Practice Test 1

| 9
 Section I The Exam
AP® Physics 2 Exam
SECTION I: Multiple-Choice Questions

DO NOT OPEN THIS BOOKLET UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO.

Instructions
At a Glance
Section I of this examination contains 40 multiple-choice questions. Fill in only the ovals for
Total Time numbers 1 through 40 on your answer sheet.
80 minutes
CALCULATORS MAY BE USED IN BOTH SECTIONS OF THE EXAMINATION.
Number of Questions
40 Indicate all of your answers to the multiple-choice questions on the answer sheet. No credit
Percent of Total Grade will be given for anything written in this exam booklet, but you may use the booklet for notes
50% or scratch work. After you have decided which of the suggested answers is best, completely
Writing Instrument fill in the corresponding oval on the answer sheet. Give only one answer to each question. If
Pen required you change an answer, be sure that the previous mark is erased completely. Here is a sample
question and answer.
Sample Question Sample Answer

Chicago is a A B C D E
(A) state
(B) city
(C) country
(D) continent

Use your time effectively, working as quickly as you can without losing accuracy. Do not
spend too much time on any one question. Go on to other questions and come back to the
ones you have not answered if you have time. It is not expected that everyone will know the
answers to all the multiple-choice questions.

About Guessing
Many candidates wonder whether or not to guess the answers to questions about which
they are not certain. Multiple-choice scores are based on the number of questions answered
correctly. Points are not deducted for incorrect answers, and no points are awarded for
unanswered questions. Because points are not deducted for incorrect answers, you are
encouraged to answer all multiple-choice questions. On any questions you do not know the
answer to, you should eliminate as many choices as you can, and then select the best answer
among the remaining choices.

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 Section I

ADVANCED PLACEMENT PHYSICS 2 TABLE OF INFORMATION

CONSTANTS AND CONVERSION FACTORS

Proton mass, mp = 1.67 × 10–27 kg Electron charge magnitude, e = 1.60 × 10–19 C
Neutron mass, mn = 1.67 × 10–27 kg 1 electron volt, 1 eV = 1.60 × 10–19 J
Electron mass, me = 9.11 × 10 kg
–31 Speed of light, c = 3.00 × 108 m/s
Avogadro’s number, NA = 6.02 × 10 mol
23 –1 Universal gravitational constant, G = 6.67 × 10–11 m3/kg•s2
Universal gas constant, R = 8.31 J/(mol K) Acceleration due to gravity g = 9.8 m/s2
Boltzmann’s constant, ×
kB = 1.38 10 J/K
–23 at Earth’s surface,
1 unified atomic mass unit, 1 u = 1.66 × 10–27 kg = 931 MeV/c2
Planck’s constant, h = 6.63 × 10–34 J•s = 4.14 × 10–15 eV•s
hc = 1.99 × 10–25 J•m = 1.24 × 103 eV•nm
Vacuum permittivity, e0 = 8.85 × 10–12 C2/(N•m2)
Coulomb’s law constant, k = 1/(4pe0) = 9.0 × 109 (N•m2)/C2
Vacuum permeability, m0 = 4p × 10–7 (T•m)/A
Magnetic constant, k′ = m0/(4p) = 1 × 10–7 (T•m)/A
1 atmosphere pressure, 1 atm = 1.0 × 105 N/m2 = 1.0 × 105 Pa

meter, m mole, mol watt, W farad, F

kilogram, kg hertz, Hz coulomb, C tesla, T
UNIT
second, s newton, N volt, V degree Celsius, °C
SYMBOLS
ampere, A pascal, Pa ohm, W electron volt, eV
kelvin, K joule, J henry, H

VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS FOR COMMON ANGLES

q 0° 30° 37° 45° 53° 60° 90°
sin q 0 1/2 3/5 2 /2 4/5 3/2 1

cos q 1 3/2 4/5 2 /2 3/5 1/2 0

tan q 0 3 /3 3/4 1 4/3 3 ¥

PREFIXES The following assumptions are used in this exam.

Factor Prefix Symbol I. The frame of reference of any problem is assumed to be inertial
1012 tera T unless otherwise stated.
109 giga G II. In all situations, positive work is defined as work done on a system.
III. The direction of current is conventional current: the direction in
106 mega M
which positive charge would drift.
10 3
kilo k IV. Assume all batteries and meters are ideal unless otherwise stated.
10–2 centi c V. Assume edge effects for the electric field of a parallel plate
10 –3
milli m capacitor unless otherwise stated.
10 –6
micro m VI. For any isolated electrically charged object, the electric potential is
10–9 nano n defined as zero at infinite distance from the charged object.
10 –12
pico p

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II. Practice Test 1 | 11

 Section I

ADVANCED
ADVANCED PLACEMENT
PLACEMENT PHYSICS PHYSICS 2 EQUATIONS
2 EQUATIONS, EFFECTIVE 2015

MECHANICS ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

=
Ãx Ãx 0 + a x t a = acceleration  1 q1q2 A = area
FE =
A = amplitude 4 pe0 r 2 B = magnetic field
1 2 d = distance  C = capacitance
=
x x 0 + Ãx 0 t + a t  FE
2 x E = energy E = d = distance
F = force q E = electric field
Ãx2 =Ãx20 + 2ax ( x - x0 ) f = frequency  e= emf
1 q
I = rotational inertia E = F = force
  4 pe0 r 2
=

a
Â
=
F Fnet K = kinetic energy I = current
m m k = spring constant DU E = qDV  = length
  L = angular momentum 1 q P = power
Ff £ m Fn  = length V = Q = charge
4 pe0 r
m = mass q = point charge
Ã2  DV
ac = P = power E = R = resistance
r p = momentum Dr r = separation
  r = radius or separation t = time
p = mv DV =
Q
T = period C U = potential (stored)
 
Dp = F Dt t = time energy
A
U = potential energy C = ke0 V = electric potential
d
1
K = mv 2
v = speed v = speed
2 W= work done on a system E = Q k = dielectric constant
x = position e0 A r= resistivity
D= = F=
E W d Fd cos q y = height 1 1 q = angle
a = angular acceleration = UC = Q DV C ( DV )2
DE 2 2 F= flux
P = m= coefficient of friction
Dt DQ
q = angle I =
t = torque Dt
1 2 
q =q0 + w0 t + at
w= angular speed r  
2
R= = qv ¥ B
FM
A
=
w w0 + at 1   
U s = kx 2 P = I DV FM = qv sin q B
2
= =
x A cos ( wt ) A cos (2 p ft ) DV   
DUg = mg Dy I =
R FM= I  ¥ B
xcm =
 mi xi 2p 1   
 mi =
T = Rs = Â Ri FM = I  sin q B
w f i
   
=
a
 Â t t
= net Ts = 2 p
m 1
= Â R1i F B = B A
I I k Rp i
 
=
t r=
^F rF sin q  Cp = Â Ci FB = B cos q A
Tp = 2 p i
g
L = Iw 1
 mm
Fg = G 1 2 2 Cs
= Â C1i e= -
DFB
DL = t Dt i Dt
r
 m0 I
1  Fg B= e= B v
K = I w2 g= 2p r
2 m
  Gm1m2
Fs = k x UG = -
r

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 Section I

ADVANCED PLACEMENT PHYSICS 2 EQUATIONS, EFFECTIVE 2015

ADVANCED PLACEMENT PHYSICS 2 EQUATIONS

FLUID MECHANICS AND THERMAL PHYSICS WAVES AND OPTICS

m A = area v d = separation
r= l=
V F = force f f = frequency or
h = depth focal length
F c
P= k = thermal conductivity n= h = height
A Ã
K = kinetic energy L = distance
L = thickness n 1 sin q1 = n 2 sin q2 M = magnification
=
P P0 + rgh
m = mass 1 1 1 m = an integer
n = number of moles + = n = index of
Fb = rVg si so f
N = number of molecules refraction
hi si s = distance
A1v1 = A2 v2 P = pressure =
M =
Q = energy transferred to a ho so v = speed
1 system by heating DL = m l l = wavelength
P1 + rgy1 + rv 2
2 1 T = temperature d sin q = m l q = angle
1 t = time
=P2 + rgy2 + rv 2
2 2 U = internal energy
V = volume
Q kA DT
= v = speed GEOMETRY AND TRIGONOMETRY
Dt L
W = work done on a system Rectangle A= area
= = NkBT
PV nRT y = height A = bh C= circumference
r = density V= volume
3 Triangle S = surface area
K = k T
2 B 1 b = base
A = bh
2 h = height
W = - P DV
A= length
DU= Q + W Circle w= width
A = pr 2 r = radius
C = 2 pr
MODERN PHYSICS
E = hf E= energy Rectangular solid Right triangle
f = frequency V = Awh 2
= hf - f
K max c= a 2 + b2
K= kinetic energy
a
m= mass Cylinder sin q =
h c
l= p = momentum V = pr 2 A
p b
l= wavelength =S 2 pr A + 2 pr 2 cos q =
2
c
E = mc f= work function
a
Sphere tan q =
b
4 3
V = pr c
3 a
S = 4 pr 2 90°
b

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II. Practice Test 1 | 13

 Section I

PHYSICS 2
SECTION I
Time—80 minutes
40 Questions

Note: To simplify calculations, you may use g = 10 m/s2 in all problems.

Directions: Each of the questions or incomplete statements below is followed by four suggested answers or completions. Select the
one that is best in each case and mark it on your sheet.

1. A green light (λ = 550 nm) is focused on a material with Questions 3 and 4 refer to the following diagram.
a work function of ϕ = 3 eV. What is the maximum
kinetic energy of a photoelectron emitted from the
material?
(A) 0.74 eV
1m
(B) 2.3 eV
(C) Electrons will not be emitted in this scenario. Air
(D) Cannot be determined without additional
Water
information
1m
2. Two different ideal gases are brought to the same θ
temperature. The molecules of the first gas are four
times more massive compared to the second gas. How
do the average speeds of the molecules of the two gases
compare?
A laser pointer is placed in a tank of water with no lid so that
(A) The average speeds are the same.
the light is emitted at a depth of 1 m from the surface. 1 m
(B) The average speed of the molecules of the first gas
above the surface, a projection screen is positioned so that the
are higher by a factor of 2.
center of the screen is directly above the laser pointer. The
(C) The average speed of the molecules of the second
pointer is tilted at an angle, θ, from the vertical.
gas are higher by a factor of 2.
(D) The average speed of the molecules of the first gas
are higher by a factor of 4.
3. If the angle, θ, is 20 degrees, and given that the index of
refraction of water is n = 1.3, How far from the center
would the laser hit the screen?
(A) 79 cm from the center
(B) 86 cm from the center
(C) 184 cm from the center
(D) Cannot be determined without more information

4. If a plane of glass (n = 1.5) is used as a lid, with no gap

between the water and the glass, what will happen to the
position of the laser on the screen?
(A) There will be no change in position.
(B) The laser will hit farther from the center.
(C) The laser will hit closer to the center.
(D) Cannot be determined without knowing the
thickness of the glass

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 Section I

Questions 8–10 refer to the following circuit diagram.

a

f f

d b
10 Ω 15 Ω
12 V A

2Ω
c

5. In the figure above, a ray of light hits an object and 8. In the above circuit, the capacitor is initially uncharged
travels through the focal point of a concave lens as shown and the switch is closed. What best describes the current
by the dotted line. Which line best shows the correct through the ammeter after the switch is closed?
continuation of the ray after it hits the lens? (A) The current starts at a maximum and decreases to
(A) a zero.
(B) b (B) The current starts at a maximum and decreases to a
(C) c non-zero amount.
(D) d (C) The current starts at zero and increases to a set
amount.
(D) Cannot be determined without knowing the
6. An experiment is performed where standing sound waves capacitance of the capacitor
are produced in open-ended cylinders of varying length.
The frequencies of the waves are adjusted until the first
harmonic is reached in a 1 m cylinder, the second har- 9. After a long period of time, the switch is opened. What
monic is reached in a 2 m cylinder, and the third harmon- is the current through the ammeter immediately after the
ic is reached in a 3 m cylinder. If the frequencies are f1, switch is opened?
f2, and f3, respectively, what is the relationship between (A) 0A
these frequencies? (B) 0.44 A
(A) f1 = f2 = f3 (C) 0.8 A
(B) f1 < f2 < f3 (D) 1.8 A
(C) f1 > f2 > f3
(D) f1 = f2 < f3
10. The capacitor is replaced with a piece of wire with negli-
gible resistance. If the switch is again closed, what is the
7. An ideal gas undergoes an isothermal compression. What voltage across the 2 Ω resistor?
best describes the heat flow during this process? (A) 1V
(A) No heat flows. (B) 2V
(B) Heat flows out of the gas. (C) 6V
(C) Heat flows into the gas. (D) 12 V
(D) Heat initially flows out of the gas, but the same
amount of heat then flows into the gas.

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II. Practice Test 1 | 15

 Section I

11. An electron in an atom transitions from an excited state 15. A student preforms a double-slit experiment and success-
of –16 eV down to a ground state of –20 eV. What is the fully creates an interference pattern on the screen. Which
wavelength of the emitted photon? of the following will occur if the distance between the
(A) 31 nm slits, d, is increased?
(B) 78 nm (A) The fringes will spread out.
(C) 311 nm (B) The fringes will get closer.
(D) 780 nm (C) The intensity of the pattern will increase.
(D) The width of the central peak will widen.

16. An observer stands at rest as a car with a siren drives

directly towards them at a constant speed. Which of the
following is correct regarding the sound of the siren
heard by the observer as the car approaches?
(A) The frequency of the sound is increasing.
P I
(B) The frequency of the sound is constant.
(C) The frequency of the sound is decreasing.
(D) The amplitude of the sound is constant.

17. Plutonium undergoes alpha decay to form uranium as

shown below.
12. In the diagram above, a straight wire with a current I
points vertically upward. At point P, which direction is
239
94 Pu → 235 4
92 U + 2 He

the magnetic field pointing?

This process causes the daughter nuclei to gain energy.
(A) Up
What is the best explanation for this?
(B) Left
(C) Into the page (A) The combined mass of the uranium and helium is
(D) Out of the page greater than that of the plutonium.
(B) The combined mass of the uranium and helium is
less than that of the plutonium.
13. Two point charges, q1 and q2, are separated by a distance (C) Conservation of momentum requires that the
r in a vacuum. What change would cause the magnitude velocities of the products cancel out.
of the electric force between the charges to double? (D) Conservation of charge requires that the electrostatic
(A) q1 is doubled. force pushes the products away from each other.
(B) r is halved.
(C) Both q1 and q2 are doubled.
(D) The sign of the charge on q1 is flipped.

14. Two positive point charges with charge +Q and +2Q are
placed on a horizontal x-axis separated by a distance r in
vacuum. At which of these points could the electric field
be zero?
(A) To the left of both charges
(B) To the right of both charges
(C) In between the charges, closer to the +Q charge
(D) In between the charges, closer to the +2Q charge

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 Section I

18. A sound wave has an initial intensity of I0. Which of the Questions 20–22 refer to the following material.
following correctly shows the relationship between the
intensity of the sound wave, I, and distance, r?
v = 5 m/s B=3T
I
(A) 3 3 3 33
I0 L
= 30 cm
3 3 3 33
r 3 3 3 33
I
(B) In the above diagram, a rectangular loop of wire is traveling to
I0
the right at a constant velocity into a constant magnetic field
pointing into the page.
r
I
(C) I0 20. What is the emf induced in the loop as it enters the
magnetic field?

r (A) 0.5 V
(B) 4.5 V
I (C) 50 V
(D) I0 (D) 450 V

r 21. What is the direction of the current in and force on the

wire on the right side of the loop as it enters the field?
(A) Current is flowing up and force is to the right.
19. An ideal gas initially has a pressure of 2 × 105 Pa and a (B) Current is flowing down and force is to the right.
volume of 0.5 m3. It then expands at a constant pressure (C) Current is flowing up and force is to the left.
to a volume of 2 m3, and after expanding its pressure is (D) Current is flowing down and force is to the left.
increased to 5 × 105 Pa while it’s held at a constant vol-
ume. What is the total work done by the gas during both
transitions? 22. After fully entering the field, the loop comes to a stop and
(A) 3 × 10 J 5 starts to rotate at a constant rate about a horizontal axis.
(B) 4.5 × 105 J Which choice correctly describes the emf as it spins?
(C) 6 × 105 J (A) Because it is spinning at a constant rate, the emf
(D) 7.5 × 105 J will be constant but non-zero.
(B) Because the magnetic field is constant, the emf will
be zero.
(C) The emf will be at a maximum when the loop is
parallel to the page, because this is where the
flux is at a maximum.
(D) The emf will be at a minimum when the loop is
parallel to the page, because this is where the
change in flux is at a minimum.

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II. Practice Test 1 | 17

 Section I

23. A convex lens with a focal length of 20 cm is used to

form an image of an object paced 15 cm behind the lens.
Which of the following is true about the image formed?
(A) The image is virtual and located 8.6 cm behind the a
lens. v
(B) The image is virtual and located 60 cm behind the b
lens. Q
(C) The image is real and located 8.6 cm in front of the c
lens.
(D) The image is real and located 60 cm in front of the
lens. B

26. In the above figure, an unknown charge, Q, with negligi-

a b ble mass travels to the right with speed v through a region
with uniform magnetic field, B, pointing out of the page.
Which of the following is possible?
(A) The charge passes through point a with a speed
+3Q –2Q lower than v.
(B) The charge passes through point b with a speed
equal to v.
c d (C) The charge passes through point c with a speed
higher than v.
24. A positive charge of 3Q and a negative charge of 2Q are (D) The charge passes through point a with a speed
arranged as shown above. If the electric potentials are equal to v.
compared between two of the four labeled points, which
of the following would have the greatest change in
potential? 7
(A) |Va–Vb| 6
(B) |Va–Vc| 5
Charge (mC)

(C) |Vc–Vb| 4
(D) |Vc–Vd| 3
2
25. An image is created by placing an object in front of a
concave lens. If the lens is replaced with one of identical 1
shape but with a lower index of refraction, which of the 0
following changes would occur? 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
(A) The focal length would increase and the image Voltage (V)
would be formed farther from the lens.
(B) The focal length would increase and the image 27. An experiment was performed that measured the charge
would be formed closer to the lens. on a capacitor while connected to a variable battery at
(C) The focal length would decrease and the image several voltages. What is the capacitance of the capacitor
would be formed farther from the lens. that produced the graph above?
(D) The focal length would decrease and the image (A) 0.5 mF
would be formed closer to the lens. (B) 1 mF
(C) 5 mF
(D) 10 mF

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 Section I

28. Three resistors are connected to a battery in parallel. If

1Ω
R1 < R2 < R3, what is the relationship between the
voltages across each resistor?
(A) V1 < V2 < V3
(B) V1 > V2 > V3
(C) V1 = V2 = V3
10 V 3Ω 6Ω
(D) Cannot be determined without more information

2Ω

31. In the circuit shown above, what is the current through

29. Three neutral conducting spheres sit on insulating bases.
the 3 Ω resistor?
The first sphere is given a positive charge. It is then
brought in contact with the second sphere and allowed to (A) 0.83 A
reach equilibrium. The two spheres are then separated. (B) 1.3 A
Finally, the second sphere is brought into contact with (C) 2.9 A
the third sphere and allowed to reach equilibrium. If the (D) 3.3 A
charge on the first, second, and third spheres after this
process is Q1, Q2, and Q3, respectively, what is the correct
relationship between these charges?
4
(A) Q1 = Q2 = Q3
(B) Q1 > Q2 > Q3 3
(C) Q1 < Q2 < Q3 2
(D) Q1 > Q2 = Q3 1
Height (m)

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
–1
P –2
–3
A B
P2 –4
Position (m)

32. The above graph shows the displacement height of a

P1
D C string against its horizontal position as a wave travels
along its length. If the period of the wave is 5 ms, what is
the speed of the wave?
V
(A) 10 m/s
V1 V2 (B) 40 m/s
(C) 200 m/s
30. In the above diagram, in ideal gas undergoes the cycle (D) 400 m/s
ABCDA. What is the change in internal energy after the
cycle?
(A) (V2–V1)(P2–P1)
(B) (V2–V1)P2
(C) (P2–P1)V2
(D) 0

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II. Practice Test 1 | 19

 Section I

33. During an isothermal expansion, an ideal gas pushes a 2.5

piston with a mass of 2 kg up a height of 20 cm. Approx-
2 a
imately what is the amount of heat that flows into the gas
during this process? 1.5
(A) 0J 1
(B) 4J Ψ
(C) 10 J 0.5 e
(D) 400 J b d
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
–0.5 c
34. Two point charges, Q1 and Q2, are placed 3 m apart. If
Q1 = + 5 μC and Q2 = -2 μC, what is the magnitude and –1
Position (m)
direction of the electric field at the midpoint between the
charges?
37. The above graph shows the wave function of a certain
(A) 28 kN/C, towards Q1 particle. Of the labeled points, which one(s) are the least
(B) 28 kN/C, towards Q2 likely to be the particle’s position when observed?
(C) 12 kN/C, towards Q1
(A) a
(D) 12 kN/C, towards Q2
(B) b and d
(C) c
35. A bar magnet is moved toward a coil of wire at a constant (D) a, c, and e
speed. As a result, a current is induced in the coil. If the
bar magnet suddenly changes direction and moves away
38. A cooling fan is used to reduce the temperature of a
from the coil at the same constant speed, what happens to
system by blowing air past it and carrying heat away.
the induced current?
Why does this not violate the Second Law of
(A) The induced current increases. Thermodynamics?
(B) The induced current decreases.
(A) The second law only applies to isolated systems and
(C) The induced changes direction.
since the air is leaving the area, this is an open
(D) The induced current does not change.
system.
(B) The temperature decrease does not mean an entropy
36. A 6 μF capacitor and 15 μF capacitor are connected in decrease in this scenario.
series to a 12 V battery. After the circuit reaches (C) The entropy of the surroundings will increase less
equilibrium, what is the approximate charge on the than the entropy of the object decreases.
6 μF capacitor? (D) The heat lost will match the loss of internal energy.
(A) 26 μC
(B) 51.5 μC
(C) 126 μC
(D) 252 μC

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 Section I

39. Two charges, one with a mass of 5 kg and a charge of 40. A detector is positioned to measure the intensity of an
+3 C and the other with a mass of 2 kg and a charge of object’s blackbody radiation at a distance, d, from the
+2 C, are positioned next to each other. What would the object. If the temperature of the object is increased by a
resulting motion be? factor of 2, what will happen to the intensity measured by
(A) The charges move away from each other with the the detector?
same acceleration. (A) The intensity will increase by a factor of 2.
(B) The charges move away from each other and the (B) The intensity will increase by a factor of 4.
+3 C charge has greater acceleration. (C) The intensity will increase by a factor of 8.
(C) The charges move away from each other and the (D) The intensity will increase by a factor of 16.
+2 C charge has greater acceleration.
(D) The charges move towards each other with the same
acceleration.

END OF SECTION I

II. Practice Test 1 | 21

 Section II

PHYSICS 2
SECTION II
Time—100 minutes
4 Questions

Directions: These free-response questions cover 4 important areas of Physics 2. Question 1 is about Mathematical Routines.
Question 2 is about Translation Between Representations. Question 3 is about Experimental Design. Question 4 is about Qualitative/
Quantitative Translation. You have 100 minutes total to answer all 4 questions. On test day, you will be asked to show your work for
each part in the space provided after that part. For this practice test, you may use scrap paper.

1. Students perform a double-slit experiment with the goal of precisely measuring the distance between the slits. They set up the
wall with a variable monochromatic light source shining through the slit and a projection screen 2 m away from the wall on
the opposite side of the light source. They set the wavelength of the light, λ, and measure the distance from the central peak
of the diffraction pattern to the first bright fringe, x. They repeat this measurement for several different wavelengths.
Additionally, they use the x-value to mathematically derive the angle to the bright fringe, θ. Their data are shown in the table
below:

Wavelength of the Distance from central Angle from the slit to

light (nm) peak to first bright the first bright fringe
fringe (cm)
400 14.4 4.118o
450 16.5 4.745o
500 18.0 5.143o
550 19.8 5.654o
600 22.1 6.334o

(a) Derive an equation for the angle, θ, in terms of λ, x, and known values, as appropriate.

(b) The students want to produce a linear graph of the data so that the distance between the slits, d, can be determined
from the line of best fit.

i. Indicate two quantities that could be plotted to produce the desired graph. Use empty columns of the data table in
part (a) to record any values that you need to calculate.

Vertical axis________________ Horizontal axis________________

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 Section II

ii. Label the axes below and provide an appropriate scale with units. Plot the data points for the quantities indicated in
part (b)(i) on the axes and draw a best-fit line.

iii. Using your best-fit line, determine the distance between the slits, d.

(c) A student finds a different wall with one slit. A rough measurement of the slit’s width shows that it is 1 cm wide. The
student has the idea of setting up an experiment similar to that described in part (a) to get a more precise measurement
of the slit’s width, using diffraction instead of interference. Is this feasible? Briefly explain why or why not.

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II. Practice Test 1 | 23

 Section II

2.

R
+Q

–Q

In the figure above, a negatively charged ball of mass m and charge magnitude Q is placed in a spherical container with inner
radius R made of insulating glass; the ball comes to a rest at the bottom of the container. A positive charge of magnitude Q is
then positioned next to the container and held in place. This causes the negative charge to move a brief distance before coming
to a stop.

(a)

i. Below, create two force diagrams. The first showing the forces on the ball immediately after the positive charge
was introduced, and the second the forces on the ball after it has moved and come to a stop.

ii. Briefly explain why the ball moves and why it comes to a stop.

(b) When the ball is at the bottom of the container, the distance between the ball and the positive charge is r1. After the
ball has moved and come to a stop, the distance between the ball and the positive charge is r 2.

i. Which is larger, r1 or r 2?

ii. Find an expression for ∆V, the change in electric potential created by the positive charge from the ball’s starting
position to its position after it has moved and come to a stop.

iii. Does this change in potential agree with your description in part (a)(ii)? Briefly explain why or why not.

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 Section II

(c) Assume the energy lost to frictional and drag forces during the ball’s motion is negligible.

i. Using conservation of energy, derive an equation for the height the ball will rise, h, from the bottom of the
container in terms of m, Q, R, r1, r 2, and physical constants, as appropriate.

UE Ug UE Ug

Ug, i

0 0

UE, i

ii. The left bar chart in the figure above is complete and represents the initial electric potential energy
UE, i and initial gravitational potential energy Ug, i of the ball before it starts to move. In the space provided on the
right, draw a bar chart to represent a possible final electric potential energy and final gravitational potential energy
of the ball after it has moved and come to a stop.

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II. Practice Test 1 | 25

 Section II

3.

f f F F

So X

 In the above figure, a concave lens and a convex lens are used together to project an image of an object onto the screen on the
right. The focal length of the concave lens is f, the focal length of the convex lens is F, the object is positioned a distance of so
to the left of the concave lens, the distance between the lenses is x, and the screen is positioned a distance of si, final to the right
of the convex lens.

(a) Derive an equation for si, initial the distance from the concave lens to the image of the object created solely by the concave
lens. The equation should be in terms of so and f. Is this image real or virtual? Upright or inverted?

(b) Use ray tracing to create a diagram with the object, concave lens, f, and si, initial clearly labeled. Do not include the
convex lens in the diagram.

(c) The convex lens will use the image created by the concave lens as its object. With this in mind, derive an equation for
si, final in terms of so, f, F, and x. Is this image real or virtual? Upright or inverted?

(d) The concave lens is made of a flexible material so that it can be stretched and compressed to change F, the focal length
of the convex lens. The screen will always be to the right of the convex lens, but it can be moved to different positions
to focus the image onto the screen.

i. Is there a maximum value of F? If so, express it in terms of so, f, and x and briefly explain what happens if F
becomes too large. If not, briefly explain what happens as F approaches infinity.

ii. Is there a minimum value of F? If so, express it in terms of so, f, and x and briefly explain what happens if F
becomes too small. If not, briefly explain what happens as F goes to zero.

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 Section II

4. An isolated container is filled halfway with a liquid and the remainder is filled with an ideal gas. The condensation point of the
ideal gas is the same as the boiling point of the liquid, Tbp. Initially the ideal gas has a temperature of T1 > Tbp and the liquid
has a temperature of T2 < Tbp.

(a) After the container is filled, the lid is quickly pressed down, slightly compressing the gas. Assume the liquid is
incompressible.

i. Will the temperature of the gas change during the compression? If so, does it increase or decrease? Briefly justify
your answer using the First Law of Thermodynamics.

ii. After a short time, the lid is brought back to its original position. How will the temperature of the gas compare to
T1? Briefly justify your answer.

(b) After a long time has passed and thermal equilibrium is reached, the temperature inside the container is measured.

i. How will this measurement compare to T1 and T2? Briefly justify your answer.

ii. It is found that the measured temperature is above Tbp, so that both materials are now gasses. What about the
respective initial energies of the liquid and gas could have led to this result?

(c)

Gas A Gas B

The container is emptied and a partition that is free to move left and right is placed in the middle. Ideal gas A is put
into the left side of the container and ideal gas B into the right side, as shown in the figure above. The partition does not
allow the gasses to mix, but it does allow heat to flow between the two gasses. Gas A and gas B have the same molar
density, but gas A has twice the mass and 1/4th the temperature of gas B. If the partition is initially placed in the center
of the container, will it feel a net force? If so, which way? Briefly justify your answer.

(d) After a long time, thermal equilibrium is reached and the partition is found to be at rest.

i. What fraction of the container does gas A now occupy?

ii. Justify your answer.

iii. Does your answer to the previous question contradict your answer in part (c). Briefly explain why or why not.

STOP

END OF EXAM

II. Practice Test 1 | 27