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The following constants are given

Quantity Value
Acceleration due to gravity, g 9.8 m/s2
Energy equivalent 931.5 MeV
Atomic mass unit, u 1.661×10−27 kg
Avogadro's number, NA 6.02×1023 mol−1
Boltzmann constant, k 1.38×10−23 JK−1
Density of water, 𝜌𝜌𝑤𝑤 1000 kg/m3
Charge/mass ratio, me 1.76×1011 C/kg
Electric charge, e 1.6×10−19 C
Electron rest mass, meme 9.11×10−31 kg
Electron volt, eV 1.602×10−19 J
Gravitational constant, 6.67×10−11 N m2/kg2
Mass of Helium nucleus 4.0015 u
Mass of neutron 1.0087 u
Molar gas constant, RR 8.31 J/(K mol)
Permeability of free space, μ0 4π×10−7 H/m
Permittivity of free space, ε0 8.85×10−12 F/m
Planck's constant, h 6.626×10−34 Js
Proton rest mass, mp 1.67×10−27 kg
Radius of the Earth, R 6.4×106 m
Refractive index for glass 1.5
Refractive index for water 1.33
Speed of light in vacuum, c 3.0×108 m/s
Stefan-Boltzmann constant, σ 5.67×10−8 W/(m2K4)
Wien's displacement constant 2.9×10−3 Mk
1 atm 1.105×105 Pa

SECTION A: MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS.

Answer ALL Questions.

1. Which of the following pair of physical quantities do not have the same dimensions?

A. Weight and tension B. Stress and pressure C. Impulse and moment of a force D. Energy and work

2. Approximate the value of the angle between two vectors 𝑃𝑃 = 2𝑖𝑖 + 3𝑗𝑗 + 4𝑘𝑘 and 𝑄𝑄 = 𝑖𝑖 − 2𝑗𝑗 + 3𝑘𝑘.

A. 39° B. 47° C. 67° D. 89°

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A velocity-time graph is plotted as shown above. Use the diagram to answer questions 3 and 4.

3. Calculate its acceleration in 𝑚𝑚𝑠𝑠 −2 A. 0 B. 1 C. 5 D. 20

4. Compute its displacement. A. 4m B. 5m C. 20 m D. 80 m

5. Which of the following statements is correct about volatile liquids? They have A. low boiling point. B. low
evaporating rate. C. high conductivity. D. high density.

6. An elevator moves up with an acceleration of 5 m/s. Determine the reaction of the floor on an object of mass 2kg
placed on the floor of the lift. Take 𝑔𝑔 = 10 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠 2 . A. 125N B 375N C. 1250N D. 275N

7. A ball is dropped from a height with a velocity of 40 m/s, it hits the ground and rebounds with a velocity 𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖 to a
height h. Assuming that 𝑔𝑔 = 10 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠 2 and the coefficient of restitution is 0.6, find 𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖 and h. A. −36 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠, 25 𝑚𝑚
B. −24 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠, 25𝑚𝑚 C. −12 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠, 49 𝑚𝑚 D. 36 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠, 17 𝑚𝑚

Rebounding of Ball After Collision With Ground

Concept Formula / Explanation

Speed before collision 𝑣𝑣0 = �2𝑔𝑔ℎ𝑜𝑜 [From 𝑣𝑣 2 = 𝑢𝑢2 + 2𝑔𝑔ℎ]
Speed after collision 𝑣𝑣1 = 𝑒𝑒𝑣𝑣0 = �𝑒𝑒 2 𝑔𝑔ℎ𝑜𝑜
First height of rebound 𝑣𝑣12
ℎ1 = = 𝑒𝑒 2 ℎ0
2𝑔𝑔
∴ ℎ1 = 𝑒𝑒 2 ℎ0
velocity of ball after nth rebound 𝑣𝑣𝑛𝑛 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑛𝑛 𝑣𝑣0
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Height after nth rebound ℎ𝑛𝑛 =

𝑣𝑣𝑛𝑛2
= 𝑒𝑒 2𝑛𝑛 ℎ𝑜𝑜
2𝑔𝑔
∴ ℎ𝑛𝑛 = 𝑒𝑒 2𝑛𝑛 ℎ𝑜𝑜
Total distance travelled by the ball before it stops bouncing 1 + 𝑒𝑒 2
𝐻𝐻 = ℎ𝑜𝑜 � �
1 − 𝑒𝑒 2
Total time taken to stop bouncing 𝑇𝑇 = �
1 + 𝑒𝑒 2ℎ𝑜𝑜
�
1 − 𝑒𝑒 𝑔𝑔

Newton’s law of restitution for elastic collision,

𝑣𝑣 −𝑣𝑣
𝑒𝑒 = − 2 1
𝑢𝑢1 −𝑢𝑢2
For perfectly elastic collision, 𝑢𝑢1 − 𝑢𝑢2 = 𝑣𝑣2 − 𝑣𝑣1
𝑣𝑣 −𝑣𝑣
Then, 𝑒𝑒 = 2 1 = 1
𝑢𝑢1 −𝑢𝑢2
When, 𝑣𝑣2 – final velocity of second body
𝑣𝑣1 – final velocity of first body
𝑢𝑢2 – initial velocity of second body
𝑢𝑢1 – initial velocity of first body.
e = constant of proportionality or coefficient of restitution
NOTE: 𝑒𝑒 = +1 for perfect elastic collision. i.e. two non- sticky bodies.
FOR IN-ELASTIC (PLASTIC) COLLISION
Proof,
𝑢𝑢1 −𝑢𝑢2
v

i.e. for two moving bodies if velocity is conserved

𝑢𝑢1 + (−𝑢𝑢2 ) = 𝑉𝑉
𝑢𝑢1 – 𝑢𝑢2 = 𝑉𝑉

Newton’s law of restitution for inelastic collision

𝑉𝑉
e= Valid for two moving bodies
𝑢𝑢1 −𝑢𝑢2

In the case of one moving and the other stationary.

𝑢𝑢1 𝑢𝑢2 = 0 V

Before After

𝑢𝑢1 + 0 = 𝑉𝑉
𝑢𝑢1 = 𝑉𝑉
Thus,
Valid for one moving and one
𝑉𝑉
e= stationery object
𝑢𝑢1
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8. When a person in a boat throws out a package, the boat moves in the opposite direction. The person exerts a force
on the package, the package exerts a force on the person-boat system. This force propels the boat slightly
backwards. This is a statement of A. Newton's first law of motion. B. Newton's third law of motion.
C. Gravitational law of motion. D. Kepler's law of planetary motion.

9. An object placed 2 m from a plane mirror is shifted by 0.5 m away from the mirror. What is the distance between
the object and its image? A. 2 m B. 1.5 m C. 5m D. 3 m

10. A projectile launched at 45° with a velocity of 100m/s hits a target. What will be the velocity if h range is
doubled? A. 141.4m/s B. 241.56m/s C. 41.5m/s D. 400.5m/s

Correct Answer: Option A

𝑢𝑢2
Explanation: For a projectile launched at 45°, the range (R) is at maximum and is given by: 𝑅𝑅 =
𝑔𝑔

where u is the initial velocity.

If the range is doubled, the new range (𝑅𝑅′) = 2𝑅𝑅. Let's denote the new velocity as 𝑢𝑢′.

Since 𝑅𝑅 ∝ 𝑢𝑢2 , we can set up a proportion:

𝑅𝑅′ (𝑢𝑢′ )2
= 2
𝑅𝑅 𝑢𝑢
2𝑅𝑅 (𝑢𝑢′ )2
=
𝑅𝑅 1002
(𝑢𝑢′ )2
2 =
1000
(𝑢𝑢′ )2 = 2 × 10000

(𝑢𝑢′ )2 = 20000

𝑢𝑢′ = √20000

𝑢𝑢′ = 141.42 ≈ 141.4 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠

11. If the freezing point of alcohol is -175°F, determine its temperature in degree centigrade.

A. 175°C B. -295°C C. -115°C D. 215° C

12. Which of the following quantity is a fundamental quantity?

A. Speed B. Density C. Impulse D. Length

13. Which of these thermometers works by generating electromotive force in a circuit?

A. Thermocouple. B. Optical pyrometer. C. Platinum resistance. D. Constant volume gas.

Correct Answer: Option A

Explanation: shortcut: working substance of different thermometers
Thermometer Type Working Substance Measurement Method
(i) Thermocouple ∆ emf Temperature difference
(ii) Platinum Wire ∆ Resistance Temperature change
(iii) Mercury ∆ Length Expansion of mercury
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(iv) Constant Volume of Gas ∆ Pressure Pressure change

14. Given the progressive wave equation 𝑦𝑦 = 5𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 (2000𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 − 0.4𝑥𝑥), calculate the wavelength.

A. 12.4m B. 15.7m C. 17.5m D. 18.6m

15. When vibration occurs in an air column, the distance between a node and antinode is equal to

A. one-quarter of the wavelength, B. one- half of the wavelength.

C. the wavelength. D. twice the wavelength.

Correct Answer: Option A

Explanation:

𝜆𝜆 𝜆𝜆
𝑙𝑙 = �𝑖𝑖. 𝑒𝑒 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 4�
4
Shortcuts and tricks:
Stationary waves in Stretched string (sonometer) and Air column (turning fork & resonance tube)
(Harmonics, Overtone and Resonance)

Different mode of vibration

Vibration of string Vibration of Air column in pipes
Frequencies for Stretched string (fixed at Open organ pipe (open or Frequencies for Closed organ pipe (open
the next two both ends when plucked in free at both ends) the last column at one end and closed at
columns the middle one end)
1st Harmonic 1st Harmonic
(Fundamental (Fundamental
frequency or frequency or
Zero Overtone, 𝜆𝜆 Zero Overtone, 𝜆𝜆 𝜆𝜆
𝑙𝑙 = (𝑖𝑖. 𝑒𝑒 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 4)
𝑓𝑓0 ) 𝑙𝑙 = (𝑖𝑖. 𝑒𝑒 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 + 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑓𝑓 ) 4
𝜆𝜆 2 0
𝜆𝜆1 = 4𝑙𝑙
(𝑖𝑖. 𝑒𝑒 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 = 2) 𝜆𝜆 𝜆𝜆 𝜆𝜆
= + = ) 𝑣𝑣
𝜆𝜆1 = 2𝑙𝑙 4 4 2 𝑓𝑓1 =
𝑣𝑣 𝜆𝜆1 = 2𝑙𝑙 4𝑙𝑙
𝑓𝑓1 = 𝑣𝑣
2𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑓1 =
2𝑙𝑙
2nd Harmonic 3rd Harmonic
(1st Overtone, 𝑓𝑓1 ) (1st Overtone, 𝑓𝑓1 )
𝜆𝜆 𝜆𝜆
(𝑖𝑖. 𝑒𝑒 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 + 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 = + = 𝜆𝜆) 𝑙𝑙 = 𝜆𝜆 (𝑖𝑖. 𝑒𝑒 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 + 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 + 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 3𝜆𝜆
2 2 𝑙𝑙 =
𝜆𝜆 𝜆𝜆 𝜆𝜆
= 4 + 2 + 4 = 𝜆𝜆) 4
2𝑙𝑙 𝜆𝜆1 2𝑙𝑙 𝜆𝜆1 𝜆𝜆 𝜆𝜆 3𝜆𝜆
𝜆𝜆2 = = 𝜆𝜆2 = = 𝑖𝑖. 𝑒𝑒 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 + 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 = + =
2 2 4 2 4
2 2 4𝑙𝑙
2𝑣𝑣 𝑣𝑣 2𝑣𝑣 𝑣𝑣 𝜆𝜆2 =
𝑓𝑓2 = = = 2𝑓𝑓1 𝑓𝑓2 = = = 2𝑓𝑓1 3
2𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑙 2𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑙 3𝑣𝑣
𝑓𝑓3 = = 3𝑓𝑓1
4𝑙𝑙
3rd Harmonic 5th Harmonic
(2nd Overtone, 𝑓𝑓2 ) (3rd Overtone, 𝑓𝑓3 )
3𝜆𝜆 5𝜆𝜆
𝜆𝜆 𝑙𝑙 = (𝑖𝑖. 𝑒𝑒 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 + 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 + 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑙𝑙 = �𝑖𝑖. 𝑒𝑒 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 + 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 +
(𝑖𝑖. 𝑒𝑒 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 + 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 + 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 = + 2 4
𝜆𝜆 𝜆𝜆 𝜆𝜆 5𝜆𝜆
2 𝜆𝜆 𝜆𝜆 𝜆𝜆 𝜆𝜆 3𝜆𝜆
𝜆𝜆 𝜆𝜆 3𝜆𝜆 +𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 4 + 2 + 2 + 4 = 2 ) 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 =
4
+2+2 = 4�
+ = ) 4𝑙𝑙
2 2 2 2𝑙𝑙 𝜆𝜆1
2𝑙𝑙 𝜆𝜆1 𝜆𝜆3 = = 𝜆𝜆5 =
𝜆𝜆3 = = 3 3 5
3 3
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3𝑣𝑣 3𝑣𝑣 5𝑣𝑣

𝑓𝑓2 = = 3𝑓𝑓1 𝑓𝑓2 = = 3𝑓𝑓1 𝑓𝑓5 = = 5𝑓𝑓1
2𝑙𝑙 2𝑙𝑙 4𝑙𝑙
𝑛𝑛𝑡𝑡ℎ harmonic 2𝑙𝑙 𝜆𝜆1 2𝑙𝑙 𝜆𝜆1 (2𝑛𝑛 + 1)𝑡𝑡ℎ 4𝑙𝑙
𝜆𝜆𝑛𝑛 = = 𝜆𝜆𝑛𝑛 = = 𝜆𝜆𝑛𝑛 =
((𝑛𝑛 − 1)𝑡𝑡ℎ 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 harmonic (𝑛𝑛𝑡𝑡ℎ 𝑛𝑛
Overtone, 𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑛−1 ) 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 Overtone, 𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑛 ) (2𝑛𝑛 − 1)𝑣𝑣
𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑛 = = 𝑛𝑛𝑓𝑓1 𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑛 = = 𝑛𝑛𝑓𝑓1 𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑛 =
or 2𝑙𝑙 2𝑙𝑙 4𝑙𝑙
(𝑛𝑛 + 1)𝑡𝑡ℎ = (2𝑛𝑛 − 1)𝑓𝑓1
harmonic (𝑛𝑛𝑡𝑡ℎ
Overtone, 𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑛 )
Velocity / Speed Velocity / Speed
𝑇𝑇 𝐸𝐸 𝐸𝐸
𝑣𝑣 = � 𝑣𝑣 = � = 340𝑚𝑚𝑠𝑠 −1 𝑣𝑣 = � = 340𝑚𝑚𝑠𝑠 −1
𝑚𝑚 𝜌𝜌 𝜌𝜌
T = tension in string (Newton) T = Elasticity T = Elasticity
m = mass per unit length of 𝜌𝜌 = density 𝜌𝜌 = density
the wire (𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑚𝑚−1 )
And sometimes denoted as
𝑀𝑀
𝜇𝜇 𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑟 𝜌𝜌. i.e 𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝜇𝜇 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝜌𝜌 =
𝑙𝑙
Frequency Frequency
𝑛𝑛 𝑇𝑇 𝑛𝑛 𝐸𝐸 𝑛𝑛 𝐸𝐸
𝑓𝑓 = � 𝑓𝑓 = � 𝑓𝑓 = �
2𝑙𝑙 𝑚𝑚 2𝑙𝑙 𝜌𝜌 4𝑙𝑙 𝜌𝜌

16. When the radius of the cross section of a fixed length of wire is halved, its resistance is

A. doubled B. quadrupled. C. tripled. D. squared.

Correct Answer: Option A

Explanation:

Note: Ratio of resistances before and after stretching

𝑅𝑅1 𝑙𝑙1 𝐴𝐴2 𝑙𝑙1 2 𝐴𝐴2 2 𝑟𝑟2 4 𝑑𝑑2 4
= × =� � =� � =� � =� �
𝑅𝑅2 𝑙𝑙2 𝐴𝐴1 𝑙𝑙2 𝐴𝐴1 𝑟𝑟1 𝑑𝑑1
(1) If length is given then
𝑅𝑅1 𝑙𝑙1 2
𝑅𝑅 ∝ 𝑙𝑙 2 ⇒ =� �
𝑅𝑅2 𝑙𝑙2
(2) If radius is given then
1 𝑅𝑅1 𝑟𝑟2 4
𝑅𝑅 ∝ 4 ⇒ =� �
𝑟𝑟 𝑅𝑅2 𝑟𝑟1

17. An object is placed at distance of 15cm from a convex mirror of radius of curvature 30cm. The virtual image
produced is located A. 7.5cm away from the mirror B. 0.0cm away from the mirror C. 10.0cm away from the
mirror D. 30.0cm away from the mirror

Correct Answer: Option A

Explanation: or a convex mirror, the focal length (f) is half the radius of curvature (R) and is negative:
𝑅𝑅 30
𝑓𝑓 = = = 15 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (but negative for convex mirrors, so 𝑓𝑓 = −15 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐)
2 2

Mirror Formula

The mirror formula is:

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1 1 1
= +
𝑓𝑓 𝑢𝑢 𝑣𝑣

where do is the object distance and di is the image distance.

Calculation

Given 𝑢𝑢 = 15 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 and 𝑓𝑓 = −15 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐:

1 1 1
= +
−15 15 𝑣𝑣
−1 1 1
= +
15 15 𝑣𝑣
−2 1
=
15 𝑣𝑣
15
𝑣𝑣 = −
2
𝑣𝑣 = −7.5 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐

The negative sign indicates that the image is virtual and behind the mirror.

18. Total eclipse of the sun occurs when A. earth in between the moon and the sun B. sun is between the moon and
the earth C. moon is between the sun and the earth D. ozone layer is threatened

19. A wave travelling along a spring A. cannot be transverse B. transports particles of matter C. has no kinetic
energy D. has a definite wavelength.

20. The resistivity of a given wire of cross sectional area 0.7𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 is 4.9 × 10−4 Ω𝑚𝑚. Calculate the resistance of a 2m
length of the wire. A. 6.9Ω B. 5.3Ω C. 2.8Ω D. 1.4Ω

21. A potentiometer wire carrying a steady current in 1m long with a standard cell e.m.f 1.5V suitably connected. A
balanced length of 44.0 cm was obtained. At what e.m.f of the cell will a balanced length of 68.9cm be obtained?
A. 0.85 V B. 1.70 V C. 3.40 V D. 5.25 V

22. When the distance between charges is increased to three times its original size, the magnitude of the force under
coulombs law is given as A. 1/16 F B. 1/9F C. 1/4F D. 2/9F

Correct Answer: Option B

Explanation: According to Coulomb's Law, the magnitude of the force F between two point charges 𝑞𝑞1 and 𝑞𝑞2 is
given by:
𝑘𝑘 ∣ 𝑞𝑞1 𝑞𝑞2 ∣
𝐹𝐹 =
𝑟𝑟 2
where: k is Coulomb's constant, and r is the distance between the charges.
If the distance r is increased to three times its original size (i.e., 𝑟𝑟′ = 3𝑟𝑟), the new force 𝐹𝐹′ can be expressed as:
𝑘𝑘 ∣ 𝑞𝑞1 𝑞𝑞2 ∣ 𝑘𝑘 ∣ 𝑞𝑞1 𝑞𝑞2 ∣ 𝑘𝑘 ∣ 𝑞𝑞1 𝑞𝑞2 ∣ 1 𝑘𝑘 ∣ 𝑞𝑞1 𝑞𝑞2 ∣ 1
𝐹𝐹′ = = = = = 𝐹𝐹
(𝑟𝑟′)2 (3𝑟𝑟)2 9𝑟𝑟 2 9 𝑟𝑟 2 9
Note: RATIOS:
𝐹𝐹 ′ 𝑞𝑞 ′ 𝑞𝑞 ′ 𝑟𝑟 2
• = � 1� � 2� � ′�
𝐹𝐹 𝑞𝑞1 𝑞𝑞2 𝑟𝑟
 Page |8

𝐹𝐹 ′ 𝑟𝑟 2
• = � ′�
𝐹𝐹 𝑟𝑟
𝐹𝐹 ′ 𝑞𝑞1′ 𝑞𝑞 ′
• = � � � 2�
𝐹𝐹 𝑞𝑞1 𝑞𝑞2
23. A proton moving at a speed of 1.0 × 106 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠 enters a magnetic field 𝐵𝐵 = 0.3𝑇𝑇 directed perpendicular to its
direction of motion. Given that the mass and charge of the proton are 1.67 × 10−27 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 and 1.6 × 10−19 𝐶𝐶
respectively, calculate the radius of the subsequent circle described by the proton. A. 2.9 × 10−3 𝑚𝑚
B. 3.5 × 10−2 𝑚𝑚 C. 1.7 × 10−1 𝑚𝑚 D. 5.8 × 10−4 𝑚𝑚
24. A 3𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇 capacitor is connected in series with a 6𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇 capacitor. When a 300V potential difference is applied across
this combination, the total energy stored in the two capacitors is A. 0.09 J. B. 0.18 J. C. 0.27 J. D. 0.14 J.

Correct Answer: Option A

Explanation: Calculate the equivalent capacitance 𝐶𝐶𝑒𝑒𝑞𝑞 for capacitors in series:

1 1 1
= +
𝐶𝐶𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝐶𝐶1 𝐶𝐶2

𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝐶𝐶1 = 3 𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐶𝐶2 = 6𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇:

1 1 1
= +
𝐶𝐶𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 3 6

1 2 1 3 1
= + = =
𝐶𝐶𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 6 6 6 2

Therefore,

𝐶𝐶𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 2𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇

Calculate the total energy stored E using the formula:

1
𝐸𝐸 = 𝐶𝐶𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑉𝑉 2
2
where 𝑉𝑉 = 300 𝑉𝑉:
1
𝐸𝐸 = × 2 × 10−6 𝐹𝐹 × (300 𝑉𝑉)2
2
1
𝐸𝐸 = × 2 × 10−6 × 90000
2
𝐸𝐸 = 1 × 10−6 × 90000

𝐸𝐸 = 0.09 𝐽𝐽

Shortcuts of formulas: for energy stored by a capacitor

Expression Description
1 Energy in terms of charge and voltage
𝐸𝐸 = 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞
2
1 2 Energy in terms of capacitance and voltage
𝐸𝐸 = 𝐶𝐶𝑉𝑉
2
1 𝑞𝑞2 Energy in terms of charge and capacitance
𝑈𝑈 =
2 𝐶𝐶
1 Energy in terms of electric field, area, and distance
𝐸𝐸 = 𝜖𝜖0 𝐸𝐸 2 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
2
 Page |9

1 Energy in terms of electric field and volume

𝐸𝐸 = 𝜖𝜖0 𝐸𝐸 2 𝑉𝑉
2
1 Energy per unit volume in terms of electric field
𝑈𝑈 = 𝜖𝜖0 𝐸𝐸 2
2
25. The low of induced e.m.f in a coil due to an alternating current in a neighboring coil is known as

A. capacitance. B. flux linkages. C. self inductance. D. mutual inductance.

Correct Answer: Option D

Explanation: MUTUAL INDUCTION
"When current passing through primary coil changes, an e.m.f is induced in the secondary coil, which phenomenon
is known as mutual induction."
• Flux Φ passing through each turn of the secondary coil is directly proportional to current through the
primary coil. 𝑁𝑁𝑠𝑠 𝛷𝛷𝑠𝑠 ∝ 𝐼𝐼𝑝𝑝
𝑁𝑁𝑠𝑠 𝛷𝛷𝑠𝑠 = 𝑀𝑀𝐼𝐼𝑝𝑝 or
• Induced e.m.f in the secondary coil is:
𝑑𝑑𝐼𝐼𝑝𝑝
𝜖𝜖𝑠𝑠 = −𝑀𝑀
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Mutual inductance:
"Ratio of average induced e.m.f in the secondary coil to current change in the primary coil is called mutual
inductance."
Its SI unit is Henry (𝐻𝐻 = 𝑉𝑉 ⋅ 𝑠𝑠 ⋅ 𝐴𝐴−1 ):
1. Number of turns of coils.
2. Area of the coils.
3. Closeness and orientation of coils.
4. Nature of core material
26. Beta ray emitted by radioactive substances is A. a pulse of electromagnetic wave.

B. an electron detached from an orbit outside the nucleus. C. an electron which was existing inside the nucleus

D. an electron, emitted by the nucleus as a result of decay of a neutron inside the nucleus.

27. A galvanometer bas a resistance of 4Ω By using a shunt wire of resistance 0.04Ω the galvanometer could be
converted to an ammeter ankle of reading 2.5 A. What is the current through galvanometer? A. 2 mA B. 10 mA.

C. 20 mẠ D. 25 mA.

28. Why was it effective for Compton to scatter electrons using X-ray and not microwaves? This is

Because A. x-rays are more penetrating than microwaves. B. x-rays have lower frequency than microwaves.

C. microwaves have shorter wavelengths than x-rays D. x-rays have shorter wavelength than microwaves.

29. What is the momentum of a photon of violet light that bas a wavelength of 4.00 × 102 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛?

A. 1.06 × 10−27 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠 B. 1.66 × 10−27 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠

C. 1.06 × 10−27 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 D. 2.46 × 10−26 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Correct Answer: Option B

ℎ
Explanation: From De-broglie’s equation. The momentum (p) of a photon is given by: 𝑝𝑝 =
𝜆𝜆
 P a g e | 10

where h is Planck's constant (6.626 × 10−34 J s) and λ is the wavelength.

Calculation

Given 𝜆𝜆 = 4.00 × 102 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = 4.00 × 10−7 𝑚𝑚:

ℎ 6.626 × 10−34
𝑝𝑝 = = = 1.6565 × 10^ − 2 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠
𝜆𝜆 4.00 × 10−7

30. In an x ray machine, electrons are accelerated and then fired so that they are incident on a metal target Which
part of the process produces the characteristic x-ray spectra? A. The incident electron loses energy. B. The incident
electron knocks an electron out of one of the metal atoms. C. A vacancy in an energy level in a metal atom is filled.
D. The incident electron emits an x-ray.

Correct Answer: Option C

Explanation:

Other Options - A. The incident electron loses energy: While the incident electron does lose energy, this is not the
specific process that produces characteristic x-ray spectra.

- B. The incident electron knocks an electron out of one of the metal atoms: This is a necessary step, but the
characteristic x-ray spectra are produced when the vacancy is filled, not when the electron is knocked out.

- D. The incident electron emits an x-ray: The incident electron itself does not emit the characteristic x-ray; rather, it
is the metal atom that emits the x-ray when the vacancy is filled.

General summary:

Features Characteristic X-rays Bremsstrahlung X-rays

Name Roentgen X-rays; Discontinuous X-rays Breaking X-rays; Continuous X-rays
Definition High-energy photon emitted due to inner shell High-energy photon emitted due to the
electron transition in heavy atom like tungsten deceleration of electrons in a target
Chances 1% 99%
Intensity Filament current ∝ thermionic 𝑒𝑒 − ∝ No. of X-ray photons ∝ Intensity
Spectrum Line (discontinuous) spectrum Continuous spectrum
Energy Depends on atomic number Depends on accelerating voltage
𝐸𝐸 ∝ 𝑓𝑓 ∝ √𝑍𝑍 (Mosley Law) 𝐸𝐸 ∝ 𝑉𝑉
K-Series Practically: 𝐾𝐾. 𝐸𝐸(𝑒𝑒 −) > 𝐸𝐸(𝑝𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜)
𝐸𝐸𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 > 𝐸𝐸𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 > 𝐸𝐸𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 Ideally: 𝐾𝐾. 𝐸𝐸(𝑒𝑒 − ) = 𝐸𝐸(𝑝𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜)
𝜆𝜆𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 < 𝜆𝜆𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 < 𝜆𝜆𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 ℎ𝑐𝑐
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 = ℎ𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =
L-Series 𝜆𝜆𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝐸𝐸𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 > 𝐸𝐸𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ∝ 𝑉𝑉 and 𝜆𝜆𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ∝
1
����� 𝑉𝑉
𝜆𝜆𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 < 𝜆𝜆𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐−𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤ℎ
Note: 𝐸𝐸𝑘𝑘 > 𝐸𝐸𝐿𝐿 and 𝜆𝜆𝑘𝑘 < 𝜆𝜆𝐿𝐿
Main Electron transition fills inner shell vacancy Electron deceleration causes photon
Interaction emission
Intensity Higher intensity at specific energies Varies continuously with energy
Common Medical imaging, cancer treatment Industrial radiography, material analysis
Uses
31. In NMR spectroscopy, the spinning nuclei in a strong magnetic field must be irradiated by which of the
following? A. Perpendicular and stronger field. B. Perpendicular and weaker field.

C. Parallel and stronger field. D. Parallel and weak a field

 P a g e | 11

Correct Answer: Option A

Explanation: In Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, spinning nuclei in a strong magnetic field (B)
are irradiated by a weaker radiofrequency (RF) field, which is applied perpendicular to the strong magnetic field.
This RF field disturbs the equilibrium state of the nuclei, causing them to absorb and emit radiation, which is then
detected to produce the NMR spectrum.

Key Points: i. Strong magnetic field (B): Aligns the nuclear spins.

ii. Weaker RF field: Disturbs the equilibrium state, causing absorption and emission of radiation.

iii. Perpendicular orientation: The RF field is applied at a 90-degree angle to the strong magnetic field.

32. The following are distinct regions in the p-n junction EXCEPT

A. p-region. B. depletion region. C. n-region D. bias region.

Correct Answer: Option D

Explanation:

33. One of the following types of radiation is NOT employed in food preservation.

A. Gamma rays. B. High energy x-rays.

C. Alpha particles. D. High energy electron beams

34. Two vectors M and N re given as follows: 𝑀𝑀 = 3.0𝑖𝑖 − 4.5𝑗𝑗 and 𝑁𝑁 = −2.5𝑖𝑖 − 5.0𝑗𝑗 Determine the

magnitude of their vector sum. A. 0.50 B. 0.71 C. 1.00 D. 5.70

35. A JUPEB Student of mass 0.1 kg moving with velocity of 20 𝑚𝑚𝑠𝑠−1 is hit by a force which acts on it for 0.02 s.
If the JUPEB student moves off in the opposite direction with a velocity of 25 𝑚𝑚𝑠𝑠 −1 , calculate the magnitude of the
force. A. 25 N B. 100 N C. 125 N D. 225 N

36. A car travels at a uniform speed through a level circular curve on the road. Which of the following

correctly describes the magnitude of the acceleration, velocity and force acting on the car?

Magnitude of Acceleration Magnitude of Velocity Magnitude of Force

A. Constant Changing Changing
B. Constant Constant Constant
C. Constant Changing Constant
D. Changing Changing Changing
 P a g e | 12

Correct Answer: Option B

Explanation: shortcuts: Following the general chart below

Nature of values of physical quantities Under the action of centripetal force

Constant quantities Speed, kinetic energy, angular speed, time period, angular
momentum (for uniform motion), magnitude of velocity (|𝑣𝑣|),
Note: in this case, magnitude of a quantity is magnitude of acceleration (|𝑎𝑎|), magnitude of linear
different from the quantity itself momentum (|𝑝𝑝|), magnitude of force.
Quantities that varies i.e changing direction Velocity, Acceleration, linear momentum, angular momentum (for
non-uniform motion) and Force
Quantities which are zero Work done, change in kinetic energy, tangential acceleration,
angular acceleration, tangential force, torque produced by
centripetal force, change in angular velocity and change on angular
momentum
37. A ball of mass 0.3 kg moving at a velocity of 20𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠 is suddenly hit by a force of 5N for a time of 0.03sec. Find
its new velocity of motion. A. 12.50 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠 B. 5.75 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠 C. 20.50 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠 D. 24.75 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠

38. A girl cannot see objects that are closer to her eves than 80 cm. Evaluate the power of the lens which

she will use to see clearly, objects at the least distance of distinct vision. A. 2.75 dioptres. B 4.15 dioptres.

C. 7.71 dioptres. D. 9.30 dioptres.

39. Which of the following characteristics of sound enables us to differentiate a high note from a low note?

A. Quality. B. Loudness. C. Pitch. D. Intensity.

40. The current through a resistor in an a.c. circuit is given as 𝐼𝐼 = 2𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠. Determine the d.c equivalent of the
1
current. A. 𝐴𝐴 B. 2√2 𝐴𝐴 C. 2A D. √2 𝐴𝐴
√2

41. The distance between the two lenses of a telescope under normal adjustment is

A. twice the focal length of the eyepiece.

B. twice the focal length of the objective lens.

C. positive difference between the focal lengths of the eyepiece and objective lens.

D. the sun of the focal lengths of the eye piece and the objective lens.

42. Calculate the wavelength of the second overtone of a string fastened tightly between two walls 24 cm apart.

A. 24 cm B. 16 cm C. 12 cm D. 8 cm

43. The wavelength of a sound wave in a certain material is 36.0 cm. What is the speed of the sound

wave in a period of 1.1millisecond? A. 300.0 m/s B. 327.3 m/s C. 342.0 m/s D. 360.0 m/s
 P a g e | 13

Correct Answer: Option B

𝜆𝜆
Explanation: The speed (v) of a sound wave is given by: 𝑣𝑣 = or 𝑣𝑣 = 𝜆𝜆𝜆𝜆
𝑇𝑇

where λ is the wavelength and T is the period or f is frequency.

Given 𝜆𝜆 = 36.0 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 0.36 𝑚𝑚 and 𝑇𝑇 = 1.1 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 1.1 × 10−3 𝑠𝑠:
𝜆𝜆 0.36
𝑣𝑣 = = = 327.27 ≈ 327.3 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠
𝑇𝑇 1.1 × 10−3
44. Which of the following is NOT an electromagnetic wave?

A. Cosmic ray. B. Gamma ray. C. B ray. D. X ray.

Correct Answer: Option C

Explanation:

Em waves / rays Frequency Wavelength

Radio waves
Micro waves
Infrared rays
Visible light
Ultraviolet rays
X-ray
Gamma ray
Cosmic rays
45. A proton moves directly vertically downwards into a horizontal magnetic field 𝐵𝐵 = 0.5 𝑇𝑇 from West

East, given that the speed of the proton is 5.6 x 10 m's, calculate the force acting on the proton.

A. 8.0 × 10−13 𝑁𝑁 B. 4.0 × 10−12 𝑁𝑁 C. 4.8 × 10−13 𝑁𝑁 D. 8.0 × 10−26 𝑁𝑁

46. The resistance of a conductor depends on the following EXCEPT

A. nature of material. B. area of cross-section, C. length. D. viscosity.

Correct Answer: Option D

𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟×𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿ℎ 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌
Explanation: unknown resistance, 𝑅𝑅 = =
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴

Shortcuts: Resistance is property of a wire and it depends on

Factors Relation
Length of conductor 𝑅𝑅 ∝ 𝐿𝐿
Area of conductor 1 𝜋𝜋𝑑𝑑 2
𝑅𝑅 ∝ 𝑖𝑖. 𝑒𝑒 �𝐴𝐴 = 𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟 2 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 �
𝐴𝐴 4
Note: wire or conductor is in cylindrical or circular form
Radius of conductor 1
𝑅𝑅 ∝ 2
𝑟𝑟
Diameter of conductor 1
𝑅𝑅 ∝ 2
𝑑𝑑
Temperature of conductor 𝑅𝑅 ∝ 𝑇𝑇
i.e 𝑅𝑅 = 𝑅𝑅0 (1 + 𝛼𝛼(𝑇𝑇 − 𝑇𝑇0 ))
Nature of material and Resistivity 𝑅𝑅 ∝ 𝜌𝜌
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌
i.e 𝑅𝑅 =
𝐴𝐴
 P a g e | 14

• Conductance also depends on all of the above but the relation is not the same rather inverse
• Resistivity and conductivity are both independent of length, area or dimensions of the conductor
• Resistivity and conductivity only depends on temperature and nature of material. i.e 𝜌𝜌 = 𝜌𝜌0 (1 + 𝛼𝛼(𝑇𝑇 − 𝑇𝑇0 )) and 𝜎𝜎 =
𝜎𝜎0 (1 + 𝛼𝛼(𝑇𝑇 − 𝑇𝑇0 )).
• Resistance and resistivity of metals increase linearly with temperature.
𝑅𝑅 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝜌𝜌

𝑇𝑇( ⬚0𝐶𝐶 )

47. Fusion is not usually used for generating electric power because

A. no energy is released when fusion takes place.

B. very high temperatures are required to initiate fusion reaction.

C. the raw materials needed are not easily available.

D. heavy nuclei are involved.

Difference between Nuclear fission and Nuclear fusion

Nuclear fission Nuclear fusion
A heavy nucleus breaks up to form two lighter nuclei. i.e Two light nuclei combine to form a heavy nucleus
Heavy nucleus → Light nuclei + Q (heat energy) i.e. Light nuclei → Heavy nucleus + Q (heat energy)

It involves a chain reaction. i.e diverges in a tree like form Chain reaction is not involved
of different reactions
The heavy nucleus is bombarded with neutrons. Two light nuclie having lowe B.E forms heavy nucleus B.E
𝐴𝐴 + 10𝑛𝑛 ⟶ 𝐵𝐵 + 𝐶𝐶 + 𝑄𝑄 𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵 ⟶ 𝐶𝐶 + 𝑄𝑄
Uranium-235 and Plutonium -239, either are primary Hydrogen isotopes ( 11𝐻𝐻, 21𝐻𝐻 & 31𝐻𝐻 ) are the primary reactants or
reactants or source of fuel primary source of fuel.
𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 > 230 are mostly used 𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 < 50 are mostly used
𝐵𝐵. 𝐸𝐸 𝐵𝐵. 𝐸𝐸 𝐵𝐵. 𝐸𝐸 𝐵𝐵. 𝐸𝐸
� � <� � � � >� �
𝐴𝐴 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝐴𝐴 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝐴𝐴 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝐴𝐴 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
𝐵𝐵. 𝐸𝐸 𝐵𝐵. 𝐸𝐸
� � ≈� �
𝐴𝐴 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝− 1 𝐴𝐴 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝− 2
Energy releases (Q): 𝑄𝑄𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 > 106 𝑄𝑄𝑐𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 Energy releases (Q): 𝑄𝑄𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 > 3 𝑄𝑄𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝑄𝑄𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 < 𝑄𝑄𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 Releases vast energy:
Releases small energy: ∼ 200 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 ∼ 20 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 per reaction
Products is less stable than reactants Products is more stable than reactants

Products are not radioactive. Products are always radioactive

Examples are: Examples are:

235 1 144 90 1 3 2 4 1
92U + 0𝑛𝑛 ⟶ 56𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 + 36𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾 + 2 0𝑛𝑛 1H + 1𝐻𝐻 ⟶ 2𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 + 0𝑛𝑛
235 1 148 85 1
92U + 0 𝑛𝑛 ⟶ 57 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 + 35 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 + 3 0𝑛𝑛 i.e tritium + deuterium = helium particle + neutron
239
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 + 10𝑛𝑛 ⟶ 144
56 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 + 90
36 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾 + 2 1
0𝑛𝑛 also, 11H + 11𝐻𝐻 ⟶ 21𝐻𝐻 + +10𝛽𝛽
i.e protium + protium = deuterium + positron
Used in atomic bombs: e.g., “Little Boy” on Hiroshima and Used in hydrogen bombs: e.g., Thermonuclear weapons
“Fat Man” on Nagasaki Japan.
 P a g e | 15

Fission reaction does not normally occur in nature Fusion occurs in plasma, stars, such as the sun
Critical mass of the substance and high speed neutrons are High density + high temperature (𝑇𝑇 ≫ 106 𝐾𝐾) are require
required

48. Calculate the radius of the orbit associated with the energy level 𝐸𝐸4 of the hydrogen atom.

A. 0.848 nm B. 0.34 nm C. 2.12 nm D. 0.477 m

Correct Answer: Option A

Explanation: Bohr’s radius, 𝑟𝑟𝑛𝑛 = 𝑛𝑛2 𝑟𝑟1 and radius of hydrogen atom, 𝑟𝑟1 = 0.053𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
∴ 𝑟𝑟4 = 42 × 0.053 = 0.848𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
Shortcut and trick: Common important quantized values
Level Quantum number Energy levels Bohr’s Radius
1 shell (ground state
st
𝑛𝑛 = 1 −𝐸𝐸0 ≅ −13.6𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑟𝑟1 ≅ 0.053𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
/ hydrogen atom level) Or 0.529Å
2nd shell 𝑛𝑛 = 2 −𝐸𝐸0 𝑟𝑟2 = 4𝑟𝑟1
= −3.4𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
4 0.212𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
3rd shell 𝑛𝑛 = 3 −𝐸𝐸0 𝑟𝑟3 = 9𝑟𝑟1
= −1.51𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
9 0.477𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
4th shell 𝑛𝑛 = 4 −𝐸𝐸0 𝑟𝑟4 = 16𝑟𝑟1
= −0.85𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
16 0.848𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
5th shell 𝑛𝑛 = 5 −𝐸𝐸0 𝑟𝑟5 = 25𝑟𝑟1
= −0.54𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
25 1.325𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛

Extra important shortcuts:

Quantized physical Relation Electron jumps from Electron jumps from

quantity lower to higher state higher to lower state
Radius 𝑟𝑟𝑛𝑛 = 𝑛𝑛2 𝑟𝑟1 Increases Decreases
Velocity 𝑉𝑉1 Decreases Increases
𝑉𝑉𝑛𝑛 =
𝑛𝑛
Momentum 𝑚𝑚𝑉𝑉1 Decreases Increases
𝑃𝑃𝑛𝑛 =
𝑛𝑛
Angular momentum ℎ Increases Decreases
𝐿𝐿𝑛𝑛 = 𝑛𝑛 � � = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
2𝜋𝜋
Kinetic Energy +𝐸𝐸0 Decreases Increases
𝐾𝐾. 𝐸𝐸𝑛𝑛 = 2
𝑛𝑛
Potential Energy −2𝐸𝐸0 Increases Decreases
𝑃𝑃. 𝐸𝐸𝑛𝑛 =
𝑛𝑛2
Total Energy −𝐸𝐸0 Increases Decreases
𝐸𝐸𝑛𝑛 =
𝑛𝑛2
Ionization Energy +𝐸𝐸0 Increases Decreases
𝐼𝐼. 𝐸𝐸𝑛𝑛 = 2
𝑛𝑛
Excitation Energy (energy 𝐸𝐸𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 𝐸𝐸𝑛𝑛 − 𝐸𝐸0 Decreases Increases
change /gap) 𝐸𝐸𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = ℎ𝑓𝑓 = 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
Time period 𝑇𝑇𝑛𝑛 ∝ 𝑛𝑛3 Increases Decreases
49. Which of the following is used in a nuclear reactor to slow down fast moving neutrons?
A. Carbon dioxide gas. B. Liquid sodium metal. C. Concrete shield. D. Graphite rods.

Correct Answer: Option D

Explanation: Shortcut: Components of Nuclear reactors
Component used to control Function / Use / Application
chain reaction
 P a g e | 16

i. Moderator (Graphite/ Used to slow down or reduce speed of the neutrons released, so that they won’t be
carbon rod and Heavy absorbed completely by the uranium and thereby preventing the chain reaction from
water/ Deuterium oxide) dying out.
ii. Control rods (Boron steel/ Used to control the rate of neutron production through absorption of the neutron. They
rods or cadmium are used) are inserted and withdrawn intermittently.
iii. Coolant (Heat exchangers) Used to reduce excessive heat produced in the reaction, so that the reactor is not so hot.
Commonly used coolants are water, 𝑪𝑪𝑶𝑶𝟐𝟐 , liquid Na, 𝑁𝑁2 etc.
iv. Protective Concrete A protective shield in the form a concrete thick wall surrounds the core of the reactor to
shield (Biological shield) save the persons working around the reactor from the hazardous radiations
v. Fissionable materials The fissionable material used in the reactor is called the fuel of the reactor. Uranium
(Fuel of reactor) isotope (𝑈𝑈 235 ), Thorium isotope (Tℎ232 ) and Plutonium isotopes (𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢239 , 𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢240 and
𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢241 ) are the most commonly used fuels in the reactor.
vi. Reactor Core The central part of the reactor where the nuclear reactions take place. It contains the
fuel, moderator, and control rods, facilitating the fission process
Uses of nuclear reactor
(i) In electric power generation.
(ii) To produce radioactive isotopes for their use in medical science, agriculture and industry.
(iii) In manufacturing of 𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢239 which is used in atom bomb.
(iv) They are used to produce neutron beam of high intensity which is used in the treatment of cancer and nuclear
research

50. Zener diode is used for A. current amplification. B. power amplification.

C. voltage regulation. D. energy conversion. [from Jamb-Q48, 2008]:

Correct Answer: Option C

Explanation:
Applications of Diode
Zener diode It is highly doped p-n junction diode used as voltage regular or stabilizer.
(Breakdown diode)
Photo diode (LSD) A p-n junction diode used to detect light signals operated in reverse bias. It is also called light signal
detector (LSD)
LED (light emitting A p-n junction that emits optical radiation under forward bias conditions. It is also called Optical radiation
diode) emitter
Solar cell Generates emf of its own due to the effect of sun radiations.
Tunnel Diode A heavily doped p-n junction diode that exhibits negative resistance, used in high-frequency applications.
Laser Diode A diode that emits coherent light when electrically biased in the forward direction, used in laser
applications.
Schottky Diode A diode with a low forward voltage drop, used in high-speed switching applications.
Note:
Breakdown in diodes are of two types
Zener Breakdown Avalanche Breakdown
Where covalent bonds of depletion layer, itself break, Here covalent bonds of depletion layers are broken by collision
due to high electric field. It is reverse biased. of “Minorities” which acquire high kinetic energy from high
electric field. It is reverse biased.
This phenomena takes place in This phenomena takes place in:
(i) P-N junction having “High doping” (i) P-N junction having “Low doping”
(ii) P-N junction having thin depletion layer (ii) P-N junction having thick depletion layer
Here P-N junction does not damage permanently Here P-N junction does not damage permanently due to abruptly
“In D.C voltage stabilizer Zener phenomena is used” increment of minorities during repetitive collisions.

SECTION B: ESSAY QUESTIONS

Answer FOUR Questions in ALL: ONE Question from each Course.

 P a g e | 17

PHY 001: MECHANICS AND PROPERTIES OF MATTER

1. (a) Define the following terms:

(i) Relative density: (ii) Viscosity; (iii) Moment of inertia; (iv) Surface tension. [4 Marks]

(b) (i) State Kepler's third law. [1 Mark]

Explanation: KEPLER’S LAWS OF PLANETARY MOTION

Planets are large natural bodies rotating around a star in definite orbits. The planetary system of the star sun called
solar system consists of nine planets, viz., Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto.
Out of these planets Mercury is the smallest and closest to the sun and so hottest. Jupiter is largest and has maximum
moons (12). Venus is closest to Earth and brightest. Kepler after a life time study, work out three empirical laws which
govern the motion of these planets and are known as Kepler’s laws of planetary motion. These are,
(1) The law of Orbits: Every planet moves around the sun in an elliptical orbit with sun at one of the foci.

(2) The law of Area: The line joining the sun to the planet sweeps out equal areas in equal interval of time. i.e. areal
velocity is constant. According to this law planet will move slowly when it is farthest from sun and more rapidly when
it is nearest to sun. It is similar to law of conservation of angular momentum.
𝐿𝐿
Areal velocity [𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐿𝐿 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ; 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = ]
𝑚𝑚
(3) The law of periods: The Square of period of revolution (T) of any planet around sun is directly proportional to
the cube of the semi-major axis of the orbit.
𝑟𝑟1 + 𝑟𝑟2 3
𝑇𝑇 2 ∝ 𝑎𝑎3 or 𝑇𝑇 2 ∝ � �
2
Proof: From the figure, 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 + 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹
2𝑎𝑎 = 𝑟𝑟1 + 𝑟𝑟2
𝑟𝑟1 + 𝑟𝑟2
∴ 𝑎𝑎 =
2
Where, a = semi-major axis
𝑟𝑟1 = Shortest distance of planet from sun (perigee).
𝑟𝑟2 = Largest distance of planet from sun (apogee).
(ii) An object is launched to air with an initial velocity 𝑣𝑣 = (12.5 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠)𝑖𝑖 + (20.0 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠)𝑗𝑗. Calculate the total time of
flight, T. [2 Marks]

Explanation: The time of flight (T) for a projectile launched with an initial velocity 𝑣𝑣 = 𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 𝑖𝑖 + 𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 𝑗𝑗 is given by:

2 𝑢𝑢𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦
𝑇𝑇 = =
𝑔𝑔 𝑔𝑔

where 𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 is the vertical component of the initial velocity and g is the acceleration due to gravity (approximately
10 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠 2 ).

Given 𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 = 20.0 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠:

2 × 20.0 40.0
𝑇𝑇 = = = 4.0 𝑠𝑠
10 10
(c) Using dimensional analysis, find the relation between the viscous force F on a spherical body of radius r, angular
velocity 𝜔𝜔 and its coefficient of viscosity, 𝜂𝜂. [3 Marks]
 P a g e | 18

2. (a) Differentiate between contact force and field force and give TWO examples of each type of force. [2 Marks]

Explanation: Forces may be classified into the following two classes:

• Contact forces
• Action-at-a-distance (force fields)
Classification of Forces Description Examples
Contact Forces Arise from physical contact between two bodies, where - Force exerted by the wind
one exerts force on the other. - Force of friction
Action-at-a-Distance Do not involve physical contact; act through the space - Gravitational force
(Force Fields) between bodies. - Magnetic force
- Electrical force
(b) (i) Explain each of the following as used in projectile motion: Time of flight and Range. [2 Marks]

Explanation:

(ii) A particle accelerates at 10 𝑚𝑚𝑠𝑠 −2 from rest for 6 s. Calculate distance covered by the particle in the 6th second.
[2 Marks]

Explanation:

Calculate the distance covered in the first 6 seconds first using the equation:
1
𝑠𝑠 = 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 + 𝑎𝑎𝑡𝑡 2
2

Substituting the values:

1
𝑠𝑠 = 0 × 6 + × 10 × (62 )
2
𝑠𝑠 = 12 × 10 × 36 = 180 𝑚𝑚

Now, calculate the distance covered in the first 5 seconds:

1
𝑠𝑠5 = 𝑢𝑢 × 5 + 𝑎𝑎 × (52 )
2

Substituting the values:

1
𝑠𝑠5 = 0 × 5 + × 10 × (52 )
2
𝑠𝑠5 = 12 × 10 × 25 = 125 𝑚𝑚

The distance covered in the 6th second s6 can be found by subtracting the distance covered in the first 5 seconds
from the total distance covered in 6 seconds:

𝑠𝑠6 = 𝑠𝑠 − 𝑠𝑠5 = 180 − 125 = 55 𝑚𝑚

𝑎𝑎
Shortcut: Distance covered in nth seconds is given as: 𝑆𝑆𝑛𝑛 = 𝑢𝑢 + � � (2𝑛𝑛 − 1)
2

where u is the initial velocity (0, since it starts from rest), a is the acceleration, and n is the second.
 P a g e | 19

Calculation

Given 𝑎𝑎 = 10 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠 2 , 𝑢𝑢 = 0, 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑛𝑛 = 6:

10
𝑆𝑆6 = 0 + � � ((2 × 6) − 1) = 5 × 11 = 55 𝑚𝑚
2
(c) A copper ball of density 8900 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑚𝑚−3 weighs 50N in air. Calculate its weight when it is totally immersed in a
methylated spirit of density 800 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑚𝑚−3 . [𝑔𝑔 = 9.8𝑚𝑚𝑠𝑠 −2 ] [4 Marks]

PHY 002: HEAT, WAVES AND OPTICS

3. (a) (i) Distinguish between heat and temperature. [2 Marks]

Explanation:

Heat Temperature
It is an energy It is not an energy, but a physical thermal quantity
It is measured in joules It is measured in kelvin
It is measured of the total amount of energy possessed It is a measure of average K.E of molecules of a piece
by the molecules in a piece of matter of matter.
There is no specific measuring instrument for heat The thermometer is a measuring instrument for
temperature
Heat has ability to do work Temperature can only be used to measure the degree of
heat in a body
(ii) State any THREE reasons why mercury is preferred to alcohol as a thermometric liquid. [3 Marks]

Explanation:

(b) (i) State Boyle's law and express its mathematical relations. [2 Marks]

(ii) A gas contained in a cylinder is of volume 1.0 × 10−2 𝑚𝑚2 temperature 325 K and pressure 2.7 × 105 𝑁𝑁𝑚𝑚−2 .
When some of the gas is used at constant temperature, the pressure falls to 1.2 × 105 𝑁𝑁𝑚𝑚−2 . Calculate the number
of moles of the gas used. (Take 𝑅𝑅 = 8.3 𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽𝑙𝑙 −1 𝐾𝐾) [3 Marks]

4. (a) (i) Define specific latent heat of fusion, and state its unit. [2 Marks]

(ii) A 250 g of water at 65° C is added to 150 g of water at 5° C. Neglecting beat absorbed by the surrounding,
determine the equilibrium temperature of the mixture. (S.H.C. of water 4200 𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽𝑔𝑔−1 𝐾𝐾 −1 ] [3 Marks]

(b) (i) A piano string has a mass of 252 g and length 120.0 cm. Calculate the linear mass density of the string

(ii) How much tension must be applied to the string for it to vibrate at a fundamental frequency of 50.0 Hz?

(iii) Determine the frequency of the third and four harmonics. [5 Marks]

PHY 003: ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

5. (a) Define the following: (i) Electric field intensity; (ii) Electric potential. (2 Marks]
 P a g e | 20

(b) (i) State the Gauss law mathematically and define the terms in the equation.

(ii) A point charge of 50C is placed at the centre of a cube of sides 15 cm, find the: total flux through the whole
surface of the cube and the flux through each face of the cube. [5 Marks]

(c) Calculate the electric field intensity and electric potential due to a positive charge of 5.2 × 10−9 𝐶𝐶 at a point
20cm away. [3 Marks]

6 (a) (i) Explain the term "capacitance" of a capacitor. (ii) Define the term "Coulomb". [2 Marks]

(b) Evaluate the amount of charge through the 6lament of a 220 V, 100 W electric bulb in 4 s. [2 Marksl

(c) Give THREE examples of non-ohmic conductors with their respective I-V characteristics. [6 Marks]

Explanation: - Devices which obey ohm’s law are called ohmic conductors. e.g All metals (metallic conductors),
Iron, copper, silver, Aluminium, carbon resistors, even bilateral devices (resistors, capacitors, inductors, eureka
wires, constantan wires and other alloys) follow ohmic behaviour as the magnitude of their resistance, conductance
and current do not vary with the changing polarity i.e they are constant.
- On the otherhand, Devices which do not obey ohm’s law are called non-ohmic conductors e.g Tungsten bulb,
Diode, Op-Amp, Transistors, Vacuum tubes, Discharge tubes, Thermistors i.e all unilateral devices
(Semiconductors) are invalid for ohmic behaviour since the magnitude of their resistance, conductance and current
vary with the changing polarity.
- Insulators do not allow flow of current through them, hence are not classified as a conductors and yet are ohm’s
law invalid. e.g glass, plastic, quartz, wood, rubber, foam, paper.
Note: Ohmic devices (metallic conductors) ⟹ Ohm’s law valid
Non-Ohmic devices (Semiconductors) ⟹ Ohm’s law invalid
Insulators (non-conductors) ⟹ Ohm’s law invalid
Also note: I-V graph for ohmic devices is a straight line graph which represents conductance as slope in graph

𝐼𝐼

𝑉𝑉
i.e Slope of I-V graph = Conductance (G)
Slope of V-I graph = Resistance (R)
𝑉𝑉
i.e From ohm’s law: 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = ⟹ 𝑖𝑖. 𝑒𝑒 𝑉𝑉 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐼𝐼
𝐼𝐼
1 1 𝐼𝐼
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = = = ⟹ 𝑖𝑖. 𝑒𝑒 𝐼𝐼 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑉𝑉
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑉𝑉/𝐼𝐼 𝑉𝑉
Note: Linear graph ⟹ Ohmic devices
Non-Linear ⟹ Non-Ohmic devices
 P a g e | 21

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷: 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵:

𝐼𝐼 𝐼𝐼

𝑉𝑉
𝑉𝑉

PHY 004: MODERN PHYSICS

7. (a) Give TWO applications each of X-rays, ultrasound and NMR. (3 Marks]

(b) (i) Give ONE difference between P-type and N-type semiconductors. [1 Mark]

Intrinsic semiconductor Extrinsic semiconductor

Pure type P-type N-type
pure semiconductor is Trivalent (III-group elements) impurity Pentavalent (V-group elements)
either in Tetravalent atoms are added in pure semiconductor impurity atoms are added in pure
(group IV e.g Ge, Si) or e.g Ga, B, In, Al etc. semiconductor e.g P, As, Sb, Bi, Sn
Hexavalent (groupVI e.g etc
Se,Te) atoms

Tetravalent atoms have no Trivalent atoms are known as acceptor Petavalent atoms are known as donor
impurity i.e not doped atoms or impurity (𝑁𝑁𝐴𝐴 ) atoms or impurity (𝑁𝑁𝐷𝐷 )

Current due to electron and Majority charge carriers are holes Majority charge carriers are electrons
hole. Quantity of electrons Minority charge carriers are electrons Minority charge carriers are holes
& holes are equal i.e 𝑛𝑛ℎ >> 𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒 (𝑁𝑁𝐴𝐴 = 𝑛𝑛ℎ ) i.e 𝑛𝑛ℎ << 𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒 (𝑁𝑁𝐷𝐷 = 𝑛𝑛ℎ )
i.e 𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒 = 𝑛𝑛ℎ = 𝑛𝑛𝐼𝐼
Electrons move from high Holes move from high potential to low Electrons move from low potential to
potential to low potential; potential. high potential
holes move from low
potential to high potential
Entirely neutral Entirely neutral Entirely neutral
 P a g e | 22

Mobility of electrons and Mobility of holes is low Mobility of electrons is high

holes is similar
Current, 𝐼𝐼 = 𝐼𝐼𝑒𝑒 + 𝐼𝐼ℎ Current, 𝐼𝐼 ≈ 𝐼𝐼ℎ Current, 𝐼𝐼 ≈ 𝐼𝐼𝑒𝑒
Current density 𝐽𝐽 = Current density 𝐽𝐽 = 𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑛ℎ 𝑣𝑣ℎ Current density 𝐽𝐽 = 𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒 𝑣𝑣𝑒𝑒
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛[𝑣𝑣𝑒𝑒 + 𝑣𝑣ℎ ]
1 1 1
Conductivity 𝜎𝜎 = = Conductivity 𝜎𝜎 = = 𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑛ℎ 𝜇𝜇ℎ Conductivity 𝜎𝜎 = = 𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒 𝜇𝜇𝑒𝑒
𝜌𝜌 𝜌𝜌 𝜌𝜌
𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒[𝜇𝜇𝑒𝑒 + 𝜇𝜇ℎ ]
Note: Mass action law: 𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖2 = 𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒 × 𝑛𝑛ℎ

(ii) Calculate the binding energy for the nuclide 62

28𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 which has an atomic mass of 61.928349u.

(Take the mass of proton = 1.007825u; mass of neutron = 1.008665u: and 1𝑢𝑢 = 931.5𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀/𝑐𝑐 2 [3 Marks]

(c) A metallic surface has a work function of 5.0 × 10−16 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒, Calculate the frequency of the photon whose energy is
required to eject electron with a kinetic energy of 5.5 × 10−14 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒. [3 Marks]

8 (a) Explain the following terms and give TWO examples of each (i) Isotopes; (ii) Isobar. [2 Marks]

The atom of an element X having mass number (A) and atomic number (Z) may be represented by a symbol, 𝐴𝐴𝑍𝑍𝑋𝑋.
Different types of atomic species
Atomic species Similarities Differences Examples
Isotopes (i) Atomic No. (Z) (ii) (i) Mass No. (A) (ii) No. (i) 11𝐻𝐻 , 21𝐻𝐻, 31𝐻𝐻
(Soddy) No. of protons (iii) No. of neutrons (iii) Physical (ii) 168O,178O,188O
of electrons (iv) properties (iii) 3517Cl,3717Cl
Electronic configuration
(v) Chemical properties
(vi) Position in the
periodic table
Isobars (i) Mass No. (A) (ii) (i) Atomic No. (Z) (ii) (i) 4018Ar,4019K,4020Ca
No. of nucleons No. of protons, electrons (ii) 13052Te,13054Xe,13056Ba
and neutrons .
(iii)Electronic
configuration (iv)
Chemical properties (v)
Position in the perodic
table.
Isotones No. of neutrons (i) Atomic No. (ii) Mass (i) 3014Si,3115P,3216S
No., protons and (ii) 3919K,4020Ca
electrons. (iii) Electronic (iii) 31H,42He
configuration (iv) (iv) 136C,147N
Physical and chemical
properties (v) Position in
the periodic table.
Isodiaphers Isotopic No. (N ? Z) or (i) At No., mass No., (i)92U235,90Th231
(A ? 2Z) electrons, protons, (ii) 19K39,9F19
neutrons. (ii) Physical (iii) 29Cu65,24Cr55
and chemical properties.
Isoelectronic (i) No. of electrons (ii) At. No., mass No. (i) N2O,CO2,CNO−(22e−)
species Electronic configuration (ii) CO,CN−,N2(14e−)
(iii) H−,He,Li+,Be2+(2e−)
(iv)P3−,S2−,Cl−,Ar,K+andCa2+(18e−)
Isosters (i) No. of atoms (ii) No. (i) N2 and CO
of electrons (iii) (ii) CO2 and N2O
 P a g e | 23

Physical and chemical (iii) HCl and F2

properties. (iv) CaO and MgS
(v) C6H6 and B3N3H6
Mirror nuclei : Nuclei having the same A but with the proton 1H3 and 2He3,
mass number number (Z) and neutron 3Li7 and 4Be7
number (A-Z) 9Be4 and 9B5
interchanged (or whose 6Li3 and 6Be4
atomic number differ by
1) are called mirror
nuclei for example.

(b) Define the following terms: (i) Decay constant (𝜆𝜆): (ii) Half-life. [2Marks]

(c) (i) The ground state of hydrogen is −13.6𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 and the first excited state is −0.85𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒. Calculate the wavelength of
the radiation emitted if the atom returns from this excited state to the ground state. [3 Marks]

S.N Spectral Lies in the Transition 𝑛𝑛12 𝑛𝑛22 𝑛𝑛12 𝝀𝝀𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑛𝑛22
o. series region 𝒏𝒏𝟐𝟐 > 𝒏𝒏𝟏𝟏 𝝀𝝀𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝝀𝝀𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = = 2
(𝑛𝑛22 − 𝑛𝑛12 )𝑅𝑅 𝑹𝑹 𝝀𝝀𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 (𝑛𝑛2 − 𝑛𝑛12 )𝜆𝜆𝜆𝜆
(1) Lymann Ultraviolet 𝒏𝒏𝟏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟏 𝒏𝒏𝟏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟏 and 𝒏𝒏𝟐𝟐 = 𝟐𝟐 𝒏𝒏𝟏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟏 and 𝟒𝟒
series region 𝒏𝒏𝟐𝟐 = 𝟐𝟐, 𝟑𝟑, 𝟒𝟒. . . . ∞ 𝟒𝟒 𝒏𝒏𝟐𝟐 = ∞ 𝟑𝟑
𝝀𝝀𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝟏𝟏
𝟑𝟑𝑅𝑅
𝝀𝝀𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 =
𝑅𝑅
(2) Balmer Visible 𝒏𝒏𝟏𝟏 = 𝟐𝟐 𝒏𝒏𝟏𝟏 = 2 and 𝒏𝒏𝟏𝟏 = 𝟐𝟐 and
series region 𝒏𝒏𝟐𝟐 = 𝟑𝟑, 𝟒𝟒, 𝟓𝟓. . . . ∞ 𝒏𝒏𝟐𝟐 = 𝟑𝟑 𝒏𝒏𝟐𝟐 = ∞ 𝟗𝟗
𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝝀𝝀𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝟒𝟒𝑅𝑅 𝟓𝟓
𝝀𝝀𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 =
𝟓𝟓𝑅𝑅
(3) Paschen Infra red 𝒏𝒏𝟏𝟏 = 3 𝒏𝒏𝟏𝟏 = 3 and 𝒏𝒏𝟐𝟐 = 𝟒𝟒 𝒏𝒏𝟏𝟏 = 𝟑𝟑 and 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
series region 𝒏𝒏𝟐𝟐 = 𝟒𝟒, 𝟓𝟓, 𝟔𝟔. . . . ∞ 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒏𝒏𝟐𝟐 = ∞ 𝟕𝟕
𝝀𝝀𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 =
𝟕𝟕𝑅𝑅 𝝀𝝀𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝟗𝟗𝑅𝑅
(4) Brackett Infra red 𝒏𝒏𝟏𝟏 = 𝟒𝟒 𝒏𝒏𝟏𝟏 = 𝟒𝟒 and 𝒏𝒏𝟏𝟏 = 𝟒𝟒 and
series region 𝒏𝒏𝟐𝟐 = 𝟓𝟓, 𝟔𝟔, 𝟕𝟕. . . . ∞ 𝒏𝒏𝟐𝟐 = 𝟓𝟓 𝒏𝒏𝟐𝟐 = ∞ 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 × 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝝀𝝀𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝑅𝑅 𝟗𝟗
𝝀𝝀𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 =
𝟗𝟗𝑅𝑅
(5) Pfund Infra red 𝒏𝒏𝟏𝟏 = 𝟓𝟓 𝒏𝒏𝟏𝟏 = 5 and 𝒏𝒏𝟏𝟏 = 5 and 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
series region 𝒏𝒏𝟐𝟐 = 𝟔𝟔, 𝟕𝟕, 𝟖𝟖. . . . ∞ 𝒏𝒏𝟐𝟐 = 6 𝒏𝒏𝟐𝟐 = ∞ 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
25 × 36 𝝀𝝀𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 25𝑅𝑅
𝝀𝝀𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 =
11𝑅𝑅
(6) Humphre Far infrared 𝒏𝒏𝟏𝟏 = 6 𝒏𝒏𝟏𝟏 = 6 and 𝒏𝒏𝟐𝟐 = 7 𝒏𝒏𝟏𝟏 = 6 and 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒
y series region 𝒏𝒏𝟐𝟐 = 7,8. . . . ∞ 36 × 49 𝒏𝒏𝟐𝟐 = ∞ 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
𝝀𝝀𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 =
13𝑅𝑅 𝝀𝝀𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝑅𝑅

(ii) A piece of bone from an archaeological site is found to give a count rate 15 counts/min. A similar sample of
fresh bone gives a count rate of 19 counts/min. Calculate the age of the specimen. (Given that the half-life of carbon
14 is 5530 years] [3 Marks]