maliki
2. Hassan Hadith
 Matn is correct however the chain of narrators is defected (not perfect memory, but trustworthy)
 Example: "Part of someone's being a good Muslim is leaving that which does not concern him" OR "He who misses 3 Juma prayers out of
negligence, Allah will place a seal over his heart"
3. Dhaif/Weak Hadith
 Matn is correct but the chain of narrators is broken
 Any of the narrators is found lying or has bad memory or bad personality
 The hadith may or may not contradicts with sahih hadith
 Example: "The reward of praying in congregation is twenty-five times greater than praying alone, except for Fajr prayer, which is seventy times
greater"
4. Fabricated Hadith
 Not true at all
 Example: "Learn black magic, but do not practice it"
5. Mutawatar Hadith
 50 people have narrated this Hadith in different times and places
 Mutawatar Hadith has two types: Mutawatar in Meaning which means that the same thing has been narrated but in different ways/ wordings and
Mutawatar in Wording means that the Hadith is narrated by all the narrators using the exact same words
6. Ahad Hadith
 These type of Hadith are narrated by very less people
 Ahad Hadith can be categorized in 3 types: Mashhur (narrated by 3>), Aziz (narrated by 2) and Gharib (narrated by only one na rrator)
 Examples: "Actions are judged by intentions" Narrated by Umar ibn al-Khattab RA alone

Compilation of Hadith
During the Lifetime of Prophet PBUH
 615 - 632 CE (11 AH)
 Prophet PBUH taught his Hadith in 3 ways:
1. Al-Qaul - Verbal Teachings
 Spoken instructions by Prophet PBUH
 He repeated his verbal teachings thrice for memory
 H Aisha reported that He spoke clearly and distinctly so that his words ere imprinted in the mind of the listeners
 Included letter, treaties, and official documents such as letter he sent to diff kings and the instruction he gave to Muslim governors on legal

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  Included letter, treaties, and official documents such as letter he sent to diff kings and the instruction he gave to Muslim governors on legal
matters
2. Al-Fi'l - Practical Demonstration
 Prophet PBUH taught us Muslims how to do wudu, salah, hajj and more acts which were only mentioned in the Quran
3. Al-Taqrir - Silent Approvals
 If someone was saying or doing something and Prophet PBUH remained silent, that meant that that act or saying was not wrong
 If he corrected someone, that meant disapproval
 E.g. Prophet PBUH did not object on one of his companion eating lizard
 Hadith were preserved but not compiled during the lifetime of the Holy Prophet (PBUH).
 Ahadith were preserved through three methods:
1. Memorization - Hifz
 Companions memorized Ahadith with full dedication
 Among the memorizers were mostly Arabs as they had strong memory
 Ashab al Suffah were a group of people who lived in Masjid e Nabvi to learn from Prophet PBUH
 Abu Hurairah RA was among those people and he memorized 5000+ Ahadith. When Marwan, governor of Madinah, tested his memory after a
whole year, he narrated the Hadith using the exact same words of Prophet PBUH
2. Discussion
 Prophet PBUH encouraged spreading teachings
 In his farewell sermon, He said, "Those who are present should convey to those who are absent"
 Companions discussed Hadith is gatherings and circles and ensured accurate transmission
3. Writing
 At first, Prophet PBUH did not encourage people to write his Ahadith down as he feared that they might mix his Ahadith with the Quranic
sayings, but afterwards he started to instruct his companions to write the Hadith down if they were unable to memorize them
 Abdullah bin Amr bin al-Aas wrote Sahifa Sadiqa in which he compiled the exact words of Prophet PBUH
 Ali ibn Abi Talib wrote Hadith of parchments and kept a record of traditions, orders and teachings
 Abu Bakr RA, Umar RA, Aisha RA (2210) and Anas bin Malik RA (memorized Hadith by hearing the Prophet PBUH and encouraged his children
to write them down) had personal collection
4. Actions/Practicing
 The companions used to observe Prophet PBUH and tried to adopt his manners and habits
 They reflected on his teachings and implemented on his Hadith
By Companions
 11 - 100 AH
 After the Prophet PBUH's death, many senior companions started to pass away
 Reverts to Islam were increasing day by day and people wanted to learn authentic teachings
 These senior companions became main sources of authentic Hadith transmission:
- Abu Hurairah RA - 5374 Hadith (5300)
- Abdullah ibn Umar RA - 2630 Hadith (2600)
- Anas ibn Malik RA - 2286 Hadith
- Aisha RA - 2210 Hadith (2200)
- Ibn Abbas - 1700 Hadith
 During the Rightly-Guided Caliphs, Hadith were respected and spread widely. They did not record a large number of Hadith but rather preserved th e
teachings in their actions and methods of reasoning
 Companions like Jabir bin Abdullah RA travelled to Syria to collect Hadith
 Hadith were shared and memorized in gatherings
 Many companions took long journeys to collect more Hadith
 Writing began slowly to avoid confusion with the Quran
 Abu Hurairah did not write, but narrated the most Hadith
 Abu Hurairah wrote 138 Hadith on ethics for his students Hammam bin Munabbih
 Abdullah bin Amr ibn al-Aas compiled As-Sahifah as-Sadiqah
 Some companions like Abu Bakr, Umar, Ali taught through actions more than writing
 Companions in new cities like Ibn Masud in Kufa and Salman Farsi in Isfahan and Ibn Abbas in Makkah helped spread Hadith acro ss borders
By the Successors of the Companions - Tabi'een
 100 - 200 AH
 Tabi'een were the students of the companions who were devoted to collecting and preserving Hadith
 Caliph Umar officially initiated Hadith compilation
 He wrote letters to governors and scholar to start collecting Hadith and appointed scholars like Imam M bin Muslims bin Shiha b az-Zuhri
 Imam Zuhri travelled around Madinah to gather Hadith
 He gathered such a large volume that camels were needed to carry them after his death
 Imam Malik arranged 1700 Hadith in chapters making his book, Al-Muwatta, the first well-organized compilation
 Abdur Rehman bin Aidh taught Muaz bin Jabal's Hadith in Basra & Kufa
 Urwah bin Zubair dictated Hadith to students for memorization
 Abdur Rehman ibn Abdullah ibn Masood recorded his father's Hadith
 Amrah bint Abdur Rehman preserved Hadith from Aisha (RA)
By the Successors of the Successors - Tabi Tabi'een
 200 - 300 AH
 This era was considered as the Golden Age of Hadith Compilation
 Clear distinction was made between sayings of the Prophet (SAW) and reports of
Companions or their followers
 Only authentic and strong Hadith were included.
 Weak and fabricated Hadith were rejected.
 Special criteria and rules were developed to filter out false narrations
 Hadith were compiled with clear distinction b/w the sayings of Prophet, Sayings of Companions and Sayings of Followers
 Many hundreds of thousands of Hadiths were compiled

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 Many hundreds of thousands of Hadiths were compiled
 A large number of jurists first combined the musannaf and musnad compilations in the form of a Sunan or Sahih book
 A Sunan is organized topic-wise and it focuses on Ahadith-e-Nabvi with full isnads
 Sunan can be used as legal reference
 Many collections, due to emphasis on authenticity, produced in the Sunan movement were called Sahih Books
 As-Sihah As-Sittah (Sunni books) was created which are six most reliable Hadith books
- Sahih al-Bukhari
▪ Sahih Bukhari is a compiled formed of all the Hadiths written by Imam Bukhari
▪ Imam Bukhari began studying Hadith at the age of 10 and memorized the Hadith along with the biographies of their narrators.
▪ He dedicated 35 to 40 years to collecting Hadith, compiling over 600,000, many of which he memorized.
▪ However, he compiled only 7000 Hadith in his book because other hadith were not passing all the hadith checks
▪ He used to take a bath and prayed istikhara before writing each Hadith to ensure sincerity
▪ Sahih Bukhari is the most authentic book after the Quran
▪ Imam Bukhari said, "I have not included in the Book other than what is authentic"
- Sahih Muslim
▪ Sahih Muslims is the book of Imam Muslim who was Imam Bukhari's student who collected over 3lakh Hadith and after doing all the
hadith check compiled 9000
▪ Hadiths were divided in to chapters and after every Hadith there was a muqaddama which explained why this hadith is authentic
▪ He rejected scattered narrations and preferred clear transmission chains
▪ Sahih Muslim and Sahih Bukhari became the most famous books of Hadith collection called the Sahihayn
- Sunan Abu Dawood
▪ Book of Imm Abu Dawood
▪ Focused heavily on jurisprudence (Fiqh) and included some rara Hadith
▪ Known for selecting Hadith with legal implications
▪ He accepted weak Hadith only if there were no strong ones available on the issue and it did not contradict stronger Hadith
- Jami at-Tirmidhi
▪ Book of Imam Tirmidhi
▪ He was the first Hadith compiler to clearly label the strenght of each Hadith within the collection (Classification lvls)
▪ In this book legal rulings, virtues and weak Hadith (with explanations) are combined
▪ His book is easier to use for scholars and students because it has comments about authenticity after each Hadith
- Sunan an-Nasa'i
▪ Book of Imam an-Nasa'I
▪ He also wrote Sunan al-Kubra (the bigger version)
▪ Known for concise yet rigorous collection
▪ Focused on rituals and daily practices
▪ This book is known for very few weak Hadith
- Sunan Ibn Majah
▪ Book of Imam Ibn Majah
▪ Included many Hadith (1341) not found in the other five
▪ It is the least authentic book in the Sihah Sitta due to higher weak Hadith ratio
 There are 4 major Shia Hadith collections:
- Shia Muslims have four main Hadith collections (like the Sahih Sitta for Sunni Muslims).
- Contain sayings of the Prophet (PBUH) and the 12 Imams.
- About 44,000 Ahadith included; only 1.5% are from Prophet, the rest from Imams.
- Kitab al-Kafi
▪ Compiled by M Yaqub Kulayni
▪ Title means "The Sufficient in the Knowledge of Religion"
▪ Kulayni chose Hadiths he believed were reliable and left further verification to scholars
▪ Includes sayings of Imams (descendants of the Prophet)
Divided into 3 parts:
▫ Usul al-Kafi (beliefs and religion),
▫ Furu al-Kafi (laws and rituals),
▫ Rawdat al-Kafi (miscellaneous topics and speeches)
▪ Has 16,099 Hadith.
▪ Organized by topic, with brief isnad and classification
- Man La Yahduruhul Faqih
▪ Compiled by Shaikh Saduq (Ibn Babawayh)
▪ Title means “Every Man is His Own Lawyer.”
▪ Contains 9,044 Hadith, organized by theme
▪ Meant for everyday Shia Muslims to use for practical law
▪ Includes some Daif (weak) Hadith as well
▪ Lacked heavy isnad; focused more on content than chains.
▪ Focuses on “Furu al-Deen” – Islamic practices like salah, zakat, hajj, etc.
▪ Not all Hadith were authenticated
- Tahdhib al-Ahkam
▪ Compiled by Shaikh Tusi.
▪ Title means “The Refinement of Laws.”
▪ Based on a previous book “Al-Muqni’” by Shaikh al-Mufid.
▪ Contains 13,590 Ahadith.
▪ Divided into chapters based on themes like prayer, purity, marriage, etc.
▪ Focus: Practical Shariah laws and rituals.
▪ Used Hadith with explanations and commentaries
- Al-Istibsar
▪ Compiled by Shaikh Tusi (same author as Tahzib).

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 ▪ Compiled by Shaikh Tusi (same author as Tahzib).
▪ Title means “The Perceptive.”
▪ Is a summary of Tahzib-ul-Ahkam, meant for beginners or students.
▪ Contains 5,511 Hadith.
▪ Fewer Hadith and more concise explanations.
▪ Made as a reference book to help learners study jurisprudence.
▪ Tusi created it after scholars asked for a more accessible version of Tahzib

Musnad
 Musnad means supported and Musnad collection means collections supported by narrations
 The central focus of these collections is on Sanad, which refers to the chain of narrators
 In this type of Hadith collection, the Ahadith are organized based on the name of the firs narrator and not according to thei r subject matter
 This means that the chapters in the Musnad collection are named after companions
 Musnad compilations makes it easier for the people to search for specific Hadiths from a particular companion
 Most famous Musnad collection is the Musnad of Imam Ahmed bin Hanbal
Musannaf
 Musannaf means divided and Musannaf collection means collections organized into sections
 In these collections, the Hadith are organized by their content, subject and themes
 The primary focus in a Musannaf collection is on the Matn which refers to the actual content or message of the Hadith itself
 Musnad compilations makes it easier for the people to search for specific Hadiths of a particular topic in one place
 These collection are especially useful for understanding how to practice Islamic rituals and in establishing Islamic laws
 Sahih Sitta are the 6 most authentic books of Musannaf collections

Reasons of Compilation
1. No initial need to write Hadith:
- Companions memorized Hadith.
- Quran was still being revealed.
- Prophet feared people might mix up Hadith with Quran.
2. Later permission was given:
- Prophet (PBUH) allowed writing Hadith after clarity between Quran and Hadith was established.
3. Strong memory of companions:
- Key figures like Abu Hurairah, Abdullah ibn Umar, Aisha, Anas ibn Malik preserved Hadith orally.
4. Prophet encouraged spreading Hadith:
- “Preach what you hear me saying.”
- “Those who are present should carry the message to those who are absent.”
5. Role of Khulafa-e-Rashideen:
- Practised Sunnah.
- Preserved Hadith after Prophet’s death.
- Need to clarify Hadith increased over time.
6. False Hadith appeared:
- People/False Prophets made up Hadith to support personal beliefs.
- Fake Hadith caused confusion (e.g., during Caliph Abu Bakr’s time).
7. Preserving correct teachings:
- Needed to understand religion correctly.
- Best way was to write and compile Hadith.
- Plus the number of Muslim converts were increasing day by day and they were in search of authentic teachings
8. Hadith = Key Islamic law source:
- Helped interpret Quran.
- Gave legal guidance.
- Needed reliable, organized collection.
9. Authenticity issues arose:
- Scholars made categories:
▪ Sahih (authentic)
▪ Hasan (good)
▪ Daif (weak)
▪ Maudu (fabricated)
10. Hadith = Vital Islamic guidance:
• Essential to practice Islam properly.
• Ensured following true teachings.

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⭐ Pillar of Islam

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- Shahadah
Shahadah is the first and the most fundamental pillar of Islam
It is the foundation of Islamic faith and serve as an entry requirement into Islam
Words of Shahadah:
Ref: "I bear witness that there is no deity but Allah; I bear witness that Hazrat Muhammad PBUH is the
Messenger of Allah"
Words of Shahadah are basically declaration of faith that a person says to enter the fold of Islam
This deceleration is a pledge made with Allah
The shahadah consist of two parts: declaration of belief in Tawhid (root of Islam) and declaration of
belief in the Prophethood of Muhammad PBUH
The Shahadah confirms that Prophet PBUH is the final messenger of Allah (Seal of Prophet's)
To enter the fold of Islam, one must declare their belief in both the parts of Shahadah
The shahadah rejects Shirks (Associating partners with Allah) explicitly as it says "there is no deity but
Allah"
A Muslims entire life revolves around Shahadah, influencing their moral behaviors, social interactions
and worship
The significance of the shahadah is highlighted by the fact that it is repeated in every prayer, Azaan and
at key moments such as birth (whispered into a newborn's ear) and death
The other 4 pillars of Islam are the extensions of the Shahadah: Salah (every prayer contains the
recitation of Shahadah), Zakat (giving charity is an extension of faith in Allah), Saum (observing fast is a
physical and spiritual declaration of faith) and Hajj (Pilgrims recite the Talbiyah, reaffirming Shahadah's
essence)
→Different aspects one should know of the Shahadah:
1. Knowledge of what Shahadah testifies to is crucial, as one must fully understand what they bear
witness to. Testifying without knowledge is unacceptable
2. Certainty is the opposite of doubt, which in Islam equals disbelief (kufr). Muslims must fully believe in
the truth of the Shahadah without any doubt
3. Acceptance of the Shahadah means that a believer accepts all its implications too
4. Submission to the Shahadah implies submission to Allah's command by one's actions
5. Sincerity to the Shahadah means to testify solely for faith in Allah and not for any other reason
6. Loving the Shahadah means that the true believer puts no one whatsoever as an equal to Allah in his
love
7. Adherence to the Shahadah is being true to Islam and it's belief, and fulfilling all its obligations till
death

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 - Salat
 2nd pillar of Islam
 5 daily prayer:
- Fajr → Between the breaking of first light and sunrise comprising of 2 rakats
- Zuhr → After midday until late afternoon comprising of 4 rakats
- Asr → From late afternoon until just before sunset comprising of 4 rakats
- Maghrib → Between sunset and the end of twilight comprising of 3 rakats
- Isha → From dark until just before dawn comprising of 4 rakats
 Believer's submissions and obedience to Allah
 Physically evidence of acceptance of Islam (distinguishing feature of a Muslim and a non-Muslims)
 Foremost duty of a Muslim
 Quran mentions prayers approximately 700 times
 First act of worship made obligatory by Allah (Isra and Miraj event)
 Ref: 'What stands between a man and disbelief is the abandonment of salat'
 Humbles believers before their Creator when performed with sincerity
 Purpose is to remember Allah
 Quran mentions prayer 67 times
 Ref: "Establish prayer at the decline of the sun until the darkness of the night"
 Ref: "Establish prayer and give zakat"
 Command to establish prayer appears around 67 times in the Quran and 28 times with Zakat
 Prayers are to be formed in the direction of Makkah
 Must be carried out in a state of ritual purity, achieved by either ritual ablution (wudu,
tayammum) or bath (ghusl)
 Muslims should be inwardly (evil thoughts/corrupt ideas purified by the niyyat of worshiping ) and
outwardly (ablution/ghusl) purified before offering salah
 Ref: "Indeed, Allah loves those who purify themselves"
 Ref: 'Purity is one half of faith'
 Farz (Except for Maghrib) and sunnah prayers are either of 2 or 4 rakats
 There are shorten prayers (Qasr) for travelers making every salah of only 2 rakats except for
Maghribs
 Funeral prayers are called (Salah-tul-Janazah) which is performed before burial (there is no ruku or
sujood in this prayer)
 Taraweeh is another type of congregational prayer read after Isha in the month of Ramadan (8-20
rakats)

Ablution
 A believer must be cleansed of major and minor impurities
 Ref: "O you who believe! When you prepare for prayer, wash your face, and your hands (and
arms) up to you elbows, and rub your heads and wash your feet up to your ankles. If you are in a
state of ceremonial impurity, bathe you whole body."
→Wudu
 Farz/Compulsory Method
- Wash your face from top of the forehead to the chin and as far as the ears
- Wash hands and arms up to the elbows
- Wipe the head with head hands
- Wash the feet up to the ankles
 Sunnah Method
- Being the wudu with "Bismillah-ir-Rahman-ar-Raheem"
- Intention (niyyat) to perform wudu should be made
- Clean area and water should be used to perform wudu
- Perform the wudu preferably facing the Qibla

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 - Perform the wudu preferably facing the Qibla
- Hand should be washed up to wrists
- Miswak or a brush should be used to clean teeth
- Mouth should be rinsed 3 times
- Put water into nostrils 3 times
- Wash the face 3 times from top of the forehead down to the throat and from ear to ear
- Both forearms are washed thrice from wrists to elbows beginning with the right arm
- Wet palms are passed over the head once (masah of head)
- Masah of neck by
- Cleaning the ears back and front
- Wash first the right and then the left foot thrice up to the ankles

→ Tayammum (Dry ablution)

 This method is used only if there is scarcity of water or if a person is not allowed to get in contact
with water due to health or valid reasons
 Ref: "But if you are ill or on a journey or one of you comes from the restroom or you have
contacted women and find no water, then seek clean earth and wipe over your faces and hands
with it. Allah does not intend to make difficulty for you, but He intends to purify you and
complete His favor upon you that you may be grateful"
- Recite Bismillah
- Make intention
- Both hands should be struck on some clean and pure earth, sand, brick or stone
- Excessive sand should be blown off
- Both hands re rubbed on the face
- In case of male with beards, it is desirable to pass the finger through the beard
- Then both hands should be struck on the clean earth and after blowing off the excess dust,
they should be passed over the right and then left arm up to elbow
→ Ghusl
 In case of major impurity (Hads-e-Akbar), a full bath (ghusl) is required with intention. Begin by
washing both hands, including the wrists, and removing any impurity from the body. After this,
perform wudu (ablution), and finally, pour water three times over the entire body, starting from
the head to the feet—first on the right side and then on the left

Acts that nullify wudu, tayammum and ghusl

 Answering the call of nature
 Passage of wind
 Discharge of blood or pus from a wound
 Fainting, being drowsy, falling asleep
 Mental imbalance, intoxication (drugs)
 Laughter during prayer
 Vomiting

Conditions of Prayer
1. Intention
Intention should be made in heart
2. Time
Every prayer has a fixed time
Ref: 'Prayers indeed have been enjoined on believer at fixed times'
3. Purity
Believer should be free from all impurities
The clothes and the place where the prayer is performed should be purified too
4. Satar
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 4. Satar
Means the compulsory covering of the body
For men: From the navel to the knees
For women: Infront of non-mahram, the entire body (except the face, feet and hands) must be
covered
5. Qibla
Prayers should be performed facing the Qibla

Call to Prayer [Azaan]

 Every prayer is preceded by the call to prayer (azaan) by the muezzin, an male adult ho loudly
proclaims it
 Hazrat Bilal was the first muezzin of Islam (called the prayer in Madina)
 Azaan not only announces the time of the prayer, but announces the Shahadah and the
prophethood of Prophet PBUH
 In congregational prayers, the iqamat is recited. The words of iqamat are those of the Azaan with
the difference that 'Hayya 'alas-salah' (come to prayer) and 'Hayya 'alal-falah' (come to prosperity)
are recited once. After this the imam says twice: 'Qad qamat as-salat (prayer has begun)'

Allah is the Greatest 4

I bear witness that there is no god except Allah 2
I bear witness that Muhmmad PBUH is Allah's messenger 2
Come to prayer 2
Com to success 2
Allah is the Greatest 2
There is no god but Allah 1
Additional for Fajr Prayer
Prayer is better than sleep 2

The prayer has indeed begun 2

Steps of the Prayers

1. After fulfilling the preliminary conditions, stand facing towards the qibla, with hands by your side
2. Intend to perform the prayer
3. Then raise your hands up to the ears and say takbir (Allahu Akbar-Allah is the Greatest) and fold
the arms, placing the hands one over another on the naval for men and on chest for women
4. Recite Sana
5. Recite Ta'wwuz and Tasmiyyah and then recite Surah al-Fatiha followed by a surah of your choice
(the surahs are only compulsory in the first 2 rakats)
6. After saying takbir, bend for Ruku and recite the Tasbih 3 times: Subhana Rabbiyal Azeem
7. Rising from ruku say the words of Quomah: Rabbana laka al-hamd
8. Recite the takbir and then go down for Sajdah (prostration) with your toes, knees, palms, nose and
forehead touching the ground. Recite the tasbih for sajdah 3 times: Subhana Rabbiyal A'la
9. After saying the tasbih, sit erect and then perform the second sajdah , saying the Tasbih again 3
times
10. Say takbir and standup. Then start the second rakat and perform it like the first one (Except don’t
recite sana)
11. After the 2nd sajdah in the 2nd rakat, sit up and recite Tahiyya: At-tahiyyatu lillahi was-salawatu
wat-tayyibat, As-salamu ‘alayka ayyuhan-nabiyyu wa Rahmatullah wa barakatuh, As-salamu
‘alayna wa ‘ala ‘ibadillahis-saliheen, followed by Tashahhud on which you have to raise your index
finger: Ash-hadu an la ilaha illa Allah, Wa ash-hadu anna Muhammadan ‘abduhu wa rasuluh
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 finger: Ash-hadu an la ilaha illa Allah, Wa ash-hadu anna Muhammadan ‘abduhu wa rasuluh
12. In the last rakat, recite tashahhud with Durood, Dua and Salam (turning the face to the right and
then to the left)

Delayed [Qada] Prayers

 Ref: 'There is no exception for prayer except the prayer itself'
 Missing salat intentionally is a sin and the one who does this should repent
 However, if the prayer is missed unintentionally, it I said to have been missed, and has to be
offered later in the prescribed way
 There is no fixed time for Qada prayer, but sooner the better
 The forbidden times should be avoided
- From dawn until the Sun has risen to the height of a spear
- When it is directly overhead at noon until it has passed its zenith
- From Asr prayer until the Sun has completely set
 Ref: 'If a person has missed more than one prayer, he should offer them at the first available
opportunity, if possible altogether one after the other. It is not necessary to offer a missed Zuhr
prayer at the Zuhr time and a missed Asr prayer at the Asr time only'
 For travelers, if Zuhr, Asr and Isha are missed, upon returning home, offer the qda as if he was still
a traveler (2 rakats/3 for Maghrib). However, if the prayer was missed before the journey, one
offers Qada during the journey fully
 If the Jum'a (Friday) prayer is missed, it cannot be offered later. However 4 rakat of Zuhr may be
offered later in compensation

Congregational Prayers
 Muslims are encouraged to offer congregational prayers (are only for Farz rakats) as they carry a
great reward
 Ref: 'Prayer I congregation is 27 times better than the prayer of a man by himself'
 Congregational prayers are offered in mosques
 The worshipers stand should to should in rows behind the imam
 The iqamat is called out after which the worshipers make the intention to pray following the imam
who leads the prayer
 In the first two rakat, the imam read Surah al-Fatiha followed by a surah aloud
 In Fajr, Maghrib and Isha, the imam recites the surahs which are to be read after Surah al-Fatiha
aloud and the worshipers are required to stay silent and listen
 In Zuhr and Asr, the imam recites the surahs in a quiet whisper and worshippers do the same and
complete their prayers independently

Friday Prayers
 A congregation is formed when there are min 3 people including the imam
 Believer are urged to attend and perform Friday prayers in a mosque behind a imam
 The worshippers should prepare themselves especially for this prayer by bathing, trimming their
nails , wearing fresh and clean clothes, and using fragrance
 It replaces the Zuhr prayer
 Friday is the most blessed day of the week, Prophet PBUH said:
 Ref: 'The best day on which the sun rises is Friday. On it, Adam was created, on it, he was
admitted to Paradise, and on it, he was expelled from it, and the Hour (Day of Judgement) will
take place on a Friday'
 Prophet PBUH recommended reciting Surah l-Kahf on Fridays for blessings and protection
 Its obligatory for men to offer Friday prayer in mosque while women can offer them at home
 Those who are minors, slave, sick, travelers or mentally ill are exempted from Friday prayer
 Angels stand at the doors of the mosque, writing down the names of those who come to offer
Friday Prayer

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 Friday Prayer
 Ref: 'Whoever misses 3 Friday prayers out of negligence, Allah will seal his heart'
 There are 2 call to the prayer (introduced by Uthman): First one was to alert the people that the
time of the Friday prayer is approaching, so they can prepares, close their businesses and go to the
mosque. The second one was to signal that the Friday prayer I about to being and for people to sit
down and listen to the Khutbah (Sermon)
 Ref: "O you who have believed, when the call to prayer is proclaimed on Friday, hasten to the
remembrance of Allah and leave off trade. That is better for you if you only knew"
 Worshippers may offer 4 rakat sunnah prayer before the Khutbah
 The imam stands facing the worshippers and delivers his sermon (khutba) in Arabic which must be
listened to silently. Worshippers are not allowed to read or pray anything during this sermon
 Two sermons are delivered, one distinguished from the other by a brief sitting by the imam. The
sermon begins with words of praise for Allah and prayer of blessing for Prophet PBUH. In the first
sermon, worshippers are reminded of their duties towards Allah and their fellow beings, the
consequences of doing evil, accountability and in the second sermon prayers for the community
and the ummah at large are made
 After the Khutba, Iqamat I announced and worshippers arrange themselves in rows
 The imam leads the prayer comprising of 2 Farz rakats
 After the Farz prayer, worshippers may offer sunnah or Nafl prayers at home or at mosque
 Ref: 'Whoever takes a bath on Friday, purifies himself as much as he can, applies oil to his hair,
puts on perfume, then goes to the mosque and does not force his way between two people,
prays as much as is decreed for him, and remains silent when the Imam speaks, his sins between
that Friday and the previous Friday will be forgiven'

Eid Prayers
 The two main thanksgiving festivals of Islam are Eid ul Fitr (celebrated on the first day of Shawwal to
mark the end of fasting during the month of Ramadan) and Eid ul Adha (celebrated on the 10th of Dhul
Hijja to commemorate Hazrat Ibrahim's readiness to sacrifice his son in obedience to Allah's wish, and to
mark the completion of the annual pilgrimage, Hajj)
 Before stating the festivities, Muslims attend a special congregational prayer called Eid Prayer
 Eid Prayer, by some scholars, is believed to be as a Sunnah Mu'akkadah (highly recommended but not
obligatory) while some think of it as an obligatory act
 Eid prayer cannot be performed individually and there is no Qada prayer for it, similar to Friday prayer
 Muslims are recommended to take a bath, wear new and clean clothes, apply fragrance, eat something
before Eid ul Fit's prayer (Prophet sunnah is to eat an odd number of dates) and use a different route to
return home after prayer, as these are Prophet's sunnah's
- Prophet PBUH told Muslims not to eat garlic, leek or onion before prayer because these foods
have a strong smell that can disturb others
- Right foot should be entered first into the Masjid or open area as it is a sign of good
 The prayer is offered after sunrise but before the time of Zuhr
- Eid ul Fitr: Recommended slightly later to allow people time to give Zakat al-Fitr before the prayer
- Eid ul Adha: Recommended earlier so people can sacrifice their animals after prayer
 There is no call to prayer (Azaan) for the Eid prayer neither is there an iqamah
 Ref: 'Eid prayer do not substitute Fajr prayers'
 Eid prayers consist of 2 rakats with 6 extra takbirs, 3 after the opening takbir (Takbir a-Tahrimah), after
each takbir, lets hands down and raise again for the second and third one. The last 3 extra takbirs are
called before going into Ruku in the second rakat.
 No sunnah or Nafl prayer should be offered before the Eid Prayer if it is taking place in an open field,
however if it’s taking place in an mosque then only 2 rakats can be read
 The Khutbah of Eid prayer is always given after the prayer is completed
- In the Eid ul Fitr's Khutbah (not mandatory to listen) the imam discusses gratitude, the meaning of
Eid, the importance of unity and reminders of obedience to Allah (cut into two parts separated by
brief sitting)

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 brief sitting)
- In the Eid ul Adha's Khutbah (also not mandatory to listen), the imam focus on the sacrifice and its
importance in remembering Prophet Ibrahim AS
 After the Eid prayer, one should congratulate each other by saying Eid Mubarak
 Muslims are encouraged to recite the Takbir starting from the night before Eid and continuing after the
prayer: "Allah is the Greatest, Allah is the Greatest. There is no god but Allah. And Allah is the Greatest,
Allah is the Greatest, and to Allah belongs all praise."
- Eid ul Fitr: Takbir is recited from Maghrib on the night before Eid until the prayer
- Eid ul Adha: Takbir continues for 4 days (9-13 Dhul Hijja) after every Fard prayer

Private Dua
 Dua means calling
 It is the act of remembering Allah and calling out to Him
 Aside from the 5 obligatory prayers, Muslims are encouraged to call upon Allah for forgiveness,
guidance and strength
 Dua can be made at any time, in any state and in any language by anyone
 This private due can be for yourself, your relatives/friends or the entire ummah
 Allah answers the sincere and true prayers of His believers
 It is recommended to perform wudu, face the Qibla, and make dua while in sujood when supplicating
earnestly
 Many Muslims make dua after prayers daily 5 times
 There are some specific moments in your life when the due is especially accepted:
- While travelling
- While sick or visiting the sick
- Late at night (before Fajr/last third of the night)
 Ref: 'Allah descends to the lowest heaven during the last third of the night and says: "Who is calling
upon Me, so that I may answer him? Who is asking Me so that I may give him? Who is seeking My
forgiveness so that I may forgive him?"
- While prostrating
- Between the Azaan and the iqamat
 Ref: 'The supplication made between the Adhan and Iqamah I not rejected'
- While experiencing injustice or oppression
- On the Day of Arafat
- During Ramadan/ or during Nafl fasts
- Fasting person breaking his fast
- Supplication of a parent for his child
- Rainfall
 Ref: 'Dua is worship'
→ Benefits of Private Dua
1. Strengthens connection with Allah(direct communication with Allah)
2. Brings Peace and comfort
3. Increases tawakkul (trust in Allah)
4. Patience and Reliance on Allah
5. Changing one's destiny (qadr)
6. Allah's mercy and forgiveness
7. Protection from hardships

Benefits of Congregational Prayer

1. Increased Reward
2. Forgiveness of Sins
3. Strengthens Brotherhood and Unity
4. Protection from Hypocrisy and Laziness

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 4. Protection from Hypocrisy and Laziness
5. Increase Humility and Focus in Salah
6. Angels and Special Mercy from Allah
7. Teaches Discipline and Organization
8. Shield from Shaytan

Communal/Individual Benefits of Prayer

→Individual
 Strengthens connection with Allah
- Reinforces Tawhid
- Reminds us of Allah's presence
- Direct form of communication with Allah
 Forgiveness of Sins
- Each prayer erases minor sins
- It acts as spiritual cleansing
 Ref: 'The 5 daily prayers remove sins just as water removes dirt'
 Discipline and Time management
- Teaches punctuality, responsibility and self-discipline/control
- More organized
- Instills good character
 Brings inner peace and reduces stress
- Relief from anxiety, depression and stress
- Sujood increases blood flow to the brain
 Protects from evil
→Communal
 Unity and brotherhood
- Congregational prayers create stronger bonds between Muslims
- People from all the backgrounds stand shoulder to shoulder in equality
- Removes social and class differences
 Strengthens the Muslim Ummah
- Fosters a sense of belonging and unity
- Helps Muslims connect, share concerns and offer support
- Socialize
 Encourages good behavior and social responsibility
- Helps people stay away from bad deeds and habits
- Creates a peaceful, ethical and discipline society
- Reduces crime and social corruption
 Brings barakah to the community

Masjid
 Masjid is the Arabic word for mosque which means a place of prostration
 Throughout Islamic history, the mosque remained the center of the Muslim community
 Masjids come in all sizes (Masjid al-Haram being the largest of all)
 Every mosque has a dome and minarets (tall towers used for the Azaan). Within very mosque is a
mihrab (a niche in the wall that indicates the direction of Qibla). Most mosques have a minbar which is a
tall chair like pulpit from which the imam is able to deliver sermon. The interior of a masjid is usually
decorated with calligraphy of Allah's names and Quranic verses around the walls or with intricate
geometric swirling designs, known arabesques.
 Masjids never have a picture of any person or animal, not any statues
 Ref: 'Whoever builds a mosque for the sake of Allah, Allah will build for him a house in Paradise'
Masjid Times more Reward
Masjid al-Haram 100,000

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Masjid al-Haram 100,000
Masjid an-Nabvi 1000
Masjid al-Aqsa 500

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- Saum
3rd Pillar of Islam
Saum is the Arabic word for fasting
The longest form of worshipping Allah(annually for 30 days, for about 12 to 18 hours)
Fasting was made obligatory for the Muslims in 2AH
Ref: "O you who have believed, decreed upon you is fasting as it was decreed upon those
before you that you may become righteous"
Fasting is an invisible act unlike prayer, zakat, and pilgrimage as only you and Allah
really know if you are fasting or not
Ref: "So, whoever is present this month, let them fast"
Fasting means to abstain from eating, drinking, intimate relations, smoking and
trivial pursuit from just before Fajr till Maghrib for 29-30 days during the month of
Ramadan
Ref: 'Do not fast until you see the new moon (of Ramadan), and do not break your fast
until you see it (the new moon of Shawwal). But if the sky is cloudy, then complete the
month (of Sha'ban) as thirty days'
Prophet PBUH sunnah was to do sehri just before the fajr prayer
Ref: 'Take Suhoor (pre-dawn meal), for indeed there is a blessing in it'
For a fast to be valid an intention must be made before it: "I intend to observe tomorrow
fast of Ramadan"
Ref: 'Whoever does not intend to fast before Fajr, there is no fast for him'
Ramadan is considered the holiest month in the Islamic calendar
It is the month in which the Holy Quran was revealed and prophethood as bestowed
on Prophet PBUH
Ref: "Ramadan is the month in which was sent down the Quran as a guide to mankind"
If the fast is broken intentionally, expiation becomes obligatory
Ref: Narrated by Prophet PBUH that Allah swt said: "For every good deed there are 10 to
700 times reward except for fasting. Fasting is for Me, and I will reward it Myself. The
fasting person gives up desires and food for My sake" [this hadith is implying that the
reward for fasting is not limited to a number as it is a direct personal reward from Allah
Himself]
All the Muslims who have reached the age of puberty must fast
→People exempted from fasting are:
- Ill people: If its temporary sickness then the fast must be made after recovery,
however if its chronic illness that fidya (feeding a poor person per missed fast)
must be given
- Travelers: You are exempted only if the traveling is more than 78 km, however you
have to make up for the skipped fast later
- Pregnant and breastfeeding women: They must make up later OR if unable to do
so then give fidya
- Elderly people who are too weak to fast: They must give fidya
- Menstruating women: Must make up later
- Mentally ill people: They are not required to do anything, however if they recover,
fasting becomes obligatory
- Underage
→ Fidya means one meal per missed fast for one poor person or give 1.5 kg wheat/flour
per day
If someone breaks his fast intentionally, he must choose to do one thing:
- Free a slave (which is not applicable today)
- Fast for 60 consecutive days without missing even one day without a valid reason

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 - Fast for 60 consecutive days without missing even one day without a valid reason
or they must restart from 1
- Feed 60 poor people
Prophet PBUH said about those who fast but do not abstain from evil:
Ref: 'There are many who fast but gain nothing from their fasting except hunger, and
there are many who pray at night but gain nothing from their prayer except
sleeplessness'
While fasting, Foul language, lying, breaking promise, fighting and doing wrong
deeds reduces the award significantly
One must offer all 5 prayers and recite the Quran
The misunderstanding of oiling breaking your fast is wrong
One should be careful when brushing its teeth (preferred to brush them before fajr)
and gargling in ablution
It is preferable to break the fast with dates, Zam Zam or water (sunnah of Prophet)
For breaking the fast one should say,
Ref: "O Allah! I have fasted for Your sake, and I have believed in You, and I put my trust
in You, and I break my fast with Your sustenance"
→ Rules of Fasting
1. Avoid anything haram or makruh
2. Avoid violence and anger
3. Recite the Quran (complete the Quran at least 1 time)
4. Prayer, supplication and remembrance of Allah
5. Zakat, charity and generosity
6. Good relations and behaviors
7. Think, reflect and plan to improve
→ Benefits of Fasting
1. Social Awareness and Empathy
- Fasting make the fortunate aware of struggles of the less privileged
- This instills compassion and encourages act of kindness
- It reduces class envy by fostering mutual understanding between different
social groups
- It fosters a sense of humility, making people appreciate what they have
- Encourages charitable actions and social responsibility
- Fosters sense of equality
2. Spiritual Benefits & Taqwa
Ref: "O you who believe! Fasting is prescribed to you as it was prescribed to those before
you, that you may lean self-restraint (al-Taqwa)
- Develops sincerity and strengthens one's connection with Allah
- Strengthens moral character and patience
- Increases self-control and self-discipline, helping individuals resist
temptations
- People reflect on their previous actions and repent leading to spiritual
purification
- Teaches people not to give up just because things are difficult
3. Medical Benefits
- Gives the digestive system a break, helping in detoxification
- Burns excess fats and aids in weight control
- Boosts metabolism and improves overall digestion
- Helps in lowering blood sugar and cholesterol levels
4. Phycological Benefits
- Trains an individual to say 'no' to temptations

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 - Trains an individual to say 'no' to temptations
- Helps teens stay focused on studies by reducing distractions
- Beneficial for addicts, helping them break unhealthy habits
- Reduces stress and anxiety
- Helps in overcoming anger and impatience
Ref: 'If one of you is fasting, he should avoid foul speech and arguing. If someone insults
him or fights with him, let him say, "I am fasting" '
5. Financial Benefits
- People become more generous in giving Zakat and Sadaqah
- Helps the needy and less fortunate receive support
- Encourages simpler living
- Creates a culture of giving and sharing
- Economic equality
6. Brotherhood and Community Bonding
- People gather for Taraweeh and other prayers, fostering unity
- Iftar parties bring families and communities together
- Giving food to your neighbors and relatives increases social harmony
- Encourages forgiveness and reconciliation among individuals

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- Zakat
 Zakat is an Arabic term for purification
 Giving zakat purifies one's wealth and heart from the love and greed of money
 Zakat is the 4th pillar of Islam and it is not obligatory on everyone
 Ref: "Establish prayer and give Zakat"
 Ref: 'Allah blesses the wealth of a person who gives in charity'
 In Islam, wealth is considered as a gift from Allah, from which He had set aside a certain portion for the
poor and needy to be given to them as their right
 Allah promises the giver a reward until and unless he doesn't given zakat for worldly benefits like
recognition in society
 Zakat is not limited to cash only, zakat can be of gold, silver etc.
 Giving zakat never decrease wealth, instead, Allah blesses and multiplies it
 Ref: "Those who spend their wealth in the way of Allah is like a grain (of corn) that sprouts seven ears;
in every ear, there are a hundred grains. And Allah multiplies (the reward) for whom He wills"
 Ref: 'Charity does not decrease wealth'
 Ref: 'Save yourselves from the Hellfire even if it is by giving half a date in charity'
 Command to give Zakat appears around 32 times in the Quran out of which it appeared 28 times with
Prayer
 The payment of Zakat is applicable to those whose wealth must amount to more than the nisab
Nisaab
 Gold: 7.5 Tola (87.48g) at the rate of 2.5%
 Silver: 52.5 Tola (612.32g) at the rate of 2.5%
 Cash: Equal to the amount of silver at the rate of 2.5%
 Business Items: Goods that are stocked for sale and their value reaches equal to either gold or silver,
zakat must be given
 Agricultural Land: 1/10 Naturally Irrigated at the rate of 10% - 1/20 Artificially Irrigated at the rate of
5% - Minimum harvest of 653 kg (if you have the land but not the harvest, you don’t have to pay zakat)
 Farm Animals:
- 40 - 120 goats/sheep's → 1 goat (at least 1yr old)
- For every additional 100 of goats/sheep's, add 1 more sheep/goat
- 30 - 39 cow/buffaloes/bulls → 1 yr old calf
- 40 - 59 cow/buffaloes/bulls → 2 yr old calf
- 60 cow/buffaloes/bulls → 2 calves of 1 yr old
- 60+ → 1yr old calf for every 30 cow/buffaloes/bulls
- 5 - 9 camels → 1 goat
- 10 - 14 camels → 2 goats and so on
- 25+ camels → young camel (1yr old)
 Mines: Any minerals at the rate of 1/5% (0.2)

Recipients of Zakat
1. Poor - People who have no wealth or means to survive
2. Needy - People who have some wealth but not enough to meet their basics needs
3. Zakat collectors - People appointed by the govt to collect and distribute Zakat
4. Muslim converts
5. Prisoners of war or slaves
6. People in debt - Those who are unable to pay their debt
7. Travelers - Stranded travelers without enough funds and resources to return home
8. Those engaged in genuine Islamic cause - Fighters in Jihad, Students/Scholars working from Islam
9. Spouses - Husband and Wife

Non-Recipients of Zakat
1. Non-Muslims
2. Relatives - Parents, children, grandparents, grandchildren,
3. Descendants of Prophet PBUH

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 3. Descendants of Prophet PBUH
4. Wealthy individuals
5. Individuals who will misuse zakat
6. Workers and servants as wages
7. Cannot be used for burial expenses or to pay off the debt of the deceased
8. Cannot be used for the building of Mosques, schools or hospitals (zakat is only for direct financial aid to
people, not for infrastructure)

Benefits of Zakat
Spiritual Benefits Social Benefits Economic Benefits
Purifies Wealth Reduces poverty and inequality Boosts circulation of wealth
Increases Blessings Builds stronger communities Helps the needy become self-
sufficient
Strengthens Faith Eliminates hatred and jealousy Supports public welfare
Brings Forgiveness Supports converts and needy Prevents economic disparity
individuals
Leads to success in the Create stability and reduces crime Promoted social justice
Hereafter
Enhances the image of Islam

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- Hajj
5th pillar of Islam
Is performed in Zilhajj →the last moth of the Hijri year
Kaaba (The house of Allah) was built by Hazrat Ibrahim and his son Hazrat Ismail
Hazrat Ibrahim established the rituals of Hajj
Prophet PBUH performed only 1 Hajj in his whole life
Hajj is a once-in-a-lifetime obligation
Ref: "Hajj is a duty men owe to Allah, for the who can afford the journey"
Hajj is not obligatory on the insane, destitute (extremely poor) and children
Main objective of Hajj is to purify the soul of man from sins in order to qualify for Allah's
mercy in the hereafter
Ref: 'A Hajj which is free from sins and defects in rewarded with Paradise'
Ref: 'Whoever performs Hajj for the sake of Allah and does not engage in obscenity or
commit sins will return (free from sins) as he was on the day his mother gave birth to him'
Ihram is the sacred state in which pilgrims enter before performing Hajj, symbolizing
unity and humility before Allah.
Hajj Mabrur (accepted Hajj) has no reward except Jannah.
→Types of Hajj:
1. Hajj al-Tamattu (Interrupted)
Hajj and umrah in different ihrams
Umrah performed before Hajj
2. Hajj al-Qiran (Combined)
Hajj and umrah in same ihram
3. Hajj al-Ifrad (Single)
Hajj with no umrah
→Types of Tawafs:
1. Tawaf al-Qudum → Arrival
Greetings to Kaaba
Optional tawaf
Prophets sunnah
2. Tawaf al-Ifadah OR Tawaf al-Ziyarah
Mandatory
Performed on 10h Zilhaj
3. Tawaf al-Wada → Farewell
Wajib
Before leaving Makkah
4. Tawaf al-Umrah
Essential in umrah
5. Tawaf al-Nafl
Voluntary
Can be done anytime

Steps of Hajj:
1. Miqat → 7th Zilhaj
Boundary locations around Makkah where pilgrims enter a state of spiritual purity
by wearing Ihram
Two unstitched white piece of clothes for men
Women are not allowed to wear gloves or niqab

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 Women are not allowed to wear gloves or niqab
Intentions of performing Hajj are made
5 Miqat points:
- Al-Juhfah
- Dhul-Hulifah
- Date-e-Irq
- Qarn-al-Manazil
- Yalumlum
→Restrictions of Ihram
Non-observance of these instructions, deliberately or accidentally, is to be compensated by
the prescribed kuffara
No hair should be cut or shaved
Nails of the hands or feet should not be trimmed or cut
No perfume should be used
No intimate relations between spouses
Gloves and socks should not be worn
No animal should be killed or hunted for food
Not even insects should be killed
No trees, plants, or grass should be cut
→Talbiyah
Here I am, O Allah, here I am! [Labbayka Allahumma Labbayk]
Here I am, You have no partner, here I am! [Labbayka la shareeka laka Labbayk]
Surely, all praise, favor, and sovereignty belong to You. [Innal-hamda, wan-ni'mata, laka
wal-mulk]
You have no partner [la shareeka lak]
2. Majid al-Haram → 8th Zilhaj
Pilgrims perform seven counter clockwise circles called circumambulation around
the Kaaba, starting from the Black Stone (Hajr al Aswad)
Pilgrims recite "Labbayk Allahuma Labbayk…"
This initial tawaf is called Tawaf e Qudum
Pilgrims also read 2 rakat at Muqam-e-Ibrahim
3. Sa'I → 8th Zilhaj
Sa'I is when pilgrims briskly walk 7 times between the two hills, Safa and Marwah,
to commemorate Hajrah's search for water for her son Ismail
4. Departure to Mina → 8th Zilhaj
Pilgrims travel on 8th Zilhaj to Mina which is 8km from Makkah. At Mina they spent
the day in prayer and reflect (Night of Ibaadat)
This day is also called the Day of Tarwiah
Prayers are shortened to two rakats each but not combined
Pilgrims depart from Mina after fajr prayer to Arafat
5. Arafat → 9th Zilhaj
Main day of Hajj
Pilgrims gather at the Mount of Arafat and perform standing at Arafat (Wuquf e
Arafat), engaging in deep supplication and prayers
Mount of Arafat is 3km from Mina and is called Jabl e Rehma (Mount of mercy)
The most important act is to listen to the Khutba in Arabic
Only Zuhr and Asr (zuhrain) are supposed to be offered at Arafat (pilgrims try to
offer these prayers in Masjid e Nimra)
Pilgrims have to leave before maghrib which means before sunset

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 Pilgrims have to leave before maghrib which means before sunset
6. Muzdalifa → Night of 9th Zilhaj
Located in between Arafat and Mina
Pilgrims collect pebbles (49) for the ritual of stoning and spend the night under the
open sky, praying and resting
Maghrib and Isha (Maghribain) are offered together (Isha shortened to 2 rakats)
Equality
After offering Fajr, pilgrims leave for Mina
7. Back to Mina → 10th Zilhaj
This day is also referred to as Yawm-an-Nahar
Rami al-Jamarat: Pilgrims throw 7 pebble at the largest pillar, Jamarat Al Kubra
symbolizing the rejection of evil
Qurbani: Animals are sacrifices (sheep, goat, cow) to commemorate Prophet
Ibrahim's willingness to scarifies his son. The meat of sacrificed animal is distribute to
the poor
Halq (Shaving) or Taqsir (Trimming Hair): Men shave their heads (halq) or trim
them (taqsir), while women have to cut a small portion of their hair. After this, pilgrims
may leave the state of ihram
Tawaf-e-Ziyarah: Pilgrims return to Makkah and perform another Tawaf
8. Rami al-Jamarat → 11-13 Zilhaj (optional)
Stoning of the 3 pillars starting from the smallest pillar, Jamarat al-Sughra, then the
middle pillar, Jamarat al-Wusta, and then the largest one, Jamarat al-Aqaba/Jamarat
al-Kubra
9. Tawaf al-Wida
Final act of Hajj
→Benefits of Hajj
1. Spiritual Benefits
Forgiveness of Sins
Strengthens Taqwa as it reminds the pilgrims the purpose of their life
Symbol of Submission: Ihram, Tawaf and Sa'I symbolize complete devotion to Allah
Increases Patience and Sabr as Hajj involves hardship
2. Social Benefits
Equality and Unity: Millions of Muslims from all backgrounds stan together in
Ihram, showing that Islam does not differentiate based on race, nationality, or status
Brotherhood and Sisterhood: Meeting fellow Muslims from around the world
strengthens the global Muslim community (ummah)
Teacher Humility as Pilgrims realize that wealth and status mean nothing before
Allah
3. Personal Benefits
Self-Discipline: Hajj requires physical endurance, patience and control over desires
Reminder of Death and the Afterlife: The plain white ihram resembles a burial
shroud, reminding pilgrims of their final journey
Life Changing Experience: Many pilgrims return from Hajj was a renewed
commitment to Islam and a more positive outlook on life
4. Economic Benefits
Encourages Charity (Sadaqah and Qurbani)
Boosts Local economies: Hajj brings trade opportunities to local vendors,
businesses and transport services in Makkah and Madina

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⭐ Articles of Faith

Intro:
This is the ___ article of faith
These 6 articles of faith are a part of Iman e Mufassil (the detailed declaration of faith)
“I believe in Allah, His angels, His books, His messengers, the Last Day, and in Qadar (divine
preordainment), both the good and the bad of it from Allah the Exalted, and in resurrection after
death.”

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 Tauheed
 Tawhid is the foundation of Islam
 It means "oneness of Allah" (Islamic monotheism)
Shirk
 It signifies that Allah is One, without any partners
 The Shahadah is built upon Tawhid
 The testimony to this phrase "There is no god but Allah" (La ilaha ill-Allah) is called
Tauheed
Ref: "O you who believe! Believe in Allah, His Messenger, His book, His Angels and the
Last Day and who do not believe has gone for astray"
→ Tawhid is divided in 3 categories:
1. Tawhid al-Rububiyyah (Oneness in Lordship)
 Ayat ul-Kursi is one of the strongest verses affirming Allah's power, knowledge and
control over the universe
 Allah is the sole-creator of everything and has a perfect personality
 Allah has authority over everything in this universe
 He is the master of Day of Judgement
 Allah's existence is reflected in His creation
 Prophet PBUH spent 13 years in Makkah emphasizing Tawhid before teachign laws
and rulings
Ref: 'Allah! There is no deity except Him, the Ever-living, the Sustainer of all existence'
Ref: 'His throne extends over the heavens and the earth'
Ref: 'And they will be judged with justice'
 Allah is beyond time and space
Ref: 'We will show them Out signs in the horizons and within themselves until it becomes
clear to them that it is the truth'
 Some believe that Angels are the daughter of Allah and Isa the son but the Quran
states:
Ref: 'How can he have a son, when He has no consort'
Ref: "He is above the grip of space and time, He is the First and the Last, the evident and
the hidden."
2. Tawhid al-Uluhiyyah (Oneness in Worship)
 Tawhid in worship includes prayer, fasting, supplication (Dua), sacrifice and reliance
(Tawakkul)
 Worshipping saints, idols, or seeking supernatural help from anyone other than Allah
is Shirk (greatest sin in Islam and is unforgiveable if a person dies upon it)
 Tawhid rejects the idea of sharing or transferring God's power, associating partners
with Him, or considering God as a philosophy or physical form
 Every human is born with an instinctive belief in One God(Tawhid)
Ref: 'You alone we worship and Your aid we seek'
Ref: "Indeed, whoever associates others with Allah - Allah will forbid him Paradise, and his
abode will be the Fire"
Ref: 'If you commit shirk, all your deeds will be nullified, and you will surely be among the
losers'
Ref: 'And your God is the one and only Allah; there is no god but He, most gracious, most
merciful'
Ref: "Every child is born upon the Fitrah (natural inclination toward monotheism), but
their parents turn them into Jews, Christians, or Magians"
3. Tawhid al-Asma wa'l-Sifat (Oneness in Names and Attributes)
 The order of the universe, balance in nature, and human instincts all point to the
existence of a single, supreme Creator
 Allah is immortal unlike humans and no one created Him
 Allah neither gets tired nor he sleeps
 Allah's presence can be perceived by His answer to our prayers, the miracles He gave

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  Allah's presence can be perceived by His answer to our prayers, the miracles He gave
some of His Prophets, and the teachings in the revealed books
 Allah is the one who created us, he the one who is sustaining us, he is the one who
cherishes us and he is out sovereign lord
 None shares His attributes
 Al-Karim, Ar-Rahman, Al-Hakeem
Ref: 'No slumber can seize Him nor sleep'
Ref: 'Those who have no knowledge ask, "So why doesn't Allah speak to us or why does no
sign (of His existence) come to us?" Those who came before them said similar words, for
their hearts are alike. We have made Our signs clear to those who are firm in their faith'

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Belief in Angels
 Angels are made of light (Nur)
 Their purpose is to obey and follow Allah's orders
 They have no free will and they are gender free
 Humans are superior to angels
 There are so many angels that they are uncountable
 Angels are immortal and sinless
 Angels are stronger than jinn
 Angels feel fear and awe of Allah
 Angels visit people on the Night of Qadr (Laylat-ul-Qadr)
 angels
 They gather to witness the prayers and listen to the recitation of the Quran
 Angels intercede with Allah on behalf of humans
 Angels gather around the Muslim when he/she recites the Book of Allah and study it and
silently listen to your recitation
 Some Angels are the messengers of the divine revelation (e.g. Angel Jibrail), some guard
and accompany humans while others look after physical world and its affair
 Angles do not eat, drink or sleep like humans
 They have wings and can take different forms when carrying out Allah's commands
 Angels are not the daughters of Allah (belief of Quresh)
 After 3 months in the womb, Angels come and write the taqdeer of an infant
 Important Angels:
1. Hazrat Gibraeel → responsible for bringing the divine revelations
- He would warn Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) in advance whenever any harm or
danger was about to occur
- He accompanied Prophet PBUH to M'airaj
- He even appeared Infront of Mariam (birth of Esa)
- Ruh ul Qudus (Holy Spirit) and Ruh ul Amin (Trustworthy Spirit)
2. Hazrat Mikaeel → Responsible for rain, wind and sustenance for all living things
3. Hazrat Izraeel → Angel of Death - Malik ul Maut; Responsible for taking away the
souls of the dying
4. Hazrat Israfeel → Responsible to blow the trumpet (Soor) on the Day of Judgement
5. Rizwan → In charge of Paradise
6. Malik → In charge of Hell
7. Munkar and Nakir → Questions the dead in grave
8. Kiraaman Kaatibeen → Pair of angels on our shoulders assigned to note down the
persons good and bad deeds
 Angel appeared in front of Hazrat Ibrahim to inform him about the birth of his son Ismail
 Angel appeared in front of Hazrat Maryam (Mother of Jesus)
 Angel of mountains appeared before Prophet PBUH after his visit to Taif
 Angels also pray for our forgiveness
 When Muslims send blessings (durood) on Prophet PBUH, the angels send peace upon us
in return
 When Muslims make dua for others, angels say "Ameen! And for you the same"
 Angels helped Muslims in battles like Badr
 When a believer dies, angels come with fragrance, white clothes and peace if they were
righteous

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 Belief in Revealed Books
 Allah has sent books as a source of guidance for humanity Purpose of Revealed
 A lot of books were revealed but we only know the 5 major ones which are mentioned Books:
in the Quran 1. Guide humans to live
 These books teach people about faith, morality and obligations towards Allah and righteously
fellow humans 2. Teach faith, morality, and
 These books lay down laws, clarify duties and ensure accountability on the Day of obedience to Allah
Judgement 3. Clarify duties and laws
Ref: "O you who have believed, believe in Allah and His Messenger and the Book that He 4. Prepare for accountability
sent down upon His Messenger and the Scripture which He sent down before. And on the Day of Judgement
whoever disbelieves in Allah, His angels, His books, His messengers, and the Last Day has 5. Promote worship of Allah
certainly gone far astray" alone
 These books were sent commonly through Angel Jibrail (Quran)
1. Scrolls (Suhuf) of Hazrat Ibrahim AS (Abraham) Content of Revealed
2. Torah (Taurah) revealed to Hazrat Musa AS (Moses) Books:
3. Psalms (Zaboor) of Hazrat Dawood AS (David) 1. Belief in One God (Tawhid)
4. Gospel (Injeel) revealed to Hazrat Isa AS (Jesus) 2. Moral teachings and values
5. Quran revealed to Hazrat Muhammad PBUH 3. Laws (halal/haram, social
- The Quran confirms the previous scriptures but also supersedes them as the final justice)
and unchanged revelation since 1400yrs 4. Stories of prophets and
- Quran is protected from corruption by Allah himself past nations
- Earlier scriptures were limited in scope, meant for specific times, places and 5. Warnings and good news
communities while Quran is universal and valid for all people till the end of time (Hell & Paradise)
- Quran guides to what is most just and right 6. Commands for prayer,
- Believing in the Quran is not enough, we must study, apply and act on the charity, fasting, etc.
teachings of the Quran
- Ref: "None of Our revelations do We abrogate or cause to be forgotten, but We
substitute something better or similar"
 Central message of the revealed books include
- Oneness of Allah and worshipping Him alone
- Guidance for living a righteous life
- Prophethood as a means of delivering divine messages
- Accountability on the Day of Judgement

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Belief in Prophets
 Allah sent a total of 124,000 Prophets (Nabi) out of which 313 were Rasul
(messengers - Prophets who brough a new law or scripture)
 Names of 25 Prophets are mentioned in the Quran (Adam AS, Nuh AS, Ibrahim AS,
Prophet PBUH etc.)
 Having faith in all Prophets—particularly in the final Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)—is
an essential part of being a Muslim. Without this belief, a person’s faith would not be
complete.
 All revealed faiths (Judaism, Christianity and Islam) believe in Prophets
 Our first Prophet was Adam AS and our last Prophet is Prophet Muhammad PBUH (seal
of the Prophets)
 Prophets were sent to specific nation's, but Prophet Muhammad PBUH was sent to all
mankind
 Prophethood is the best gift one could have received from Allah
 Allah bestowed Prophethood on whomsoever He chose
 According to Quran, Allah created man to worship and obey Him and to lead a
righteous life based on His teachings. To do that, mankind need guidance, and for this
purpose, Allah has chosen from every nation, over time, at least one Prophet to
convey His guidance to humanity
Ref: "O you who have believed, believe in Allah and His Messenger and the Book that He
sent down upon His Messenger and the Scripture which He sent down before. And
whoever disbelieves in Allah, His angels, His books, His messengers, and the Last Day has
certainly gone far astray"
 Muslims must have faith in all Prophet without distinction
Ref: “The Messenger has believed in what was revealed to him from his Lord, and [so
have] the believers. All of them have believed in Allah and His angels and His books and
His messengers, [saying], ‘We make no distinction between any of His messengers.’”
 Prophets were both morally and intellectually superior to the rest of their community
Allah granted Prophethood to whoever he chose
 All Prophet were fully human (ate, drank, slept) but only acted based on Allah's
revelations
 All Prophets were men because prophethood involved public preachings, enduring
hardships and even engaging in battles when necessary
 Allah bestowed some of His prophets with miracles
 Every Prophet confirmed that he did not speak of his own accord but in fact was
preaching Allah's word.
 Prophets were taught the language of their nation
 Prophet's not only conveyed God's message to humanity but educated them on how
to run societies in accordance with Gods' will and were role models to their
communities in their personal and communal conduct
 All Prophets got married, had children and led a normal live
Ref: "We have certainly sent messengers before you O Prophet and blessed them with
wives and offspring"
 None of the Prophets were influenced by false gods before receiving prophethood and
were free from all major sins
 Prophet had no divine powers of their own
 Allah gave Prophet's miracles that matched the expertise of their time
- Isa's healing vs medicine
- Musa's staff vs magicians
 Unlike previous miracles, the Quran (vs poetry) is eternal ad universal
 All Prophets faced rejection and hardships but they remained steadfast

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Belief in Last Day
 It emphasizes the purpose of human creation and accountability before Allah
 Noone knows when the Day of Judgement will come, but we knows its signs
 Belief in the Last Day is frequently mentioned in the Quran (Surah al-Ahzab, Surah al-
Zilzal)
 One's deeds in this life determine rewards or punishments in the Hereafter
 Allah has provided instructions to prepare for the afterlife
 Without belief in judgement, there is no reason to avoid sin
 This fear keeps a person righteous and steadfast in faith
 Everyone will be judged fairly, ensuring justice for all
 Barzakh (lesser judgement/Qayamat e Sughra) is the waiting period b/w death and
resurrection when souls experience a state of waiting. The souls face punishments or
reward in the grave even before Day of Judgement, based on their answer to questions
by Munkar and Nakir
- Who is your God?
- Who is your Prophet?
- What is your Religion?
 It can either be a place of comfort like paradise or suffering like Hell
 The angel Israfeel will signal the end of the world by blowing the trumpet (Soor). On the
first blow, massive natural events like the sky splitting, stars scattering and mountains
crumbling will occur, ending all life (including angels). On the second trumpet all souls
will be resurrected
 Everyone will be brought back to life in physical form (naked) and they will gather on the
plain of Arafat
 Ref: "So whoever does an atom’s weight of good will see it, and whoever does an
atom’s weight of evil will see it"
 The moment at which every angel, every human, every angel and all the creatures will
be saying "Ya Rabbi Nafsi" (O my Lord, myself!), Prophet Muhammad PBUH will saying
"Ya Rabbi Ummati" (O my Lord, my Ummah!)
 Everyone will be judged individually
 People will be handed their book of deeds, right hand for the righteous and left hand for
the sinful
 Everything will testify for or against you, even your own body parts
 Based on their deeds, people will be sent to Heaven or Hell

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Belief in Predestination (Qadr) and Decree (Qadar)
 Belief in predestination and decree is a fundamental aspect if faith
 It is the belief that everything in the universe happens according to Allah's divine will,
knowledge and command. The includes all event, whether good or bad, and shows that
Allah had already written and planned everything that will happen in His creation (Qadr
was Qadar)
 Qadr refers to what has been destined while Qadar refers to timely destiny
 Qadr will never change but Qadar can through dua and good deeds
 Ref: "There is no ability or power except through Allah"
 Allah is the all-knowing (Al-Aleem) and all-powerful (al-Qadeer)
 He wrote everything in the Loh-e-Mahfooz (Preserved Tablet) 50,000 years before
creation
 Stages of Decree
- 1st: Written before creation in Loh-e-Mahfooz
- 2nd: After Adam's creation, mentioned in Surah Al Araf
- 3rd: In the womb, an angel write a person's Rizq, deeds, lifespan, gender, life
partner and fate (hell/paradise)
 Allah knows everything we have done, are doing, and will do in the future. He has
complete knowledge of our actions—good or bad—before they even happen. But this
doesn't’t mean Allah forces us to do bad things. He simply knows what choices we will
make, because He is All-Knowing. When someone does something wrong, it is by their
own free will. Allah doesn't want us to sin—He only allows it because He gave us the
freedom to choose

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Jihad
 Jihad is derived from the Arabic root word Jahada
 Jihad means to strive or to struggle in the path of Islam (exerting everything to achieve
your goal)
Internal Jihad
 Spiritual Jihad against yourself, your thoughts, your desires etc.
1. Jihad bin Nafs/Qalb - Spiritual Jihad
 Also known as the greater jihad - Jihad e Akbar
 Jihad against yourself, your evil desires, evil temptations and evil thoughts
 Develop patience, sincerity, humility, self-control and moral excellence
Ref: "The strongest among you is the one who controls his anger"
Ref: "Indeed he succeeds who purifies his own self"
Ref: "The best Jihad is to strive against you own soul and its desires for the sake of Allah"
 Overcoming negative traits like arrogance, dishonesty, laziness, anger and laziness
→ Nafs-e-Ammarah: Asking for Allah's help because the evil is uncontrivable
- This is the evil and uncontrolled soul that commands a person to commit sins and
follow desires
- Greed, Jealousy, Lying, Arrogance, Addiction
- Ref: "Indeed, the soul is ever inclined towards evil, except those upon whom my
Lord has mercy"
→ Nafs-e-Lawwamah: Doing bad and then seeking forgiveness
- Regretting after committing a sin
- Urges a person to improve
- Ref: "And I swear by the self-reproaching soul"
→ Nafs-e-Mutma'innah: Control on your Nafs
- Pure soul that is at peace with Allah and no longer desires sinful actions
- A person who prays, avoid sins, controls their desires, and fully submits to Allah
- Ref: "O tranquil soul! Return to your Lord, well-pleased and pleasing to Him"
2. Jihad bil Lisan - Jihad of the Tongue
 Struggling in the way of Allah through speech and words
 Involves teaching, spreading Islam, giving Dawah, defending the faith against false
accusations, and guiding people towards righteousness
 Prophet PBUH used this form of jihad extensively
 It also includes controlling your own speech by not using abusive language, not
backbiting etc.
 Jihad e Dawah is an example of this type of Jihad which means striving in the way of
Allah through spreading and inviting others to Islam
Ref: "Invite to the way of you Lord with wisdom and good instruction, and argue with them
in the best manner"
Ref: "Let those present convey my words to those who are absent"
3. Jihad bil Ilm
 Struggle of seeking and acquiring knowledge- both religious and worldly
 Strengthen faith, benefit society and improve oneself
 Learning, understanding and applying knowledge
 Jihad e Dawah is an example of this type of Jihad which means striving in the way of
Allah through spreading and inviting others to Islam (done by Prophet PBUH)
Ref: "Seeking knowledge is an obligation upon every Muslims"
Ref: "When Allah wishes good for someone, He bestows upon him the understanding
of religion"

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 External Jihad
3. Jihad bil Qalam
 Jihad of writing and spreading knowledge through books, articles, research and
education
 Used to defend Islam, educate people and clarify misunderstandings
 Islamic scholars, writers and journalists engage in this jihad by documenting Islamic
knowledge, explaining its teachings and preserving history
Ref: "The ink of a scholar is holier than the blood of a martyr"
4. Jihad bin Yad - Jihad by Action
 Using physical actions (non-violent) to promote good and stop evil
 Helping the poor and weak (charity/zakat)
 Stopping injustice
 Building mosques, schools and hospitals
 Defending human rights
Ref: "Whoever among you sees something evil, let him change it with his hand; if he cannot,
then with his tongue; and if he cannot, then with his heart and that is the weakest level of
faith"
5. Jihad bil Sayf - Jihad with the Sword
 Using armed struggle in self-defense
 Battle of Badr, Uhud and Khandaq
 Conditions:
- Restoration of peace
- If life, honor and property are threatened
- Becomes obligatory when another group of Muslims call you for help against
oppression (Gaza situation)
▫ Imam Hussain went to perform Hajj but when the people of Kufa asked for his
help, he immediately left after umrah
 Rules:
- Women, children, elderly, and halal animals should not be harmed or killed
- Places of worship (of any religion) should not be damaged
- POW should be treated respectfully
- Bodies cannot be mutilated
- Ambassadors or representatives of enemy cannot be killed
- Treaties and agreement cannot be violated
- Try to settle the matters with negotiations first
- Trees with fruits on it cannot be cut down

Ref: "Fight in the way of Allah those who fight against you, but do not transgress. Indeed,
Allah does not like transgressor."

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⭐ Caliphs
Administration
Abu Bakr Umar bin al-Khattab Uthman ibn Affan
Preservation of Quran Introduction of Hijri Calendar Standardization of Quran
Administrative Division of Arabia Administrative division of the Islamic Administrative divisions were improved
• State in to provinces Empire into 12 provinces under
• Governor of each state as governors called Wali
required to lead the prayer, • Provinces were further divided
collect taxes etc. into districts under Amils
• Governors were aided by Amil
(tax collectors) and Qazi
(judges)
Consultative Democratic System Independent and Impartial Judiciary Consultative Democratic System
under Qazi's
Introduced Majlis e Shura Expansion of Majlis-e-Shura Majlis-e-Shura was maintained
Introduced of Majlis-e-Aam
Merit-Based selection of leaders Development of Social Welfare Expansion of Masjid-e-Nabvi
Programs (scholarships for new borns)
Strict Accountability in Public Funds Development of infrastructure (urban Development of infrastructure
development)
Establishment of Public Treasury Establishment of different Bait-ul-Maal Improved Departments (Bait ul Maal,
for each province under Diwans Judiciary, Police,Diwan etc.)
Distribution of surplus funds from Bait-
ul-Maal was sent to Madinah
Creation of Military Cantonments Maintenance of a well-disciplined army Establishment of the first naval fleet of
Army cantonments were made to look Islam
after the needs of soldiers Extended military facilities and
cantonments
Fixed salaries for soldiers
Expansion of Muslim Empire Expansion of the Muslim Empire (Persia, Expansion of the Muslim Empire till
From 9 to 11 lakh sq km Syria, Egypt) North Africa, Persia (Iran), Afghanistan,
Cyprus and parts of Greece (24 lakh
square miles)
Enforcement of Zakat Arabs were NOT allowed to acquire Arabs allowed to acquire conquered
conquered territories territories
Protection of Non-Muslim Rights Protection of the Rights of Dhimmis Rights of Non-Muslim were protected
(Non-Muslim Subjects)
Preservation of Islamic Integrity Ensuring Public Safety with Night Purchased lands for markets with rents
Patrols used to support the poor
Law and Order based on Quran and Promotion of Agricultural through Inspection of Provincial Accounts /
Hadith awareness programs Financial Accountability
Pension System was introduced and Introduced pensions for the poor,
support was provided to poor, old and elderly and disabled
handicapped
Introduction to the Department of Establishment of new towns (Basra, Introduced an additional Azaan before
Iftah Musal and Kufa) Friday prayer
Allowances were given to the family of Basic postal system was created to
Prophet PBUH, family of Caliphs, needy, improve communication
handicapped and elderly
Organization of Taraweeh Prayers in Public sessions were held to address
Congregation public grievances
Complaints were heard in the month of Complaints were heard in the month of
Hajj Hajj
Check in balance of all the govt officials Increasing Grazing Lands

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Check in balance of all the govt officials Increasing Grazing Lands
to remove corruption
10% Tax was imposed trade with non- Salaried Market Inspectors
Muslims
Introduction to the Department of Iftah

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 632 - 634CE 2yrs Abu Bakr
634 - 644CE 10yrs Umar
644 - 656CE 12yrs Uthman
656 - 661CE 5yrs Ali

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Abu Bakr
Elections
 Holy Prophet did not choose a successor after him
 While the Muhajirins were engaged in burying the Prophet (PBUH), the Ansar held a meeting at Saqeefah
Bani Sa'idah to decide on the new ruler
 When the Muhajirins learned about this, a group including Abu Bakr, Umar, and Abu Ubaidah immediately
went to Saqeefah Bani Sa’idah and stopped them.
 They said that the Ansar were not the only ones living in Madinah; the Muhajirins also lived there with
them. Therefore, the Muhajirins also had a right to be part of the decision-making process. This turned
into an argument.
 H Habab, an ansar, proposed a plan to have two rulers (dual-leadership): one from the Muhajirins and one
from the Ansar
 Hazrat Umar did not agree with this plan, stating that Islam emphasizes unity. He explained that we have
one God, and Allah sent one prophet at a time to avoid confusion. He warned that having two rulers could
lead to division and conflict, as people might have differing opinions and form opposing factions. Ref: "So
there should be one ruler else we will go astray"
 This lead to an argument of Umar with Habab (Ansar) on which Abu Ubaidah said, "O Ansar's you were
the first to help Islam, don't be the first to take steps towards disintegration of Islam"
 An Ansar named Zaid bin Thabit said, "Prophet was from Quraish so the ruler should also be from
Quraish" , which calmed down the Ansar's
 Hazrat Abu Bakr said, "O people, chose you leader from Umar or Abu Ubaidah"
 In response Hazrat Umar said, "O Abu Bakr, you were with Muhammad at difficult times, you were with
Muhammad in the cave of Thawr and you led prayers in his absence. How can we be deserving this in
your presence?"
 Hazrat Umar and Hazrat Abu Ubaidah gave their bait to Hazrat Abu Bakr and Hazrat Abu Bakr became the
first caliph of Islam. He said, "I am not better than you but I am chosen as you leader" and "If I am right,
obey me. If I go astray, correct me"

Administration
 Democratic State:
- Majlis e Shura was introduced which consisted of the senior companions. H Abu Bakr discussed
every matter with the Majlis e Shura and asked for their opinions before doing anything for the
state.
- For proper democracy, H Umar was made the leader of judges for equality and justice
 Division of Islamic State: The Islamic state was divided into provinces each with a governor who lead the
prayer and army and took responsibility of justice, taxes, law and order. These governors were supported
by Amils for revenue system (head Abu Ubaidah) and Qazi's for justice
 Military cantonments were built
 Zakat was enforced on everyone after the apostasy movement
 Law and Order based on Quran and Hadith
 Merit-Based selection of leaders
 Strict Accountability in Public Funds
 Establishment of Public Treasury
 Protection of Non-Muslim Rights
Expedition to Syria
 Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) originally planned the expedition to Syria under H Usama bin Zaid (son of
Zaid bin Harith), and the preparations had started, however, they were postponed due to prophet illness.
 Many companions (Majlis e Shura) advised Abu Bakr (RA) to appoint a more experienced leader than the
young Hazrat Usama or to postpone the expedition until internal uprisings after the Prophet's death were
resolved.
 However, he said, "Who am I to withhold the army that Prophet PBUH had ordered to proceed. Come
what may, let Madina stand or fall, the philosophic live or perish, The command of Prophet PBUH will be
carried out."
 The Army left 3 weeks after prophets demise and returned successful at 40 days

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 The Army left 3 weeks after prophets demise and returned successful at 40 days

False Prophets
 H Abu Huraira reported that Prophet PBUH said: "While I was sleeping, I saw two bangles of gold, which I
became concerned about. An order was revealed to me in my dream and it said: 'Blow at them'. I blew
at them, and they flew away. I interpreted them to be two fakes who will come after me; one of them
was Aswad and the other was Musailimah"
1. Al-Aswad al-'Ansi
 Al-Aswad, originally Abhal bin Kab al-Ansi, was a soothsayer and magician from Yemen, nicknamed "The
Dark One"
 He covered his face with a veil to create an air of mystery (actually because he was ugly) and this is why he
was also called the Veiled Prophet
 He belonged to the Ansi tribe and he claimed prophethood near the end of the Prophet's (PBUH) life and
used tricks to fake miracles (many believed he could control spirits and jinn's)
 He reduced the religious obligations of Islam such as Zakat and Salah
 Al-Aswad invaded Najran and Yemen
 After invading Yemen he killed Yemeni ruler Shahr, married his widow Azad, and declared himself as the
ruler of Yemen. Moreover, he dismissed Feroz al-Dailami (Persian minster) and Qais (commander in chief
of Shahr's army)
 Feroz al-Dailami and Qais led an expedition and killed Al-Aswad just 1 to 2 days before the Prophet's PBUH
passing which was already predicted by Prophet PBUH
 After the Prophet's death, Al-Aswad's followers, led by Qais (the same person who killed Aswad) revolted.
 Feroz defeated the rebels during Hazrat Abu Bakr's caliphate, and they ultimately surrendered
2. Tulayha ibn Khuwaylid ibn Nawfal al-Asadi
 Tulayha belonged to the Banu Asad tribe in North Arabia.
 He was a wealthy leader and renowned warrior who initially opposed Islam
 Tulayha briefly embraced Islam in 630 but later claimed prophethood and rebelled.
 He influenced tribes to accept his prophethood and raised a force against Islam.
 He ridiculed the Muslims way of praying, suggesting that his followers should pray without sajdah
 When Prophet PBUH instructed to take action against him, a Muslim tried to kill Tulayha, but the attempt
was unsuccessful. His followers thought this was a sign of his prophethood and proclaimed that no sword
could harm him and he is under the special protection of Allah
 Khalid bin Walid joined forces with the people of Tay and Jadeela tribe and went to fight Tulayha in the
Battle of Buzakha in 632
- The CIC of Tulayha, Uyainah, was instructed not to play offense until Tulayha gets the revelation to
do so. The battle had started and the army of Tulayha was trying to keep themselves safe. Uyainah
asked Tulayha multiple times if he had received the revelation yet but he told him to wait. This
frustrated Uyainah and he ordered his army to retreat and declared Tulayha a fake prophet and a
liar, and left
- This caused Tulayha's army to panic and scatter and the Muslims won this battle
- Tulayha along with his wife fled to Syria
 After Syria's conquest, Tulayha reaccepted Islam and fought alongside Muslims in major battles like
Yarmouk, Qadissiyah, and Nihawand
3. Sajah bint-al-Harith
 Sajah was a Christian soothsayer (future teller) from the Banu Tamim tribe.
 After the Prophet's (PBUH) death, she declared herself a prophetess (completely baseless - Messenger of
Allah was always a man)
 She gained popularity because of her gender
 She led a force of 4,000 and initially planned to attack Madina.
 Hearing of Khalid bin Walid's victory from Tulayha, and decided to defeat Musailimah, another false
Prophet, and marched towards Yamama
 When she met Musailimah, she ended up being her ally and then married and supported his claim of
prophethood
 Sajah's forces left her but were defeated by Khalid bin Walid
 Musaylima was killed in the Battle of Yamama.

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 Musaylima was killed in the Battle of Yamama.
 Sajah converted to Islam after Musaylima's death in Iraq when Muslims conquered it
4. Musailimah al-Kadhdhab
 Musaylima was a wealthy and influential leader of the Banu Hanifa tribe
 Musailimah said, "If he (Prophet PBUH) appoints me as a leader after him, I will follow him." Prophet
PBUH met him in Madina with a palm leaf in his hand and said, "Even if you ask me for this strip of palm
leaf I will not give it to you"
 After this, he declared himself a prophet, claiming that the Prophet (PBUH)’s visit to him was to
acknowledge his prophethood
 Musaylima introduced a new creed, reducing prayers, abolishing fasting and zakat, and permitting
drinking and adultery.
 Prophet PBUH sent Musailimah a letter, telling him to stop. He wrote back to him, saying that he will stop
if Arabia is divided in to two parts between himself and the Muslims
 Prophet (PBUH)wrote him back, firmly rejecting this proposal and referring to him as a liar.
 However, the person, Nahrur Rijal, who delivered this letter, changed the letter and declared that the
Prophet PBUH has accepted Musailimah as his partner in the Divine mission
 After the Prophet's (PBUH) passing, Musaylima's influence grew, and he attracted many hostile tribes to
his cause.

Apostasy Movement / Riddah Wars

• Apostasy means abandoning or renouncing a religious faith, belief, or principle, often in favor of another
belief or complete disbelief
• This year was known as Riddah , which means apostasy
• Some tribes saw this as an opportunity to challenge the supremacy of Madina and the caliph, Abu Bakr
• Before sending troops, he first sent envoys to the apostate tribes, giving them a final chance to return to
Islam. He instructed them to call Azaan and ask the tribe to confirm its submission to Islam, including the
payment of Zakat. Any tribe that responded to the Azaan and accepted Islam would not be attacked
• The people of Bahrain turned away from Islam and starting fighting Muslims. To deal with them, Abu Bkar
sent a battalion under Ala bin Hadrami and they were successful in defeating the rebels. Thei leader,
Hatim was killed and Bahrain once again came under Muslim rule
• Oman and Mahrah also left Islam but they were defeated by Abu Bakr's army and were brought back to
Islam
• Within a few months, Abu Bakr successfully ended the uprising of the apostate tribes

• After the death of Prophet PBUH, many of the Arabian tribes reclaimed their independence and started to
reject the payment of the charity tax , zakat, as they felt tribes felt that they had made a pledge of
editions to Prophet PBUH, and it ended with his demise.
• They proposed that they will reaccept Islam only if they are exempted from paying Zakat
 Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA) held a meeting of the Majlis Shura to address this matter
 Some suggested that action against the tribes would weaken the community and hence they should be
forgiven and their demand should be accepted, but Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA) rejected this and chose firm
action against the rebels.
 Abu Bakr said, "I consider prayer and zakat to be obligation of the same importance. Whoever does not
donate even a single rope for a camel in the amount of Zakat, I will wage Jihad against them."
 He stated that the payment of zakat was a compulsory obligation under Islam and declared, "I swear by
Allah I will fight alone if others do not support me against everybody. Whosoever refuses a single she-
goat kid is you due on him in zakat"
 H Abu Bakr appointed H Khalid, Talha, A Rahman bin Awf and Abdullah bin Masud to monitor the rebels
activities and movements
 The rebels decided of Dhul Hissa decided to attack Madina. When Abu Bakr got this news, he intercepted
their army at Dhul Hissa.
 The rebels retreated to Dhul-Qissah, where Abu Bakr (RA) led another attack, defeating them. Some of
them fled to Abraq and started to spread violence. Muslims were burned, killed with swords or pushed
down from cliffs
 The Muslim army under Usama returned victorious from Syria and joined forces with Abu Bakr (RA). The
combined forces crushed the rebels at Abraq, killing their two leaders, Haris and Auf and confiscated their

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 combined forces crushed the rebels at Abraq, killing their two leaders, Haris and Auf and confiscated their
lands.
 The defeated tribes sent delegates to Madina, pledged allegiance to the Khalifa, and agreed to pay zakat.

Battle of Yamama
 In 632, Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA) sent forces led by Hazrat Ikrama and Hazrat Shurahbil to counter Musaylima,
who commanded 40,000 Bedouins in Yamama.
 Hazrat Ikrama attacked first, disobeying orders to wait for Hazrat Shurahbil, but was defeated.
 Hazrat Shurahbil also attacked upon arrival and suffered the same fate.
 These failures emboldened Musaylima, who claimed invincibility and strengthened his forces.
 Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA) appointed Hazrat Khalid bin Walid to lead a fresh army of 13,000 men.
 Khalid marched from Butah to Yamama, where the initial clash at Aqraba forced the Muslim forces to
retreat.
 Khalid refused to admit defeat, reorganized his forces, and created a 1,000-cavalry reserve under his
personal command.
 The next day, Khalid launched a surprise cavalry attack on Musaylima’s camp while the front ranks
engaged in combat, breaking the enemy's morale.
 Musaylima retreated into a walled garden, known as the "Garden of Death," followed by his forces.
 The Muslim army broke through the gates, engaging in intense fighting, which led to Musaylima’s death at
the hands of Wahshi bin Harb (same person who was appointed by Hind in the Battle of Uhud to kill H
Hamza)
 With Musaylima’s death, the Banu Hanifa surrendered, reaccepted Islam, and pledged allegiance to the
caliphate.
 Many prominent Muslims, including Huffaz of the Qur'an (660), were martyred in the battle.
 After this victory, Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA) addressed uprisings in Bahrain, Oman, Mahra, and Hadramaut

Compilation of Quran:
 After the battle of Yamama, in which approximately 660 hafiz-e-Quran were martyred, Hazrat Umar
feared that over the passage of time all those who had memorized the Quran will die one day and the
Quran will be lost, forgotten or corrupted
 However, the caliph at that time, Hazrat Abu Bakr was hesitant at first because this idea was never even
proposed in the lifetime of Prophet PBUH and he feared that it might be wrong to do so.
 After Hazrat Umar's persuasion and discussion, he finally agreed to have the Quran compiled
 A group was formed which was headed by Zayd bin Thabit who was one of the chief scribe of Prophet
PBUH
 Zayd bin Thabit narrated that it would be easier for him to carry the burden of a mountain on my head
then to shoulder this responsibility
 The group used to collect all the manuscripts of the Quran and compile them along with the verification of
them being right or wrong

Expansion

 H Muthana, chief of Banu Bakr, who had accepted Islam during Prophet's lifetime, talked to H Abu Bakr
about the Arabs living in the border areas of Iraq. He suggested that if the Muslims launched campaign to
liberate these tribes from Persian control, it would help build a greater Arabia
 H Abu Bakr was aware of Prophet PBUH's prediction that Islam would spread to Iraq and Syria. After
considering the situation, H Abu Bakr called a council of war
 It was decided that in the name of Allah, a campaign should be launched against Iraq to secure the region
(the most impo)
 It was decided that in the name of Allah, a campaign should be launched against Iraq to secure the region
 Hazrat Khalid bin Walid (RA), under Hazrat Abu Bakr's (RA) orders, marched to the Persian border (Iraq)
with reinforcements.
 Khalid sent a letter to Hormuz, the Persian commander and governor of Uballa, offering three options:
accept Islam, pay jizya, or prepare for war.
 Hormuz rejected the first two options and met the Muslim army at Kazima.
 Persian soldiers were linked with chains to prevent retreat, but this became a great disadvantage for them

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 Persian soldiers were linked with chains to prevent retreat, but this became a great disadvantage for them
 The Muslim forces attacked them, killing Hormuz and thousands of Persian soldiers while taking many
prisoners.

 Persian army led by Qiran was sent by the Emperor of Iran, Uradsher, to help Hormuz, btu when they got
the news of his defeat, they went to Mazar
 The Muslim army was led by H Khalid bin Waleed
 In the single combat, Qiran was killed by Maqal bin Al Ashi
 Other two top Persian generals of the force were also killed, demoralizing the Persians
 A full scale attacked was launched after the single combat and the Muslim won this battle
 30,000 Persian men were killed and the people of Mazar agreed to pay Jizya

 Another army of Persians led by Andarzaghar fought H Khalid's force of 10,000 men in Walaja
 In single combat, H Khalid killed Hazar Mard
 In the full-scale war, the Muslims faced many difficulties but H Khalids brilliant war tactics made them win
 Andarzaghar fled to a desert in which he lost his way and died due to thirst

 Chrisitan Arabs of Banu Bakr decided to attack the Muslims

 H Khalid took his forces to Ullias
 In the single combat, H Khalid killed Abdul Aswad
 However, in the full-scale war, the Persians had an upper hand
 H Khalid prayed for the boost in Muslims morale and strength
 The Muslims attacked them with full strength and the Persian army was defeated
Fall of ira
 When the Muslims advanced to Hira, its governor, Azadbeh fled and sent his army to Madain, leaving the
city under Muslim control
 With the fall of Hira, most of the Iraq came under the Muslim control
 The residents of the city agreed to pay Jizya of 200,000 dirhams and the Muslim granted them full
religious freedom and protection of rights

a le of A ar
 Khalid targeted Anbar, a fortified commercial hub
 Muslims set their camp at a location which was under Anbar (Anbar was on a high place
 The governor of the district, Sheeraz, decided to defend the town
 H Khalid commanded his best archers to aim for the eyes of the Persian soldiers as they had the height of
Anbar at their advantage
 As a result, thousands of Persians lost their sight and the battle came to be known as the Battle of Eyes
 The town was protected by strong walls and a deep ditch
 To overcome this obstacle, H Khalid ordered to slaughter weak camels and instructed opt dump their
bodies into the ditch to allow the Muslim forces to enter the town
 As soon as the Muslim army entered the town, Sheeraz surrendered
 His army and their families were granted a safe passage to leave for Madain
a le of A al a r
 The Muslim army moved towards Ayn al-Tamr, another fortified town surrounded by date trees
 The Persian forces were led by Mehran supported by Christian Arabs led by Aqqa
 The Christian Arabs decided to intercept the Muslims before they reach Ayn al-Tamr and defeat them
 However, the Muslim forces were stronger than the forces of Aqqa. Aqqa was captured alive and his
forces fled to Ayn al-Tamr in hope that the Persians will help them, but the Persians had already fled to
Madain
 The Christians Arabs closed the gates of Ayn al-Tamr
 A siege was laid and after some days the Persians surrendered
a le of au atul a dal
 Daumatul Jandal was captured during the Prophet's lifetime and the residents annually paid us
 After Prophet's death, Aekad, leader of Daumatul Jandal, refused to continue paying them

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 After Prophet's death, Aekad, leader of Daumatul Jandal, refused to continue paying them
 In response, Abu Bakr sent Ayadh bin Ghanam to recapture the area but he faield to do so
 H Khalid bin Waleed was sent as reinforcement. As he was on his way from Ayn al-Tamr to Daumatul
Jandal, Aekad fled to Jordan, but he was captured on his way
 A siege was laid on Daumatul Jandal and it was successfully captured
 2000 Christians Arabs were killed
a le of Fira
 In 634 AD, H Khalid marched to the outmost edge of Persian Empire
 This time, the Persian's army was 10 times bigger than of Muslims
 H Khalid made niyyat of performing pilgrimage if he won this battle
 Muslims won using brilliant war tactics and blessings of Allah
 50,000 Persians were killed

 After battle of Firaz, H Khalid bin Waleeds force of 9000 men was transferred to Syrian front
 H Muthana was made the commander of the Muslims in Iraq
 H Abu Bakr gathered his force of 28,000 for Syria and divided it in to 4 groups each with 7000 men led by:
- Amr ibn Aas (Palestine)
- Yazeed bin Abu Sufyan (Damascus)
- Shrubail bin Hasana (Jordan)
- Abu Ubaidah bin Jarra (Homs)
 In total 37,000 Muslim army was marching towards Syria
a le of u ra o tra
 When H Khalid approached Busra, he got to know that a group of 4000 Muslim warriors under Shrubail
were already engaged in a battle against the Byzantine Empire
 The Byzantine force was under Heraclius's brother, Theodoros
 Shrubail's army was heavily outnumbered and the Romans launched a fierce attack
 H Khalid upon reaching sent a message to H Abu Ubaidah for additional support
 Before the battle began, H Khalid invited the enemy command, Romanus, to Islam, who surprisingly
embraced it
 This sudden acceptance shocked the Byzantine troops and they started to retreat
 Losing their morale, the Byzantines confined themselves within the city walls, however with the guidance
of Romanus, the Muslims forces entered the city from an underground passage and launched a decisive
attack, killing many Byzantine soldiers
 The Muslims won this battle
a le of Aj ada
 The Byzantine Emperor Heraclius decided to take revenge after the defeat at Basra
 He gathered a massive force of 100,000 to 240,000 soldiers in Ajnadayn
 H Khalid led a force of 40,000 men
 The Romans sent a Chrisitan Arab to spy on the Muslim camp and to report on the strenght and quality of
their force
 The spy reported: "By night, they are like monks; by day, they are like warriors. If the son of the ruler were
to steal, they would cut off his hand, and if he were to commit adultery, they would stone him to death"
The deputy command of the Romans said, "If what you say is true, it would be better to be in the belly of
the earth than to meet such people on its surface"
 Before the battle, a respected old man offered H Khalid a deal, saying that we will give you each a dinar, a
robe, and a turban and for H Khalid, there will be 100 dinars, 100 robes and 100 turbans
 H Khalid firmly rejected this offer saying that they did not come to accept charity. He made this clear that
they had only 2 choices, either accept Islam or pay Jizya, otherwise prepare for war
 The Byzantines chose to fight and they were defeated
 50,000 Byzantines were killed and only 450 Muslims lost their lives
iege of a a u
 After the victory at Ajnadayn, Muslim continued their march towards Damascus
 On their way, they encountered a large contingent of Byzantine troops blocking their path
 After a fierce battle, the Muslim forces were victorious, and the Byzantine survivors retreated to the city

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  After a fierce battle, the Muslim forces were victorious, and the Byzantine survivors retreated to the city
of Damascus, where they locked it gates in an attempt to defend the city
 In 634 AD, the Muslims laid a siege to Damascus. However, before the siege could be fully concluded, the
new of H Abu Bakr's death reached the Muslim army
 It was during H Umar's caliphate that Damascus eventually was conquered by the Muslims

Campaigns in Bahrain
 Mundhir, the ruler of Bahrain, accepted Islam during the Prophet’s (PBUH) lifetime, influencing most of his
people to convert.
 After Mundhir’s death, anarchy erupted, and most of Bahrain apostatized, except for Jarud, the leader of
the Banu Abdul Qais tribe, who remained steadfast in Islam and dissuaded his tribe from rebelling.
 Mahisa, a descendant of Arab kings, rose to power and pledged to fight Islam.
 Al-Haddrami, the Muslim envoy, sought help from Abu Bakr (RA) and returned to Bahrain with a Muslim
force.
 Al-Haddrami fortified his camp by digging a ditch around it and waited for the right moment to strike.
 One night, during a festival, the rebels were heavily intoxicated and distracted by celebrations.
 Al-Haddrami ordered his forces to silently arm themselves, cross the ditch, and launch a surprise attack.
 The rebels, caught off-guard, panicked and fell into disarray.
 The Muslim forces swiftly subdued the rebels and pursued them relentlessly.
 Mahisa and the people of Bahrain surrendered, laid down their arms, and rejoined Islam.
Campaigns in Oman, Mahrah and Hadramaut
 In Oman, a false prophet, Lakhith bin Malik, rose to power and captured political control.
 A Muslim force under Hazrat Huzaifa (RA) was sent to counter him.
 In the Battle of Daba, Lakhith and 10,000 of his followers were killed.
 The Omani forces surrendered, and the people of Oman rejoined Islam.
 In Mahra, the people had apostatized but fought among themselves for power.
 The Muslims allied with the minority faction and defeated the majority.
 The people of Mahra repented and rejoined Islam.
 In Hadramaut, a rebellion was led by the tribe of Ashas.
 After being defeated in battle, the rebels retreated to the fortified city of Najar.
 The Muslim forces laid siege to the city, which was captured on February 5, 633.

Expeditions to the Persian and Byzantine Empires

• Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA) turned his attention to the Persian (Sasanian) and Byzantine empires, which posed a threat to
Islam and the Caliphate.
• Relations between Muslims, Persians, and Byzantines had been tense since the Prophet's (PBUH) time.
• The Persian Emperor Khosrow II (Parvez) insulted the Prophet's (PBUH) invitation to Islam.
• The Persians supported rebellions in Bahrain and the apostasy movement, revealing their hostility.
• Iraq, a Persian province in the 7th century, bordered Arabia and became a center for rebellion against the Muslims.
• Native Arab tribes in Iraq were instigated to rise against the Muslims in Arabia.
• Iraq was a crucial trade route for the Islamic State, but the Persian Empire restricted access.
• Economic necessity also compelled the Muslims to confront the Persians to secure trade routes and protect their
economy.

Persian conquest
• In 633, the Persian Empire was weakened by internal discord after a 25-year-long war with the Byzantines.
• The Arab tribes within the Persian Empire were unhappy with the state of affairs.
• Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA) saw this as an opportunity to exploit Persia's weakened state for the advantage of the
Muslims.
• The Persian Emperor had insulted and rejected the Muslim envoys sent by the Prophet (PBUH), further straining
relations.
• These factors motivated Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA) to confront the Persian Empire.

Byzantine Conquest
• The Byzantine Empire controlled Syria, Jordan, Jerusalem, and Egypt and was initially friendly towards Muslims.
• Emperor Heraclius received the Prophet's (PBUH) envoy with respect.

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• Emperor Heraclius received the Prophet's (PBUH) envoy with respect.
• Relations soured when the governor of Al-Balqa murdered a Muslim envoy, leading to the Battle of Mu'tah.
• The Byzantines feared the Muslims' growing power and displayed hostility, including launching the Battle of Tabuk.
• They executed their own agents who embraced Islam, worsening tensions.
• After the Prophet's (PBUH) death, border tribes in Syria and Jerusalem incited attacks on Muslims in Arabia.
• For security and stability, the Muslims engaged in conflict with the Byzantines.

Demise
 Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA) passed away in Madina in 634 at the age of 63.
 He was buried the same night next to Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) in Hazrat Ayesha's (RA) house, located
in Masjid al-Nabawi.
 While on his deathbed, Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA) chose Hazrat Umar ibn al-Khattab (RA) as his successor

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Umar
Elections
 Abu Bakr discussed who should be the net caliph in his deathbed with the senior companions
 His personal suggestion was to make H Umar the next caliph
 H Abu Bakr said, "I will tell Allah that I have chosen the best for your creation by choosing the best from your creation"
 H Talha raised his concern on H Umar being a little too harsh, but Abu Bakr ensured him that the responsibilities as a caliph
will make him responsible and soft

Administration
1. Division of States: H Umar divided the Islamic state into 12 provinces with each governed by a qualified and experienced wali.
These provinces were further divided into districts each with a caretaker called Amil.
2. Bait ul Maal: Every province had its own public treasury called Bait ul Maal with Diwan who was in charge of it. Diwan was
supposed to keep checks and balances of all the income and expenses of the province to avoid corruption and surplus
amounts were sent to Madinah
3. Check and Balance: Whenever a government official was appointed, their financial records were thoroughly examined. Upon
leaving the position, their finances were reviewed again and compared with the records from the time they joined, to ensure
that no corruption had taken place during their service.
4. Majlis e Shura: In MeS, the senior companions used to gather to discuss various issues and find suitable solutions. The MeS
was further expanded during the caliphate of H Umar
5. Majlis e Aam: MeA was introduced, consisting of the Ansar's and Muhajirins. They were invited on special occasions to voice
their concerns and to give their opinions and suggestions on important matters
6. Development in Infrastructure Inns were built for travelers and roads/highways and bridges were constructed for improved
transportation. Mosques and educational institutes were increased
7. Agricultural Development: Reservoirs, canals, dams and many more things were done to develop the agricultural sector.
Ma'arib Dam was constructed to prevent floods
8. Masjid e Nabvi: MeN was expanded 5m to south, 15m to north and 10m to west.
9. Military Reforms:
a. Records of all military officials began to be documented in registers.
b. Salaries of the soldiers was improved and fixed for financial stability.
c. Military cantonments were also built for their comfort.
d. Manufacturing of weapons was started and efforts were done to improve military training
10. Islamic Calendar: Islamic calendar was introduced by Umar RA which was based on the lunar system. The starting point of the
calendar was the Hijrah (migration of the Prophet PBUH from Makkah to Madina in 622). It had 12 lunar months, starting with
Muharram and ending with Dhul-Hijja.
11. Pension System: Pension system was introduced for the retired officials and disabled soldiers. Allowances were given to the
family of Prophet PBUH and family of the Caliphs. However, H Umar lowered his own family's allowance to avoid criticism.
Moreover, handicapped people, needy and elderly people (Muslim/non -Muslim) were also given allowances
12. Department of Iftah: This department was established to guide new Muslim converts, as the rapid expansion of Islam during
the caliphate of H Umar led to a large number of people embracing Islam and seeking proper guidance.
13. Timekeeping and Patrols at Night: H Umar personally used to patrol streets at night, checking the welfare of the citizens
14. Police System: Police/Intelligence force called Ash-Shurtah was introduced to maintain law and order and to keep an eye on
criminals and corrupt officials
15. 10% tax was imposed on trade with non-Muslim
16. Established an independent and impartial judiciary with Qazis who served as heads of justice and were required to treat
everyone equally
17. Complaints of the local people were heard in the month of Hajj
18. Protection of the Rights of Dhimmis (Non-Muslim Subjects)
19. Organization of Taraweeh Prayers in Congregation

Expansion

 Muslims laid a siege on Damascus which was protected by 5 gates Battle Opponent Enemy Army Muslim Army Enemy Muslim Commanders Key Events Outcome Expanded
 H Khalid bin Waleed divided his forces in 5 groups each led by a commander, Khalid (himself), Amr bin Aas, Abu Ubaidah, Size Size Commanders Territory
Shurahbil, and Yazeed bin Abi Sufyan
Fall of Damascus Byzantine Bigger than Smaller than Thomas (Son-in- Khalid bin Walid, Amr bin Aas, Abu Khalid scaled walls with ropes; Thomas Muslim Damascus
 H Khalid bin Walid attacked the eastern gate
Empire Muslims Enemy law of Heraclius) Ubaidah, Shurahbil, Yazeed bin Abi surrendered; Jizya imposed; amnesty to Byzantine Victory
 Thomas, son-in-law of Heraclius, tried to attack the Muslims but failed and retreated to his fort
Sufyan soldiers
 The Romans were hopeful that reinforcements would arrive from Heraclius or the harsh winter would weaken Muslim army
 However, when H Khalid bin Waleed along with his forces entered the city using ropes and ladders (the walls surroundign the Battle of Fihl/Mud Byzantine Bigger than Smaller than Saqlar al Fihl Abu Ubaidah, Khalid bin Walid Khalid’s army stuck in mud; Muslims retreated; Muslim Beisan and
Empire Muslims Enemy Byzantines attacked; Muslims won and took Beisan Victory Tabarriya
city were high), Thomas met H Abu Ubaidah at the western gate and offered to surrender under the usual terms of paying
& Tabarriya
Jizya
 The whole city surrender, with the local population being promised protection for their lives, property and religion as long as Battle of Yarmouk Byzantine 260,000 20,000–24,000 — Khalid bin Walid, Abu Ubaidah, Yazid Khalid divided army into 38 groups; faked retreat; Muslim Greater Syria
they paid Jizya Empire bin Abi Sufyan, Amr bin Aas ambush in rough terrain; dust storm; bridge Victory
captured
 Amnesty was granted to the Byzantine soldiers and they were given a safe passage to leave the city
 This surrender helped prevent any potential rebellion from the local Syrian population because that would have been a big Battle of Emesa Byzantine Bigger than Smaller than Harbees Khalid bin Walid Siege; Harbees attacked; Muslims faked retreat; Muslim Emesa (Homs)
problem for the small Muslim force in charge of a large province like Syria Empire Muslims Enemy Harbees killed in single combat; city taken Victory
Conquest of Byzantine Bigger than Smaller than Patriarch Amr bin Aas, Abu Ubaidah, Khalid bin Siege; Umar came personally; treaty signed; Muslim Jerusalem
 After losing Damascus, Heraclius sent his army to Beisan, located to the west of the Jordan River Jerusalem Empire Muslims Enemy Sophronius Walid religious freedom given; humility admired Victory
 Upon hearing this, H Abu Ubaidah set up camp at Fihl, which was on the east of the Jordan, leaving Yazid as the in charge of (political)
Damascus Conquest of Egypt Byzantine 3000 (+ 10,000 50,000 Theodoros, Amr bin al-Aas, Zubair Awwam, Amr entered Egypt with a small army; Fustat was Muslim Egypt
 Muslims tried to negotiate but they failed (Fall of Alexandria) Empire reinforcement) Governor of Egypt Ubaidah, Miqdad, Maslamah established near Babylon Fortress; siege of Victory (Alexandria,
 H Khalid bin Waleed attempted to attack the Beisan but his army got stuck in the mud on the way and were unable to Alexandria took months; Zubair scaled walls; Fort of Fustat)
proceed Heraclius died; city surrendered
 The Muslim army retreated back to Fihl, waiting for the Byzantine army to make their next move
Battle of Namaraq Sassanid Bigger than Smaller than Jaban H Muthana Muslims defeated Persians; Jaban captured and Muslim Hira
 The Byzantines led by Saqlar al Fihl, launched an attack and began the assualt
Empire Muslims Enemy released after ransom Victory (reconquered)
 However, the Muslims proved their strength and won this battle
 After this victory, the Muslims moved on to Beisan and Tabarriya, laying a siege on both cities. Battle of Sassanid 30,000 + 300 5,000–9,000 Bahman Abu Ubaid bin Thaqifi Crossed river; faced elephants; bridge cut off; only Persian —
 After some resistance, the Byzantines finally surrendered and agreed to pay the Jizya Bridge/Marwa Empire elephants 3,000 survived; Persian victory Victory
Battle of Buwayb Sassanid 12,000 Smaller than Mehran H Muthana Mehran killed by young Muslim; Persians panicked; Muslim Iraq
 After the fall of Damascus, Heraclius feared that Muslims might take over the whole Byzantine Empire Empire Enemy Muslims blocked bridge; Iraq captured Victory
 To recapture the city he organized a massive army of 260,000 at Jabiya in the Golan Heights Battle of Qadissiyah Sassanid 60,000 30,000 (+6,000 Rustam Saad bin Abi Waqas Rustam killed by Bilal bin Al-Hilal; 3-day battle; Muslim Full control of
 H Umar held a meeting in the Majlis e Shura and asked for the opinion of the elderly companions Empire reinforcements) archers vs elephants; 30,000–40,000 Persians died Victory Iraq
 Everyone remained silent until one person finally spoke up, saying that if we retreated now, two years of hard work would all Fall of Madain Sassanid Bigger than Smaller than Yazdgird (fled) Saad bin Abi Waqas Bridge destroyed; Saad crossed river on horseback; Muslim Madain
go to waste Empire Muslims Enemy Madain surrendered and deserted Victory (Capital)
 Khalid bin Waleed started to gather Muslim forces (20-24k) at the Yarmouk river Battle of Jalula Sassanid Bigger than 12,000–30,000 Yazdgird (strategy) Qaqa / Hashim bin Utba Siege lasted 80 days; fake retreats; Persians lured Muslim Jalula
 The Muslim forces had 4 commanders: Khalid bin Waleed, Abu Ubaydah ibn -al Jarrah, Yazid ibn Abu Sufyan and Amr ibn al- Empire Muslims into defeat Victory
Aas - KAYA Battle of Nihawand Sassanid 60,000 30,000 — Noman bin Muqarrin Muslims faked retreat; Persians trapped by own Muslim Nihawand
 H Umar was in constant contact with the Muslim army and he was encouraging and advising them Empire obstacles; Noman martyred; decisive end of Victory (Fath-ul-Futuh)
 The Romans tried to bribe Khalid bin Waleed but he refused Sassanid power
 Khalid bin Waleed first invited the Byzantines to Islam or offered them to pay Jizya for their protection but they refused bo th
offers and were ready to fight
 Khalid bin Waleed divided in army in 38 groups with 18 groups in the middle, 10 to the right and 10 to the left to make them
appear larger
 BoY continued for a whole month and culminated in a major battle towards the end of August, when the Muslim, pretending
to retreat from their positions, lured the Byzantines into the rough terrain, where they were ambushed
 Byzantine cavalry (fight on horses) and infantry (fight on foot) got separated
 A huge dust storm hit the area trapping the Roman army in the rugged valleys
 Kahlid bin Waleed captured the Roman Bridge across the Wadi-al-Ruqqad so that the Romans could no retreat or call for
reinforcements
 Muslim forces attacked the Yaqusa camp
 Byzantines were demoralized by the rumors of the Christian Arabs supporting the Muslims instead of the Romans
 By the end of the battle, only 1/3rd of the Romans were left in the battlefield as others were either killed or retreated
 Muslims won a decisive victory
 3000 Muslim soldiers were killed and many were injured
 This victory was so important that H Umar fell into prayer of gratitude before Allah after hearing the news of victory
 Heraclius withdrew from Syria and moved his capital to Constantinople

 Muslims laid siege to Emessa

 There was no official army to defend the city
 The people tried to defend themselves, hoping for reinforcement, but the Muslims had blocked all the roads
 The people made a peace treaty with the Muslims but it broke a year later
 Heraclius sent an army under the command of Harbees to drive the Muslim away from Emessa
 The Muslims started to retreat and Romans chased the retreating Muslim army out of the city
 Khalid bin Waleed signaled his troops and the Muslims surrounded the Roman army
 Many Romans were slaughtered and Harbees was killed by Khalid bin Waleed in a single hand fight
 After this, the Muslim army returned to Emessa and took over it

 A siege was imposed on Jerusalem by Amr ibn al-Aas

 The harsh winters created difficulties for the Muslims, while the Romans continued to resist strangely
 Abu Ubaydah and Khalids forces were sent to help them
 Upon hearing about the reinforcements, the citizens of Jerusalem decided to surrender, but on the condition that the Caliph
himself would come to personally sign the treaty
 Patriarch Sophronius, an Arab Christian, sent a request to H Umar RA, which was accepted after consultations with the
companions
 In 16 AH, H Umar left Madinah for Jerusalem, wearing the same simple clothes he had been wearing .
 He traveled with his salve who shared the camel with him, riding it by turn
 When the Arab Chrisitan witnessed the simplicity and humility of the Caliph it is reported to have said: "Verily Islam has
exceeded all other religions"
 The terms of the treaty signed with the leaders of Jerusalem were similar to others like religious freedom and protection of
lives and property in exchange for paying the Jizya tax
 H Umar refused to offer prayer in a church to avoid setting a wrong example and he offered the prayer in Masjid Aqsa
 The Arab Christian gave Umar the keys of Jerusalem
 Umar wanted to build a mosque in Jerusalem which was built on the site of the Sakhra as the Masjid -e-Umar

 Amr ibn al-Aas wanted to invade Egypt (specifically Alexandria) because of their wealth and size
 H Umar gave him permission to do so
 Amr entered Egypt with 4000 men and captured several small towns
 A siege was laid to the massive and well-defended fort of Fustat at the base of Nile River
 H Umar sent 10,000 men led by 4 brilliant commanders: H Zubair Awwam, H Ubaidah, H Miqdad and H Maslamah as
reinforcement
 After 7 month of siege, the fort was captured

 The governor of Fustat, after surrendering to Amr, went to Alexandria as the Roman governor of Egypt
 Alexandria was a heavily fortified and well-defended city by a large force of about 50,000 soldiers
 Amr bin al-Aas moved towards Alexandria with a force of 12,000 men
 Despite many attacks and a long siege, Muslims could not gain any success
 Contraptions were mounted on the walls of the city so whenever the Muslims approached the city walls, they were hit by
heavy boulders

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 heavy boulders
 H Umar, displeased with the slow progress sent a strongly worded letter to Ami bin al -Aas, urging him to speed up the
conquest
 Following this letter came the news of death of Heraclius which motivated the Muslim forces because now that Heraclius was
dead, no reinforcement would be coming any time soon
 Amr intensified attacks and stormed into the city, successfully captured it
 H Muawiya was appointed as the governor of the newly conquered region
 The population of Alexandria pledged it loyalty to the Muslim

 Muslims relations with the Persians had been bad since their first encounter when the Prophet PBUH sent a letter to the
Persian ruler Khusro Pervez and he insulted Prophet PBUH's envoy
 During the caliphate of H Abu Bakr, the Persians even supported the enemies of the Muslims during the campaign in Bahrain
 Persians did not allow the Muslims to trade along the flow of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, which was a significant trade
route for Arab merchants

 In the caliphate of Abu Bakr, the Muslims conquered Hira

 This loss angered the Persians and they were determined to recover it
 The Persian commander, Rustam, was furious and sent a large force under the leadership of Jaban to reclaim the area
 Khalid bin Waleed and Abu Ubaidah were sent to Syria to handle the Byzantines, so under the command of H Muthana,
Muslim force was sent to confront the Persians
 The Muslims defeated the Persians and Jaban was captured but was later released after his ransom was paid

 After the defeat at Namaraq, the Persians, led by Rustam himself this time gathered their forces on the east bank of the
Euphrates
 Rustam sent 30,000 men along with 300 war elephants, commanded by Bahman
 The Muslims army of 5000 to 9000, led by Abu Ubaid bin Thaqifi camped on the west bank of the Euphrates
 Despite the warnings from H Muthana and other senior companions, H Abu Ubaid bin Thaqifi decided to cross the river by
making a bridge of boats
 Upon crossing, the Muslims were shocked to see the huge elephants of the Persian army
 The sight of these elephants caused Arab horses to panic and run
 H Abu Ubaid ordered his men to dismount and fight on foot
 The Persian elephants posed a massive threat to the Muslim force
 Many Muslims, including Abu Ubaid, were trampled by the elephants and killed
 The Muslims tried to retreat from the boat bridge but Abdullah bin Marsad Saqafi had cut off that bridge to prevent the
Muslim army to retreat and to force them to fight bravely but it backfired and now Muslims were trapped
 Only 3000 out of 9000 men made it back across the river
 The rest either died , drowned or fled
 Persians won this battle but they lost 6000 men

 Determined to avenge the defeat at the Battle of the Bridge, H Umar sent messengers to all parts of Arabia to gather a force
to face the Persians
 Many Muslims and even Christians joined the army
 H Muthanna was given the command of the forces but as he was seriously wounded from the previous battle, he was
commanding from his sick bed
 The Persian force of 12000 men was led by Mehran
 The two armies met at Buwayb, near Kufa and they were on either side of the river Euphrates
 In this battle, the Persians crossed the river and the battle was fought on its western bank
 During the battle, a young man from the Banu Taghlib tribe successfully killed Mehran, causing the Persian army to fall into
confusion and panic
 The Persians tried to retreat but the Muslims blocked the access to the bridge
 Half of the Persian army was lost in the battle
 The Muslims won this battle and the entire southern region of Iraq was now under their control
 Around 100 Muslims died in this battle

 Following the humiliating defeat in the Battle of Buwaib, the Persians once again prepared for battle against the Muslims
 Rustam was leading a force of 60,000 men with elephant corps and a large cavalry battalion (cavalry = soldiers who fight on
horses)
 H Umar organized a force of 30,000 men and chose Saad bin Abi Waqas to lead them
 The Muslim army set up camp in Al-Qadissiyah, a small town near Kufa
 Unfortunately, Saad bin Abi Waqqas was suffering from sciatica (severe back pain) and was confined to bed rest. However,
despite his condition, he continued to lead and direct military operations from his bed
 He sent a delegation of 14 Muslim elders to the Persian emperor, Yazdgird, offering him 3 choices: to accept Islam, to pay th e
Jizya or to wage war. Yazdgird obviously chose the 3rd option
 For 3 months, no big battle happened but there were many small fights near the borders and Muslims were successful in
defending every single one
 Eventually, Rustam took action by bridging the river overnight, crossing with his forces to attack the Muslim army, leading t o a
fierce battle that lasted for 3 days
 Reinforcements of 6000 men from Syria arrived to support the Muslims, and Saad bin Abi Waqas used his brilliant tactics,
utilizing the archers to counter the Persian elephant corps
 On the 3rd day, Rustam was struck by H Bilal bin Al-Hilal with a spear by such force that he broke his hip and fell into the river.
He was dragged out and executed by the Muslims
 The Muslims lost 8500 men while 30,000 to 40,000 Persians were killed
 The victory at Qadissiyah gave Muslims full control over Iraq

 Saad bin Abi Waqas marched towards the Persian capital, Madain
 He began capturing small towns before eventually laying siege to Madain
 The siege lasted for 2 months and the Persians finally surrendered
 However the bridge to access Madain was destroyed
 H Saad rode his horse in the river and crossed the river. This motivated the Muslim army and they followed him
 Yazdgird, along with other Persian nobles, had removed their treasures and fled the city, leaving Madain deserted
 The royal treasures were gathered and sent to Madinah, along with one fifth of the war booty
 The remainder was distributed among the soldiers, with each soldier receiving 12,000 dirhams
 The people of Madain agreed to pay the Jizya tax

 The continuous Muslim victories and the loss of significant Persian cities deeply concerned the Yazdgird
 Yazdgird ordered his forces to occupy the strategically important and strongly fortified city of Jalula
 To counter this, H Saad dispatched a force of 12000 men under Qaqa (other reports say that 30,000 men under the command
of Hashim bin Utba)
 The siege of Jalula lasted around 80 days (some reports say 7 months)
 The two armies clashed approximately 80 times, and each time the Persians were defeated
 The Muslims used a clever strategy of fake retreats, luring the Persians into vulnerable positions
 Eventually, the Persian forces, left with no other option, were forced to face the Muslim army in a final battle which was wo n
by Muslims

 Despite the treaty, the Persians were preparing for a battle in their fortresses
 Upon hearing this new, H Umar consulted his advisors and H Ali provided him with a strategic advice to lure the Persian force s
out of their strongholds by feigning (pretending) retreat
 30,000 Muslims, under the leadership of Noman bin Muqarrin, marched to confront the 60,000 strong Persian army at
Nihawand
 The Persians had blocked the Muslims path with thorny woods and spikes, and had fortified their position by a ravine, making
it difficult for the Muslims to advance
 The feigning retreat of the Muslims brought the Persians deeper into the open battlefield
 Once the Persian were in the middle of the battlefield, the Muslims attacked them
 Noman bin Muqarrin was thrown from his horse and killed but the Muslim army pressed on
 The Persians started to retreat in confusions, only to find themselves trapped by their own obstacles, thorn woods and spikes ,
they had placed to stop the Muslims
 The Sassanid Persian army was destroyed and Muslims won the battle
 This victory was the "Victory of Victories"(Fath-ul-Futuh)

Martyrdom
 A Persian salve, Abu Lulu Feroz filed a complaint against his master of him taking 2 dirham tax from him every day
 H Umar asked him his profession and how much he earned and upon hearing his wage, H Umar said that 2 dirham tax per day
is absolutely valid then
 This displeased Feroz and he attacked H Umar in 644 CE when he was leading the Fajr prayer in Majid e Nabvi
 The assassin used a poisoned double-bladed dagger and stabbed him multiple times
 Despite being critically injured, H Umar continued to lead the Muslim Ummah for few days
 He appointed a Shura (consultative panel) of 6 respected companions to choose the next caliph (he excluded his own son
from the list to avoid nepotism)
 H Umar passed away a few days later due to his wounds
 He was buried next to Prophet PBUH and H Abu Bakr in the camber of Aisha, as per his wish

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Uthman
Elections
 H Umar selected a panel of 6 people including H Uthman, H Ali, H Talha, H Zubair, H Saad and H Abdur
Rahman bin Awf and told them to select a leader in no more than 3 days
 H Abdul Rahman bin Awf withdrew his name from the candidacy and became the chairman of the
elections
 H Talha was out of Madinah in those days and the elections could not be delayed so he did not participate
 H Zubair, H Saad and H Ali gave their vote to Uthman while Uthman gave his vote to Ali
 On the 3rd day, Abdur Rahman bin Awf was asked to select one of them (Uthman or Ali)
 He asked both of them a question: "Do you pledge yourself to abide by the Covenant of Allah, to act
according to Allah's word, to the practice of Muhammad PBUH and to the precedent set by his two
successors (Abu Bakr and Umar)?" H Uthman said yes however H Ali only agreed to follow the Quran and
Sunnah
 Abdur Rahman bin Awf selected H Uthman and asked him to stretch forth his hand so that they may make
the oath of allegiance to him
 H Ali was the first one to offer his allegiance to H Uthman instead of opposing him
 After the prayers in the mosque, H Uthman gave a brief speech from the pulpit

Administration
 Administrative Reforms:
- Consultative Democracy: H Uthman always took advice of his companions and governors in
governmental matters
- Improved Division: H Uthman improved the division of the Islamic state (initially done by Umar)
- Improved Departments: Departments like Bait ul Mal, Judiciary and Police were expanded and more
organized
- Check and Balance He launched diligent inspection of financial records, improved the Diwan (salary
department), and ordered that all provincial extra money be sent to the main treasury in Madina
- Allowances: Due to numerous conquests, the wealth in the Bait-ul-Maal (Public Treasury) increased.
As a result, H Usman decided to raise the allowances of government officials by 100 dirhams, a policy
that had originally been introduced by H Umar
- Financial Administrators: A new post of Financial Administrators was introduced to reduce the
power of governors and handle tax collection separately
- Permanent Govt Office: H Usman created a permanent govt office system to manage state affairs
because the state was getting huge and harder to manage. Marwan, his cousin, was in charge of it.
- Salaried Inspectors of Markets: H Usman hired people to watch over the markets in Makkah and
Madinah ensuring that goods were sold at fair prices, no cheating or hoarding was happening and
the quality was maintained
- Lifting the Ban: Ban imposed by Umar on the purchase of conquered land was removed to boost
trade after consulting the Majlis e Shura
- He increased the control of central govt over garrison cities
- Infrastructure development:
▪ Bridges, roads, highways, dams (Mahroze Dam), check-pots, Inns, guesthouses were
constructed
▪ Embankments were constructed to protect the houses in Madina from floods
▪ Clean water supply was provided
□ While supervising the deepening of the Areece well in Medina, Caliph Uthman (RA)
accidentally dropped the Prophet Muhammad’s (PBUH) signet ring—engraved with
“Allah, the Best of Potentates”—into the well. Despite thorough efforts, it was never
recovered
▪ A port was built at Jeddah
 Social Reforms
- Complaints were heard: To keep everything in check, complaints of the local people were heard in
the month of Hajj
▪ H Saad bin Abi Waqas was removed from his position (even though he was among the 10
Blessed companions) after people complained that he had taken money from the public
treasury and did not return it
- Money Distribution: Money was distributed to the poor in the month of Ramadan, 2 dirhams per
head and free food was given
- Grazing Lands: Grazing lands were increased to increase the number of horses and camels for
conquests and they were formally enclosed from casual tribal grazing
- H Uthman bought land with the public treasury and built markets on it. The rents which were
received from these markets were used to feed poor people.
 Military Reforms:
- Separate departments for military were established
- Military cantonments were build
- Salaries of army was increased by 25%
- Muslims navy was established
▪ Hazrat Muawiyah (RA), the governor of Syria, proposed the idea of a naval force and was
granted permission by Hazrat Uthman
 Islamic Reforms:
- Expansion of Masjid al Haram and Masjid e Nabvi (5m to South, North and West)
- 5000 mosques were built
- 2nd Azaan was introduced for Friday prayers
- Jannat ul Baqi was extended
 Standardization of Quran:
- During Umar's (RA) caliphate, the Islamic Empire grew, and many Muslims from different areas with
different dialects joined.
- The Quran was recited in these dialects, which sometimes changed its meaning
- Hazrat Anas and Hazrat Huzaifa observed that people were arguing over Quranic dialects and warned
Hazrat Usman that this conflict could lead to war.
- Hazrat Usman instructed Hazrat Zaid bin Thabit to gather all the Quranic copies and rewrite them
using diacritical marks
- The Quran was standardized by adding the diacritical marks (zabr, zer, pesh etc.) to prevent any
differences in pronunciation among people from different tribes.
- 7 new copies of Quran were made and they were sent to Basra, Kufa, Syria, Yemen, Bahrain and
Makkah
- Hazrat Usman ordered people to recite Quran loudly in mosques and he came to be known as Jami-
al-Quran
- The old, defected copies of the Quran were burned on Hazrat Usman's (RA) orders, and he faced a lot
of criticism for this decision.

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 Expansion
 As soon as the news of H Umar's death spread, spontaneous revolts sprung up, as the conquered nation
within the Muslim Empire saw his death as an opportunity to recover their lost independence
 There were countless local rebellions in Kufa and Bostra by the Persian but the Muslim armies were able to
handle them
→ Egypt
 Alexandria had pledged loyalty to the Muslims after the Muslim took over Alexandria in the caliphate of
Umar. However, they were still loyal to the Byzantines (Romans)
 After the death of Umar and removal of H Amr bin al-Aas as the governor of Alexandria (replaced by H
Abdullah - his cousin) , the Byzantines found an opportunity and landed a large force in Alexandria to
reclaim Egypt
 The Romans launched a massive attack with a fleet of 300 (some sources mention 3000) ships against
Hazrat Abdullah bin Saad (RA). He was unable to defeat them, and around 1,000 of his soldiers were killed
during the battle
 The Muslims of Egypt asked H Uthman to send H Ami bin al-Aas back as they felt safer under his rule
 In 644AD, H Amr was returned to Egypt and he fought the Romas at Naqyus (b/w Fustat and Alexandria)
 This was a big battle and both the army faced heavy loses but the Muslims won and drove the Byzantines
out of Egypt once again
 After the victory, the Muslims laid a siege on Alexandria and re-captured it
 Amr bin al-Aas returned to Fustat to get things back in order
 When peace returned to the region and stability to the administration, Amr was once again removed and
replaced by Abdullah
→ North Africa (New expansion)
 Abdullah bin Saad was granted permission to lead a campaign into North Africa
 The local ruler, King Georgy, viewed this as a threat and prepared for confrontation
 The Muslim forced advanced towards Tripoli, laid siege to the city, and eventually captured it
 The governor of Tripoli, Jarjeer, surrendered and agreed to pay jizya (Muslims received 25,000 dirhams
annually on behalf of 120,000 citizens)
 A major battle took place at Subetula, where approximately 30,000 Muslim soldiers faced an army twice
their size under King Georgy's command
 The Muslims discovered a secret route into the city and assassinated King Georgy
 H Usman promised his own 1.5 share of war spoils to Abdullah if he succeeded in this battle which he did,
but after some complaints, he had it returned
→ Syria
 The Byzantines attacked Alexandria, and also planned an attack on Syria to reclaim it which was lost during
the Caliphate of H Umar
 H Mu'awiyah led the Syrian forces and asked for reinforcements as he only had 10,000 soldiers
 H Uthman sent soldiers from Kufa for support
 Muslims force under Habib bin Maslama defeated the Byzantines
 Habib killed the Byzantine commander
→ Armenia
 A rebellion was started in Armenia which was under the rule of Muslims since Umar's caliphate
 Habib bin Maslama advanced into Armenia, captured Tiflis, and marched up to the Black Sea, reconquering
all of Armenia
→ Azerbaijan
 Under H Umar, Azerbaijan had been captured, but rebellions occurred.
 H Uthman gave control of Azerbaijan to Walid bin Uqba (removing Saad bin Abi Waqas), governor of Kufa.
 The rebellion strengthened even more after the change of governor
 H Uthman (RA) sent Walid bin Uqba with a military force who launched a two-column attack
 Rebels could not withstand the Muslim force and were defeated.
 Azerbaijan was re-conquered under Uthman's caliphate.
→ Khusran
 In 644 AD, after Hazrat Umar’s death, Persians revolted again.
 Muslim army was led by Hazrat Abdullah bin Aamir (RA).
 Under his leadership the army captured Fars, Seestan (by Rabia bin Zaid), Khurasan, Khwarazain, Balkh (by
Ahnaf bin Qais), and Kirwan (by Majarah bin Masud)
 After the campaign, Abdullah bin Aamir (RA) returned to Madinah with 40,000 captives and a rich booty
 Within 3 years, the Muslims had conquered Herat, Kabul, Ghazna, Tabaristan and Azerbaijan
 These victories further expanded Muslim control in the eastern regions.
→ Cyprus (New expansion)
 H Muawiya requested permission of H Umar to engage in naval battles against the Byzantines
 After consulting H Amr bin al-Aas, Umar rejected the request
 When H Uthman became the caliph, he lifted the restriction and allowed Muawiya to begin naval
operations, making Cyprus the first target
 H Muawiyah sent naval fleets under Abdullah bin Qais and Abdullah bin Abu Sirah
 In 649 AD, the Muslim forces landed in Cyprus
 They were faced with little resistance form the Byzantine forces and Muslims successfully captured the
island
 This was the first naval victory in the Islamic history
→ Rhodes (New expansion)
 Later that same year, the Muslims also captured Rhodes during further naval missions

Allegations/Charges Against H Uthman

→ Nepotism
 H Uthman was accused of appointing only his relatives from the Banu Umayyah clan on key posts as
governors of Kufa (Saad bin Abi Waqas replaced by Walid bin Uqba), Egypt (Amr bin al-Aas was replaced
with Abdullah bin Saad), Persia (Abu Musa Ashari was replaced with Abdullah bin Amr) and Syria
(Muawiyah) instead of merit-based appointment
 Counter:
- The governor of Kufa, Saad bin Abi Waqas, was replaced by Walid bin Uqba because firstly, H Saad
was unable to govern Kufa effectively and secondly a complaint was filed against him of using the
money of public treasury and not returning it back
- The governor of Egypt, Amr bin al-Aas, was replaced with Abdullah bin Saad because H Amr was
unable to manage the revenue system of the state
- The governor of Persia, Abu Musa Ashari, was replaced with Abdullah bin Amr upon the request of
the people of Basra as they were not satisfied with his governance
- The governor of Syria, Ameer Muawiyah, was appointed as the governor of Damascus by H Umar and
only a small part of Syria was added to is governance
→ Blasphemy
 H Uthman ordered to burn the defected copies of the Quran
 Counter:

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  Counter:
- H Uthman stated that an Ijma was held before this decision and it was a joint agreement
- H Ali supported him in this decision, as people turned against him when he burned the copies,
despite initially agreeing with the idea
- In Islam, greater problems were always prioritized. If the defective copies had not been burned,
someone might have read them in the future, leading to misunderstandings and future divisions
→ Unfair use of Public Treasury
 H Uthman was accused of spending the money of the Public Treasury o himself and his family, especially
his governors
 He was also accused of living an extravagant life and giving expensive gifts to his family
 Counter:
- In reality, H Uthman belonged to a rich clan and he himself was a rich merchant, hence, he spent his
own money on his family and on himself rather than taking it from Bait ul Maal
→ Nepotism in Distribution of War Booty
 H Uthman was accused of given the entire booty of the conquest of North Africa to H Abdullah bin Saad as
he was his cousin
 Counter:
- In reality, H Abdullah bin Saad was given 1/5 of the booty only.
- To counter this accusation, H Uthman asked H Abdullah to return even the 1/5 of the booty and he
obeyed his orders without any objection
→ Restricting State Pastures for Banu Umayyah
 Hazrat Uthman (RA) was accused of misusing his position as caliph by reserving grazing land for his
personal camels
 They believed that he was taking unfair advantage by keeping state resources for himself
 Counter:
- In reality, the grazing land people were complaining about was actually reserved for state camels, not
his personal ones because H Uthman only owned 2 camels which were for Hajj
→ Being too Lenient with His Governors
 H Uthman was accused of being too lenient with his governors and not keeping checks and balances like H
Umar, who was very strict in this matter
 Counter:
- H Uthman was getting old and he had a soft heart

Revolt/Rebellion Against Uthman - Martyrdom

 Abdullah bin Saba was conspiring against H Uthman, and he was the one who was spreading false ideas
and caused division among Muslims
 When H Uthman found out, he expelled him from Kufa/Basra along with his fellow conspirators
 The conspirators moved to Egypt and found support from some Jews who had only outwardly accepted
Islam
 The rebels spread claims in the name of H Ali saying that he should be Caliph because he was the most
senior among the Hashemites
 Mohammad bin Abu Bakr, son of Abu Bakr, held a grudge against H Uthman, because he wanted to be the
governor of Egypt, and started to support the rebels
 M bin Abu Bakr wanted the governor of Egypt, Abdullah bin Saad, to be changed
 The rebel movement spread again in Kuda and Basra
 The rebels prepared to march to Medina
 However, H Uthman was so lenient that he took no action against them, seeing them as Muslim brother
 This encouraged the rebels to continue their actions
 H Ali visited H Uthman to discuss the rebels complaints and H Uthman addressed each concern clearly,
satisfying H Ali
 Despite this, the rebels gathered 1000 men from Egypt, Kufa and Basra and marched to Medina
 Rebels tried to convince H Ali, H Zubair and H Talha to join them but all 3 of them refused
 The rebels agreed to return if Uthman replaced Abdullah bin Saad with M bin Abu Bakr as governor of
Egypt
 After some discussion, H Uthman agreed to change the governor of Egypt to M bin Abu Bakr and the
rebels left Medinah
 3 days into their march back to Fustat, the rebels from Egypt were overtaken by an African slave
 The slave look mysterious, hence the rebels stopped and examined him
 They found a letter with the seal of the Caliph's office on it
 The letter was written to Abdullah, governor of Egypt, in which he was requested to kills M bin Abu Bakr as
soon as he reaches Egypt
 The rebels were furious and they went back to Madina (after 4 days)
 H Uthman denied all knowledge of the letter but freely admitted that the slave was from his house old
 A rebel named Abdur Rahman bin Udais said that either the Caliph was lying, or he was so weak as a leader
that someone else had used his seal without his knowledge
 The rebels demanded H Uthman to step down from the post of Caliph but he refused saying, "I can't put
off the garment Allah has caused me to put on"
 The rebels besieged his house, cutting off food and water supply
 H Ali, Zubair, Umm e Habiba and Aisha tried to help with food and water
 The siege lasted many days
 When the senior companions left for Hajj, the rebels took advantage of this and entered H Uthman's
house from a neighboring house
 M bin Abu Bakr confronted Uthman who said, "Your father wouldn't have liked this"
 Upon hearing this Muhammad stepped back but the other rebels refused to step back and struck Uthman
with their swords
 H Naila tried to protect him but her fingers were cut off
 H Uthman was martyred while reciting the Quran on Friday, 18th Zilhaj, 35 AH
 Hazrat Jubair led his funeral prayer and he was buried without a bath or coffin due to the tense situation in
Jannat al-Baqi

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Ali
Elections
 The morning after H Uthman murder, H Ali was recognized as the 4th caliph
 The rebels pressured senior companions to accept the caliphate including H Talha, H Zubair who refused
stating that in the presence of H Ali, they do not consider themselves deserving of the position and H Ali who
initially refused as he did not wanted to be chosen under pressure
 The rebels threatened to resort to violence if a caliph was not chosen within the next 24 hours.
 The senior companions insisted H Ali, believing that he was the most deserving leader
 Finally H Ali accepted the caliphate

Change of Governors
 H Ali sent letters to the governors of Egypt , Syria, Kufa and Basra, asking them to step down since he was of
the opinion that the real problem were them
 M ibn Abu Bakr was Egypt's new governor
 Everyone stepped down except from the Governor of Syria, Maviya, who did not accepted H Ali as the caliph
and wanted him to take immediate actions against the killers

Battle of Camel - 656

 The battle of camel (first civil was of Islam) occurred due to differences over how and when to punish the
killers of Uthman
 After spending four months as a caliph Hazarat, Ali was still not able to inflict justice upon the killers of H
Uthman, as he did not yet know who they were exactly
 He was under immense pressure from many of the companions (H Talha, H Zubair, H Aisha) to be swift and
quick in retribution (punishment)
 The rebels accused Hazrat Ali of not punishing the murderers of Hazrat Uthman because of tribal rivalry while
some thought that H Ali was the one behind Uthman's assassination
 H Aisha, along with H Talha and H Zubair traveled to Basra to demand immediate action with an army of
15,000 men
 H Ali was forced to divert his route from marching towards Damascus (H Muawiya) to confront with the
uprising in Basra with 17,000 men
 The two sides negotiated and agreed that punishing Uthman's assassins should wait until stability was
restored
 However, rebels and extremists secretly plotted against the peace deal
 During the night, extremist attacked both camps, creating confusion and making it seem like a betrayal
 By dawn, full-scale fighting broke out b/w the armies of H Ali and H Aisha
 H Aisha was seated on a camel, trying to stop the battle after H Talha and H Zubair were killed, but the people
thought that H Aisha was motivating them and commanding them to advance
 To end the battle, H Ali ordered M bin Abi Bakr and Abduallah bin Badeel to target the camel's legs (but not H
Aisha)
 Once the camel was brought down, the battle stopped
 H Aisha was safely sent back to Madina under H Ali's protection
 H Ali did not seek revenge and aimed to reunite the Muslims community
 Around 10,000 people died (about 90% were from H Aisha's army)
 Muslim empires capital was shifted to Kufa

Battle of Siffin - 657

 H Ali continued to march towards Damascus (Capital of Syria) after the Battle of Camel to take care of
Muawiya who refused to pledge allegiance
 Muawiya demanded justice for the murder of H Uthman before accepting Ali as the caliph
 Muawiyah launched a propaganda campaign against Hazrat Ali by displaying the bloodstained shirt of Hazrat
Uthman and the severed fingers of Naila (Uthman’s wife), using them as symbols to demand justice and
provoke public emotion
 Syria, Iran, and Iraq all supported Muawiya, and Hazrat Ali realized that violence would soon spread if the
situation continued
 H Ali gathered around 80,000 men led by Bashr bin Amr and Saeed bin Qais and camped near Siffin, close to
Syria

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 Syria
 Muawiyah brought 120,000 men led by Abu A'la bin Sufyan for battle along the Euphrates River
 The initial attempts at negotiations failed, leading to war
 All the forces were instructed to fight according to the rules of Islam (don't kill women/children etc.)
 Single combats were held the first 3 days:
- First day Ushtar (H Ali) fought with Habib(Muawiya)
- Second day Hashim bin Utbah (H Ali) fought with Abul Awar Salama (Muawiya)
- Third day Ammar bin Yasi (H Ali ) fought Amr ibn al-Aas (Muawiya) and Ammar was killed
▪ Prophet PBUH said about Ammar that he will be killed by a group of rebels proving that H Ali was
on the right side
 On the 8th day, both armies clashed in full force. According to some reports, during the battle, H Ali visited H
Muawiyah and personally challenged him in a single combat to avoid unnecessary bloodshed. He proposed
that whoever win can become the Caliph but Muawiyah declined his offer because he knew that there was no
chance of him winning against him
 Hazrat Ali was close to victory when Muawiyah, on the advice of his commander Amr bin al-Aas, ordered his
soldiers to tie pages of the Quran to their spears
 This act was used to defeat H Ali through emotional blackmail
 Many of H Ali's soldiers stopped fighting despite Ali's instruction to advance
 Thus the matter was referred to the process of arbitration (3rd party involvement)
 Muawiyah was represented by Amr bin Al-Aas while H Ali was represented by Abu Musa Al-Ash'ari (very
elderly companion of Prophet PBUH)
 A 6 month period was given for negotiations and the outcome was that both leaders would step down
allowing people to elect a new caliph
 However when the verdict was publicly announced, Amr bin Al-Aas changed his verdict and declared that he
agreed to H Ali to step down, but stated that Muawiyah would remain in power
 This led to the failure of arbitration
 A group of people (3000-4000) from H Ali's army who opposed the idea of arbitration and argued for 'No
judgement but Allah's' went their separate ways. They joined like-minded men from Basra and came to be
known as the Kharijites

Battle of Nahrawan - 658

 H Ali was preparing to launch another attack on Mu'awiyah after Siffin
 He persuaded half of the 4000 Kharijites to rejoin them but the remaining hardcore became more militant,
raiding the countryside, harming citizens and spreading unrest
 The Kharijites marched to Nahrawan
 H Ali marched with his army which was 10 times bigger than that of the Kharijites to confront them
 H Ali first offered peaceful negotiations and sent companions to reason with them, but they refused to listen
 H Ali requested that they hand over the murderers and the rest would be spared but they replied saying, "All
of us are murderer, and we want to kill al of your followers. We will never stop"
 H Ali offered amnesty to anyone willing to leave the battlefield without fighting and as a result 3000 Kharijites
left
 H Ali's army crushed the remaining Kharijites and they won, but his army was demoralized as many heroes
from earlier battles lay dead
 H Ali's troops refused to fight further and returned to Kufa and Basra and hence H Ali had to abandon his plan
to invade Syria

Fall of Egypt
 Egypt was conquered in 640 CE in the caliphate of H Umar by Amr ibn al-Aas
 After H Ali became caliph, he began replacing governors appointed by H Uthman to reduce Umayyad influence
 He replaced Qays ibn Sa'd (governor of Egypt) with H M ibn Abu Bakr (adopted son of H Ali)
 After the Battle of Nahrawan, H Ali's army became disheartened and reluctant to fight
 Sensing this weakness, Muawiyah took advantage of the situation and ordered Am ibn al-Aas to recapture
Egypt
 Amr ibn al-Aas led a force of 6000 soldiers and marched into Egypt
 H M ibn Abu Bakr opted for an early battle, but his army was poorly prepared and outnumbered
 His forces were defeated, and he was martyred in the battle
 Amr ibn al-Aas entered Fustat (capital of Egypt) and resumed his position as governor

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 Martyrdom of H Ali
 The year 660, was a year of two oaths, first, a Muslim army swore loyalty to Muawiyah and forced the people
of Makkah and Madinah to do the same at the point of sword, and the second were those who swore loyalty
to the legitimate caliph, H Ali.
 Eventually, the Islamic state was split as Muawiyah's established his rule over Syria, Egypt and Palestine while
H Ali ruled Iraq, Arabia, Persia and Central Asia
 This division angered the Kharijites and 3 of them planned to assassinate H Ali, Muawiyah and Ami ibn al -Aas
in the 3 great mosques of Fustat, Damascus and Kuda where they were assured that their targets would be
leading the prayer
 In Fustat, Amr ibn al-Aas did not led the prayer and the innocent imam was killed
 In Damascus, Muawiyah was saved by his bodyguard as he was praying
 In Kufa, however, H Ali was killed while offering Fajr with a poisoned sword by Abdu Rehman ibn Muljim on
18th Ramadan
 He passed away on 21st Ramadan

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