International Association for

Sedimentologists Conference 2024

Abstracts Poster Presentations

PROVENANCE OF THE OTI AND TAMALE GROUP, VOLTAIAN
SUPERGROUP, GHANA
Ms. Jennifer Agbetsoamedo1, Prof. Daniel Asiedu, Prof. Chris Anani, Naa Bruce Banoeng-
Yakubo
1Department of Earth Science, University of Ghana

The Neoproterozoic Voltaian Supergroup (VS) is constituted by three Groups: the Kwahu, Oti
and the Tamale Groups. In Ghana, the Voltaian Supergroup occupies an approximate area
of ∼115,000 km2 with depth of up to 5–7 km, occupying the southeastern part of the West
African Craton. This study investigated the provenance of the sediments of the Oti and
Tamale Groups by studying the detrital framework grain compositions of the sandstones
constituting the Oti and Tamale Groups. Field samples were collected from the most
accessible units of the main formations and thin sections produced from the sandstone
samples. Modal analysis of the framework grains was carried out by making 500 counts of
the quartz (Q), feldspar (F) and lithic (L) grains. Analyzing the modes on the ternary plots,
plutonic rocks (granites) and metamorphic sources (gneisses) are suggested as the source
lithologies for the sandstone samples of the Oti and Tamale Groups. To ascertain the
provenance of the finer sediments, geochemical studies was carried out in addition to the
sandstone studies. Binary and ternary plots of some trace element proxies such as Cr/V vs
Y/Ni, La/Th vs Hf, La-Th-Sc proposes granitic and mixed felsic/basic source of the Oti and
Tamale Groups. In addition to that, Th-Hf-Co ternary plots also suggest the mudstone and
sandstones to be similar in composition to the Post Archean Australian Shales (PAAS) and
the Upper Continental Crust (UCC). Calculated Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr model ages place the age of
the source of the sediments between 720 Ma to 1.58 Ga. The isotopic data also suggests a
continental crustal source. A composite of the detrital framework analysis, geochemical and
isotopic studies suggest the older Kwahu Group, the adjacent Pan African gneissic-granitic
rocks and the amazonian craton to be the possible sources of the Oti and Tamale Groups.
Changes in the benthic foraminiferal assemblage within the Middle
Eocene Bassein B Formation, Bombay Offshore Basin, Western India
Ms Sreetama Aich1, Dr Sudipta Dasgupta1, Dr Sonal Khanolkar2, Dr Kumar Hemant Singh1
1Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute Of Technology Bombay (IIT Bombay),
2GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research

The Eocene Epoch is punctuated by climatic perturbations and their consequent biotic
reorganizations and turnover events. Our present study is based on samples of core-well
sections of the Bassein B Formation from the Bombay Offshore Basin, Western India
belonging to the Shallow Benthic Zone (SBZ) 14-17 (mid-Lutetian to Bartonian age; Cotton et
al., 2019). Our study documents the benthic foraminiferal distributions across the Bassein B
Formation and aims to understand the cause of these reorganizations. The Bassein B
Formation a shallow-water carbonate sequence, is sub-divided into lower (SBZ 14-15) and
upper (SBZ 16-17) units. The Lower Bassein B Formation is dominated by larger benthic
foraminifera (LBF) orthophragminidae (Discocyclina-Asterocyclina)- Nummulites assemblage
in a wackestone lithology which suggests an outer ramp depositional environment. The first
appearance of Palaeonummulites spp is also recorded within the Lower Bassein B
formation. In the Upper Bassein B Formation (SBZ 16-17), we witness; dominant
occurrences of smaller benthic foraminifers Rotaliids, Bulimina sp., Nonion sp.,
Quinqueloculina sp. Amongst the LBFs we document common occurrences of Idalina sp.,
Austrotrillina sp., Rhabdorites sp., Medocia sp., Borelis sp., Nummulites sp., Fabulariids, and
Peneroplids; along with several conical taxa Dictyoconus sp., Coskinolina sp., and Fallotella
sp. The first appearance of Orbitolites sp. is documented within this unit. The major change
in foraminiferal assemblage showcasing deposition within an outer ramp (open marine
environment) setting in SBZ14/15 to an inner ramp (restricted marine environment) setting
of SBZ16/17 along with local appearances and disappearances (Orthophragminids) of taxa
can be attributed to regional depositional history. The global scale warming event Middle
Eocene Climatic Optimum which spans the SBZ 17 biozone may have further caused an
increase in hypersaline conditions which led to the dominance of Miliolids, conical LBFs,
textularids, triserial and biserial smaller benthic foraminifera as observed from sections
within Kutch onshore Basin in Western India.
Cyclicity in Early Anisian fluvial to shallow-marine transition in NW
Bulgaria
Dr. George Ajdanlijsky1, Ivan Gorchev
1Geological Institute, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria

The Early Anisian (Aegean) transition from continental fluvial to shallow marine carbonate
settings in NW Bulgaria, comprise set of nineteen mixed terrigenous-carbonate
parasequences, is studied in ten detailed lithofacies sections along the Iskar River gorge. The
time range of the individual parasequences, marked by traceable flooding surfaces,
corresponds to a cyclicity of 21 Ky, and the entire interval represents a mesoscale sequence
unit comprising about 400 Ky. The terrestrial lithofacieses are represented by four
psammitic, four fine-grained and two paleosol related, while the marine ones are related by
two limestone, three dolomite and three hyporock types. The data obtained are subjected
to Markov Chain Analysis (MCA) with over 220 transitions in every section, used for
intersection correlation purposes.
The sections are divided into four intervals, representing the passage of sedimentation
processes through three distinct depositional settings. The lowermost four parasequences
are dominated by terrestrial fluvial processes, but their base demonstrate evidence of inner-
coastal to supratidal-plain setting. The channel erosion, local slump induced synsedimentary
deformations, and in-situ and allochthonous paleosol products are typical. The
parasequence’s MCA chi-square is ranging between 110-130. Upwards, in the next six
parasequences, presented lithofacieses associated with inner coastal to supratidal plain
prevails. The share of dolomite and marl, together with wave ripple, flaser and lenticular
structures, and intensive bioturbation, increasing. MCA chi-square decreases to 85-100.
The third interval demonstrates features of inter- to subtidal plain settings. Here, in three
relatively thin parasequences, where bioclastic and clayey limestones associate with the
dominant dolomites and marls, the maximum flooding zone is recognized. MCA chi-square
demonstrates lowest levels - 50-70. Uppermost interval, spanning a set of six
parasequences, demonstrates a relative return of settings back to inter- to supratidal plain
conditions, where marls and hyporocks alternate with often enriched by crinoid dolomite.
MCA chi-square value again raised to 120-140.
Detrital zircon U-Pb ages in the estimation of sediment provenance
of late Permian to early Triassic Rustler and Dewey Lake Formations
in northern Delaware Basin, New Mexico, USA.
Miss Omonde Sitou Akakpo1, Jennifer Noelle Gifford1, Dennis Powers1, Robert Holt1
1The University of Mississippi

Detrital zircon provenance studies on Permian formations in the Delaware Basin

(westernmost sub-unit of the Permian Basin in Southwest United States) have been mainly
focused on middle Permian deposits. Information on late Permian sediment provenance for
this area is rare and based on inferences, if not non-existent. We are presenting new detrital
zircon U-Pb ages to estimate sediment provenance of late Permian and early Triassic Rustler
and Dewey Lake Formations, with a first-ever provenance study on the Rustler and an
overall continuity of sediment source studies in the Delaware Basin.
As the last two of four late Permian-early Triassic formations (in ascending order: Castile,
Salado, Rustler, and Dewey Lake), the Rustler and the Dewey Lake mark the end of thick
evaporite sequences in the Delaware Basin and the beginning of transgression/regression
deposits and continental redbeds. Previous studies on middle-Permian deposits revealed
various potential sediments sources from Laurentia (mainly North America) and from peri-
Gondwanan terranes now in Central America, with primary source shifts from Laurentia to
Gondwana and back to Laurentia between late Carboniferous and middle Permian. Current
data from this study on sandstones from the Rustler and the Dewey Lake in northern
Delaware Basin, show similar sources with major inputs from Laurentia compared to peri-
Gondwanan terranes, confirming the observed pattern in older sediments up until middle
Permian.
This study provides new data on the geochronology of the Rustler and the Dewey Lake in
northern Delaware Basin and furthers the understanding on the sediment dispersal
dynamics at the time of the complete formation of Pangea and on the role of geographic
locations regarding zircon signatures.
Deep Learning in Reservoir Characterization: A GAN-based Approach
Abdulrahman Al-Fakih1, Assistant Professor A. KOESHIDAYATULLAH1, Associate Professor S.
Kaka1
1College of Petroleum Engineeringand Geosciences, King FahdUniversity of Petroleum

Minerals
Effective reservoir characterization is vital for optimizing oil and gas production and
minimizing exploration risks. This study explores the use of Generative Adversarial Networks
(GANs) to address the limitations of traditional machine learning in handling complex
geological patterns and generating high-resolution data representations.

Recent advancements in deep learning, particularly GANs, have shown promise in delivering
accurate reservoir property models. This research presents an innovative approach that
integrates seismic data and well logs to create high-fidelity 3D geological models of
subsurface reservoirs.

The study follows a systematic workflow, focusing on data collection and preparation,
reservoir modeling with GANs, evaluation of results, and integration with other data
sources. The North Sea and Netherlands field data are used, with an emphasis on data
preprocessing to ensure quality and consistency.

A deep convolutional GAN (DCGAN) model is employed to capture intricate spatial

distribution of critical reservoir properties. Quantitative metrics and visual analysis are used
to evaluate the accuracy of the generated synthetic reservoir models.

Integration with diverse data sources enriches the understanding of reservoir properties and
behavior. This approach combines GAN technology with traditional reservoir
characterization methodologies to provide more accurate models.

Preliminary results show promise, with the methodology offering a robust and reliable tool
for subsurface modeling. It represents a significant step forward in the domain of reservoir
characterization, offering a more sustainable and efficient future for the oil and gas
industry.

In conclusion, this research presents an innovative and advanced approach to multi-

dimensional reservoir characterization using GANs, with the potential to revolutionize the
oil and gas industry and broader geoscience applications.
Understanding Potential of Punjab Platform with reference to the
Infra-Cambrian reservoir (Bilara Dolomite) Pakistan
Dr. Syed Haroon Ali1, Prof Shahid Ghazi2, Mr. Muhammad Jamil Khalid3, Mr. Muhammad
Waqas1
1Department of Earth Sciences, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan, 40100, 2Institute

of Geology University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan, 3Pakistan Petroleum Limited, Karachi,
Pakistan
The Bilara dolomite in the Baghewala-1, Kalrewala-2, and Tarriwala-1 wells of the Bikaner-
Nagaur Basin of India are proven reservoirs. This article investigates the facies and
hydrocarbon potential of the Bilara Dolomite Formation in the Punjab Platform, Pakistan.
The Punjab Platform Basin is still in the frontier exploration stage due to lack to data and
few wells. The dataset available for this study includes the GR (Gamma-Ray) logs of 6 wells
namely, Fort Abbas-1, Marot-1, Karampur-1, Bahawalpur East-1, Bahawalpur X-1, and Suji-1.
This paper adds significant insights into the depositional settings and evolution of the Bilara
Dolomite by integrating well data, electric facies and GR trends. Well logs trends of facies
assist in identifying probable reservoirs and tight zones. The isopach maps help in
deciphering the thickness of Bilara in various parts of the Punjab Platform and underlying
horst and graben structures. The Bilara carbonates were deposited in coastal marine
environments, particularly in supratidal to intertidal zones to lagoonal environment. On the
Punjab Platform, the average porosity distribution pattern shows good reservoir
characteristics, with an increase in average porosity towards the west. The findings of this
study not only shed light on the Bilara Dolomite's petroleum potential, but they also provide
useful information for regional geological models and exploration tactics and decision-
making.
Sedimentology and Stratigraphic Evolution of the Early Cambrian
Ambar Formation and Implications for Paleo-environmental
reconstruction along the southern margin of Tethys, Peshawar Basin,
Pakistan.
Prof Shahid Ghazi1, Mr. Samuel Sajan1, Dr. Syed Haroon Ali2, Mr. Muhamad Waqas1
1Institute of Geology University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan, 2Department of Earth

Science University of Sargodha, Pakistan 40100

The 88 to150 m-thick Early Cambrian Ambar Formation of the Peshawar Basin, Pakistan is
predominantly a sandy dolomite, massive dolomite, dolomitic limestone, calcareous
quartzite, subordinate phyllite/argillite and minor shale succession within which variety of
lithofacies recognized including; Massive dolomite, Sandy dolomite, Thin-bedded sandy
dolomite, Laminated sandy dolomite, Dolomitic limestone, Quartzite and Argillite/Phyllite.
Common sedimentary structures in the conglomerates and sandstones include planar and
trough cross-bedding, planar lamination, soft sediment deformed bedding, compound
cosets of strata with low angle-inclined bounding surfaces and lags of imbricated
[Link] microfacies analysis identified seven major microfacies including;
Aphanocrystalline to very finely crystalline dolomites, Fine to medium crystalline dolomites,
Fenestral dolomite, Siliceous dolomites, Algal laminated dolomite, Gypseous dolomite and
Dolomitic [Link] diagenetic alterations and generation of secondary porosity with
various diagenetic processes supported by petrographic analysis suggest potential of the
Ambar Formation as a reservoir. Based on facies and the widespread occurrence of
dolomite indcates deposition in shallow subtidal to lower supratidal through intertidal
system. Although the regional and temporal distribution of the Ambar Formation is
complex, in broad terms the paleogeographic analysis reveals that North or northwesterly
parts of Indian Plate occupied low latitudes of warm conditions under 15⁰ South of the
equator during deposition of the Ambar Formation. During the Early Cambrian a shallow
marine mix siliciclastic and carbonate sedimentation of the Ambar Formation was
developed in the southeastern margin of the Tethys.
Evaluating the Rise of Land Plants in a Thalassocratic World:
Sedimentological Characteristics of Ordovician Fluvial Systems from
Source to Sink
Hamilton Allport1, Professor Neil Davies1, Dr. William McMahon1
1University Of Cambridge, Department of Earth Sciences

The Early Paleozoic witnessed a unidirectional shift in fluvial systems as recorded by

sedimentary deposits, which is believed to have arisen from vegetation-induced changes to
alluvial landscapes. Global database surveys suggest that these changes in sedimentary
architecture as well as a global increase in mudrock content originated during the
Ordovician. These sedimentological shifts are apparently synchronous with the appearance
of the earliest fossil evidence for land plants in the Middle Ordovician, suggesting that even
shallow-rooting vegetation was able to markedly change the fluvial landscape. However,
due to high global sea-level during the Ordovician, fluvial sedimentary sequences have been
argued to be rare compared to other geological periods, and detailed facies analyses of
units of this age are less abundant than for fully ‘pre-vegetation’ or ‘syn-vegetated’
successions.

This poster presents initial results from a widespread survey that qualifies the facies
recorded in several Middle Ordovician to early Silurian fluvial sequences and complements
these observations with analyses of littoral and shallow marine facies. New field data from
sites including the Late Ordovician sequence in southwestern Sardinia, described by
previous authors as representing a transgression from a braid plain to a deep marine
environment, are revisited using structural, petrographical, and geochemical methods.
Comparisons are made with other putative Ordovician fluvial sequences, as well as the
littoral to non-marine facies of the Silurian Coralliferous and Gray Sandstone groups of
Pembrokeshire, Wales. These observations are synthesized to isolate facies characteristics
that are archetypal of Ordovician fluvial systems and evaluate the non-marine landscapes in
which the first land plants took root.
Patterns of re-sedimentation in Pre-Salt lacustrine carbonates,
Santos Basin, Brazil
MSc. Sabrina Altenhofen1,2, Professor Luiz Fernando De Ros1, PhD Amanda Rodrigues1, PhD
Leonardo Borghi2
1Institute of Geosciences of Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 2Institute of Geoscience

of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (Laboratory of Sedimentary Geology)

South Atlantic Pre-Salt giant oil accumulations stimulated extensive research aimed at
understanding the origin and evolution of these extensive reservoirs. The Búzios Field,
which main reservoirs correspond to carbonate intraclastic lacustrine deposits, has some of
the wells with the highest daily production in the world. However, due to the complexity of
the Pre-Salt deposits, lack of representative analogues and the scarcity of specific studies,
many controversies still persist in the interpretation of their depositional models. In the rift
Itapema Formation, bioclastic accumulations show many signs of reworking, including
abrasion, fragmentation and disarticulation of the bivalve bioclasts. Besides, the bioclasts
occur commonly within intraclasts and as nuclei of ooids, an indication of multicycle
redeposition. The predominant massive structure, chaotic orientation of the bivalve
bioclasts and mixing with stevensite grains, points to gravitational redeposition triggered by
intense tectonic activity during the rift phase. In contrast, the sag Barra Velha Formation
deposits comprise intraclasts eroded from the characteristic in situ spherulites and shrubs.
These deposits display characteristics of dynamic, multicyclic reworking, and are often
interspersed with the in situ deposits, even at a thin section scale. This aspect, together with
the widespread occurrence of the resedimented deposits in many Pre-Salt areas, suggest
that models involving redeposition by gravitational, wave, and current processes may not
represent properly many of the Pre-Salt intraclastic deposits. We propose that internal
waves, resulting from disturbances in the chemocline of the alkaline, stratified lacustrine
system, promoted recurrent reworking of the in situ deposits, generating multicycle
redeposition and intercalation with the in situ deposits. Understanding the genesis of these
deposits is vital for decreasing exploration risks and optimizing the production from the Pre-
Salt intraclastic reservoirs.
Revealing the origin of Cretaceous and Paleogene fluvial deposits
from eastern Amazonia through quartz luminescence
Ms Camila Althaus1, Fernanda Costa Gonçalves Rodrigues1, André Sawakuchi1, Liliane
Janikian2, Renato Paes de Almeida1, Pedro Victor Oliveira Gomes1
1University of São Paulo, 2Federal University of São Paulo

The Cretaceous and potentially Paleogene strata, originally grouped as the Alter do Chão
Formation, cover a large extent of the Amazonas Basin in the northern region of Brazil.
Comprehending the sediment provenance not only contributes to paleogeographic
reconstructions but also holds implications for understanding the origin and evolution of the
Amazonian rivers and their related biotic environments. Thirteen riverbank outcrops
distributed along a basin-transverse profile that exposed the entire stratigraphic succession
were described using the method of Facies analysis and pure quartz aliquots from forty-five
samples were analyzed by optically stimulated luminescence sensitivity (OSL), measured
using blue OSL (BOSL). Two different lithological units can be identified in the studied profile
with distinct BOSL responses: i) Lower unit: composed of medium cross-stratified sandstone
that crops out in the Aveiro municipality area, possibly equivalent to the Jazida da
Fazendinha Formation, with lower BOSL sensitivities; ii) Upper unir: composed primarily of
coarse to pebbly sandstone that crops out in the Alter do Chão to Óbidos municipality
region, equivalent to the Alter do Chão Formation, with higher BOSL sensitivities. Seven
sedimentary facies were characterized, indicating associations interpreted as fluvial deposits
dominated by sandy bars. The low sensitivity of the Lower unit may have as its source an
area with high erosion and low sediment recycling in the basin, while the Upper unit, with
high sensitivity, may be associated with a cratonic source. To deepen our understanding of
the factors behind this shift in sediment source areas drained by fluvial systems,
luminescence data will be cross-referenced with Nd isotopic data.
Variation of fractional transport rates with relative particle size
Dr Lawrence Amy1, Prof Robert Dorrell2, Dr Jaco Baas3, Marco Patacci Patacci4
1School of Earth Sciences, University College Dublin, 2Energy and Environment Institute,

University of Hull, 3School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, 4University of L'Aquila

The nonuniformity of bed material significantly complicates the prediction of sediment
transport rates. One method to predict the transport rate of size fractions is to use empirical
relations in fractional transport rates, normalised relative to that of the median particle size,
d50b. Previous analysis has shown that relative fractional transport rate declines with
particle size. Transport data show a predictable decrease in transport rate for particle sizes
di≲d50b, however, this relation is not supported for coarser particles, di≳d50b, that show
significant scatter in fractional transport rates. Hitherto the reason for this distribution in
fractional transport rates and why it breaks down at coarser sediment sizes has not been
explained. In this study, flume experiments have been conducted to estimate the fractional
transport rates of noncohesive sand- and silt-sized, bed material carried by flows in the
upper-stage plane bed regime. The same overall pattern in relative transport rates, to those
described previously, is seen for relatively fine particles (di≲d50b). This decline in transport
rates can be explained in terms of the vertical suspended-sediment concentration profile as
described by the Rouse Equation. Relatively coarse bed material (di,≳d50b) depart from the
transport relation observed for finer particle sizes: since these size fractions, carried as
mixed load or bedload, are poorly described by the Rouse relation. In our data enhanced
fractional transport rates, compared to the Rouse-controlled relation for finer material, are
observed for di≳d50b. This positive deviation in transport rates for larger material is
consistent with the expected effect of hiding-exposure effects: that enhance the transport
of coarse material, due to their greater exposure to the flow, compared to finer grains. The
study reinforces the importance of accounting for particle size nonuniformity in transport
models and validates the use of a Rouse-based fractional (polydisperse) modelling approach
for suspended-load dominated sediment transport.
Antalya Travertine Plateau Düden Stream Hydrogeology
Seçil Ünal, Eylül Barutçu, Researcher Güneş Anlıak
1Akdeniz University

The Antalya Travertine Plateau and Düden Stream, which is the world's largest freshwater
travertine and where the drinking water and irrigation water of the city of Antalya is
provided, have been investigated from a hydrogeological point of view. In the study area,
where the Mediterranean climate is effective, the average temperature was determined as
18.7 °C and the annual average rainfall was determined as 1085.3 mm. In the research, the
sources in the study area and its surroundings are classified as the sources discharged from
the Mesozoic aged limestones and the sources discharged from the travertine, and it is seen
that the travertine is fed by precipitation and Mesozoic [Link] evaluate the waters
from the sampling points in the study area, Schoeller, Piper, and circular diagrams covering
the May and September 2016 periods were drawn and it was observed that the
groundwater was Ca-CO3-HCO3 rich. In the budget calculation made for the study area, the
annual average recharge of the travertine aquifer is 185 million m^3 and the annual
discharge from the travertine resources is calculated as 702 million m^3 and the discharge
into the sea of the travertine aquifer is 1.5 Mm3 per year. With the groundwater level
values in November, a groundwater elevation map was created on the Arc Map, and it was
observed that there was no groundwater flow from the travertine aquifer to the creek.
MID-CRETACEOUS ANOXIC EVENTS IN THE EASTERN CARPATHIANS:
SEDIMENTOLOGICAL, GEOCHEMICAL AND BIOTICAL CHANGES
INSIGHTS
Phd. Vlad Apotrosoaei1,2, Dr. Roban Relu-Dumitru3, Dr. Mihaela Melinte-Dobrinescu1,2, Dr.
Briceag Andrei1
1National Institute of Marine Geology and Geo-ecology, 23-25 Dimitrie Onciul Street,
2Doctoral School of Geology, University of Bucharest, 1 Blvd. Nicolae Bălcescu, 3Faculty of

Geology and Geophysics, University of Bucharest, 1 Blvd. Nicolae Bălcescu

This study focuses on the Albian-Turonian depositional interval of the outer thin-skinned
thrust belt of the Eastern Carpathians, in order to point out the overprint of mid-Cretaceous
Oceanic Anoxic Events (OAE).

Two lithological units are cropping out in the studied area: (i)The Lower Cretaceous Streiu
Formation (300-350m in thickness) that consists of alternating black and dark-grey shales,
grey marls, and convolute calcareous sandstones; (ii) The Upper Cretaceous Tisaru
Formation (100-110m in thickness) which is divided in two members: the Lower Member,
dominated by couplets of greenish-black shales and radiolarites, and the Upper Member,
composed mainly of variegated (greenish and red) shales. Based on calcareous nannofossil
investigations, the age of the whole studied succession is late Albian - early Turonian (UC0
up to UC7 biozones). The Albian-Cenomanian interval has been thoroughly sampled (4
samples/m) for geochemistry and biostratigraphy analysis based on calcareous nannofossils.

In this section, in addition to the fluctuations of total organic carbon (TOC), two positive
excursions of δ13Corg have been identified. The first is placed in the upper Albian, probably
corresponding to the OAE1d, below the LO (last occurrence) of the nannofossil Hayesites
albiensis. The second positive excursion of δ13Corg is situated in the mid-Cenomanian,
slightly above the FO (first occurrence) of the nannofossil Lithraphidites acutus, and might
be assigned to the mid-Cenomanian Event (MCE). Additional biostratigraphic analyses and
more δ13Corg data are further requested for a more rigorous age control and to better
highlight these anoxic events.
Lateral facies transition in a lower Aptian shallow platform: from
siliciclastics to rudist-coral carbonate factory (northwestern Maestrat
basin, Spain)
phD student Alvaro García-Penas1, Doctor Marcos Aurell1, Doctor Samuel Zamora
1University Of Zaragoza-IUCA

Lower Cretaceous sedimentation in the Maestrat rifting basin (eastern Spain) occurred in
subbasins separated by low subsident seaways. The uppermost Barremian-lower Aptian
stratigraphy and facies evolution from marginal to open marine areas in the central part of
the basin is reviewed here. New lithostratigraphic, isotopic and ammonite data of the poorly
explored northern part of the Morella subbasin allow the correlation to the nearby
sedimentary domains, documenting the transition between the northern protected
terrigenous-dominated areas (Oliete subbasin), to the southern open marine carbonate-
dominated areas (Salzedella subbasin). Two T-R sequences are identified across the studied
subbasins. The lower sequence includes partly restricted skeletal facies rich in oysters
(Alacón Fm), which grades laterally to the oolitic-orbitolid rich successions of the Xert and
lower-middle Forcall Fm in the southern Morella subbasin. Skeletal to oolitic large-scale
subtidal dunes are frequently developed in the upper regressive part of the sequence. The
overlying discontinuity (early Aptian, intra-forbesi biozone) is very prominent in the
marginal Oliete subbasin (top of the Alacón Fm), and is coeval to the abrupt facies change
documented basinwards. The upper T-R sequence is bounded by the major discontinuity at
the upper part of the early Aptian (i.e. intra-furcata biozone). The analysis of the late
regressive deposits of this sequence allow to document in detail the lateral transition from
the terrigenous and bioclastic successions of the Oliete subbasin (upper Josa Fm) to the
open marine coral-rudist dominated carbonate facies (Villarroya Fm), with an intermediate
facies belt dominated by oolitic grainstones.
Effects of meandering fluvial system superposition behaviour on
sand bodies structure
Mr. Lei Bao1, Prof. Jiagen Hou1, Dr. Adam McArthur2, Dr. Na Yan2, Dr. Luca Colombera3, Prof.
Nigel Mountney2
1China University of Petroleum - Beijing, 2University of leeds, 3University of Pavia

The sedimentary architecture of sand bodies developed by meandering rivers and their
preserved successions are highly variable. Where architectural elements representing
channel segments evolved at different times overlap, different forms of superimposition can
occur. This study delves into the arrangement of sedimentary architectural elements within
meadering river deposits of the Permian Shanxi Formation in Fugu City, China. The
objectives encompass identifying the lithological organization and palaeoenvironmental,
relating deposits to sedimentary processes, explaining the architectural elements in terms
of river evolution, illustrating the characterize meandering fluvial successions, and
reconstructing the evolutionary migratory behavior of the formative fluvial system. Utilizing
15 photomontages and analyzing 20 sediment bodies, the study provides a detailed
stratigraphic relationship of the outcrops, including a 3D palaeoenvironmental
reconstruction. The conglomeratic and sandstone bodies, up to 1.6m thick and 25m wide,
forming four vertically stacked channel storeys that are partially laterally offset, exhibit
bases with up to 2 meters of incision. Internally, these bodies consist of cosets of cross-
strata, each set measuring 0.2-0.3 meters in thickness. The bounding surfaces defining each
set dip downward at angles of 8-10 degrees, while foresets of cross-beds dip at 20-25
degrees, oriented obliquely to the dips of the set bounding surfaces. The vertical and
laterally offset stacking of the bodies records channel avulsions and the aggradation of a
channel belt over a longer time period. The partial incision of older bodies by younger ones
indicates the gradual generation of accommodation during a relatively slow rate of basin
subsidence. The study sheds light on the meandering river system evolution by revealing the
intricacies of architectural elements, their internal characteristics, and the
palaeoenvironmental context. This contributes significantly to our understanding of
meandering river depositional processes and aids in reconstructing the dynamic evolution of
meandering river systems from preserved deposits.
Origin of high H2S concentration in the silicate-gypsum-shale
depositional setting: A case study from the Bonan Sag of Jiyang
Depression, Bohai Bay Basin
Mr Changjia Bao1,2, Origin of high H2S concentration in the silicate-gypsum-shale
depositional setting: A case study from the Bonan Sag of Jiyang Depression, Bohai Bay Basin
Chengyan Lin1,2, Origin of high H2S concentration in the silicate-gypsum-shale depositional
setting: A case study from the Bonan Sag of Jiyang Depression, Bohai Bay Basin Chunmei
Dong1,2, Origin of high H2S concentration in the silicate-gypsum-shale depositional setting: A
case study from the Bonan Sag of Jiyang Depression, Bohai Bay Basin pengjie Ma3, Origin of
high H2S concentration in the silicate-gypsum-shale depositional setting: A case study from
the Bonan Sag of Jiyang Depression, Bohai Bay Basin Lihua Ren1,2
1China University of Petroleum (East China), 2Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of

Reservoir Geology, China University of Petroleum (East China), 3SANYA Offshore Oil & Gas
Research Institute of Northeast Petroleum University
The Bonan Sag, located in the central Jiyang Depression of the Bohai Bay Basin, is a half-
graben depression that exhibits a steep gradient in the northwest and a gentler slope in the
southeast. This study focuses on the Shahejie Formation, which is the primary oil-bearing
system in the area. The lower Es3 to upper Es4 Sub-members in the sag, in ascending order,
consist of delta front and lacustrine turbidites, gypsum mudstones and organic-rich shales,
primarily controlled by several northwest-trending stepped faults which significantly
influence the migration and accumulation of oil and gas reservoirs in the area. Hydrocarbon
extraction shows that several wells in the fault belt of the sag contain high levels of H2S (up
to 17000ppm), which always accompanied by CO2 production. Meanwhile, the crude oil
fractions commonly contain sulfur, which increases the exploration risks. According to the
tectonic evolution and thermal history, a suite of petrologic and chemical methods,
including core description, optical observation with cathodeluminescence, handheld XRF
elemental detector, infrared carbon-sulfur analyzer, EPMA and stable isotopes of sulfur,
were carried out, and the formation mechanism of H2S-containing oil and gas reservoirs in
the lower Es3 to upper Es4 Sub-members were explored. The results indicate a gradual
decrease of sulfur content from gypsum mudstones to organic-rich shales. High levels of
H2S concentration were mainly detected at the interface of gypsum mudstones and organic-
rich shales. The studied intervals were dominantly obtain the burial depth between 3200
and 4200 m, with an average geothermal gradient of 35℃/km and burial temperature
between 120 and 180℃, within the appropriate thermal zone for thermochemical sulfate
reduction, and faulting events facilitate the connection between source rocks to reservoirs.
The gypsum-to-anhydrite transformation process could provide free SO42--rich fluid,
resulting in an open thermochemical sulfate reduction system (Δδ34Anhydrite-
Pyrite=14.2‰) sulfur-rich oil accumulation.
Paleo-oxygenation of the West Equatorial Atlantic using pore analysis
in Cibicides pachyderma tests over the last 30 kyrs B.P.
PhD Catia Barbosa1, Msc Daniel François2, Msc Fernanda Costa1, Msc Luiz Gustavo Sá
Valle1, PhD José Carlos Seoane3
1Programa de Pós-graduação em Geoquímica, Universidade Federal Fluminense,
2Department of Ocean Systems, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research and

Utrecht University, 3Programa de Pós-graduação em Geologia, Universidade Federal do Rio

de Janeiro
The West Equatorial Atlantic (WEA) comprises part of the AMOC (Atlantic Meridional
Overturning Circulation), which is an important component in ocean heat distribution and
maintenance of the climate on the planet. During the Heinrich Stadials (H) the formation of
NADW (North Atlantic Deep Water) was weakened and the AMOC was disturbed.
Weakening in the ocean circulation leads to a decrease in the O2 content in the bottom
waters, which influences foraminifera test pores showing that where O2 is low, the
foraminifera have larger pores and vice versa. The present work aims to evaluate the
oxygenation in the WEA over the last 30 thousand years through pore analysis of Cibicides
pachyderma (Rzehak, 1886), especially during Heinrich 1-H1 stadial when the AMOC was
weakened. The sedimentary core MD09-3243CQ was collected on the WEA on board of R/V
Marion Dufresne I73/Retro III Cruise. As a result, during the interglacial increase in the
photosynthetic rates caused higher concentration of O2 and lower mean area of the tests
pores. During the H1 two phases were observed, one representing the weakening of the
AMOC showed an increase in average area of the pores. The second phase with the AMOC
resumption the oxygenation of deep water increased, and the pores of the tests decreased.
During glacial, smaller photosynthetic rates induced increasing the average area of the
pores. In addition, the porosity of tests was correlated to the 231Pa / 230Th ancillary data to
verify the correspondence between the low AMOC intensity and the increase in the porosity
in the C. pachyderma tests, this relationship was established, and it was evident around
16.000 years BP.
Microbial role in rhodolith formation around volcanic islands: an
example from South Korea
Dr Federica Barilaro1, Dr Andrea Di Capua1, Prof Young Kwan Sohn2, Prof Gi-Bom Kim3, Dr
Gianluca Norini1, Prof Roberto Sulpizio4, Dr Gianluca Groppelli1
1CNR-IGAG, 2Gyeongsang National University, 3Pusan National University, 4University of Bari

Modern and actively growing rhodolith beds are common features of the wide channel
between the volcanic Jeju and Udo islands in South Korea. Living and non-living rhodoliths
dominate the seabed topography and contribute to the formation of mixed
carbonate/volcaniclastic tidally -influenced beaches.
Using traditional and novel tools, a multi-disciplinary and multi-scale methodology was
applied to explore the role of microbes in rhodolite formation. The subspherical to
ellipsoidal rhodoliths, nucleating around volcanic fragments, form biogenic matrices
characterized by a complex three-dimensional architecture that harbour distinctive high
diversity microbial communities. Our investigations indicate the existence of a direct link
between rhodolith microbial constituents, degradation of organic matter and authigenic
minerals precipitation. Microbial cells and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) are the
main sites where Mg-rich calcite and aragonite nucleate and grow. The authigenic
precipitation is mainly driven by biotic processes (biologically induced by microbial
metabolic process or simply influenced by nucleation on microbial biofilm substrate). The
mutual presence of organic compounds and calcium carbonate minerals reveals that the
associated rhodolite microbial communities play a fundamental role in biomineralization.

This work was supported in part by the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International
Cooperation, grant number KR23GR08.
Facies variability and depositional controls on reservoir
heterogeneity of lacustrine carbonates from the Brazilian Pre-salt
Dr. Mateus Basso1, Dr. Guilherme F Chinelatto1, MS Gabriela F Matheus1, MS Luiza de C
Mendes1, MS Juan F. Villacreses1, Dr. Renato Medeiros1, MS Marilia M Camargo1, Dr.
Thisiane Christine dos Santos2, MS Sabrina D Altenhofen2,3, MS Argos B S Schrank2,3, Dr.
Anderson J M Barili2, Dr. Rosalia Barili da Cunha2, Dr. Luiz Fernando De Ros2,3, Dr. Alexandre
C Vidal1
1Center for Energy and Petroleum Studies, State University of Campinas, 2Institute of

Petroleum and Natural Resources (IPR), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do
Sul (PUCRS), 3Institute of Geosciences of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul
Aptian lacustrine carbonates, formed by a range of unusual calcite morphologies associated
with Mg-silicate matrices, form the most prolific hydrocarbon reservoirs from offshore
Santos and Campos basins (SE Brazil). In the last decade many studies were published
targeting the many geological challenges associated with these deposits, ranging from the
contrasting depositional models to the complex diagenetic and hydrothermal evolution.
Although relatively monotonous in terms of basic constituents (i.e. calcite fascicular shrubs
and spherulites, Mg-silicate mud and intraclasts), the Pre-salt facies lateral and vertical
variability has not been completely understood, adding substantial uncertainty to geological
models. Part of this challenge comes from the difficulty to integrate the multiscale data
coming from direct and indirect sources (e.g., seismic, well log, core, micro-scale analysis).
Another part of the challenge resides in the fact that every Brazilian Pre-salt is somehow
unique due to variations in the local geological context, basement configuration, and
structural settings. Within this context, this work explores facies variability of the Barra
Velha Formation in a target pre-salt field in the Santos Basin by integrating petrography,
borehole image log interpretation, and 3D seismic data. The results showed significant
faciological differences between the three Barra Velha Formation stratigraphic units, namely
BVE 100, 200, and 300, and also differences associated with the distinct
structural/topographic domains of the field. Additionally, the configuration of the faulted
blocks of the Camboriú Formation basaltic basement exerted major control on the facies
belts and on the distribution of depositional energy within the system. Some of the most
prolific wells occur in the eastern (open) margin of the field, where the mapped marginal
mound geometries and slope deposits are commonly related to thick accumulation of
resedimented carbonates.
PALAEOSOLS, FACIES, AND STRATIGRAPHIC ARCHITECTURE IN
CONTINENTAL SEQUENCES OF THE SANFRANCISCANA BASIN
(CENTRAL-EAST OF BRAZIL)
Mr Alessandro Batezelli1, Ms Leidy Alexandra Delgado Blanco1, Ms Taynah Buratto Rebelo1
1Campinas State University

During the Cretaceous, the Brazilian Sanfranciscana Basin was the scenario of fluvial and
aeolian environments, whose facies, palaeosols, and stratigraphic architecture indicate
significant changes in tectonics and climate. This work proposes an independent sequence
stratigraphic model, using the facies and palaeosols distribution as the stratigraphic proxy
for identifying variations in the accommodation space, sediment supply, and their
relationship with the tectonic and climatic events. The palaeopedological analysis was
performed on thirty-eight profiles of the palaeosols in the field according to the procedure
of the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils. In the southern basin, Pedotype P1
profiles occur in the upper part of the Três Barras Formation (wet draa facies association).
During the Upper Campanian, from south to north, the drier aeolian system was replaced by
the fluvial-aeolian depositional system (Sequence SF2B – Serra das Araras Formation),
indicating the increase in water availability. This change, associated with uplifts, generated
the Unconformity U-2, on which hydromorphic palaeosol profiles (Pedotype P2) presented
reddish to purple colours, clay minerals in bioturbation, oxide-to-hydroxide coats in the Bg
horizons, iron reduction process, indicate poor-drained soils profiles in wetlands conditions.
The unconformity U-0 was generated by the extensional tectonic processes during the
Gondwana breakup in the Early Cretaceous and marked the initial continental
sedimentation. The Lower Cretaceous Sequence SF1 overlies this unconformity, constituted
by fluvial and lacustrine deposits. Overlaying unconformity U-1 are the Upper Cretaceous
volcanic rocks, fluvial, and aeolian deposits of the Sequence SF2A and SF2B. The evolution of
sequences records changes in tectonic and climatic detected in South America during the
late Cretaceous. (Supported by FAPESP 2020/07997-4 and CNPq 310734/2020–7).
Shelf sand ridge or incised shoreface? – tracing an isolated sand body
in the lowermost Triassic of the eastern part of the Central European
Basin (western Poland)
Dr Anna Becker1
1Polish Geological Institute - National Research Institute

The Drawsko Sandstone Member (Triassic, Middle Buntsandstein) forms an isolated

sandstone-carbonate complex within a uniform clay-siltstone succession of the lowermost
Triassic of northwestern Poland. A detailed interpretation of its architecture and
depositional processes is lacking. The literature provides varied general interpretations. The
aim of the current project is to conduct a detailed lithological analysis and mapping
interpretation of this horizon in western Poland in order to reconstruct its large-scale
depositional architecture. Because of the scarcity of Triassic core material in numerous
boreholes, regional lithological data coverage is provided by wireline logs. In the first stage
of the project, 191 boreholes in the Gorzów Block area were analysed. On this basis, the
Drawsko Sandstone Member, with a thickness of 15–25 m on average, was subdivided into
five lithological elements, which were analysed in terms of their thickness patterns and
lateral distribution. The thickness of the entire horizon decreases from S to N. The horizon
forms finger-like linear bodies, while its highest lithological element forms an island in the
central part of the area. Additional data were provided by sedimentological investigations
on cores from the Gorzów Wielkopolski IG 1 borehole. Fine-grained non-calcareous
sandstones, going upwards into fine-grained calcareous sandstones with ooids and finally
into oolitic limestones, are present. The rocks form repeated cyclothems several meters
high, in which parallel- or cross-laminated sandstones go into flaser or wavy laminated
muddy sandstones. Occasional mudstone interbeds up to 10 cm thick, intraclasts and clay
flakes, as well as clay drapes are present. Two possible interpretations are considered: shelf
sand ridge or incised shoreface. It is possible that the investigated sand body has a more
complex structure.
3D CHARACTERISATION OF SEDIMENTARY HETEROGENEITY AND ITS
IMPACT ON RESERVOIR PROPERTIES IN AMALGAMATED FLUVIAL
SHEET-SANDSTONES: MONTLLOBAR FORMATION (YPRESIAN, TREMP-
GRAUS BASIN, SPAIN)
Mr Guillermo Bello1,2, Francesc Tejedor1, Miquel Poyatos-Moré1, Patricia Cabello3, Anna Van
Yperen4, John Holbrook5, Ivar Midtkandal4, Oriol Oms1
1Departament de Geologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2Department of

Geosciences, University of Aberdeen, 3Departament de Dinàmica de la Terra i de l’Oceà,

Universitat de Barcelona, 4Department of Geosciences, Universitetet i Oslo, Norway,
5Department of Geology, Texas Christian University

In tectonically active basins, axial and transverse depositional systems interaction can result
in complex sedimentary architectures, affecting the morphology and internal
heterogeneities of sandstone bodies. Here we present a detailed study in the lower Eocene
Montllobar Formation (Tremp-Graus Basin, South-Pyrenean Foreland Basin), based on
sedimentary logging, facies and paleocurrent analysis, fluvial architecture and correlation
from UAV imagery interpretation, together with 3D facies modelling. The study focuses on
characterizing the sedimentary heterogeneities of an example of axial fluvial system
influenced by a coeval transverse alluvial fan.
Sedimentary data suggests that the study area up-north, closer to the basin margin, is
dominated by channelized and amalgamated coarse-grained alluvial fan deposits, while
farther south-westwards (basinwards), the succession is dominated by an alternation of
finer-grained amalgamated fluvial-sheet sandstones with isolated high-sinuosity channel fills
and floodplain deposits of the Montllobar Formation. In between these two areas, the
studied amalgamated sandstone unit vertically displays up to three multilateral
multichannel stories, with conglomerate-rich channel bases, composed by fine- to medium-
grained and coarse-grained sandstones. These sandstones stack and amalgamate to form
dominantly downstream-migrating mid and lateral-channel bars, interlayered by thin-
elongated mudstone lenses and occasionally interbedded or partially eroded by
conglomerate-rich alluvial fan facies. These sedimentological and architectural
characteristics, together with bar dimensions, are consistent with the interpretation of a
braided meandering river system, deposited during low accommodation and/or high
sediment supply conditions.
3D modelling of the studied sandstone unit characterizes internal facies variability, porosity,
vertical and horizontal permeability. The presence of thin-elongated mudstone lenses
results in local baffles and poorly connected vertical permeability, affecting the upward
movement of the injected CO2. However, the lateral spread and stack of channel barforms
facies would facilitate lateral connectivity for CO2 migration. The studied case shows a
potential for CO2 storage despite 5% of the reservoir is characterized by non-connected
seepage barriers.
Land Loss in the Mississippi River Delta from Subsidence, Reduced
Sediment Dispersal, Global Sea-Level Rise, and Coupled Atmospheric
and Oceanographic Processes
Professor Mike Blum, Professor David Rahn, Dr. Bruce Frederick, Dr. Sara Polanco
1University Of Kansas

The Mississippi River Delta (MRD) in Louisiana has suffered large-scale land loss during the
last few centuries and is representative of other low-elevation deltaic coasts that are at risk
because of disrupted sediment supply and accelerated global sea-level rise. Most MRD land
loss actually occurred after individual late Holocene deltaic headlands were abandoned, but
before 1932 when air photos made land loss measurements possible. An additional land
loss of ~5000 km2 has been recorded from 1932 to 2016 at a mean rate of ~57 km2 yr-1.

We use LiDAR to hindcast land-area changes for 1950-2010 by incrementally restoring

elevation lost from subsidence and global sea-level rise. Our results indicate the magnitude
and spatial distribution of 20th century land loss can be explained by ongoing subsidence,
greatly reduced sediment supply and dispersal due to dam and levee construction, and
acceleration of global sea-level rise. Other factors contributed on local scales, but the land
loss that has occurred was inevitable due to the drivers listed above.

Multidecadal accelerations and decelerations in land loss in the MRD have generally been
attributed to non-linear subsidence from subsurface fluid withdrawals. We propose an
alternative view that non-linear land loss represents multidecadal sea-level anomalies that
reflect the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), which is related to flux of water in and
out of the Gulf of Mexico from the Atlantic, and is associated with changes in atmospheric
circulation that produce precipitation anomalies in the Mississippi River watershed,
anomalies in Mississippi River discharge to the Gulf, and changes in wind directions that
either trap water along the coast and elevate coastal sea level, or advect water away to
lower coastal sea level. Positive and negative sea-level anomalies amplify or suppress global
sea-level rise and its impacts on the MRD, but cancel each other over decadal time scales.
EXCEPTIONALLY LARGE BOULDERS IN GRAVELLY SUBMARINE SLOPE
CHANNELS: TRANSPORT BY CONCENTRATED BASAL LAYER IN
TURBIDITY CURRENTS, OR DEBRIS FLOW ORIGIN?
Dr Guilherme Bozetti1, Prof Benjamin Kneller2
1University of Strasbourg, 2University of Aberdeen

Large boulders have long been described in deep water, both in ancient turbidite systems
and modern submarine fans. However, hitherto they have neither been described in detail
nor the interpretation of their transport mechanism has been supported by field data. Here
we present a study of large to very large boulders of volcanic mafic rocks and matrix-
supported (packstone to wackestone) rudist limestone, up to 5 metres or more in diameter,
which occur within submarine slope channel fills of the Campanian to Maastrichtian Rosario
Formation, Mexico. The diameter of these exceptionally large extrabasinal clasts is typically
of the same order as the thickness of the channel fill within which they occur. The adjacent
sediments include organised and disorganised clast-supported conglomerates of pebble to
cobble grade, matrix-rich to matrix-supported conglomerates, and lesser sandstones. Many
of these deposits are characterised by structures interpreted to represent tractional
transport by turbidity currents. In close association with the boulders, generally forming a
basal/marginal rim, are more poorly-sorted matrix-supported conglomerates and mud-
matrix debrites. The composition of the boulders indicates derivation from the
contemporaneous shoreline. We suggest that the boulders were transported within
cohesive debris flows which deposited en-masse, but due to subsequent erosion by gravel-
transporting turbidity currents the debris flows deposits were largely eroded, leaving
winnowed boulders scattered across the palaeo-channel belt. Over time the same process
happened repeatedly, as the boulders are encountered in different stratigraphic levels
across the system. Understanding these sediment transport processes and how they
respond to seabed morphology and topography has important implications for deep-water
sediment transport processes, and potentially for subsea infrastructure placement.
Facies Zonation and Heterogeneity of Carbonate Formation
Case Study – East Siberian Basin
Ms Angelina Bozhenok1, Borislav Lavrnja1, Alexander Vilesov, Artur Valiullin, Evgeniy
Shestoboyev, Artem Polivakho1
1STC NIS Naftagas Llc

The goal of the study was to define the facies zonation of the carbonate layer I of the
Eastern Siberia field based on a joint analysis of the core data and geophysical data. Layer I
belongs to the Osinsky horizon of the Early Cambrian and is composed mainly of calcareous
dolomites, which were formed under conditions of basin transgression throughout the
platform; the rocks were subject to secondary transformations (shallow-marine platform
setting). In this period tectonic differentiation occurs on the territory of the platform, with
division into zones of shallow and depressional sedimentation zones, with the formation of
organogenic structures (limestones) of various types.
The study area has 48 wells, 11 of which contain core data, and it’s covered by 60% of 3D
seismic. Most of the wells were drilled in the 2010s and they contain a good set of wireline
logs.
At the stage of early diagenesis, the rocks of layer I underwent processes such as
dolomitization and leaching, as well as partial silicification. The first had a positive effect on
reservoir properties, but silicification did the opposite. The anhydritization process took
place in the voids and matrix, which also negatively affected the filtration and capacitance
properties of the rocks.
During the subaerial exposure, in the layer I process of karstization developed and the
process of halitization, which began at the end of the diagenesis stage, continued.
In the stage of late diagenesis and catagenesis, the processes of halitization and
stylolitization were actively developed and had a negative impact on the reservoir quality.
Using a series of seismic attributes and well data, it was possible to divide the study area
into facies zones with better and poorer reservoir properties. The results of this study
formed the basis for constructing a 3D geological model and development planning.
The Oligo-Miocene Carbonate ramp succession of Maiella Mtn. to
reconstruct changing oceanographic conditions in the Central
Mediterranean
Dr Marco Brandano1, Dr Isabella Raffi2, Dr Alessandro Mancini1, Dr Diego Marianelli1
1Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, La Sapienza Università di Roma, 2International

Research School of Planetary Sciences-IRSPS, Universita degli Studi “G. d'Annunzio” Chieti-
This work presents a detailed stratigraphy on the Oligo-Miocene ramp carbonate succession
cropping out in Majella, the northern extension of the large Apulian Platform placed in the
Mediterranean area. The performed stratigraphic analysis included a detailed facies analysis
integrated by biostratigraphic analysis based on calcareous nannofossils. Six new
stratigraphic sections were measured in the southern and eastern sectors of the Majella and
correlated with 9 previously published sections. This analysis not only facilitates the
reconstruction of the stratigraphic architecture but also enables insights into the evolution
of oceanographic conditions. In the time interval between Rupelian and Chattian, a ramp
developed and was characterized by a large field of dunes in the middle ramp, testifying to
the presence of strong currents that transported sediment towards the basin from south-
east to north-west direction. Subsequently, between Chattian and Aquitanian, there was a
transition to more siliceous facies, featuring deposits rich in planktonic and spicule evidence
that indicate a shift to deeper depositional environments and a decline in carbonate
production, followed by further deepening. During Burdigalian time, a resurgence of north-
directed currents is observed, giving rise to a new dune field in the middle ramp.
Successively, at the end of Burdigalian up to the middle Serravallian, a renewed deepening
phase occurred, marked by the deposition of outer ramp facies with a pronounced increase
in the terrigenous component. A significant sea level drop resulted in an erosive surface that
delimited the lower boundary of the subsequent lower Tortonian to upper Messinian
carbonate deposits. These deposited on a large ramp where the carbonate production was
dominated by red algae in the middle ramp and by the epiphytic component in the inner
ramp. Upwards a new drowning is recorded and it is linked to the progressive deterioration
of environmental conditions due to the closure of the Mediterranean
Mediterranean Heteostegina levels as proxies for oceanographic
conditions
Dr Marco Brandano1, Dr Hildegard Westphal2,3, Dr Guillem Mateu-Vicens4
1Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Sapienza University Of Rome, 2Leibniz Centre for

Tropical Marine Research (ZMT), 3Department of Geosciences, University of Bremen,

4Department of Biology, Universitat de les Illes Balears

Different Heterostegina-rich levels characterize the Miocene carbonate ramp sequences in

the western and central Mediterranean regions. This study focuses on three levels situated
in different areas of the Mediterranean. One occurrence is located on Menorca Island
(Balearic Islands), marking the transition between the lower Tortonian Migjorn carbonate
ramp and the Upper Tortonian-Lower Messinian Reef Complex. The second, coeval, level is
found in the Upper Miocene succession of the northern Apula ramp, exposed in Majella
(Eastern Central Apennines), indicating the base of the Tortonian to lower Messinian
Lithothamnion carbonate ramp. The oldest analyzed Heterostegina level is situated in the
lower Burdigalian portion of the Latium-Abruzzi carbonate ramp succession (Western
Central Apennines).
These Heterostegina units have in common that they consist of uniform tabular beds
measuring some 0.5–1 m in thickness, and that they are characterized by a high
concentration of Heterostegina specimens (H. gomez-angulensis in Menorca, H. papyracea
in the Apennines ramps). The texture of the coarse, rudite, fraction is generally matrix-
supported, although layers a few centimeters in thickness may exhibit a grain-supported
texture. Locally, the upper part of the layers contains an increased amount of fine fraction in
the matrix, displaying a packstone texture with components such as Elphidium, discorbids,
bryozoans, and planktonic foraminifera. In all study cases, there is an evident association
between phosphatic-rich intervals and Heterostegina-rich deposits.
This study aims to explore the correlation between oceanographic conditions,
phosphogenesis events, and levels of Heterostegina. It endeavours to unveil the reasons
behind the substitution of extensive Heterostegina accumulations by spots where
phosphogenesis occurred, likely linked to localized upwelling phenomena. The
Heterostegina levels appear to be a consequence of restoring conditions the conclusion of
the oceanographic conditions that promoted the upwelling phases and coinciding with a
change in accommodation space.
LATE PLEISTOCENE SEDIMENTATION PROCCESES FROM THE NW
BLACK SEA
Dr. Andrei Briceag1, Dr. Gabriel Ion1, PhD student Vlad Apotrosoaei2, Dr. Mihaela Carmen
Melinte-Dobrinescu1
1National Institute of Marine Geology and Geo-ecology - GeoEcoMar, 2University of

Bucharest, Doctoral School of Geology

The Black Sea is a semi-enclosed marginal basin, which connects with the Mediterranean
Sea through the Bosphorus Strait, Marmara Sea and Dardanelles Strait. Throughout the last
glacial period the Black Sea basin became isolated due to the sea-level dropping, leading to
the disconnection with the Mediterranean. During the Late Pleistocene, the melting of the
Fennoscandian Ice Sheet has delivered in the Black Sea basin a high deglacial sediment load
that contain large amounts of red-brown clays. Former studies suggested that these clays
entered the Black Sea through Manych Depression from the Caspian Sea, but more recent
studies link their origin to the proglacial Lake Disna, located near the Fennoscandian Ice
Sheet southern termination. The red-brown clays contain thin silt and grey clay laminae with
few fine sand intercalations, interpreted as episodic turbidites. These sediments occur only
on the north-western part of the Black Sea basin. In this study we present the results of 12
gravity cores collected from the NW Black Sea shelf, from water depths ranging between
166 and 1315 meters water depth. All the studied cores contain the red-brown clay
sediments intercalated with green-grayish clays, rich in black specks of organic matter. The
thickness of red-brown clays varies between 50 and 160 cm. Some cores contain two
distinct red-brown subunits, mainly made of clays, separated by gray-greenish clays. This
study aims to provide new insights into the Late Pleistocene Black Sea sedimentary record.
New data on the red-brown clays deposition during the Last Glacial Maximum, along with
paleoenvironmental and paleoecological reconstructions, are also presented herein.
Variations in deep-water depositional systems across icehouse and
greenhouse climates: a comparative analysis
Mr Soma Budai1,2, Adam McArthur2, Luca Colombera1,2
1University of Pavia, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e dell’Ambiente, 2Turbidites

Research Group, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds

Deep-water clastic depositional systems are sensitive to environmental factors that varied
during the evolution of the Earth. One such factor is global climate, manifested over long
timescales in the alternation between icehouse and greenhouse phases. Icehouse phases
are characterized by low eustatic sea levels that may have promoted sediment bypass on
continental shelves and sediment accumulation in deeper water. However, submarine-fan
successions deposited under greenhouse highstand phases suggest that sustained sediment
influx to the deep sea may exist over a range of climatic conditions.
This study investigates how the sedimentary architecture of deep-water siliciclastic
successions is influenced by the alternation of icehouse and greenhouse phases, and tries to
elucidate the effect of global climate on deposition across geographic (e.g., latitude) and
geologic contexts (e.g., tectonic setting, landplant evolution). To answer these questions,
data on >200 turbidite systems of Proterozoic to Quaternary age were collected and
analysed using the DMAKS database. The dataset includes >8,000 architectural elements
(e.g., channel bodies, lobes) and >40,000 facies entries. The results show that, on average,
both channel and terminal deposits accumulated under greenhouse periods are built by
thicker sand beds and separated by much thicker mud intervals; they are thus characterized
by a lower average sand fraction compared to icehouse examples. This observation can be
explained by higher weathering rates combined with changes in weathering type and thus
an increase in mud content reaching the oceans. Furthermore, a lower sea level can
increase slope instability, thereby increasing the frequency of turbidity flows, giving rise to
the thinner turbidite beds of icehouse systems.
Determining the importance of climatic controls on mechanisms of sediment delivery to the
deep-sea has implications for predicting subsurface stratigraphic architectures of deep-
water
reservoirs, used for energy extraction and carbon capture and storage, which accumulated
under different climates.
Facies Outcrop Analogue and Borehole Image Analysis for Reservoir
Geometry Prediction: Case Study for a Sand-Meandering Reservoir in
Lembak Oil Field, South Sumatera Basin, Indonesia
Mr. Elrey Fernando Butarbutar1, Adhyasa Humam Haryputra1, Pambudi Suseno1,
Djudjuwanto1
1Pertamina Hulu Rokan

The Structures of Talang Akar Formation in Lembak Field, South Sumatera Basin have not
been developed intensively due to wide variations in the reservoir geometry. The recent 2D
seismic interpretation results in the area is not good enough to provide information to re-
evaluate this prospect. Integrated interpretation between facies outcrop analogue,
borehole image analysis and the result from PBU analysis ensured the identification of new
hydrocarbon pool reservoir geometry with the virgin pressure indication.

The study highlights the value of borehole imaging in characterizing a meandering channel
reservoir, especially the paleo flow analysis then integrated with thickness width ratio from
outcrop analogue. We define techniques of borehole image facies analysis, four borehole
image facies associations were identified in Gritsand Member, Talang Akar Formation.
Geological concept with outcrop analogue is really important to predict the reservoir paleo
flow. From outcrop, sand thickness-width relationship gives better perspective to define the
geometry. Despite of the complexity sinuosity from paleo meandering channel, integrated
evaluation from borehole imaging then PBU surveillance and geological concept from
outcrop give this research valuable and challenging. In the practice, co-rendered maps of
isopach map and GDE map were generated to highlight the several realization channel
patterns as well as to resolve the favorable reservoirs which were interpreted as shoreface
shaly sand and channel sand meander from borehole images.

The significantly enhanced data from this evaluation detected detailed variations in sand
geometry, accurately picking up formation top markers while drilling. The pressure data
delineated various zones of interest and gave the new pool hydrocarbon reservoir so will
increase the realization for production target. This non-intrusive, cost-effective
methodology proved reliable in this petroleum setting to maximize pay-sand reserves. It
optimizes new drilling campaign funneling and improves the success ratio for production
and EUR target by helping with the best subsurface practices.
Facies Architecture and Palaeogeographic Distribution of a Permian
Dryland System (Utah, USA) - The Organ Rock Formation with
application to ground-truthed facies modelling
Mr Oliver Button1, Prof John Howell, Dr Richard Porter, Dr Ben Kilhams
1University Of Aberdeen

The Permian-aged Organ Rock Formation of the Cutler Group (Utah, USA) has been selected
as an analogue for the Slochteren Formation of the Rotliegend Group (Dutch Sector, SNS). In
this study, detailed sedimentary logging was conducted across an outcrop profile
representing a ~200km-long dryland distributive fluvial system (DFS). Where the formation
lies below the surface, onshore well data was used. A series of correlation panels were
constructed and flattened upon a regional marker. This poster presents the first detailed
facies association distribution map for the Organ Rock Formation (~280 Ma).

Sourced from the basaltic Uncompahgre Uplift, conglomeratic alluvial facies of the
Undifferentiated Cutler pinch SW-downstream into amalgamated, poorly sinuous channel-
fill. Overlying the aeolian-dominated Cedar Mesa Formation, medial multi- and single-storey
fluvial channel-fill elements of the Organ Rock Formation are interdigitated by overbank
splays and reworked aeolian sediment. Sheetflood processes dominate the terminal pinch-
out zone, where unconfined fluvial splays interact with a laterally traceable dune field
(>85x55km2) or terminate into the Blanding Basin palaeo-lake (>125x130km2).

Many proven fields of the Rotliegend Group are now at the mature stage of their life cycle.
In recent years, this stemmed interest for CCS, geothermal, and exploration for overlooked
play concepts (e.g., the ‘Dutch Havel’). With this study, a common facies scheme can be
used to interpret virtual outcrops for proximal, medial, and distal zones of a dryland DFS.
The ground-truthed facies models are then populated with real petrophysical data from the
subsurface and translated into reservoir models for simulating fluid flow and/or storage.
The characteristics and mechanisms of early marine cementation in
carbonate sediments: A case study from recent sabkha carbonate
deposits in Abu Dhabi
Mr. Tianyu Cao1, Dr Mohammad Alsuwaidi1
1Khalifa University

As a typical modern low-angle homoclinal carbonate ramp sedimentary system, the Abu
Dhabi coastline is regarded as a “natural laboratory” to study the carbonate diagenetic
processes. Diverse early-diagenetic processes can impact the highly reactive carbonate
sediments. Meanwhile, the coastal area in Abu Dhabi, especially in sabkha, is one of the few
places around the world where the interaction between carbonate and evaporite deposits
can be studied. Early marine cementation is widely distributed in various sedimentary
settings, which plays a critical role in the diagenetic evolution of recent carbonate
sediments. Through the data from cores, thin sections,cathodoluminescence, and scanning
electron microscopy, the features and mechanisms of early marine cementation from
sabkha sediments in Abu Dhabi have been studied. The main mineral compositions of
sediments in sabkhas are carbonate, gypsum, anhydrite, aeolian quartz, and feldspar. The
carbonate allochems are composed of various bioclasts and peloids. There are gypsum,
aragonite, halite, and pyrite cements in the sabkha deposits, which indicates the
cementation is related to various chemical and biological processes. The evaporation and
CO2 degassing process are the main abiotic factors that control early cementation. The
metabolism of microbes and some secretions from organisms also have a great influence on
cementation.
Spatial variation in the sedimentary architecture of a vast Cretaceous
desert in Northern China
Dr. Shuo Cao1, Prof. Laiming Zhang1, Prof. Nigel Mountney2, Prof. Chengshan Wang1
1China University Of Geosciences, Beijing, 2University of Leeds

Deserts are characterized by their profound aridity and often share in common features.
Studies on palaeo-desert deposition systems can promote the reconstruction of
palaeoclimate, palaeoenvironment and palaeogeography. Desert depositional systems
display a wide range of sub-environments. However, due to the deformed and fragmentary
state of preservation in outcropping successions, many studies on palaeo-deserts have
tended to focus on specific sub-environments rather than comprehensively exploring the
entire desert system. The Lower Cretaceous The Lower Cretaceous Luohe Formation
represents a widespread aeolian sandstone unit that extends across the entire Ordos Basin,
from its margins to its center, with correlative deposits in northern China. Its widespread
distribution and thickness make it one of the most expressive occurrences of continental
deposits globally, covering an area exceeding 370,000 km²----larger even than the largest
modern desert in China, the Taklimakan Desert (337,000 km²). The Luohe Formation was
deposited as an extensive sand sea with distinctive desert-margin and central-desert
aeolian-fluvial-alluvial stratigraphy. This characteristic transforms the formation into an
exemplary subject for studies, illustrating the transition from a wet aeolian system to a dry
aeolian system within the palaeo-desert. The objective of this study is to develop a
comprehensive model that captures the spatial and temporal evolution of an aeolian-fluvial-
alluvial succession from palaeo-desert margin to the centre. Additionally, we aim to discuss
paleoclimate and paleogeography corresponding to the Early Cretaceous large paleo-desert
system in the Ordos Basin.
Paleogeographical constraints of the Ediacaran dolomite-phosphorite
sequences of Bocaina Formation (Southwestern Brazil – Corumbá
Group)
Vinícius Cardoso Lucas1, Phd. Paulo César Boggiani1
1University of São Paulo (USP)

The Bocaina Formation, a shallow marine carbonate sequence within the Ediacaran
Corumbá Group, predates the emergence of macroscopic skeletal metazoans. Extending
over 450 km in two regions of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil - the northwestern Corumbá
Region and the southeastern Serra da Bodoquena Region - establishing a correlation
between these regions is challenging due to facies variations and distinct underlying rocks.
Previous age assessments indicate 555 Ma in the Corumbá Region and 580 Ma in the Serra
da Bodoquena Region. The Bocaina Formation, hosting economic phosphorite deposits and
crucial microfossils, lacks well-constrained paleogeography. This study reconstructs
paleogeographical models by compiling existing data with new outcrops. Employing hand
sample analysis, optical microscopy, and stable isotopes, we delve into understanding the
depositional environments and stratigraphic framework of the Bocaina Formation.
Geographical information system software was used to compile outcrops, maps, and
aerogeophysical data. Our observations suggest the Bocaina Formation likely originated as a
tide-dominated carbonate platform in a passive margin context in the Serra da Bodoquena
region, with restricted teepee structures, small-ooid shoals, mudstone-microbial lagoons,
and a phosphatic microbial barrier-reef complex, influenced by east-side upwelling currents.
The deposition of a meter-thick shale succession in the Serra da Bodoquena region marks a
marine transgression, followed by the establishment of a phosphatic-rich carbonate ramp in
the region. This led to a marine incursion in the Corumbá region, creating an extensive
shallow peritidal carbonate sequence in the area, with abundant teepee structures,
intertidal microbial mats, giant-ooid and intraclastic shoals, smaller microbial barrier-reefs,
and rare phosphorites. These findings not only offer insights into the Bocaina Formation’s
depositional history but also potentially explain both ages, implying a broader time interval
for the deposition of the geological unit. Also, these paleogeographical and stratigraphical
results may have implications with the formation of the Gondwana paleocontinent.
From shallow to deep marine coarse-grained deposits:
sedimentary systems during the late Eocene, Colombian Caribbean

Mr Sergio A. Celis1, PhD Francisco J. Rodríguez-Tovar1, PhD Fernando García-García1, PhD

Carlos A. Giraldo-Villegas1, PhD Andrés Pardo-Trujillo2
1University Of Granada, 2University of Caldas

Coarse-grained clastic successions may be deposited in various sedimentary environments

including alluvial, fluvial, transitional and deep marine. However, their detailed
characterization is given the complexity of discerning the sedimentary environment in which
they were deposited, as their transport from shallow to deep settings may even be
interconnected.

This research from coarse-grained deposits of the upper Eocene in the San Jacinto Fold Belt
(Colombian Caribbean) integrates sedimentological and ichnological information from
outcrops and well-cores, to decipher paleoenvironmental conditions and characterize
depositional settings.

Metric sequences of poorly sorted, immature, subtly horizontal laminated conglomerates

interbedded with rhizolite-bearing clays vary laterally to conglomeratic sandstones and
sandstones with massive structure and sporadic occurrence of Ophiomorpha revealing the
arrival of continental sediments to the coastline. Poor-maturity coarse-grained deposits
reflect short transport from the source area, with no fluvial or coastal buffering, via
sediment-gravity flows with laminar rheology. These deposits suggest mouth-bar-type
deltas, which are commonly linked to stable fluvial distributaries with recurrent periods of
torrential rainfall.

Meter-thick beds of sigmoidal and lenticular conglomerates; planar cross-bedding (foreset

and backset) pebbly sandstones; and undulated-stratified granule- and coarse-grained
sandstones filling gently scours. Net contacts with centimetric-thick layers of horizontal
bedded mudstones with abundant benthic foraminifera (shelf break to upper slope deeps)
have been identified. The aforementioned deposits are overlain by thin beds of highly
bioturbated fine to medium-grained graded sandstones, with Ophiomorpha and
Thalassinoides, and mudstones, with Nereites, Phycosiphon, and Teichichnus, associated
with low-density turbidites in a levee/terrace system. These features can be related to
coarse-grained mouth-bar migration, that combined with the antidunes record, suggest
supercritical flow deposition and transition to subcritical flows in deep marine
environments.

This study reveals the occurrence of contemporaneous coarse-grained deposits

accumulated in two different sedimentary environments, allowing an assessment of the
dominant depositional processes acting on each of the deposits.
Morphodynamics of intertidal linear sand ridges on muddy tidal flats,
semi-enclosed Hamhae Bay, SW Korea
Prof. Tae Soo Chang1, Ms Solin KIM1, Ms Seoyeong Cho1, Mr Heechae Jung1, Ms Sol Yoon1
1Chonnam National University

Intertidal sand ridges are wave-reworked sand bodies consisting of sands and shells that
normally occur on intertidal flats. It overlies a muddy substrate and shows often a linear
feature parallel to the coastline. It has been generally known to be migrated landward by
storm waves, welding into beach ridges and eventually forming cheniers. However, the
shore-normal orientation of linear ridges occur rarely in muddy macrotidal flat in Hamhae
Bay, Korea. For this reason, a linear sand ridge oriented perpendicular to the shoreline was
investigated to understand how does it form under wave and tidal conditions, and to finally
infer the source of coarse sands surrounded by mud substrate. About 500-m long, shore-
normal linear ridge is located ca. 600 m away from the coastline and topographically
situated near the mean sea-level. It is strongly asymmetrical in cross-section. Tidal currents
on intertidal flat recorded maximum velocity of about 90 cm sec-¹ with ebb-dominance.
Interesting feature is the seaward-directed sediment transport on the ridge inferred from
the analysis of bedform orientation and time-series profiling survey using a VRS-GPS system
and drone. Can-core sedimentary facies show a various scale of 2D-dunes deposited
possibly by washover processes. Substantial transport of sands take places when high water
levels coincides with high waves. Consequently, the ridge is migrating seaward during calm
condition, while storm condition results in a landward migration. The coarse-grained sands
might essentially come from highly-weathered coastal cliffs via tidal creeks, rather than the
subtidal area. This study thus showcases how waves and tides are shaping and maintaining
the linear intertidal ridge on embayed mud-flats.
Thin-interbedded reservoirs detection and application based on
seismic sedimentology
Ni Changkuan1, Su Mingjun2, Yuan Cheng3
11, 22, 33

Thin-interbedded reservoirs are important exploration targets for lithologic reservoirs.

However, it is difficult to be predicted by seismic data because of the limit of seismic
resolution. In this paper, we propose a new thin-interbedded prediction process based on
seismic sedimentology taking Ordos Basin in China as an example. Braided river delta
deposits are developed in this work area, and the underwater distributary channels are the
main reservoir. The thickness of a single reservoir is generally less than 10 meters, with
rapid lateral changes and multiple sets of thin interbedded reservoirs are developed
vertically. The seismic data cannot meet the requirements of thin reservoir identification.
How to improve the ability of thin reservoirs identification and predict the distribution of
sand bodies from seismic data is the key to improve the success rate of exploration. Firstly, a
numerical model is created by typical wells to analyze the seismic response characteristics
and the thin interbedded interference by forward modeling. Through numerical simulation,
it has been clarified that the strong reflection from coal seam and the adjacent response
from sand body are the main factors that make the target sand body difficult to be
identified. Then, the strong reflection event is separated from the original seismic data by
matching tracing method to weaken the coal influence to the target sand. The dominant
frequency is appropriately increased by superposition sampling method to improve the
seismic resolution. Finally, we extracted stratal slices of the target layer and the adjacent
layers from processed seismic data, and used superimposed slicing method to suppress the
interference from adjacent layer. The result shows that the plane distribution is consistent
with the geological pattern, and the description of the details is clear, and it is consistent
with the drilled results.
A new model of early oblique sediment provenance in the steep
slope zone of rift basin: A case study of the Upper Fourth Member of
Formation Shahejie in the northern Bonan sag w in Eastern China
zhaozhou Chen1, zhen Liu1
1China University Of Petroleum(Beijing)

Sedimentary provenance analysis in the early stage of faulted basins is crucial for classifying
sedimentary systems and predicting favorable hydrocarbon zones. Previous research has
indicated that the steep slope zone of faulted basins mainly develops nearshore submarine
fans, small fan deltas and sublacustrine fans by short-axis provenance perpendicular to the
border fault. However, the early faulted basins are characterized by complex topography
and intense tectonic activity, and whether the existence of other provenance directions
remains unclear. This research focuses on the sedimentary provenance of the Upper Fourth
Member of Formation Shahejie, located in the eastern steep slope belt of the northern
Bonan sag within the Jiyang Depression in Eastern China, Using high-resolution 3D seismic
data, in conjunction with core samples, and well logging data. The main findings are as
follows: (1) A large-scale progradational-channel-filled seismic facies combination oblique to
the border fault is observed in the seismic profile, along with a tongue-shaped strong
amplitude anomaly, indicating a large-scale oblique provenance in the early stage of the
faulted basin steep slope zone;(2) The core data shows the phenomenon of gravel
orientation arrangement, and the logging curve characteristics and lithofacies combinations
reveal antirhythmic characteristics. Based on these observations and the seismic facies and
seismic attribute identification results, it is comprehensively inferred that the large-scale
oblique source is fan delta sedimentation;(3) A new sedimentation model for the early stage
of rift lacustrine basin steep slope zone is proposed, which includes both nearshore
submarine fans by short-axis provenance and fan deltas by oblique provenance. The fan
delta in the early stage of rifting steep slope zone has good reservoir physical properties and
excellent reservoir conditions, which can be a promising exploration direction for the next
step. This study reveals a new reservoir research direction for deep exploration in fault
basin’s steep slope zone.
Shelf to basin-floor sediment transport: outcrop analysis of a fluvial-
deltaic-slope succession, northern England
Mr Sheng Chen1, Dr Adam McArthur1, Dr Luca Colombera2, Professor Nigel Mountney1
1University Of Leeds, 2Università di Pavia

Sedimentary successions preserved with sufficient detail to demonstrate convincing

evidence of coeval processes operating from shoreline, to shelf, to marine slope and basin-
floor remain relatively poorly documented. Well-exposed outcrops of the Carboniferous
Millstone Grit Group in and adjacent to the Askrigg Block of North Yorkshire, England,
record deposition from a fluvial plain, to deltaic, to a slope and basin-floor environments.
Twenty-four sedimentary logs (with a cumulative length of ~450 m) cover accessible and
well-exposed parts of the Carboniferous Nidderdale Shale, Red Scar Grit and Scar House
Sandstone in Upper Nidderdale. The lithology, grain size, thickness, structure, contacts and
fossil assemblages of each bed were recorded. The locations of each log were tied to
georeferenced photos and recorded on 1:10,000 scale base maps. Photo panoramas and 3D
models of the outcrops were created from photographs with metadata locations;
panoramas were used for further analysis and stratigraphic correlation. Twenty-two facies
are classified. These occur in eight distinct facies associations, each recording evidence for a
suite of depositional processes in a range of settings.
From analyses of logs and architectural panels, a series of depositional environments have
been interpreted: fluvial floodplain and splay, fluvio-deltaic plain, a delta-edge distributary
channel system, interdistributary bay and lagoon, overbank, delta-front, and distal slope to
basin-floor. The interrelationships of architectural elements of different depositional
environments have enabled regional 3D depositional models to be established based on
geometrical relationships. The models are constrained within a sequence stratigraphic
framework for which marine maximum flood surfaces with diagnostic palaeo-fauna provide
a chronostratigraphic framework. Collectively, the integrated results demonstrate
mechanisms of sediment transport and delivery from fluvial systems developed across a
shelf edge delta to a submarine slope and basin-floor setting. Results enhance our
understanding of dynamic source-to-sink systems from land, via shelf, to slope and basin
floor.
Mid-deep circulation depositional mode in the northwestern South
China Sea and the impacts of complex topography
Dr. Hongtao Mai1, Dr. Hui Chen1, Dr. Xingjia Yin1,3, Dr. Xinong Xie2, Dr. Jingliang Guo2, Dr.
Ming Su1, Dr. Dongxiao Wang1
1Sun Yat-sen University, 2China University of Geosciences, 3Hubei Engineering University

As a natural laboratory for studying energy and material exchange at water-rock interfaces,
the northern slope area of the South China Sea (SCS) possesses complex geomorphology,
such as uplifted seamounts, flat terraces, and depressed canyons. It also develops various
types of deep-water depositional processes, including gravity flow slides/slumps, turbidity
currents, and contouritic currents, which have profound impacts on shaping continental
margins.

Based on high-resolution bathymetry and seismic reflection data, CTD data, numerical
simulation results as well as published data from marine sedimentology and physical
oceanic numerical simulations, this study focuses on analyzing the sedimentary combination
under intermediate and deep circulation bottom currents in the Central Canyon at the SCS
northerwestn corner. We (i) investigates the main features of mid-deep circulation currents
passing through a large submarine canyon (extending hundreds of km); (ii) explore how
atmospheric forcing (winds), mesoscale oceanic processes such as eddies, and sub-
mesoscale current-topography interactions modulate the mid-deep circulation patterns.

Comprehensive data results suggest that the convergence of different water masses and
current-topography interactions take primary responsibility for generating local instability
and energy dissipation, which in further determines the sediment particle distribution.
These findings emphasize the intensification and bifurcation of local circulation specifically
induced by a large canyon morphology, which can provide innovative insights for better
understanding mid-deep circulation structures and sedimentary patterns at the western
boundary of ocean basins such as the SCS.
Estimating paleo-tidal constituents from Pliocene “tidal gauges”-an
example of paleo-Orinoco Delta, Trinidad
Dr. Si Chen1, Dr. Erik Kvale2, Dr. Ronald Steel3, Dr. Cornel Olariu3, Dr. Jinyu Zhang4
1China University Of Geosciences Wuhan, 2Syzygy Geosciences, 3Jackson School of

Geosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, 4Microsoft Redmond

The Neogene Orinoco Delta is one of the typical river deltas where both the records of
modern and ancient tidal processes can be studied. A ca. 5 My/>10 km thick succession on
the island of Trinidad contains remnants of paleo-Orinoco deltaic deposition preserving
both tide- and wave-influenced delta lobes within the same time intervals, just like the
modern Orinoco Delta. The tide-influenced delta lobes and estuaries preserve spectacular
tidal bedding signals, including tidal rhythmites. The tidal record encoded within the tidal
rhythmites is preserved well enough that the primary tidal constituents responsible for the
tidal currents can be inferred.
Lower to Upper Pliocene tidal rhythmites have been examined in two main paleo-Orinoco
sub-environments: (1) estuary and delta lobe deposits of Morne L’Enfer Fm. at Erin Bay and
(2) abandoned tidal channels associated with tide-influenced delta-front deposits from
Telemaque Sandstone Member of Manzanilla Formation at Matura Bay. Both wave- and
river-current signals are also present in most study areas.
Tidal constituent analysis of unusually well-preserved paleo-Orinoco tidal rhythmites reveals
a hierarchy of tidal signals that include semidiurnal, diurnal, fortnightly (neap-spring),
monthly (perigee-apogee), semi-yearly, and possibly seasonal and yearly cycles that span
thickness intervals ranging from mm to meters.
The tidal constituents were dominated by, in decreasing importance, M2, S2, and likely K1
rather than O1. The modern tide data clearly show that K1 is more important in terms of
tide-generating potential than O1, as was likely so in the Pliocene. The comparison between
the constituent analysis of the ancient tidal record and the modern tide measurements
reveals their similarities in tidal patterns and constituent types. From this, we deduce that
the tidal constituents responsible for the Pliocene Orinoco Delta tides were mixed
semidiurnal tidal cycles similar to those found today in Trinidad (Atlantic type-synodically
dominated) rather than Caribbean (tropically-dominated) type.
The origin of carbonate minerals in shale of the Qingshankou
Formation in the Sanzhao Sag, Songliao Basin: Implications for
paleoenvironment and shale oil exploration
Dr. Ruiqian Chen1, Miss Xia Wu
1China University of Petroleum-Beijing

Lacustrine carbonates are widely distributed in the Qingshankou Formation, which is the
primary hydrocarbon source rock in the Songliao Basin. However, the origins of lacustrine
carbonate deposition and their implications for shale oil exploration and paleoenvironment
are not well understood. In this study, thin section observation, X-ray diffraction (XRD),
stable carbon and oxygen isotope and trace element analyses were utilized to determine
the types and origins of lacustrine carbonates in the Qingshankou Formation. Three types of
calcite (biological detritus, mud crystal calcite, and sparry calcite) and two types of
dolomites (mud crystal dolomite and fine crystal dolomite) were developed in the studied
shale. The carbonates of the Qingshankou Formation were mainly formed in saline,
stratification, anoxic water conditions with medium to high primary productivity. The
biological detritus is elongated and curved which was formed by biochemical processes on
the biological shells in paleolakes. Mud crystal calcites were formed laminations in
laminated shales and mixed with clays without laminar structures in massive marlstones.
Sparry calcite has a larger particle size and a clean surface. It was formed by organic acids
generated from organic matter that dissolve and recrystallize the original calcite. Mud
crystal dolomite is a product of sulfate reducing bacteria participating in biochemical
reactions, appearing in the form of lenses and waves. Fine crystal dolomite is a product of
recrystallization, appearing in a flat rhombic or sub rhombic shape. The carbonates
developed in the Qingshankou Formation are associated with the intervals with high TOC
contents and within the thermally mature zone of hydrocarbon generation. In addition,
intergranular pores and dissolution pores are widely developed within carbonate minerals,
providing storage space for the enrichment of shale oil.
Shallow-water onlap sedimentary model of black organic-rich shale
in the Longmaxi Formation, Sichuan Basin, China
Professor Lei Chen1
1Southwest Petroleum University

Fine-grained sedimentation determines the material basis of shale reservoir and plays an
important role in the formation of high-quality shale. It is generally believed that the shale
of Longmaxi Formation was formed in deep water environment in the Sichuan Basin in
China, but this study has obtained a new understanding. Based on drilling cores, outcrops,
thin sections and seismic data, the sedimentary model of the Longmaxi black shale of the
Sichuan Basin was studied. The results show that: (1) siltstone interbedded with shale,
bioturbation, cross laminae, wavy laminae, graded laminae, orientation of mud gravel and
basal erosion occurred in the black organic-rich shale of the Longmaxi Formation , which
reveals obvious shallow water sedimentary characteristics. (2) The reverse graded sequence
of shale-silty shale-siltstone formed by wave action is developed in the black shale, which
indicates that wave action has an important influence on the formation of black shale in the
Longmaxi Formation. (3) The storm has a certain influence on the formation of black shale in
the Longmaxi Formation, which shows the normal graded sequence of siltstone to black
shale formed on the irregular erosion surface. (4) Seismic profile and regional stratigraphic
well correlation show that the black shale of the Longmaxi Formation shows obvious onlap
characteristics. With the rise of sea level, the shale migrated to the margin of paleo-uplift. In
general, the black shale of the Longmaxi Formation in the Sichuan Basin was formed in a
sedimentary environment with limited water depth and is vulnerable to waves and storms.
As the sea level continues to rise, the shale is characterized by continuous overlapping
migration. The shallow-water onlap sedimentary model of the Longmaxi Formation organic-
rich shales has important guiding significance for the search of organic-rich shales in the
Sichuan Basin.
Effect of pore structure and CO2-oil-rock interactions on sweep
efficiency of CO2 EOR in tight sandstone reservoirs
Yuting Cheng1, Xin Cheng1, Yiqian Qu1
1NorthWest University

CO2-oil-rock interactions and complex pore structure affect the sweep efficiency (ES) and
wettability, thus have a significant impact on CO2 enhanced oil recovery in tight oil
reservoirs. In this study, we selected 10 rock plugs from the Yanchang Formation, Ordos
Basin in China. First, casting thin section and mercury intrusion capillary pressure were
performed to investigate the microscopic pore structure characteristics of the tight rock
samples. The results show that pore structure can be divided into three types (RT-I, RT-II,
and RT-III) from good to poor qualities. On this basis, CO2 floodings using the Nuclear
Magnetic Resonance technique were performed to investigate the influence of pore
structure on the ES in large (PL) and small (PS) pore throat intervals. With the increase of
displacement pressure, the oil recovery of RT-I, RT-II and RT-III are about 70.9%, 67.8% and
10.16%, respectively. The ES of PL of all samples are similar, while the ES of PS decrease
subsequently for the three types. Pressure, mineral composition and the complex pore
structure are attribute to the differences. On one hand, higher displacement pressure leads
to lower interfacial tension and viscosity, resulting higher oil recovery. On the other hand,
CO2 is more likely to vaporize the light oil components, resulting in the asphaltene
precipitation. Quartz with smooth surface is not easy to precipitate, while most clay
minerals are easier to absorb asphaltene and are likely to alter the wettability of pore
surfaces. Thus, in comparison to RT-III, the ES of RT-I with higher quartz content is higher in
PS. In addition, the worse the relationship between pore structure configurations, the
greater the capillary pressure, causing the different ES between RT-I and RT-II. The findings
in this study shed a light on the understanding of complex mechanisms for CO2 EOR in tight
oil reservoirs.
The impact of grain size and shape on porosity and permeability: a
digital image analysis approach
Prof. Domenico Chiarella1, Dr. Ryan Payton1,2, Dr. Andrew Kingdon3
1Royal Holloway, University of London, 2Oracle, 3British Geological Survey

An accurate and reliable description of the porosity-permeability relationship in geological

materials is valuable in understanding subsurface fluid movement. This is important for
reservoir characterisation, energy exploitation, carbon capture and storage (CCS), and
groundwater contamination and remediation. Whilst a significant amount of work has been
done to understand the relationship between the pore structure and the porosity-
permeability relationship, further investigation of the impact of the grains on this
relationship may be beneficial. This work aims to use grain characteristics such as shape
(sphericity) and size (Feret diameter) to better constrain the porosity-permeability
relationship. We demonstrate the implementation of a fully digital workflow based upon
micro X-ray computed tomography (μCT), through which individual grain identification and
measurement in 3D is automated. This technique was used to investigate sandstone
samples from the Brae Formation sandstone (North Sea, UK), Wilmslow Sandstone
Formation (Sellafield, UK) and Minard Formation (Porcupine Basin, N. Atlantic). Using this
novel digital approach, we find that sphericity and porosity exhibit a positive relationship
according to ϕ=〖1.22ϕ〗_s-0.42 whereas no such relationship exists with grain size. These
measurements are applied to calculate a Kozeny-Carman (K-C) porosity-permeability fit
where it was found that excluding grain size results in a poorer quality fit, despite showing
no relationship with porosity or permeability. Inclusion of both grain sphericity and size was
found to produce an unsatisfactory fit, possibly due to significant deviation from the K-C
assumption that grains are spherical. A simpler fit of the form K= 10^5.54 ϕ^3.7, excluding
any influence of grain characteristics, is most suitable for the studied materials, showing
that grain shape and size is not influential on the porosity-permeability relationship in a K-C
paradigm. This highlights the need for a model capable of considering a range of grain
shapes to further constrain the porosity-permeability relationship.
Along-strike architectural variability of normal fault-controlled
deltaic systems (Crati Basin, Italy)
Candela Martinez1, Prof. Domenico Chiarella1, Christopher A.L. Jackson2, Francesco Muto3,
Sergio G. Longhitano4, Nicola Scarselli1
1Royal Holloway, University Of London, 2Imperial College, 3Università della Calabria,
4Università della Basilicata

Deltaic systems can be classified into: (i) base-of-scarp, (ii) Gilbert-, and (iii) shelf-type based
on the depth of water in the receiving basin and the gradient of the depositional slope,
which in turn control the stratal architecture and facies types distribution within each delta
type. This study aims to address the along-strike architectural variability of Pliocene-
Pleistocene deltaic systems deposited in the eastern margin of the Crati Basin (southern
Italy), which is characterised by an array of major N-S striking normal faults, and a secondary
fault network composed of NE-SW and NW-SE-striking faults, developed since the Pliocene-
Early Pleistocene. To assess it we had the following objectives: (i) construct strike and dip
logs along the basin margin to determine facies and sourcing areas, (ii) establish outcrop-
based internal geometry and architectural variability, and (iii) build correlation panels to
assess lateral geometry and facies changes. We divided the eastern margin into three
sectors (i.e., southern, central, and northern), with throw greatest in the northern sector
and decreasing southwards. Log correlation shows the dominance of coarse-grained
material (i.e., conglomerates) near the faulted margin, thinning and fining westwards into
siltstone. Results indicate that in the early phase shelf-type deltas developed above the
basement along the entire length of the subsided hangingwall. Stratigraphically above, the
northern and central sectors are characterised by the formation of Gilbert-type deltas,
whereas in the southern area, shelf-type deltas continued to develop. This suggests that the
growth of the margin was characterised by initial low-gradient depositional slopes and the
formation of shelf-type deltas. Continued syn-sedimentary growth of the margin resulted in
steeper depositional slopes along the central and northern sectors and the related
development of Gilbert-type deltas.
Correlation of diagenetic processes and mineralogy with high
productive zones: An example of lacustrine Brazilian pre-salt
carbonates of the Barra Velha Formation, Santos Basin
Dr Guilherme Chinelatto1, Dr. Mateus Basso1, Dr. Jean Gavidia2, Dr. Thisiane dos Santos3, Ms
Sabrina Altenhofen3, Ms Argos Schrank3, Dr. Anderson Barili3, Dr. Rosalia Cunha3, Dr. Luiz
De Ros3,4, Dr. Alexandre Vidal2
1Center for Energy and Petroleum Studies (CEPETRO), Universidade Estadual de Campinas

(UNICAMP), 2Department of Geology and Natural Resources, Geosciences Institute,

(UNICAMP), 3 Institute of Petroleum and Natural Resources (IPR), Pontifícia Universidade
Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), 4Geosciences Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio
Grande do Sul (UFRGS)
The Brazilian pre-salt lacustrine carbonate reservoirs are the most prolific oil play in the
country. Therefore, understanding their depositional and diagenetic processes is extremely
important for the exploration and production of the reservoirs. In this work, a combination
of petrographic and core description with X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and the interpretation of
conventional and special well logs, such as Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and
Borehole Image Logs (BHI) allowed the characterization of main depositional, mineralogical,
diagenetic and petrophysical features along a key well. In an attempt to correlate the
mineralogical distribution from well logs with the core characterization, mineralogical
inversion was performed by using conventional logs which were validate with XDR results. In
this way, the main mineralogical distribution of Barra Velha Formation deposits was
determined. The results showed a preferential correlation between mineralogical
distribution with highly productive zones, as observed in Production Testing (PLT). These
productive zones are mainly correlated with high concentration of dolomite (>30%), which
exhibit a high concentration of vuggy pores as observed in BHI, whereas the low productive
zones are associated with high concentration of calcite and absence of vugs. The core and
thin sections description attest the high dolomite concentration in these high productive
zones with the presence of vugs, which are mainly related with the diagenetic
dolomitization process combined with dissolution. Despite the petrofacies exhibit some
influence of depositional porosity, the imprint of diagenetic dolomitization and dissolution
processes are the main controls on the porosity and permeability of these high productive
intervals.
Are there limitations in dating fossils subjected to volcanic influence?
Rute Coimbra1, Sérgio Ávila2,3,4,5, Adrian Immenhauser6,7, Marta Campos8, Lourenço
Pimentel8, Fernando Rocha1
1Geobiotec, Dp. of Geosciences, University of Aveiro, Portugal, 2MPB – Marine

Palaeontology and Biogeography Lab, University of the Azores, Portugal, 3CIBIO, Centro de
Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Pólo
dos Açores, Azores, Portugal, 4UNESCO Chair – Land Within Sea: Biodiversity & Sustainability
in Atlantic Islands, 5BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO,
Vairão, Portugal, 6Institute for Geology, Mineralogy and Geophysics, Ruhr Universität
Bochum, Germany, 7Fraunhofer Research Institution for Energy Infrastructures and
Geothermal Systems IEG, Bochum, Germany, 8Dpt. of Geosciences, University of Aveiro,
Portugal
The volcanic Island of Santa Maria (Azores, Portugal) was chosen to test the impact of
volcanic fluids and heat on isotope proxy data (δ13C, δ18O values and 87Sr/86Sr ratios)
from skeletal carbonates. The main goal is to establish the potential and limitations of these
materials for paleoenvironmental reconstruction and age dating in Neogene to Mesozoic
volcanic settings.
At Santa Maria, an extraordinary coquina of international relevance—Pedra-que-pica—is
interbedded in volcanic deposits, providing the ideal context to test the influence of volcanic
activity during biomineralisation. Two Pliocene outcrops (4.78 to 4.13 Ma based on adjacent
basalts) were selected: Pedra-que-pica and Figueiral (Touril Complex). Shell fragments and
encasing sediment were analysed for their elemental (Ca, Mg, Sr, Fe, Mn) and C and O-
isotope composition. Shell powder samples were also used for dating purposes via
87Sr/86Sr. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of encasing sediments was also performed.
The elemental composition of the shells shows expected low-magnesium calcite
composition, with Mn and Fe concentrations below 50 and 480 ppm, respectively. In
contrast, the encasing matrix presents significant Mn and Fe enrichment (386 and 21.280
ppm), probably related to detecting magnetite and dolomite under XRD (23 and 42%).
Stable C and O-isotope composition provided two clear data clusters: one comprising all
shells (except one) and another comprising all sediment samples and one shell sample,
which probably was contaminated during sampling. Shell samples plot along positive C and
O-values from 1 to 2 ‰ whilst sediment samples show depleted values for both proxies
(δ13C from -2.5 to -8 ‰; δ18O ca. 0‰). Strontium-isotope dating of the best-preserved
shells provided ages ranging from 6.9 to 5.9 Myr, which confirms previous interpretations
based on Sr-dating. Mineralogical stabilization or later interaction of these shells with
encasing sediment and/or burial fluids did not affect their potential as palaeoecological and
dating tools.
Stratigraphy of reworked phosphatic levels reveal Oligo-Miocene
Central Mediterranean paleoceanography: insights from the Hyblean
sedimentary succession (Sicily, Italy)
Viviana Barbagallo1, Dr Irene Cornacchia2, Diego Marianelli3, Prof. Luca Maria Foresi4,
Alberto Salerno1, Prof. Marco Brandano3, Prof. Agata Di Stefano1
1Department of Biology, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, 2Italian

National Research Council-Institute of Environmental Geology and Geoengineering ,

3Department of Earth Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 4Department of Physical

Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena

Phosphatic levels, whether in the form of in situ crusts or reworked phosphatic pebbles,
frequently occur in the Oligo-Miocene record of Mediterranean carbonate successions,
marking moments of condensation or depositional hiatuses.
This work focuses on revising the stratigraphy of the Lower Miocene portion of the Ragusa
Formation (Southeastern Sicily, Italy), with the aim to identify and constraint the hiatuses
associated with phosphogenesis, framing this process within the context of global climatic
changes and regional paleoceanographic evolution.
Through Sr isotope analyses, coupled with detailed nannofossil assemblages’ analyses, we
identified two distinct intervals of phosphogenesis and sedimentary condensation.
Previously thought as one long-lasting phase, these hiatuses occur at the base of the
Aquitanian (23-22 Ma) and at the base of the Burdigalian (20 Ma), coinciding with two
global cooling events and glacial maxima (Mi-1 and Mi-1a Events). Thus, these hardgrounds
are interpreted as the result of the upwelling of nutrient-rich deep waters, increased
weathering and phosphorous availability triggered by global cooling and enhanced
circulation in the Mediterranean basin.
Coeval phosphatic hardgrounds also occur in the Oligo-Miocene succession of the Malta
Island, lining up from South to North. This correlation supports the interpretation of
increased bottom-water currents, which, originating in the deep Eastern Mediterranean
basin, rose up to the eastern sides of the Central Mediterranean carbonate platforms
during abrupt climate shifts.
Facies association analysis of a Toarcian siliciclastic‑carbonate
lacustrine system, Sichuan Basin, China
Prof. ShIfa Zhu, Hang Cui
1China University Of Petroleum (beijing)

Considerable coverage has been devoted to hydrologic and biological feedbacks in marine
environments, with scant attention paid to lacustrine system during the Jenkyns Event. The
fossiliferous carbonate and clay-rich mudstone samples of the Da’anzhai Member (J1dn),
palaeo-Sichuan lacustrine basin, offers an exceptional opportunity to evaluate lacustrine
environment evolution contemporaneous with the Jenkyns Event during the Toarcian. In
this study, we have undertaken an investigation of J1dn mainly from a petrological
perspective (hand-sample observations and multiple micro-analytical techniques), and
supplemented extant studies with new geochemical analyses and validations. Unique
sedimentological and petrological features were used to identify five principal facies
associations (FA) and depositional environments, including the distal delta front,
accretionary bioclastic shoals, proximal bioclastic shoal ramp, distal bioclastic shoal ramp
and (semi-)deep lacustrine environment. The vertical transitions of FA reveal that J1dn
forms a complete lacustrine transgressive-regressive sedimentary system during the
Toarcian, which can be further divided into 3 stages controlled by lacustrine-level
fluctuation: Stage A (mainly an accretionary bioclastic shoal environment in warm,
well‑oxygenated fresh water, but accompanied by frequent lake-level fluctuations); Stage B
(mainly a deep lacustrine environment at the relative lake-level highstand, occasionally
affected by storm-induced waves, coinciding with the initiation of the Jenkyns Event); and
Stage C (recovering the depositional environment dominated by bioclastic shoals at the
relative lakelevel lowstand, contemporaneous with the end of the Jenkyns Event). At
different stages, storm and hurricane events would induce the remobilised, resuspended
and redeposit of unconsolidated sediments, allowing the mixing of fossiliferous carbonate
and clay-rich mudstone in the lacustrine system. Finally, the proposed depositional
evolution model at the lake-level highstand stage and lowstand stage of the palaeo-Sichuan
lacustrine basin provides new insights and understanding on the changing
palaeolimnological history of the Toarcian lacustrine system.
Revising the control factors of tight sandstone reservoirs: A case
study on Member 8 of Permian Shihezi Formation in Longdong area,
Ordos Basin
Influence of diagenesis on reservoir in He 8 member of the Permian Shihezi Formation in
Longdong Area, Ordos Basin Gaixia Cui1, Influence of diagenesis on reservoir in He 8 member
of the Permian Shihezi Formation in Longdong Area, Ordos Basin Shouyu Xu1, Influence of
diagenesis on reservoir in He 8 member of the Permian Shihezi Formation in Longdong Area,
Ordos Basin Qinlian Wei2
1China University Of Petroleum (east China), 2Xian Shiyou university

Abstract: Tight sandstone gas reservoirs, as a representative of unconventional gas

reservoirs, possess significant reserves and abundant oil and gas resources. Consequently,
they have become a crucial focus for governments and enterprises in terms of exploration
and development. In the Longdong area located in the southwest of the Ordos Basin, a
relatively complete set of dense thick sandstones with multiple layers rich in oil and gas has
been continuously deposited due to sedimentary environment and structural factors. As
exploration into tight sandstone oil and gas deepens, this area is gradually emerging as a
new development replacement zone. This research area conducted experiments such as
casting thin sections, scanning electron microscopy, high-pressure mercury injection tests,
physical property analysis etc., to study parameters including reservoir properties, lithology
characteristics, and pore structure features. The results revealed that lithic quartz sandstone
(61.6%) and lithic sandstone (15.06%) were the main rock types in Box 8 section. The overall
grain size was coarse with medium sorting while intragranular dissolution pores dominated
followed by intergranular pores or crystallographic micro-pores. The thickness range of
storage layer exhibited significant variation along with strong heterogeneity in rock type
distribution within it. Reservoir properties are jointly controlled by sedimentary facies and
diagenesis processes where sedimentary facies fundamentally determine reservoir property
conditions; Sand body structure plays an important role on reservoir properties where
cutting-type single-sand-body storage exhibits better physical properties than spliced-sand-
body storage while isolated single-sand-body is inferior to both; Compaction is the primary
reason for densification whereby water mica serves as the primary factor causing
cementation-induced densification while low degree dissolution has limited effect on
improving reservoir quality.
Characterization of Proterozoic Tidal Deposits: Insights from Virtual
Outcrop Models
Mr Erik Dario1, PhD Ezequiel Souza2, PhD Claiton Scherer1, PhD Felipe Guadagnin2, Valquíria
Macario2, Gabriel Ayala1
1Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 2Universidade Federal do Pampa

The overall configuration of Morro do Chapéu Formation, part of the Espinhaço Supergroup,
shows basal conglomerates covered by fine grained sandstones and heterolithic strata, This
assemblage indicates an environment predominantly influenced by wave dynamics. The
tidal influence is observed in the middle interval of the deposit, due to changes in shoreline
morphology. This study was intended to characterize these tidal deposits based on Virtual
Outcrop Models acquired from a quarry within the study area. In this context, five
architectural elements were characterized through their internal and external geometry: i)
accretionary climbing dunes; ii) erosive climbing dunes; iii) simple macroforms; iv)
compound macroforms; and v) sand ridges. These deposits are not homogeneous, but
mainly exhibit fine to medium-grained, well-sorted, low-angle and trough cross-stratified
sandstones. Sets with regular or undulating bounding surfaces with internal planes dipping
in the same direction as the dominant current, are interpreted as accretionary climbing
dunes. Erosive climbing dunes show amalgamated sets with reactivation surfaces. Setsof
truncated and regularly spaced cross-bedding are interpreted as compound macroforms
formed by the stacking of simple macroforms, which consist in a set of cross-strata derived
from a single and dominant tidal cycle, with mud drapes characterizing periods of slack
water. Co-sets with thicknesses of up to 70 cm are associated with these bedforms, and are
interpreted as tidal sand ridges, which gather cross strata with opposite dipping when
compared to the flat and sigmoidal boundary surfaces. Such sand ridges show lateral
accretion, abundant reactivation surfaces and double mud drapes. The architectural
elements were interpreted as a tidal sand-sheet with dominant paleocurrent to NW,
indicating a dominance of ebb tide over flood tide. The scale and morphology of such tidal
bedforms closely resemble those in modern environments, despite differences in the Earth-
Moon orbital dynamics.
A standard procedure for monitoring the evolution of Sabellaria
spinulosa reefs: the case of Torre Mileto.
Phd Student Alessia de Luca1, PhD doctor Stefania Lisco1, PhD doctor Roberta Trani2,
Professor Caterina Longo2, Professor Cataldo Pierri2, PhD Doctor Tamara Lazic2, Professor
Pasquale Acquafredda1, Technician Arcangelo Piscitelli3, Professor Massimo Moretti1
1University Of Bari Aldo Moro; Department of Geoenvironmental and Earth Sciences,
2University of Bari Aldo Moro; Department of Bioscencies, Biothecnology and Environmental

Sciences, 3Environmental Survey, EnSu s.r.l

The largest bioconstruction currently known in the Mediterranean built by the polychaet
annelid Sabellaria spinulosa Leuckart, 1849, is located along the northern coast of the
Gargano promontory (Apulia, Southern Italy). The bioconstruction, which exhibits all the
characteristics to be considered a reef, is configured through large bodies occuring near the
locality of Torre Mileto, and small but continuous bioconstructions are distributed along a
50 km stretch of coast between the neighboring localities of Rodi Garganico and Vieste. Due
to the impressive extent of the structure, its role in increasing biodiversity, and its influence
on coastal dynamics, the procedure for the establishment of a Site of Community
Importance (SCI) for the Natura 2000 Network has been started in order to protect the
bioconstruction of the Torre Mileto area. The biogenic reefs built by Sabellaria spinulosa
play a fundamental role in the evolution of adjacent sandy coasts, acting as natural
breakwaters, mitigating coastal erosion, and serving as a sand reservoir that feeds the
beaches. Through seasonal monitoring of abiotic and biotic parameters including changes in
dimensions and morphology, as well as conducting observations at micro scales, we have
successfully evaluated the well-being of the bioconstruction, its associated taxa, and its
seasonal development. Furthermore, we propose a monitoring model for the environmental
and health status of Sabellaria spinulosa bioconstructions applicable to the whole
Mediterranean basin.
3-D OUTCROP MODELS APPLIED TO HIGH-RESOLUTION SEQUENCE
STRATIGRAPHY: CASE STUDY OF DELTAIC DEPOSITS OF LAJAS
FORMATION, JURASSIC OF NEUQUÉN BASIN, AT THE CERRO MELLIZO
REGION (ZAPALA, ARGENTINA)
Phd Ezequiel De Souza1, Mr Alisson dos Santos1, Phd Felipe Guadagnin1, Msc Eduardo
Roemers2, Phd Miguel Silveira2, Phd Guilherme Raja Gabaglia Raja Gabaglia2, PhD Carlos
Arregui3, PhD Daniel Fragoso2
1Federal University Of Pampa, 2Petrobras - Petróleo Brasileiro S.A, 3Universidad Nacional del

Comahue
The Neuquén Basin records Mesozoic stratigraphic successions of international relevance
for hydrocarbon reservoir analogs studies. Presenting a complex structural arrangement,
the Huincul Arch area in the basin's southern portion is the main region of occurrence of the
Bajocian-Bathonian Lajas Formation, deposited in coastal environments included in the
overall progradational Cuyo Group. Overlying the shelfal to shallow marine Los Molles
Formation, these coastal deposits exhibit fluvial and deltaic architecture, eventually
reworked by waves and tides. The study area outcrops in the Picún Leufú Creek, which
displays nearly 300 meters of piled-up strata. The studies available for this region suggest
that the deposits are influenced by tidal currents, with uncertain wave reworking. To
determine the vertical and lateral distribution of facies and their stratigraphic implications
and to understand the coastal dynamics of these fluvial, wave- and tide-dominated deposits,
a detailed analysis of photofacies and photohorizons is made based on 3-D outcrop models
built by aerial LiDAR and photogrammetric surveys. 3-D outcrop models are photorealistic,
georeferenced representations of outcrops as point clouds and textured meshes, usually
displaying thousands of points per square meter and centimeter-to-millimeter spatial
resolution over large areas. Such characteristics allow the definition of the different
photofacies, analogously to seismic facies, based on the stratal terminations, internal
configuration, and external geometry of rock bodies. Unlike seismic facies, photofacies'
internal configuration includes color, sedimentary structures and may be defined by texture
when the grain size is larger than the spatial resolution. The extraction and classification of
photofacies is achieved through remote sensing. The available published data is integrated
in 3-D whenever possible with the new geological-geophysical-geochemical data. The
present study addresses the stratigraphic heterogeneity by defining facies associations,
systems tracts, and sequences of high to medium frequency, namely 5th and 4th orders.
Microbial mat and microbially induced structures in interdune
deposits, Mangabeira Formation, Mesoproterozoic (NE-Brazil)
[Link]. Amanda S. C. Feitosa2, Phd Ezequiel De Souza1, Ph.D Manoela B. Bállico2, Ph.D Claiton
M. S. Scherer3
1Federal University Of Pampa, 2Federal University of Santa Catarina, 3Federal University of

Rio Grande do Sul

The Proterozoic-Phanerozoic transition represents the shift from a period with a large
predominance of microscopic single-celled autotrophic organisms to a period dominated by
metazoans with predatory feeding tendencies. The strong evolution of these organisms has
consequently resulted in a decline in the record of Microbially Induced Sedimentary
Structures (MISS). This study focus in to relate the influence of the Proterozoic on the MISS
of the aeolian deposits of the Mangabeira Formation (Espinhaço Supergroup). The analytical
techniques and approaches used consisted of the facies interpretation linked to optical
microscopy analysis of the features on petrographic sections. In the interpretation of the
petrographic thin section, different structures were described as characteristic features of
microbial activities: i) in the form of mud drapes; ii) concave; iii) forming ripples; iv) with
dispersive tails; v) bifurcated and crenulated and vi) arranged in spaced sub-horizontal
sheets. The predominance of wrinkle structures (which are the most abundant of the
Proterozoic) alternating with layers of fine sediments, reflecting repetitive cycles of
microbial growth, sedimentary deposition, subsequent burial and new growth. Flame
structures were also observed, which occur when grains of higher density are superimposed
on grains of lower density, forming pillow-type features. In the case of microbial mats, the
muddy level has greater resistance, generating slight depressions. It was also possible to
observe laminations associated with authigenic minerals, which reflect the decay of organic
matter. These minerals have a convoluted and diffuse structure, indicating erosion and
depositional processes. These characteristics helped to identify MISS in the siliciclastic rocks
studied, which contributed to the paleoenvironmental reconstruction and understanding of
the conditions that characterized these aeolian deposits. The next steps of the study will
consist of the Raman Spectroscopy performing, which is a tool capable of determining the
chemical composition of microbial mats based on their unique spectral signatures.
Looking at Subsurface Through Deep Learning: an Artificial
Intelligence Approach to Sediment Core Analysis
Dr Andrea Di Martino1, Dr Gianluca Carlini2, Prof Gastone Castellani3, Prof Daniel
Remondini2, Prof Alessandro Amorosi1
1Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BiGeA), University of

Bologna. Piazza di Porta San Donato 1, 40126 Bologna, Italy, 2Department of Physics and
Astronomy, University of Bologna, 40127 , 3Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences,
University of Bologna, 40138
Accurate sedimentary facies analysis is crucial for building subsurface stratigraphic models
that may impact environmental, economic, and societal decisions. Subsurface stratigraphic
investigations, however, require specialized sedimentological knowledge and skills in core
analysis. In this context, artificial intelligence methods can support researchers and
professionals in performing subsurface characterization. Here, we propose a novel Deep-
Learning-based approach to perform automatic semantic segmentation on images from
continuous sediment cores of Holocene age, based on the identification of six sedimentary
facies associations. To train the model, we produced a robust segmentation dataset of high-
resolution digital images from continuous sediment cores reflecting a wide spectrum of
continental to shallow-marine depositional systems. The proposed model provides high-
resolution sedimentological interpretation, mimicking the researcher interpretation process.
We tested several model architectures, ranging from standard Convolutional Neural
Networks to more advanced Transformers models. We performed a thorough evaluation of
the models using numerous standard segmentation metrics, including Intersection-over-
Union, F1-score, balanced accuracy, and Confusion Matrices. Moreover, visual maps
showing model errors and confidence were produced to improve model interpretability. As
a further contribution, we made all the data and code developed in this study publicly
available, allowing a straightforward reproduction of the results and providing a method for
immediate guidance in stratigraphic correlation and subsurface reconstruction.
FROM GRAVEL RIVERS TO SANDY SHORES: SEDIMENTOLOGICAL
ANALYSIS OF A GEOTHERMAL AQUIFER BASED ON OUTCROPS (TIEN
SHAN FORELAND, SE KAZAKHSTAN)
Dr Antoine Dillinger1, Assoc. Prof. Milovan Fustic1, Dr Ashirgul Kozhagulova1, Mr Amir
Umralin1, Prof John Holbrook2
1School of Mining and Geosciences, Nazarbayev University, 2Department of Geological

Sciences, Texas Christian University

The Ili Basin is an active retro-wedge basin in southeast Kazakhstan, with a present-day
structural architecture inherited from the ongoing uplift of the Tien Shan mountains since
the Oligocene. The basin has been regarded as an intermountain basin since the Triassic
with sedimentation combining coarser-grained alluvial deposition and finer-grained
lacustrine conditions, not much unlike the modern landscape. The well-sorted, sandstone-
rich Cretaceous interval has been recently identified as a prospective hot sedimentary
aquifer, with temperatures reaching as much as 103⁰C at depths of 2850 m, making it a
strong candidate for a geothermal energy source. Despite their economic and societal
importance, little is known on the origin, extent, and lateral variability of Cretaceous strata,
nor their tectonic context. A field campaign undertaken on the southern margin of the basin
allowed for the examination of the sparse Cretaceous outcrops, and offers a first facies-
based analysis of the sedimentary strata. One specific location exhibits exquisitely exposed
polymictic conglomerates occupying large channels that were cut into highly weathered
Paleozoic igneous basement. Conglomeratic facies gradationally transition over a few
hundreds of meters northward (basinward) into intensely bioturbated, cross-stratified and
well-sorted sandstone facies, reminiscent of sandstone found at the production interval of
geothermal wells located tens of kilometers to the north. Sandstone facies are interpreted
as nearshore deposits of a well-oxygenated marine environment and, for the first time,
reveal the existence of a Cretaceous endorheic sea in the region. The paleoshoreline was
likely affected by strong cross-shore currents and fed by alluvial fans, carving wave-cut
platforms and valleys on the tectonically active southern margin of the basin. This newly
proposed depositional model may better explain the characteristics of the deep Cretaceous
aquifer, including its lateral extent, tabular geometry, well-sorted fabrics, and carbonate
coatings, and open new avenues for its exploitation.
CLAY-CARBONATE INTERACTIONS IN PRE-SALT IN SITU ROCKS
MSc. Argos Schrank1,2, [Link]. Thisiane Dos Santos1, MSc. Sabrina Altenhofen1, MSc. Mariane
Trombetta1, MSc. Thiago Haubert1, [Link]. Rafaela Lenz1,2, PhD Rosalia Barili1, PhD Felipe Dalla
Vecchia1, Professor Luiz Fernando De Ros2, PhD Amanda Rodrigues2, PhD Anderson
Maraschin1, MSc. Elias Cembrani2
1Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, 2Institute of Geosciences of Federal

University of Rio Grande do Sul

Most of Brazil oil production comes from the huge Pre-salt reservoirs. The in-situ Aptian Pre-
salt deposits were formed by a distinctive and complex combination of fascicular and
spherulitic calcite aggregates and magnesian clays in a unique hyper-alkaline lacustrine
system in a sag basin. Despite their critical role on the origin and quality of the reservoirs,
the genesis and interactions among clays and carbonates remain unclear. To address this
knowledge gap, an extensive analysis was conducted on 812 thin sections from five wells in
the Barra Velha Formation (Santos Basin), through systematic petrography,
cathodoluminescence, UV epifluorescence, and X-ray diffraction analyses. The identified
syngenetic processes encompassed the deposition of Mg-clays as finely-laminated matrix,
peloids and ooids, as well as the precipitation of fascicular calcite crusts on the sediment-
water interface. Frequently, syngenetic materials were eroded and resedimented as
intraclastic deposits. The common presence of clay peloids within the syngenetic shrubs
indicate concurrent calcite and clay precipitation, albeit at variable rates. The eodiagenetic
phases included the precipitation of matrix-replacive and displacive spherulites and
fascicular shrubs, of matrix-replacive blocky calcite and dolomite, lamellar carbonates filling
matrix shrinkage pores, and of microcrystalline calcite, dolomite, and silica replacing the
Mg-clay matrix. The preferential dolomitization and calcitization of peloidal layers were
most likely linked to their higher permeability and specific surface. Mesodiagenetic or
hydrothermal phases, such as matrix-replacive saddle dolomite, macrocrystalline calcite,
and dawsonite, were precipitated following significant matrix dissolution. Understanding
the intricate processes governing the formation and alteration of carbonates and clays in
the Pre-salt deposits is of utmost importance for constraining their unique depositional and
diagenetic conditions and environments, but also for reducing exploration risks and
enhancing the production from these extraordinary reservoirs.
Hyperpycnal flow linking fluvial-deltaic and lacustrine depositional
process and implication for sedimentary interpretation in lacustrine
basin.
Luxing Dou1, Li Zhang2, Xiaolong Bi2, Qinchao Yang2, Weiqing Zhang1, Xiaowei Xia1
1College of Resources and Environment, Yangtze University, 2School of Geosciences, Yangtze

University
Hyperpycnal flow was considered as extrabasinal turbidity flow during river floods period.
Previous studies have interpreted and discussed hyperpycnal flow related deposits formed
in deep water sedimentary environment in lacustrine basin. The formation and transport of
those extrabasinal turbidity flows begin at river mouth position. And, hyperpycnites in
shallow lakes settings were also interpreted in sedimentary records in recent years.
Compared to the research about hyperpycnal flow in deep lacustrine settings, hyperpycnites
from river mouth to lake settings are not well understood. This may also relate to the
"subaqueous distributary channels" debate in lacustrine sedimentology. In this work, we
discussed the typical sedimentary characteristics of shallow lacustrine hyperpycnal flow
deposits in outcrops and cores in lacustrine basin. Seismic reflection characteristics were
also interpreted. Based on the sedimentary architecture and analysis of the facies
associations of subaqueous channels formed by hyperpycnal flows, we could get new
sedimentary interpretation about the incised sandy deposits in delta front sedimentary
environments. The sedimentary process of the river mouth to shallow lacustrine
hyperpycnal flows shows obvious response to periodic flood events in geological history.
The delta-fed hyperpycnal flow deposits are characterized by sinuous channels and lobe
deposits associated with channel extension in the down-dip direction. Those delta-fed
subaqueous channels have different depositional process compared to the distributary
channels in delta plain environments. Flood discharge and hyperpycnal flow process is the
main reason for the observed sedimentary architecture in the delta front to shallow
lacustrine hyperpycnal flow deposits. The delta-fed hyperpycnal flows linked fluvial-deltaic
and lacustrine depositional process. This study can aid understanding of the depositional
processes of delta front and lacustrine and the facies interpretation in lacustrine basins.
This study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 42202177).
Controls on heavy mineral composition on a continental scale
Maximilian Dröllner1, Milo Barham1, Christopher L. Kirkland1, Andreas Zametzer1
1Timescales of Mineral Systems Group, School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Curtin

University
Heavy mineral analysis is a well-established approach used in reconstructing sediment
routing systems and can address a range of Earth science questions. To understand the
geological significance of heavy mineral compositions, it is critical to distinguish original
provenance signals from modifications of the heavy mineral cargo during transport and
deposition. Importantly, studies of modern sedimentary systems provide a framework for
interpreting heavy mineral composition in the depositional record. Although an extensive
record of published work on modern sediments exists, most studies use conventional
petrographic analysis and are limited in spatial extent. High-throughput techniques, such as
automated mineralogy, are becoming more widespread and are more efficient, but
generate data of different quality and quantity. Here, we use a continental-scale heavy
mineral dataset of 1315 samples derived from EDX-SEM-based automated mineralogy to
elucidate geological and climatic controls on heavy mineral composition across the
Australian continent. Samples are floodplain sediments draining ~80% of Australia and are
contextualised in their climatic and tectonic setting. Results suggest a broad climatic control
on heavy mineral composition, but also retain provenance fingerprints from the underlying
crystalline basement. Moreover, we use Australia’s largest drainage basin, the Murray-
Darling system, to better quantify transport-associated heavy mineral composition
modification. Sediments in this vast ~1,000,000 km² drainage basin record stark changes
during sediment transport. Near source areas, highly variable heavy mineral compositions
are observed, interpreted to reflect source rock heterogeneity. In contrast, more uniform
but significantly modified compositions are observed on increasing transport distance,
which is best explained by processes associated with transient sediment storage and
recycling in the unconsolidated sedimentary cover. Ultimately, understanding the geological
processes controlling heavy mineral composition is expected to prove useful for the
interpretation of heavy mineral analysis in comparable tectonic settings (i.e., passive and rift
margins) in the depositional record and elemental flux between Earth reservoirs.
The impact of the Kuroshio Current on the continental shelf and
slope of Taiwan
Dr Debora Duarte1,2, Dr Uisdean Nicholson2, Dr Andrew Tien-Sun Lin3, Dr Elda
Miramontes4,5, Dr Dorik Stow2
1The Lyell Centre, Heriot-Watt University, 2School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and

Society (EGIS), Heriot-Watt University, 3National Central University of Taiwan (NCU),

4Faculty of Geosciences, University of Bremen, 5MARUM – Center for Marine Environmental

Sciences
Ocean bottom currents are capable of transporting and depositing large volumes of
sediment across the deep sea. Additionally, they can also deeply erode continental slopes,
resulting in changes to slope morphology and stratigraphic architecture of continental
margins.
The Kuroshio Current (KC) is a major western boundary current controlled by the North
Pacific Gyre. It begins east of the Philippines and then flows in a north-eastward direction
along Taiwan and Japan, bringing warm subtropical waters from the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool
to mid-latitudes, being a key control on Asian climate. Taiwan is located in a complex
tectonic area, at the boundary between the Philippine Sea Plate to the east and the Eurasian
Plate to the west. Thus, it is an ideal area to investigate the interaction of bottom currents
with the seabed in an active tectonic setting. Such settings are often characterised by
complex and rough bathymetry, that can impact bottom current pathways and strength. In
this study, we document the impact of the KC on the continental shelf, slope and tectonic
ridges offshore Taiwan. We focus on three areas that are investigated using an 2D seismic
data and multibeam bathymetry: i) the Luzon Arc, ii) the Ryukyu Arc and iii) the Penghu
Channel/Taiwan Strait.
Our initial findings suggest that the KC interacts with bathymetric reliefs (e.g., tectonic
ridges), that constrain and accelerate the current, resulting in pronounced seabed erosion.
Although well-developed contourite drifts are rare, likely because of deformation or
remobilisation by gravity-driven processes, we identified candidate sheeted drifts between
tectonic ridges, that could form important archives of Earth’s past climate and
oceanographic conditions.
Ichnological evidence for changing water depths during deposition of
trackbearing layers in the Maastrichtian El Molino Formation, Bolivia
Dr Raúl Esperante1, Dr Kevin E. Nick, Dr Roberto E. Biaggi
1Geoscience Research Institute

The Maastrichtian El Molino Formation in the Torotoro National Park (TTNP), Bolivia, is well
known for its abundance of sauropod, theropod, ornithopod and bird tracks in
predominantly clastic layers of ostracods, ooids and fine sand grains. Trackbearing layers in
the middle member of the formation are interbedded with thick to very thick burgundy
siltstone and fine to very fine green and red mudstone layers. Paleontological evidence,
including charophytes, lacustrine ostracods, freshwater gastropods and fish, as well as
negative 𝜹𝜹18O isotope values, suggest a freshwater environment for the deposition of the
succession with vertebrate tracks. In our study, we have found twenty-one levels with
dinosaur tracks, some also containing avian tracks. The upper surfaces of the tracked
sandstones show mudcracks and wave ripples and are abruptly overlain with clay-rich
mudstones. Alternation of the very fine sediment and trackbearing layers with evidence of
freshwater further suggest significant fluctuations in base level in an ephemeral lacustrine
basin. These fluctuations are confirmed by the occurrence of true theropod, ornithopod and
bird tracks with theropod swim traces, which are very abundant in the Carreras Pampa
tracksite and but also in other tracksites within the TTNP. Some individual swim traces cut
through individual theropod tracks, indicating that the former were impressed on the
substrate after the true tracks were printed. Preservation of tracks through water level
changes requires some type of rapid substrate stabilization. The estimated size of the
theropods based on the length of the tracks is 1.2–1.8 m in height to the hip; therefore, a
relatively rapid rise of the water level of at least that depth of water must have occurred
between the time of track formation and swim trace formation. Thus, the vertebrate
ichnological record provides important clues to unravel the depositional history of the basin.
Research progress of volcano- lake basin sedimentation: A case study
of Dehui Fault Depression, Songliao Basin
student Wentian Fan1, professor Zhizhang Wang1, professor Xinmin Song2
1College of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum(Beijing), 2Research Institute of

Petroleum Exploration and Development, China National Petroleum Corporation

Volcanic eruption can produce a large amount of pyroclastic material, change the local
structural characteristics, and affect the lake basin sedimentation in different degrees.
Taking the Cretaceous Huoshiling Formation in Dehui Fault Depression, Songliao Basin as an
example, the effects of volcanic activity on lake basin deposition were studied by using
drilling core, cast thin section and scanning electron microscopy. The results show that the
volcano erupted in the lake basin, forming a unique sedimentary characteristics. When the
volcano erupted, the pyroclastic flow moved along the volcanic slope, and massive volcanic
breccia and coarse-grained tuff are formed on the volcanic slope; above is fine-grained tuff
with good stratification; at the top is a pyroclastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of
stratified tuffaceous mudstone and sandstone, which is formed by fine-grained pyroclastic
material plus terrigenous debris. The pyroclastic material with finer grain size migrates
farther away under hydrodynamic action, and the content of pyroclastic material is lower at
the farther distance, extending outward from the volcanic slope, and the lithology gradually
changes from volcaniclastic rock to sed volcanic pyroclastic rock and pyroclastic sedimentary
rock.
Occurrence Characteristics of Chang 7 Shale Oil from the
Longdong Area in the Ordos Basin, NW China : Insights from
Petrology and
Pore Structure
Mr. Yunpeng Fan1, Professor Zhigang WenCollege of Resources and Environment, Yangtze University, Key Laboratory
of Exploration Technologies for Oil and Gas Resources, Ministry of Education, Yangtze University, Professor Weichao

TianCollege of Resources and Environment, Yangtze University, Key Laboratory of Exploration Technologies for Oil and Gas Resources,
Ministry of Education, Yangtze University
1Hubei Key Laboratory of Petroleum Geochemistry and Environment, Yangtze University
rganic geochemistry experiments, X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron
mi-croscopy (FE-SEM), N2 adsorption, CO2 adsorption, and two-dimensional nuclear
magnetic resonance (2D NMR) were performed on ten Chang 7 shale samples (Longdong
area, Ordos Basin) to elucidate their pore structure and characteristics of oil occurrence.
Moreover, the factors influ-encing free oil were discussed, and an occurrence model was
established. FE-SEM analysis re-veals that the pore types include interparticle pores,
intraplatelet pores within clay aggregates, rare fracture pores and organic matter (OM)
pores. The pores are predominantly slit-shaped. The development of micropores was mainly
contributed by OM. Quartz and clay minerals influence the development of macropores and
mesopores, feldspar mainly control macropores develop-ment, and pyrite most strongly
affects micropore development. Micropores and mesopores con-tribute the main total pore
specific surface area, while mesopores and macropores are the main contributors to the
total pore volume. Pores >2 nm are the main storage spaces for shale oil, and free oil mainly
occurs in pores >20 nm. Adsorbed oil and free oil were assessed by NMR T1-T2 mapping.
The adsorbed oil signal intensities range from 7.5-23.4 a.u. per g rock, and the free oil signal
intensities range from 4.4-23.2 a.u. per g rock. The free oil proportions are 15.9-70.6% (av-
erage of 44.2%). The free oil proportion is negatively correlated with the clay mineral
content and total organic carbon (TOC) content but positively correlated with the saturated
hydrocarbon content and volume of pores > 20 nm. The results of this study could help
optimize favorable shale oil target areas.
Tectonic controls on braided-river delta sedimentary system: a case
study of the Paleogene in Maxian area, Qaidam Basin
Ms Yan Fan1, Caifu Xiang1, Juncheng JU2, Minghui YANG1
1China University of Petroleum, 2Exploration and Development Research Institute of Liaohe

Oilfield Branch Company, PetroChina

Few studies on sequence stratigraphy of the Paleogene in the Maxian area of the Qaidam
Basin. we integrate seismic data, well-logging data and integrated cores to study the
sequence stratigraphy and the depositional system. Our study shows that:(1) Two major
depositional facies, including braided-river delta in Lulehe Formation, braided-river delta
and lacustrine in Xiaganchaigou Formation, were identified based on the analysis of
lithofacies and facies associations. (2) Three third-order sequences(SSQ1 in lulehe
Formation, SSQ2 in Lower section of Xiaganchaigou Formation, SSQ3 in Upper section of
Xiaganchaigou Formation) bounded by depositional cycle are recognized in the deposits.
Each third-order sequence can be classified into Lowstand (LST) + Transgression (TST) and
Highstand (HST) systems tracts based on recognition of regressive-transgressive cycle.
(3)The Qilian Mountains uplifts at the early deposition of the Paleogene caused the
overcompensation of sediments, and formed a wide braided-river delta depositional
system. The sag subsidence caused by the tectonic uplifts made the relative rise of lake
level. The downthrown side of Maxian fault, Xiannan fault and Mabei fault provides
accommodation space for sand bodies from ancient channels, and limits the lateral input
channel of provenance, which makes the study area form a typical ' bird-foot ' delta
deposition.
LATE HOLOCENE SEA LEVEL AND CLIMATE CHANGES RECORDED BY
INTERTIDAL RED ALGAL RIMS
DR Giovanni Fantini1, Post doctoral Daniele Secchi2, post doctoral Dario Fanciellu1, Professor
Vincenzo Pascucci2, Professor Stefano Andreucci1
1Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università di Cagliari, 2Dipartimento di

Architettura, Design e Urbanistica. Università di Sassari

The calcareous red algae Lithophyllum byssoides colonizes the intertidal zone of vertical
cliffs, developing thick bioconstructions on the tidal notch base. Due to their high sensitivity
to sea level change, these bioconstructions are powerful sea level marker frequently used to
model precise eustatic curves. Two algal rims were sampled around the Capo Caccia
Mesozoic limestone peninsula (NW Sardinia, Italy) to define late Holocene high-frequency
Sea level fluctuations for Western Mediterranean Sea. The internal pattern of both rims is
characterized by an in situ superposition of several generations of L. byssoides thalli binding
sand-sized clasts composed of shell fragments along with quartz and feldspar grains. Thin
sections and SEM analysis confirm L. byssoides is the dominant framework builder with
minor Corallina elongate and Serpulidae worm encrusters, competing with bioeroders as L.
lithophaga. The internal macrostructure combined with AMS radiocarbon ages selected
along the algal growth directions reveal two accretion phases separated by a marked
erosive surface. This analysis constrains the rims formation in the last 500 years and during
two different sea level rises. The first accretion phase took place during the Little Ice Age
between Maunder (1645–1715 AD) and Dalton (1790–1830 AD) solar Minima. The second
occurred during the modern warming pulse (post 1850 AD). The erosive surface indicates a
hiatus in rim growth related to a sea-level drop of, at least, 30 cm possibly associated to the
latest stages of the LIA. This work estimates a growth rate for the L. byssoides build-ups of
about 2 mm/yr and reveals the ability of intertidal red algal rims to record, also minimal, Sea
level fluctuations occurred in the last centuries.
Unraveling Deep-Sea Facies and Processes : Insights into the
Turonian-Campanian Chalk of Flamborough Head, UK
Dr Eric Lasseur, Dr Ophélie Faÿ1, Dr Bruno Caline
1UMONS

The cliffs of Flamborough Head in Yorkshire, UK, provide a comprehensive view of the Upper
Cretaceous period. These cliffs expose deep-sea chalks that were uplifted during the
Tertiary inversion. They are likely to be analogous to the chalk deposits of the North Sea,
where the depositional facies are inferred from seismic images and a few published core
descriptions.

A detailed sedimentological study was conducted on the Turonian to Campanian sections,

which included macroscopic and microscopic observations. The sedimentary features are
well-preserved, allowing for the identification of depositional processes.

Three main facies associations were identified:

1. Turbidites facies are massive beds, several decimeters thick, with sharp bases. The base is
coarser with sand-sized bioclasts and grades upward to finer grained, even laminated
deposits. These beds correspond to the classical ab terms of the Bouma sequence. The
terminal terms (Tcde) are typically absent. They are usually not bioturbated, except at their
top.

2. Bottom-current related facies are abundant but do not correspond to the ideal contourite
facies model. They are frequently several meters thick and composed of thinly laminated
beds. Planar and undulating laminations are frequent. Current ripples occur. At a larger
scale, bed packages show internal organization with compensation. These facies are likely to
be deposited within large contourite drifts as seen on offshore seismic profiles nearby.

3. Hemipelagites are intensely bioturbated mudstones with rare faunas (few sponges and
inoceramids) which do not show any evidence of currents reworking.

Turbidites and contourites facies are frequently associated, with the former likely being
reworked by bottom currents. This study provides criteria to recognize different deep-sea
chalk facies, applicable both on outcrops and cores. It offers insights to refine our
understanding of the paleogeography, slope processes, and bottom currents dynamic of the
North Sea chalk deposits and associated potential reservoirs.
Mineralogical and Geochemical Baseline Study for Underground
Hydrogen Storage in Porous Media: Implications in Reservoir and
Caprock Integrity
PhD María Belén Febbo1, Wisdom David1,2, PhD Juliane Kummerow1, PhD Tobias Björn
Weisenberger1, PhD Mrityunjay Singh1, PhD Peter Pilz1, PhD Anna-Maria Eckel1, Lea
Döpp1,2, PhD Cornelia Schmidt-Hattenberger1, Professor Ingo Sass1,2
1German Research Centre For Geosciences (GFZ), 2Technische Universität Darmstadt

The storage of energy from renewable energy sources in the form of hydrogen (H2) is seen
as a promising way to balance seasonal fluctuations in supply and demand. Hydrogen can be
produced using excess electricity and stored temporarily in geological formations. Salt
caverns, depleted oil and gas reservoirs and deep saline aquifers have been proposed for
underground hydrogen storage (UHS). Despite its large storage capacity, UHS in porous
media is associated with several geological and operational uncertainties.
The Ketzin site (Northeast German Basin, Brandenburg, Germany) is being evaluated as a
potential location for a hydrogen pilot demonstrator in a saline aquifer. Therefore, the
Triassic Stuttgart Formation is considered to serve as H2 reservoir and was successfully
tested for CO2 storage (years 2004-2017). The unit is lithologically heterogeneous and
consists of sandstones, claystones, evaporites (anhydrite) lenses and thin coal beds.
Sandstones are partially cemented by anhydrite and analcime, showing variable porosity.
The Middle Triassic Weser Formation is the top seal of the Stuttgart Formation, comprised
of claystones, anhydrite and marls.
Studies of abiotic hydrogen reactions in porous media are rare and do not sufficiently
describe the reactions that might be expected during UHS. This study aims to contribute to
this field by performing batch experiments on core samples from the Ketzin site to detect
possible textural, mineralogical, geochemical and petrophysical changes in the reservoir and
caprock due to H2 exposure. The workflow includes a baseline characterization of the
samples before and after H2 injection, using petrographic and mineralogical methods. Based
on the mineralogical composition of these units, redox reactions involving iron-bearing
minerals and dissolution of anhydrite and calcite cements would be expected. Such
responses can lead to changes in porosity and mechanical properties of the formations.
Results obtained contribute to decrease uncertainties related to the reservoir and caprock
integrity during UHS.
Methane-derived authigenic dolomite associated with upper
Miocene channel-levee turbidites from NE Morocco (Taza-Guercif
Basin)
Dr. Mattia Marini1, Dr Giovanna Della Porta1, Dr. Fabrizio Felletti1, Marcello Natalicchio2,
Francesco Dela Pierre2
1Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra ‘A. Desio’, 2Università

di Torino, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra

Methane-derived authigenic carbonates (MDAC) form at methane seeps in a range of
marine environments as a by-product of microbial anaerobic oxidation of methane.
We report on MDAC from deep-water deposits of late Tortonian-early Messinian age, which
accumulated onto the south-bounding slope of the Taza-Guercif Basin (NE Morocco). The
studied MDAC are associated with marlstones and channel levee turbidites, which alternate
to form a deepening-upward section about 600 m-thick. Optical and scanning electron
microscopy and XRD data indicate that all of the sampled carbonates are structureless
dolomicrites and are accompanied with fracture-filling jarosite and gypsum. Their methane-
derived origin is confirmed by C and O stable isotope analyses, with most of the samples
showing highly negative δ13C values (up to ~-39‰) and δ18O values up to ~2‰. Three
MDAC types were recognized: i) tubular pipe-like MDAC (a few metres long and several
centimetres across) occurring within the marlstones and thin-bedded levee turbidites; ii)
bedding-parallel cm-thick MDAC intercalating channel-fill sandstones iii) MDAC occurring as
intensely bioturbated patches embedding detrital and skeletal grains in columnar-like
bodies (a few metres long and several tens of centimetres across) within channel fills.
MDAC first occur ~150 m from base and are relatively more abundant in the marlstone
immediately above thick turbidite units. However, there is no obvious geographic clustering
of MDAC, suggesting that the methane venting was relatively diffuse, rather that channeled
through major discrete pathways.
Current efforts are towards understanding of the factors that controlled MDAC intermittent
formation, including the interplay with turbidite deposition.
Characteristics of thrust nappe structure in Pinghu slope of Xihu
Depression and its hydrocarbon geological significance
Dr Zihao Feng1,2, Prof Zhen Liu1,2, Dr Chenxi Li1,2, Master Xiangling You1,2
[Link] Laboratory of Petroleum Resources Exploration, China University of Petroleum

(Beijing), 2College of Geosciences,China Universety of Petroleum(Beijing)

The Xihu depression has experienced multiple tectonic movements since Cenozoic, forming
complex and variable structural features. With the deepening of exploration, deep bedrock
reservoirs have been paid more and more attention. In recent years, a new breakthrough
has been achieved in the exploration of buried hill gas reservoirs in Baoyunting area, which
proves the prospecting potential of gas reservoirs in Pinghu structural belt of Xihu
depression. However, the formation factors of Pinghu slope are controversial, and the
formation process of bedrock buried hill gas reservoir is still unclear. Therefore, in this
paper, the activity characteristics of thrust nappe structure in the study area and its
hydrocarbon geological significance are discussed through 3D seismic data, well logging and
well logging data. The results show that: (1) the Pinghu slope area is formed by the
activation and uplift of the reverse faults in the bedrock under the action of thrust and
nappe, and a large number of normal faults are formed by the rupture along the weak zone
of the tectonic stress in the late tectonic movement, and are not the main factors for the
formation of the slope; (2) The reservoir formation conditions of the bedrock gas reservoir
in the study area are very favorable, with large trap size and complete shape, large cap
thickness and wide development area, and good physical properties of the reservoir. The
reservoir formation model is formed under the source rocks of Gem Formation and near
side reservoir with the source rocks of Pinghu Formation. (3) The bedrock in the upper part
of Pinghu slope zone has the potential to develop large and medium-sized gas reservoirs,
which is a new oil and gas field worthy of attention and can be used as a favorable target for
the next deep-sea oil and gas exploration.
Palaeodynamics and depositional architecture of Precambrian linear
mega-dunes: Galho do Miguel Formation, Espinhaço Supergroup, SE
Brazil
Dr. Aquila Ferreira Mesquita1,2, Dr. Giorgio Basilici1,2,3, Dr. Carlos Roberto de Souza Filho1,2,
Dr. Nigel Mountney4, Dr. Luca Colombera5, Dr. Alexandre Ribeiro Cardoso6, Dr. Grace
Cosgrove4, Dr. Juraj Janŏcko7, Carlos Henrique Gomes Tabarelli1
1Department of Geology and Natural Resources, Institute of Geosciences, University of

Campinas, 2PRH-ANP 19.1 – Exploração Petrolífera e Geologia de Reservatórios, 3Centro

Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia Tecnológica, 4School of Earth and
Environment, Institute of Applied Geoscience, University of Leeds, 5Dipartimento di Scienze
della Terra e dell'Ambiente, Università di Pavia, 6Institute of Petroleum and Natural
Resources (IPR), 7Institute of Geosciences, Faculty BERG, Technical University of Kosice
Linear mega-dune deposits are often misrecognised in aeolian successions unless their
original topography is preserved. Thus, this work aims to reconstruct linear mega-bedforms
based on the depositional architecture and to elucidate the palaeodynamics of Precambrian
draas through the sedimentological study in an interval of c. 80m of the Mesoproterozoic
Galho do Miguel Formation. Three architectural elements were documented representing
different parts of a complex draa system: compound cross-bedded sets, produced by the
dune superimposition at the central draa region; low-angle cross-stratification sets,
originated from the sedimentation in draa plinth areas; and planar-parallel sandstone strata,
interpreted as subcritically climbing translatent strata deposited over the dry-interdune
flats. The extensive lateral exposure and unusual thickness of the low-angle sets (up to
5.5 m) are likely linked to well-developed plinth areas, influenced by either the plinth
deposition of a draa scale-bedform or by low rates of the bedform migration, resulting in its
high vertical accretion rate. Both processes can coexist in the linear draa systems, which
unfold through two key-stages: vertical accretion and lateral migration. This interpretation is
further supported by the geometric relationship between the bounding surfaces, originated
by dune elongation and superimposition during the vertical accretion process, and the
interstratified relationship of plinth strata with compound dune deposits formed during
later lateral migration. The existence of interbedded dry-interdune deposits (up to 4m thick)
suggests the construction of large and well-developed interdune corridors between the
mega-dunes under dry conditions. However, the enhanced accumulation of these deposits,
compared to their Phanerozoic counterparts, may be attributed to factors such as: the
higher sediment supply in Precambrian continents, favouring an overgrown of the dry-
interdune packages, and the low rates of lateral migration of linear bedforms, preventing
the entire erosion of the interdune strata. Consequently, the dune and interdune climb
coevally over time, unlike the present-day examples.
Application of Source-to-Sink Scaling Relationships to Reconstruct
the Upper Triassic Shinarump Sediment Routing System, Colorado
Plateau, USA
Mr Nick Ferry1, Admin Husic2, Mike Blum1
1University Of Kansas, Department of Geology, 2University of Kansas, Department of Civil,

Environmental, and Architectural Engineering

The Upper Triassic Shinarump Member of the Chinle Formation is interpreted as the
deposits of a continental-scale fluvial system that traversed southern Laurentia from the
Ouachita Mountains of the southcentral USA to the Auld Lang Syne marine basin of the
western Great Basin. Despite numerous studies focused on the Shinarump Member, none
have presented quantitative estimates of the morphological segments that comprise this
source-to-sink system. This study uses fluvial scaling relationships developed from modern
river systems to estimate drainage-basin area and reconstruct submarine fan dimensions of
the Shinarump sediment-routing system.

The presence and scale of inclined-strata sets suggest Shinarump fluvial deposits were
deposited by large meandering rivers with bankfull depths that averaged approximately 23
m. Paleoslope estimates using data from median grain size and paleochannel bankfull depth
produced a best estimate of 4.7x10ˉ­­⁵. Shinarump channels with paleodepths that average
about 23 m are interpreted to represent a contributing drainage area of approximately
5.2x10⁵ km² with a maximum drainage-basin length of 1,575 km. The length of the longest
Shinarump river, represented by the estimated drainage-basin length, yields a backwater
length of about 157 km. Sediment delivery to the basin floor from a fluvial system of this
scale yields a submarine fan area of 4.2x10⁴ km² and a maximum fan runout length of 281
km. Taken together, the scale of the entire Shinarump sediment routing system would place
it within range of the top 100 largest systems of the modern world. These estimates provide
a new avenue for comparison of the Shinarump with modern-day sediment routing systems.
The mesofacies of fluvio-tidal translating point bars, McMurray
Formation, Alberta, Canada
Ms Susanne Fietz1
1Federal Institute for Geoscieces and Natural Resources, 2Simon Fraser University

Fluvio-tidal translating point bars, although common in modern environments, have only
rarely been described sedimentologically and ichnologically in the literature. This study
applies the mesofacies approach to provide detailed sedimentological and ichnological data
on three fluvio-tidal translating point bars of the McMurray Formation in Alberta, Canada.
Twenty-three mesofacies are defined based on recurring sedimentological and ichnological
expressions at the lamina and lamina-set scale. These mesofacies are stacked into beds and
bedsets of two depositional facies. Facies F1 occurs at the landward apex of the translating
point bars and is dominated by sand- and mud-rich dune deposits, abundant soft sediment
deformation, and rare bioturbated beds. F1 reflects high rates of sedimentation and
unstable substrates that are challenging for infaunal colonization. Facies F2, found in the
center to seaward positions of the translating point bars, is characterized by sand and sandy
mud beds alternating with mud beds. The sand and sandy mud beds display variable
degrees of bioturbation, featuring ichnological suites typical of brackish-water conditions.
Sand and sandy mud beds are interpreted to reflect variable deposition rates, variable mud
concentrations in the water column and persistent brackish-water conditions during tidal
dominance. Unburrowed mud beds are deposited during elevated river discharge, whereas
elevated bioturbation intensities in mud beds indicate slow deposition rates during tidal
dominance. The association of F1 and F2 within a single translating point bar highlights the
complex lateral facies changes that occur on a bar scale due to locally varying hydrodynamic
conditions.
This detailed study of the sedimentology and ichnology of three translating point bars
contributes to a better understanding of the physical, chemical and biological processes that
affect fluvio-tidal environments. The mesofacies approach proved to be a powerful tool for
delivering precise and concise sedimentological and ichnological descriptions, enabling
highly refined facies interpretations.
Characterization of tight oil reservoir in porcellanites, a proposed
workflow
Dr Arnaud Fournillon1, Dr Stefan Doublet1
1Beicip-Franlab

The Barmer Basin (Rajasthan, India) is a hydrocarbon rich province sourced by the Barmer
Hill formation. In the Northern part of the basin, this formation is divided into a lower shaly
part and a cleaner upper part. The shale-dominated interval represents the source rock
itself, while the upper part consists of microcrystalline clastic deposits interbedded with
shale. These siliciclastics deposits are porcellanites made of silt-sized quartz and diatom
shells. Porcellanites represent a very uncommon tight oil play. Therefore, its
characterisation requires specific workflow.
Porcellanites have commonly a wide range of porosity, from very good to null, but an overall
low to very low permeability. This is directly linked to the diagenetic state of this rock.
Indeed, depositional mineralogy of porcellanite, under the form of diatomite, is in opal-A
and is characterized by a high porosity ranging 60%-80%. With increasing burial and
temperature, opal-A transforms into opal-CT and ultimately into chalcedony. This
transformation is followed by a drastic drop of porosity, down to 10%. Besides, the decrease
of porosity is correlated with an increase in the fracability of the rock.
We propose a multiscale workflow that relies on (1) integrating SEM and XRD
measurements with core and BHI facies for the definition of diagenetic facies for
porcellanites in cored intervals, (2) computing petro acoustic logs (such as Poisson’s ratio,
Young’s modulus or unconfined compressive strength) to quantify brittleness and VSH to
quantify shaliness, and (3) using a supervised approach to propagate diagenetic facies in
uncored intervals or even in seismic. This diagenetic study could also be enhanced using 1D
thermobarometric modeling to model the temperature and burial evolution at well location.
The expected result of such workflow is the definition of “Goldilocks” intervals where the
fracability of the flow units is sufficient to produce the more porous units.
Sedimentary facies and architecture of Lower Pleistocene tidal-strait
deposits from Calabria, Southern Italy
Svea Franke1, Sergio Longhitano2, Daniel Collins3, Patrick Boyden4, Marcello Gugliotta1,4
1Faculty of Geosciences, University of Bremen, 2Department of Sciences, University of

Basilicata, 3Shell International Ltd, 4MARUM- Center for Marine Environmental Sciences,
University of Bremen
The Messina Strait is a narrow marine passage that separates the Italian Peninsula and the
island of Sicily in the Central Mediterranean Sea. During the Lower Pleistocene, a
combination of extensional tectonism and marine depositional processes led to the
development of diverse sedimentary features in an ancient expression of this strait. The
paleo-strait deposits are currently located on both flanks of the modern strait and allow to
reconstruct past hydrodynamic conditions.
In this study, the deposits located on the Calabrian side of the modern strait were studied in
detail near the town of Cataforio using sedimentological logging, facies and paleocurrent
analyses, interpretation of panoramic photographs, and 3D outcrop models reconstructed
from drone imagery.
The targeted deposits consist of a mixture of siliciclastic and biocalcarenitic sediments. Four
distinct facies were recognized based on their architecture: tangential cross-bedded (A)
tabular cross-bedded (B), low-angle cross-bedded (C) and planar bedded (D). The
thicknesses of these facies vary throughout the outcrop area, but typically range from 1 to 5
m. The different cross-bedded facies (A–C) also form compound bedforms with thicknesses
up to 30 m and lateral continuity up to 100s of meters. Their main paleocurrent is
unidirectional towards the west. These compound layers are occasionally interrupted by 1-2
m thick layers of facies D.
The presence of these complex sedimentary bedforms leads to the interpretation of ancient
tidal-strait dunes with a predominant westward paleocurrent direction. The findings
presented herein contribute to the broader knowledge of the region's geological history and
enhance our understanding of similar tidal strait settings worldwide.
Sediment Dating of Fluvial, Lacustrine and Aeolian Systems in the
Basin of the great Lakes, Western Mongolia
Prof. Dr. Manfred Frechen1, Dr. Neda Rahimzadeh, MSc Dennis Wolf, Prof. Dr. Frank
Lehmkuhl
1Leibniz Institute For Applied Geophysics

Neda Rahimzadeh1, Dennis Wolf2, Manfred Frechen1, Frank Lehmkuhl2

1Leibniz Institute for Applied Geophysics (LIAG), Stilleweg 2, 30655 Hannover, Germany
2Physische Geographie und Geoökologie, Geographisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University,
Wüllnerstr. 5b, 52056 Aachen, Germany

Luminescence and radiocarbon dating methods are mandatory to set up reliable

chronological frameworks for sedimentary systems to reconstruct climate and
environmental changes quantitatively through time. Our study area, the Basin of the Great
Lakes in Western Mongolia is a key area to investigate sediment archives and sediment
pathways under variable climates in this region including extreme continental climatic
conditions. Alluvial fans, beach bars and dune fields, partly interacting with each other,
were sampled for luminescence dating in detail. In this study, a total of thirty-four samples
were taken from a beach ridge sequence of Khyargas Nuur and tested using K-feldspar
single aliquot (2.5 mm) pIRIR dating to overcome the problem of the dim signal of quartz.
Furthermore, single grain dating was also conducted to address the problem of insufficient
bleaching of the pIRIR signals. The preliminary established chronological framework
indicates that the studied samples were mostly deposited during the Holocene and the
results yielded a continuous decline of the lake level for most of the Holocene period.
Ship-Based Epoxy Impregnation of Unconsolidated Marine Sediment
Cores: a Detailed Methodology
Ms. Shannon Frey, Dr. Martin Jutzeler1, Dr. Steffen Kutterolf2, Ms. Janne Scheffler2
1University Of Tasmania, 2GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research

Since the early 1900s, piston, gravity, vibro- or IODP sediment cores have been a keystone
asset in multiple research and industry fields, such as global climate change, sedimentology,
stratigraphy, palaeoceanography, hazard assessment and petroleum exploration. However,
these cores are often collected, processed and stored rapidly to preserve their character,
with minimal time allocated for records (images, core logs) to be created. This can lead to
low quality image collection and rushed interpretations. Additionally, accessing the primary
cores after storage can be difficult. Many additional techniques have been developed for
the non-destructive analysis of cores (imaging, physical properties, X-rays, core description,
XRF) however the same challenges apply. These techniques are limited by the instrument’s
ability and calibration and produces only a digital record for future investigations. Here, we
present an integrated method for epoxy impregnation of sediment cores that enhances
textural characteristics of the cores and allows for long-term preservation of part of the
cores at room temperature. This method creates a 3D visual record that can be easily
transported and stored for future observations, 3D scanned, and/or displayed for education
purposes. Importantly, our method enhances sedimentary textures that may be otherwise
obscured from the naked eye and from photography/other imaging techniques and
preserves most of the core for conventional refrigerated storage. The epoxy impregnation
method is simple and robust and can be applied to various clast types and grain sizes,
although it is most applicable on sand and gravel. This versatile method can be performed
on wet or dry cores, immediately after collection on the ship or in long-term core
repositories and can be used on the full length or a small section of a core.
Large-Scale Single-Event Sediment Waves; Insights into Cyclic
Step/Antidune Deposition and Eruption-Fed Density Currents
Ms. Shannon Frey, Dr. Martin Jutzeler1, Dr. Matthieu Cartigny2, Dr. Rebec Carey1
1University Of Tasmania, 2Durham University

High magnitude, shallow marine or coastal volcanic explosive eruptions and their associated
subaqueous density current can have substantial global impacts. These density currents can
be fast and destructive, damaging underwater infrastructure, benthic ecosystems, and
creating tsunamis that impact distant coastal communities. However, despite their potential
damaging effect subaqueous density currents associated with volcanic eruptions remain
poorly understood. Fields of large-scale sediment waves on volcanic flanks are commonly
attributed to syn-eruptive volcanic density currents, depositing upstream-migrating
bedforms known as cyclic steps and anti-dunes. However, these bedforms are known
primarily from bathymetry and other remote techniques (sonar, seismic), and more detailed
observations of internal structures and sedimentary characteristics cannot be acquired.
Here, we present data from two sediment cores collected from a large sediment wave field
offshore Macauley island, in the Kermadec arc. We show that the geochemical signature of
the cores is consistent with the 5.7 ka, >30 km3 caldera-forming eruption of the now
submarine Macauley volcano. The facies characteristics of the cores is consistent with
models for deposition from high-concentration density currents under supercritical flow and
are interpreted to be the product of syn-eruptive pyroclastic density currents that deposited
cyclic steps and anti-dunes. Numerical modelling of previously published seismic data
constrains speed, duration and flow depth of the density currents. Two distinct stages can
be recognized; initial flows were fast (~ 40 km/hr) and short-lived, while the subsequent
flows were prolonged and slower. We compare these results with observations and
sediment waves associated with the Jan 15th, 2022, Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai volcanic
eruption.
Turbidities architectures evolution pattern in the slope-parallel
submarine canyon head area, an implication for the Central Canyon
Area, Qiongdongnan Basin, South China Sea
Dr. Chao Fu1, Prof. Yuhong XIE2, Mrss. Hui WANG1
1CNOOC Research Institute, 2China National Offshore Oil Corporation

High sediment volumes deposited in deep-sea canyons play a crucial role in the source-to-
sink system, creating various sand body stack patterns due to complex sedimentary
processes like erosion, incision, and sedimentation. The turbidity's architecture in the
canyon head area remains poorly understood due to the extremely fast-changing
topography. This study focuses on the Central Canyon Area in the Qiongdongnan Basin,
examining turbidities flow patterns and architecture resulting from volcanic activity,
slumping, and canyon wall collapse. Using high-resolution 3D seismic data, we quantitatively
identify turbidities architecture characteristics such as static aspect ratio, cross-sectional
asymmetry, channel-complex-growth trajectories angle, and stratigraphic mobility number.
Additionally, based on an empirical formula, we classify flow patterns into erosion,
equilibrium, and depositional flows by calculating Froude numbers and flow
[Link], a mass of sediments is injected into an unconfined canyon area, while
downstream features high-angle slopes and volcanic regions, leading to confined canyon
areas with fewer developed channel levees and sharp infilling by lateral accretion turbidity
channels. We find that upstream sections are primarily infilled by vertical or lateral
accretion channels with wide levees, while downstream is dominated by lateral accretion or
isolated channels without levees. This results in a sharp increase in U and Fr between the
two sections, leading to the development of bypass sections with fewer sediments bearing.
Finally, we use a bubble chart to identify dominant factors contributing to the turbidities
stack pattern in various canyon sections at different stages in a quantitative manner.
Reservoir Architecture of Uranium Bearing Ikansk (Eocene)
Formation, South Tortkuduk, Southern Kazakhstan
Dr. Milovan Fustic1, Dr. Antoine Dillinger1, Dr. Emmanuelle Chanvry2, Mr. Chingiz
Sagatbekov3, Mr. Bekzhan Smagabektov4, Dr. Syed Muzyan Shahzad1, Mr. Alibek
Abeuov1, Mr. Yerlibek Bolat3
1Nazarbayev University, 2Recherche, Orano, , 3Katko JV LLP, 4University of Lorraine

The uranium-bearing Ikansk (Eocene) Formation in South Tortkuduk (Chu-Sarysu Basin,

Southern Kazakhstan) is commonly subdivided into the lower, sand-dominated and the
upper, mud-dominated sub-units. The erosional base of this 30m thick formation is recently
interpreted as a regionally extensive sequence boundary, while its top is marked by
transgressive lag deposits of Intymak formation (middle Eocene Lutetian transgression).
Facies analysis and well-to-well correlations show significant intra-formational reservoir
architecture complexity characterized by variable scale vertical and lateral
compartmentalization. Non-reservoir facies associations include multi-meter thick laterally
extensive alluvial floodplain and delta-plain deposits and up to 10m thick and 500m wide
curvilinear mud-plug deposits. Reservoir facies associations are dominated by ~15m thick
upward fining and coarsening intervals interpreted as point bar and delta-front deposits
respectively. The cross-cutting relationship of mapped architectural elements suggests rare
preservations of thin (<4m thick) transgressive sand deposits at the base, which are overlain
by a maximum-flooding surface and ~15m thick deltaic deposits formed when sediment
supply became dominant, resulting in basin infilling and sediment progradation. These
deltaic deposits were subsequently largely reworked by the advancing ~15m deep
meandering channel-belt. The overlying sedimentary packages include remnants of multiple
stacked cut-and-fill deposits, which are largely cannibalized by another ~15m thick meander
belt. Poor preservation of lateral and vertical point bar continuities is likely a result of
frequent and dramatic seasonal (monsoonal?) floods which caused chute incisions and cut-
offs, point bar reorientations, and avulsions. The top unit is likely a shallow brackish bay-fill
formed during slow sea-level rise ahead of the main transgression. Observed architecture is
indicative of a dynamic interplay of sediment supply and sea-level changes in an overall low-
accommodation setting. The mapping of architectural elements, although challenging in
terms of workflow and resource management, significantly improves the accuracy of inputs
for static reservoir models built for in-situ recovery uranium extractions.
Study on the Extinction History and Evolution Model of Cretaceous
Lake Basin in the West of Tabei Uplift, Tarim Basin
Dr Xiaoyang Gao1, Dr Yong Hu1, Dr Luxing Dou1
1Yangtze University

In recent years, the Cretaceous oil and gas reservoirs in the western part of the Tabei Uplift
have become a hot exploration area, but the study of their structural sedimentary evolution
characteristics is still shallow, which restricts the progress of exploration. On the basis of
core observation, this study combines well logging and 3D seismic data to analyze the
evolution history of lake basins in the study area, and establishes a lake basin evolution
model under complex structural backgrounds. Research has shown that under complex
tectonic backgrounds, the Cretaceous lake basin in the western part of the Tabei Uplift has
undergone multiple processes of expansion, migration, and extinction. The Shushanhe
Formation is the expansion period of the lake basin, where the early formed distributary
channels and estuarine bars are transformed into beach bars far from the source area.
During the lower stage of the Baxigai Formation, the southeast strata were uplifted, and the
sediment source was deposited towards the northwest. Thick layers of mudstone were
developed at the top, and the lake basin continued to expand. During the middle section of
the Baxigai Formation, the uplift of the northwest strata led to forced lake retreat, and the
center of the lake basin migrated southeast. The sedimentary period of the upper part of
the Baxigai Formation is mainly characterized by onshore sedimentation, and the southeast
strata rapidly uplift, leading to the delta filling the original lake and advancing forward.
When encountering depression areas, local lakes are formed. After the lakes are filled with
debris, the delta continues to accumulate forward, causing the lake basin to migrate and
shrink. During the sedimentation period of the Bashjiqike Formation, the southeastern
strata continued to rise, and the lake basin was filled and disappeared, developing a
floodplain sedimentary system under arid climate conditions.
Reunderstanding of organic matter enrichment law of fine grained
sedimentary rock in saline lacustrine facies
Dr Gang Gao1,2, Dr Shiju Liu1,2
1China University Of Petroleum (beijing), 2a. State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resource

and Prospecting, China University of Petroleum, No.18 Fuxue Road, Beijing 102249, China
The composition and content of organic matter in saline lacustrine fine-grained sedimentary
rocks vary greatly. Previous studies have been conducted on the source, organic matter type
and hydrocarbon formation potential of brackish lacustrine organic matter, but the specific
relationship between the composition content, source, organic matter abundance and
hydrocarbon-gerating potential of typical parent material and sedimentary water conditions
such as salinity has been less discussed. In this paper, the characteristics of typical
hydrocarbon-generating organic matter in saline water environment were studied in detail.
The two typical algaes of lamalginite and telalginite in aquatic organic matter have different
degrees of development with different salinity. The longitudinal section of the telalginite
showed long wavy and lenticular shapes, and the fluorescence characteristics showed that
the internal brown and the outer yellow were yellow, and the body cavity and outer wall
were visible, and the cross-section showed a pear-shaped shape, and the characteristics of
the biomarkers were high in phytane and β-carotene and low in ααα-20R-C28 sterane. The
lamalginite can secrete silicon dioxide with main symbiotic minerals of fine-grained feldspar
and quartz. On the cross-section, it shows continuous layered stacking and the strong
fluorescenc; on the section inside the parallel layer, it shows continuous distribution with
the characteristics of banded silk. The characteristics of the biomarkers are low in Ph, β-
carotene and gammacerane and high in ααα-20R-C28 sterane. The lalmalginite has
photosynthesis to absorb orange light and is located in the bottom of the water body with a
broad salinity range, but they more thrived in relatively low salinity. To saline lacustrine,
with the increase of salinity, the relative contents of aquatic organic matter and telalginite
increased, the contents of terrigenous organic matter, lemalginite and total organic matter
decreased, and the oil-producing capacity per unit of organic matter increased.
Re-Os geochronology of black shales from the Mesoproterozoic
Hongshuizhuang Formation, North China
Dr Ruohan Gao1, Xinyu Zhao
1China University Of Geosciences, Beijing

In North China Craton, the Mesoproterozoic Hongshuizhuang Formation is dominated by a

set of marine sediments including dolomite and black shale. The black shale is considered to
be one of the oldest organic-rich sediment and source rocks in China. However, radiometric
time constraints is lacking for this formation, and its age was only limited by zircon U-Pb
dating of the strata above and below it (1,353±14 to 1316±37 Ma). In order to obtain Re–Os
ages and initial ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os (Osi) data, black shale samples from the Hongshuizhuang
Formation were analyzed using the HCl-HNO3 digestion technique. A Re–Os date of
1392±107 Ma (Osi = 0.36±1.07, MSWD = 1.4, n = 5) was obtained from preliminary data of
outcrop black shale samples from Liaoning Province, North China. We interpret the
relatively large uncertainties in age and Osi to reflect heterogeneity of the Osi of samples
related to temporal change of ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os ratio of seawater when the sedimentary rocks
were deposited. Further examination of core samples may provide better constraints on the
age and variation of and Osi of Hongshuizhuang black shale.
Reunderstanding of organic matter enrichment law of fine grained
sedimentary rock in saline lacustrine facies
Dr Gang Gao1,2, Dr Shiju Liu1,2
1China University Of Petroleum (beijing), 2State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resource and

Prospecting, China University of Petroleum

The composition and content of organic matter in saline lacustrine fine-grained sedimentary
rocks vary greatly. Previous studies have been conducted on the source, organic matter type
and hydrocarbon formation potential of brackish lacustrine organic matter, but the specific
relationship between the composition content, source, organic matter abundance and
hydrocarbon-gerating potential of typical parent material and sedimentary water conditions
such as salinity has been less discussed. In this paper, the characteristics of typical
hydrocarbon-generating organic matter in saline water environment were studied in detail.
The two typical algaes of lamalginite and telalginite in aquatic organic matter have different
degrees of development with different salinity. The longitudinal section of the telalginite
showed long wavy and lenticular shapes, and the fluorescence characteristics showed that
the internal brown and the outer yellow were yellow, and the body cavity and outer wall
were visible, and the cross-section showed a pear-shaped shape, and the characteristics of
the biomarkers were high in phytane and β-carotene and low in ααα-20R-C28 sterane. The
lamalginite can secrete silicon dioxide with main symbiotic minerals of fine-grained feldspar
and quartz. On the cross-section, it shows continuous layered stacking and the strong
fluorescenc; on the section inside the parallel layer, it shows continuous distribution with
the characteristics of banded silk. The characteristics of the biomarkers are low in Ph, β-
carotene and gammacerane and high in ααα-20R-C28 sterane. The lalmalginite has
photosynthesis to absorb orange light and is located in the bottom of the water body with a
broad salinity range, but they more thrived in relatively low salinity. To saline lacustrine,
with the increase of salinity, the relative contents of aquatic organic matter and telalginite
increased, the contents of terrigenous organic matter, lemalginite and total organic matter
decreased, and the oil-producing capacity per unit of organic matter increased.
An overlooked intrabasin synsedimentary fault system unveiled
through detailed tectono-sedimentary analysis: the case of the early
stages of the infill of the easternmost Cameros Basin (Late Jurassic-
Early Cretaceous, N Spain)
Mr Martín García-Martín1, I. Emma Quijada2, M. Isabel Benito3,4, Pablo Suarez-Gonzalez3,
Fidel Martín-González1, Sonia Campos-Soto3, Laura González-Acebrón3
1Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 2Universidad de Oviedo, 3Universidad Complutense de

Madrid, 4Instituto de Geociencias IGEO

The Cameros Basin developed in northern Spain from the Late Jurassic to the Early
Cretaceous as a consequence of the opening of the Western Tethys and North-Atlantic
domains, and it was filled by siliciclastic, carbonate and carbonate-evaporite deposits
formed in alluvial, lacustrine and coastal environments. Although different tectonic models
have been proposed for the reconstruction of its extensional structure, they all interpreted
that intra-basin synsedimentary faults had minor or no significance in controlling
sedimentation of the different units of the basin.
However, detailed stratigraphic and structural analysis, geological mapping, and cross-
sections reveal a noticeable control on the sedimentation of the lowermost units of the
Cameros Basin by subvertical faults striking N110-130º within the easternmost areas of the
basin, which produced a significant increase in thickness south-westwards. One of this
faults, the Peña Cofrades fault, produced a thickness increase which goes from 1,530 m at
the less subsiding block (north-eastwards) to 3,610 m at the most subsiding block (south-
westwards). These findings have important implications for the reconstruction of the
extensional structure of the basin.
Despite the large thickness changes, very similar sedimentary facies and
palaeoenvironments were developed in adjacent blocks of each fault. This fact makes
difficult to identify the synsedimentary faults in the field and complicates the mapping and
the evaluation of their relevance on generating subsidence. This facies similarity occurred
because the large subsidence rates produced by the synsedimentary faults were
compensated by high sedimentation rates allowing the development of similar sedimentary
environments throughout the studied area within each studied stratigraphic unit.
Acknowledgements: Funded by the research project PID2022-136717NB-I00 from the
Spanish Government and a Ph.D. scholarship from the Universidad Rey Juan Carlos
(PREDOC20-096-3066).
Homogeneous sedimentary facies masking intra-basin
synsedimentary normal faults: the interplay between
accommodation generation and sedimentation rates
I. Emma Quijada1, M. Isabel Benito2,3, Martín García-Martín4, Pablo Suarez-Gonzalez2, Sonia
Campos-Soto2
1Universidad de Oviedo, 2Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 3Instituto de Geociencias

IGEO, 4Universidad Rey Juan Carlos

The presence of intrabasin synsedimentary normal faults commonly leaves an imprint in the
sedimentary record of extensional basins, such as deeper-water facies in the hangingwall or
the occurrence of alluvial-fan deposits attached to fault escarpments. Nevertheless, here we
show the case of the eastern Cameros Basin (Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous, N Spain), in
which the presence of highly active intrabasin faults did not result in significant
sedimentological changes, but show laterally homogeneous facies.
To comprehend the causes of such facies homogeneity, the sedimentary record of the
Berriasian Oncala Group has been analysed in detail in the easternmost Cameros Basin,
where thickness changes of more than 1000m related to the movement of synsedimentary
faults have been recently demonstrated. These faults had not been identified before
because there were no sedimentological clues pointing to their presence, since the Oncala
Group consists of homogeneous carbonate-gypsum laminated sediments deposited in
shallow coastal salinas all along the area. This can only be explained if the accommodation
was created by successive fault pulses that did not significantly modify depositional depths
and if, in addition, the accommodation generation was continuously compensated by high
sedimentation rates. This process prevented the development of larger depositional depths
in the hangingwall or significant fault escarpments.
The compensation of subsidence by sedimentation promoted only subtle sedimentological
differences between the most subsident and less subsident areas, such as: 1) the abundance
and thickness of gypsum layers increases northeastwards, suggesting higher
evaporation/water input rates in the less subsident blocks; 2) mudcracks are more abundant
to the northeast of the faults, indicating longer and more frequent subaerial exposure in the
footwall; 3) stromatolites are more abundant in the less subsident blocks, suggesting that
favourable conditions for their growth were developed in those areas, possibly due to
higher agitation and/or oxygenation.
Acknowledgements: Funded by Spanish project PID2022-136717NB-I00.
Poor Man’s Line Scan – a simple tool for the acquisition of high-
resolution, undistorted drill core photos
Dr Lukas Gegg1, Johann Gegg2
1University Of Freiburg, 2Independent engineer

The analysis and presentation of drill cores, an essential part of geoscientific research,
requires the acquisition of high-quality core photos. Typically, core photos are either taken
by hand, which often results in poor and inconsistent image quality and perspective
distortions, or with large, heavy, and thus inflexible as well as expensive line scan setups.
We present a simple, portable “Poor Man’s Line Scan” setup that turns a customary
smartphone into a semi-automatic core scanner utilising its panoramic photo function while
guided on a rail in order to record undistorted core photographs at high resolution. The
resulting images, although affected by some minor artefacts, are clearly superior in quality
and resolution to single photos taken by hand and are comparable to images taken with
commercial line scan cameras. The low cost (~EUR 100) and high flexibility, including the
potential for modifications, of our tool make it an interesting alternative to the classical line
scan setup.
Coral reef development in the Holocene of Bermuda, northern
Atlantic
Professor Eberhard Gischler1, Eduardo Islas-Dominguez, Dr. Harold Hudson
1Goethe University

At a latitude of 32°N, Bermuda is among the northernmost atoll-like, tropical carbonate

platforms. Fast-growing acroporids are lacking, and, hence, the reefs of Bermuda may be
utilized as models of 'reefs of the future' that likely accrete at slower rates as compared to
their lower-latitude counterparts. In order to investigate variations in accretion rate and
coral community structure during the Holocene, we collected four rotary drill cores from an
open, high-energy environment near the platform margin (North Rock) and from a
protected, low-energy inshore-water site (Castle Harbor). First results indicate that
Holocene reef growth started during 6.27 - 6.98 kyrs BP. Pleistocene eolianite, peat, and
gyttja act as reef pedestals. Holocene reef thickness reaches some 16 m. Based on limited
age data, it appears as if reef-accretion rate is indeed lower as compared to lower-latitude
sites, e.g., in the Caribbean: accretion rates in Bermuda range from 1.11 - 2.93 m/kyr and
average 2.03 m/kyr. Additional AMS-dates are currently being measured and will be used to
verify these numbers. Reef facies include coral-rich boundstone, coralline algal bindstone,
and unconsolidated sand and rubble. Microbialite crusts occur in coral-rich facies; in older
core parts of the marginal site and throughout the successions of the protected sites. The
coral community is dominated by stress-tolerant taxa: species of Diploria predominate and
Orbicella spp. occurs in moderate abundance; Siderastrea spp. is rare. Other occasionally
occurring corals include weedy taxa such as Porites spp., Agaricia spp, and Isophyllia spp.
Millepora spp., as the only representative of the competitive life-history strategy group, is
also rare. While the majority of the investigated reefs probably grew in a keep-up mode,
one of the inshore-water reefs likely accreted in a catch-up mode as indicated by the
occurrence of the ivory coral Oculina spp. in the lower core part.
Sedimentary Sequence of a Sandy Conglomerate Reservoir in Qie12
Block, Qaidam Basin, Northwest China and its Influence on
hydrocarbon enrichment
Qingshun Gong1
1Petrochina Hangzhou Research Institute Of Geology

Qaidam Basin is one of the most important oil and gas production basin. The thick sandy
conglomerate reservoir of KunBei oilfield within Qaidam Basin is one of the main oil and gas
producing reservoir. However, there still lacks the comprehensive understanding about the
sedimentary sequence and architecture of the sandy conglomerate reservoir.
By comprehensively geology, wireline logging data, seismic and production dynamic data,
the genetic type, distribution law of sandy conglomerate and its controlling effect on
hydrocarbon enrichment are systematically studied under the control of the isochronal
stratigraphic framework.
The analysis indicates that the depostional environment of the target lower part of the
Ganchaigou Formation is an alluvial fan. We defined eight lithofacies according to the core
analysis and five sedimentary microfacies by integrating the core and petrophysical data.
We next propose four sedimentary architectural models by integrating the lithofacies result,
microfacies analysis, and high frequency sequence models. The four architecture models
include the extensively connecting body sandwiched with intermittent channels, the
composite channel formed by the overlapping and separation of stable channels, the lateral
alternated braided channel and sheet flow sediment, and the runoff channel inlaid in flood
plain mudstone. We finally build an architecture model for the alluvial fan. The model of the
alluvial fan overall shows an upward-fining grain-size features and this feature indicates that
the alluvial fan belongs to a retrograding sequence. The built model consists of six alluvial
fan bodies that migrates from north.
The sedimentary facies belt has obvious control effect on oil and gas distribution, the
sedimentary structure units control the vertical enrichment of oil and gas, and the fan body
evolution controls hydrocarbon plane aggregation.
Progradation characteristics of Sinian Dengying Formation in central
Sichuan Basin，China
Mingfeng Gu1
1Petrochina Hangzhou Research Institute of Geology

In Sinian period, intra-platform rift developed in the middle Sichuan Basin, and microbial
mounds and shoals developed on both sides of the rift, which overlaps the karst
transformation of Tongwan Movement in the late Sinian period to form high-quality pore
and cavity type reservoirs. According to the 3D seismic data interpretation, multiple periods
of progradational reflection developed in the Fourth Member of Dengying Formation, the
scale and direction of progradation in each period are quantitatively described through the
tracing and comparative interpretation of the progradation interface. It is concluded that: 1)
the sediments of the Fourth Member of Dengying Formation were mainly controlled by the
slow decline of the relative sea level in the high period, dominated by the transverse f
progradation, and the platform edge continuously migrated to the north. 2) The
progradation direction is approximately parallel to the intra-platform rift trend, indicating
that except for the intra-platform rift margin, high-energy facies are still developed inside
the platform, which can be an important field for further exploration.
Features of Deep Sandy Debris Flow Reservoir in PG2 Block of Nanpu
Sag
Gao Guangliang1, Features of Deep Sandy Debris Flow Reservoir in PG2 Block of Nanpu Sag
ZHANG Xianguo
1China University Of Petroleum-east China

Guided by the deposition theory of the sandy debris flow, the geological characteristics of
the Sha1 Member reservoir in PG2 Block of Nanpu Sag was studied to clearly put forward
the depositional pattern of sandy debris flow, reservoir characteristics,and meticulous
depiction of the distribution of the interlayers using the rock cores, detection logging,
seismic, analysis assay and production test data. The research results show that: the sandy
debris flow mainly performs as domal deposition; it is thick in the middle and thin on the
flanks; vertically it is usually overlapped by multi-cycles of sandbodies and blanket
distribution in plane, the single sand body is thick and has good connectivity; the reservoir
lithology is mainly sandy conglomerate and coarse sandstone,mainly belongs to low porosity
and middle-low permeability reservoir and has strong intra-layer heterogeneity; the
reservoir space is predominantly secondary solution pores with subordinate primary
porosity and crevice; reservoir physical property is mainly controlled by sedimentary micro-
facies, lithofacies and reservoir diagenesis; the reservoir interlayer mainly includes lithologic
and physical property interlayers and discontinuously distributes on the sides of main water
channel and outer fan and has low division ability; the sandbodies unite and overlay in the
vertical and the reservoir is the thick massive reservoir with some layered characteristics.
The research results have important guiding significance for the development of future
reservoir development technology policy and the research of similar reservoirs.
A data-driven seismic quantitative prediction method for gas bearing
properties of thin tight sand layers
Dr. Jinyong Gui1, Dr. Jianhu Gao1, Dr. Shengjun Li1, Mr. Bingyang Liu1, Mr. Hailiang Li1
1Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development-Northwest, PetroChina

The terrestrial tight sandstone gas reservoirs in the Sichuan Basin of China hold significant
exploration potential. These reservoirs often exhibit characteristics such as thin thickness,
low porosity, low permeability, and high water saturation, influenced by complex
sedimentary diagenesis. In this study, a data-driven approach utilizing deep learning
algorithms was employed to train a seismic prediction model for key reservoir parameters,
including porosity, permeability, and gas saturation. The objective was to enhance the
quantitative prediction capability of seismic information for gas-bearing properties in thin
layers. The research findings revealed limitations of the deep learning method in seismic
sedimentology interpretation. To address the problem of overfitting caused by severely
lacking labeled data, this study proposes a strategy based on statistical rock physics and
geological statistics to automatically generate and expand labels. Additionally, favorable
reservoirs often develop thinly within a large set of background lithologies, resulting in an
imbalanced distribution of reservoir parameter values. By leveraging the boundary synthetic
minority class oversampling technique, the training bias caused by the imbalance of thin-
layer samples can be addressed. Finally, by constructing a physics-guided multi-modal
closed-loop network architecture and reinforcing the collaborative strategy of deep learning
across multiple tasks, it is possible to effectively mitigate the ambiguity in data mapping and
enhance the resolution of prediction results. The model and empirical data testing
demonstrate that this method exhibits a high level of accuracy in quantitatively predicting
the gas bearing properties, and can meet the interpretive requirements of seismic
sedimentology for thin tight sandstone layers.
Lithofacies characteristics and genetic mechanism of lacustrine
hybrid sedimentary rocks in Sichuan Basin, Southern China
Mr. Yerejiepu Habulashenmu1, Mr. Longwei Qiu1, Mr. Yongqiang Yang1, Mr. Shaoyun Chen1,
Mr. Muhammad Wajid Manzoor1
1China University of Petroleum ( East China )

The Jurassic Da’anzhai Member in the Sichuan Basin is a stratigraphic unit characterized by
widespread mudstone and hybrid sedimentation. It comprises various lithofacies types and
rich sedimentary structures, including massive structure, laminated structure, mud rip-up
clasts and erosion surfaces. By means of detailed analysis of core, logging, thin sections,
scanning electron microscope, XRD and XRF data, six lithofacies types are identified in the
Da’anzhai Member, and the genetic mechanisms of these lithofacies such as sandy debris
flow, turbidity current, bioclastic flow and still water sedimentation are analyzed based on
the characteristics of lithofacies. A complete third-order cycle and three fourth-order cycles
was identified the Da’anzhai Member based on the variation in the value of gamma ray,
bioclastic content and geochemical trace elements. The influence of lake level on lithofacies
is discussed according to stratigraphic cycle and distribution characteristics of different
lithofacies. Finally, the comprehensive sedimentary model of the study area is completed.
The formation and destruction causes of Shale Roof, Floor Sealing,
and Shale Self-Sealing for marine shales and relevant influence
MISS Fengli Han1,2, Kun Zhang1,2,3
1Southwest Petroleum University, 2School of Geoscience and Technology, 3Natural Gas

Geology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province

In studying shale gas preservation conditions, the causes of formation and destruction of
shale roof, floor sealing, and shale self-sealing for marine shales and the relevant influences
have been major issues to be explored. Based on previous studies, this study first collects
the drilling and logging data from representative wells in shale gas blocks in the Yangtze
region, southern China, and then conducts a series of experimental [Link] analyses
on the lithology, average porosity and breakthrough pressure showed that the roof and
floor provide sealing of shales due to physical property differences. According to the
petrophysical porosity model, the joint characterization experiment, and N2, CH4 and CO2
gas permeability determination, it is found that self-sealing is caused by the pore structure
differences of varied pore types and the gas sliding effect. According to the nitrogen isotope
analysis, sealing can be damaged by the slippage, faulting and volcanic activity, causing a
large amount of nitrogen coming from the atmosphere and upper mantle to be stored in the
shale gas. Experiments on carbon isotope, gas component, and the FIB-HIM and FIB-SEM
showed that: strong sealing can cause much liquid hydrocarbons to be retained in the shale
formation system, with much liquid hydrocarbon cracked gas being generated in addition to
the kerogen cracked gas. The carbon isotope inversion in the shale gas is stronger, and the
organic matter pores are mainly pyrobitumen pores with larger pores and good
connectivity. When the sealing capacities are weak, the amount of liquid hydrocarbons
discharged from the shale are high. The shale gas is mainly kerogen cracked gas with weak
or no carbon isotope inversion, and the kerogen pores with small pores and poor
connectivity. The findings are significant and practical for improving relevant theories and
guiding the selection of shale gas sweet spot.
Response of the middle Eocene Bohai Bay Basin lake (E China) to the
ENSO and to solar activity
Prof Chao Liang1, Dr Yu Han1, Prof Tom van Loon2, Prof Jing Wu2, Prof Yingchang Cao1
1China University Of Petroleum (East China), 2Shandong University of Science and

Technology
The behavior of the global climate system on scales from years to centuries is related to
several mechanisms, including solar forcing and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO).
Pre-Quaternary archives are rare, however, due to limited stratigraphic resolution and the
accuracy of datings. A middle Eocene lacustrine shale in the Bohai Bay Basin (E China) shows
annual laminae that allow establishing its astronomical and varve chronology. Principal
component analysis of the sediments in the cored material, their magnetic susceptibility and
grayscale scans as well as analysis of the varve thickness in thin sections jointly reveal
variations between a warm/dry and a cold/wet climate on the scale of centuries (~200–240
years, ~350 years), probably corresponding with cycles in solar activity. In situ δ13C and
δ18O values of the light carbonate laminae show, in combination with varve-thickness data,
that algal blooming and carbonate production show ~2.1–8.7 year cycles that could be
ascribed to ENSO activity. The data also suggest that solar forcing controlled the ENSO
intensity in the area of the Bohai Bay Basin during the middle Eocene.
Influence of Organic Matter on Gas-Bearing Properties and
Analysis of Sedimentary Mechanism of Organic Matter
Enrichment: A Case Study on the Yangtze Region of Southern
China during the Early Cambrian
MISS Fengli Han1,2, Kun Zhang1,2,3
1Southwest Petroleum University, 2School of Geoscience and Technology, 3Natural Gas

Geology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province

Shale gasexploration requires studies on the enrichmentmechanism of sedimentary organic
[Link] Cambrian shale is taken as a study object to analyze the effect of organic
matter on gas content using TOC content and porosity analyses, isothermal adsorption
experiments, and FIB-HIM scanning electron microscopy observations. Ten, we selected
typical wells to determine the presence of excessive silica in the siliceous minerals by
quantitative calculations. Besides, we analyzed the genesis of excessive siliceous minerals
using elements including Al, Fe, and Mn, thus speculating the controlling factors of the
redox environment and biological productivity. Results show that total organic carbon
content controls the content of free and adsorbed gas, while shale gas mainly exists in
organic pores and is developed in large numbers and with high roundness, showing the
characteristics of “small pores inside big pores.” In the Lower Yangtze region during the
Early Cambrian, the excessive siliceous minerals were of hydrothermal origin, and there
were frequent hydrothermal activities due to its closeness to plate boundaries. Tese
activities can intensify the reducibility of the waterbody’s bottom and improve the biological
productivity on its surface, resulting in the enrichmentofthis [Link]
siliconinthisregionisbiogenic,whileonlyasmallpart isofhydrothermalandbiogenic mixed
origin. Te enclosed waterbody of the Upper Yangtze region was far from plate boundaries
and close to the semiclosed “gulf,” resulting in its delamination. Te waterbody’s surface was
abundant with oxygen, thus increasing the biological pro-ductivity, while the high
reducibility at the waterbody’s bottom was conducive to preserving sedimentary organic
matter.
Water depth–terrigenous input dynamic equilibrium controls the
Eocene lacustrine shale laminae records in Jiyang depression, Bohai
Bay Basin, East China
Dr Yu Han1, Prof Chao Liang1, Prof Jing Wu2, Prof Yingchang Cao1
1China University Of Petroleum (East China), 2Shandong University of Science and

Technology
Lacustrine organic-rich Eocene shales are well developed within the faulted lake basin in the
Bohai Bay Basin in eastern China. It is crucial to comprehend the sedimentation of these
shales for the study of depositional processes, paleoenvironment reconstruction, and shale
oil exploration. This research investigates the sedimentary characteristics and formation
mechanisms of lacustrine shales in the Eocene Shahejie Formation (Es4s–Es3x), based on
thin sections and scanning electron microscopy observations of cores, with x-ray diffraction
analysis, electron probe microanalysis, and geochemical elements analysis. The Es4s–Es3x
shale is deposited in a hypoxic saline lake with laminated, massive, and lenticular
sedimentary structures, wherein laminated shale is the dominant lithofacies. Eight laminae
units have been identified: micritic calcite laminae (MCAL), sparry calcite laminae (SCAL),
quartz–feldspar–clay mixed laminae (QFCL), organic-rich clay laminae (OCL), clay laminae
(CL), organic matter laminae (OL), dolomite laminae (DL), and anhydrite laminae (AL). They
form seven lamina couplets: MCAL+OL+CL, QFCL+OCL, SCAL+OCL, SCAL+OL, MCAL+QFCL,
DL+OCL, and DL+AL. Moreover, three massive lithofacies and three types of calcite lenticular
laminae have also been identified. The Sr/Ba, S/total organic carbon, and Th/U ratios and
other geochemical elements show that Es4s–Es3x shale is deposited in the hypoxic saline
lake. Factors such as lake water, salinity, oxidation reduction, and water depth all vary with
episodic high frequency. The halocline in the lake is a key factor controlling the lacustrine
laminae deposition and the lamina couplet distribution in the lake basin. The halocline
location fluctuations are controlled by the dynamic equilibrium of the water depth and
terrigenous input, which further control the development of different laminae and lamina
couplets. Massive mudstone formed due to turbidity, debris flows, and evaporation. The
MCALmayhavebeendeposited due to breakdown and resuspension under strong
hydrodynamics. Additionally, erosion, deposition, and compaction of water-rich muds and
biodisturbance control the formation of the three lenses.
PATTERNS OF X-RAY DIFFRACTION, PETROGRAPHIC AND
GEOCHEMICAL VARIATION, AND THEIR GENETIC IMPLICATIONS FOR
SANTOS BASIN PRE-SALT DEPOSITS
MSc Thiago Haubert1, MSc Argos Schrank1,2, BSc Thisiane Dos Santos1, MSc Elias Cembrani2,
MSc Sabrina Altenhofen1, MSc Guilherme Martinez1, MSc Jaques Schmidt1, BSc William
Freitas1, MSc Márcio Souza1, MSc Mariane Trombetta1, PhD Rosalia Barili1, PhD Amanda
Rodrigues2, PhD Felipe Dalla Vecchia1, Professor Luiz De Ros2, PhD Anderson Maraschin1
1Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, 2Institute of Geosciences of Federal

University of Rio Grande do Sul

Pre-salt deposits constitute important hydrocarbon reservoirs in the Santos Basin, eastern
Brazilian margin. These lacustrine carbonate-Mg-clay rocks show a complex porosity and
permeability distribution due to high-frequency intercalations of different facies. The
geochemical and environmental conditions responsible for the origin and modifications of
these deposits are still widely discussed. The current work aims to identify chemical and
mineralogical patterns in a 48 m core of the Barra Velha Formation, through the correlation
of X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and petrographic analyses. Petrographic
analysis recognized five in situ classes (shrubstone; shrub-spherulstone; mudstone; muddy
spherulstone and muddy shrubstone) and two reworked classes (calcarenite and rudaceous
calcarenite). The relation of SiO2 with MgO (R²=0.44) and Na2O (R²=0.33) is related to
matrix preservation in the in situ classes. The slightly larger K2O amount of reworked classes
(avg. = 0.35 %wt) than the in situ samples (avg.= 0.21 %wt) is owing to detrital micas and
feldspars, identified in XRD. CaO and SrO display a positive correlation (R2=0.73) in all
samples, related to high Sr content in calcite. The preserved matrix of in situ rocks is
composed of kerolite and smectite (stevensite), with rare smectite-kerolite mixed layers.
Only smectite is found in silicified and dolomitized in situ samples, while illite-smectite
mixed layers were only identified in reworked rocks. The observed Na+Mg+Si pattern is able
to identify the preservation clay matrix, one of the main controls on reservoir quality.
Furthermore, the chemical and XRD patterns indicate that kerolite is usually removed during
diagenesis and that detrital material is preferentially incorporated during reworking.
Analysis of the Enrichment Mechanism of Sedimentary Organic
Matter under the Background of Tectonic Tension and Tectonic
Compression：A case study of the Lower Cambrian and the Upper
Ordovician-Lower Silurian, in Yangtze region
MISS Xinyang He1, Kun Zhang
1School Of Earth Science And Technology, Southwest Petroleum University

In order to meet the demand of shale oil and gas exploration, it is more and more important
to study the controlling effect of sedimentary environment on the enrichment of organic
matter. In this paper, the Lower Cambrian and Upper Ordovician-Lower Silurian shales in the
Yangtze region are [Link] Early Cambrian in the Yangtze region was a tectonic
extension background, while the Late Ordovician Early Silurian was a tectonic compression
[Link], according to the content of Mo and TOC, the water closure property of
the shale depositional period is judged. Then this study selected typical wells, and calculated
quantitatively whether there was excess siliceous minerals in shale and the content of it.
The origin of excess siliceous minerals is determined by Al, Fe and Mn element. The results
show that the Lower Cambrian shale is deposited in a weak to moderate restricted water
environment, and the Upper Ordovician and Lower Silurian shales are deposited in a strong
restricted water environment in the Yangtze region. Excess siliceous minerals in the Lower
Cambrian shale is of hydrothermal origin. Tectonic tension leads to more developed
hydrothermal [Link] the one hand, hydrothermal activity can enhance the reductivity
of the water bottom. On the other hand, it can improve the biological productivity, so that
the sedimentary organic matter can be enriched. Excess siliceous minerals in Upper
Ordovician and Lower Silurian shale is biogenic. The tectonic compression has led to an
increase in the sealing of water [Link] strong restriction of the water leads to
stratification. The oxygen content in the upper layer makes the biological productivity
higher and the lower layer more reductive, which is beneficial to the preservation of
sedimentary organic matter.
Study on high-quality reservoir characteristics and main controlling
factors of Paleogene Pinghu Formation in Xihu Sag
Zhibin He1, Prof Guiwen Wang1
1China University Of Petroleum (Beijing)

The Paleogene Pinghu Formation in the Xihu Sag is a typical deep and ultra-deep exploration
target layer in the East China Sea Basin., characterized by complex lithology and mineral
composition, diverse types of diagenesis, strong reservoir heterogeneity. Therefore, it is
imperative to clarify the development characteristics and controlling factors of high-quality
reservoirs. This study, based on experimental data from core samples, thin sections,
scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction quantitative mineral analysis, and mercury
injection analysis, elucidates the development characteristics of high-quality reservoirs in
the Pinghu Formation from sedimentological and diagenetic perspectives. The research
indicates that subaqueous distributary channels microfacies and tidal channels microfacies
with strong hydrodynamic conditions, characterized by coarse-grained, pure sand bodies
with good sorting and rounding, and high content of rigid particles such as quartz and
feldspar, provide the material basis and prerequisite conditions for the development of
high-quality reservoirs. The dissolution of feldspar and rock fragments by organic acids
released during two phases of oil and gas charging is key to improving reservoir properties.
Different depositional and diagenetic backgrounds lead to distinct micro-pore structures
that control the reservoir's storage and permeability capabilities. By combining depositional,
diagenetic, and pore structure factors, the reservoirs of the Pinghu Formation are classified
into four types, with high-quality reservoirs primarily developing in coarse sandstones
within subaqueous distributary channels and tidal channels microfacies. These reservoirs
have undergone dissolution processes that enhance their properties, with the development
of grain dissolution and interconnected pore structures with large pore throats and throat
diameters, which enhance permeability. Combining the reservoir quality index (RQI), RQI >
1.5 is indicative of high-quality reservoirs, enabling quantitative prediction of high-quality
reservoirs. The study clarifies the geological characteristics and controlling factors of high-
quality reservoirs in the Pinghu Formation, which is of significant importance for increasing
the success rate of exploration and evaluation.
Origins of the dolomite and main controls of the development of
dolomite reservoirs
in the Lower Ordovician,Tarim Basin,NW China
Phd Xunyun He1,2, Prof Anjiang Shen1,2, Phd Ran Xiong1,2, Phd Lili Huang1,2, Phd Tianfu
Zhang1,2
1Petrochina Hangzhou Research Institute of Geology, 2Key Laboratory of Carbonate

Reservoirs, CNPC
The Ordovician in the Tarim Basin, NW China is rich in oil and gas resources. Limestone and
related reservoirs are mainly developed in the Middle and Upper Ordovician, and a large
amount of oil and gas has been proved and produced. However, a massive dolomite
occurred in the Lower Ordovician (including the Penglaiba Formation and the third and
fourth member of the Yingshan Formation (collectively referred to as the Lower Yingshan
Member), which have been confirmed by exploration to be able to form large-scale
reservoirs, but no massive oil and gas discoveries have been made. In order to further clarify
the origin of the Lower Ordovician dolomite and the main controlling factors of the
development of the dolomite reservoirs, a systematic petrological and geochemical analysis
was made. The results show that the Lower Ordovician dolomites are mostly distributed in
thick layers and blocks in a large area, and vertically the lower strata are mostly dolomite,
while the proportion of dolomite in the upper strata decreases; the lithology is mainly
medium fine crystalline dolomite, a small amount of very fine crystalline dolomite and grain
dolomite. The residual grain structures or phantoms are usually observed in the medium-
fine crystalline dolomite and very fine crystalline dolomite; combined with geochemical
parameters such as carbon and oxygen isotopes, strontium isotopes, trace elements, rare
earth elements, fluid inclusion measurements, and cathodoluminescence, it is believed that
the Lower Ordovician dolomite in the Tarim Basin was formed in the early diagenetic period,
and the middle and late diagenetic periods were superimposed with buried dolomitization;
the development of the dolomite reservoirs is mainly controlled by high-energy facies,
exposure dissolution and dolomitization.
Unraveling the enigmatic origin of Ediacaran-hosted calcite veins in
the Arabian Plate: Insights from in-situ LA-ICP-MS and clumped
isotopes thermometry
Dr Adhipa Herlambang1, Ardiansyah I. Koeshidayatullah2, Fei Li3, Chaojin Lu4, Abduljamiu O.
Amao1, Abdulwahab M. Bello1, Faisal Al-Ghamdi1, Muhammad H. Malik2, Khalid A. H. Al-
Ramadan1,2
1Center for Integrated Petroleum Research, College of Petroleum Engineering and

Geosciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia,
2Geosciences Department, College of Petroleum Engineering and Geosciences, King Fahd

University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, 3Southwest Petroleum

University, Chengdu, China, 4Stable Isotope Laboratory, Rosenstiel School of Marine and
Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, USA
Ediacaran outcrops in Saudi Arabia were preserved in half-grabens linked to the Najd strike-
slip fault system and later on affected by the Red Sea Rifting. This complex fault system
manifested, particularly in the study area, as intensive calcite veins with a distinctive crack-
seal morphology. However, previous studies have yet to focus on different structural-
controlled diagenetic processes in the Neoproterozoic sequences across the Arabian Plate.
Therefore, this study aims to focus on the structural diagenesis of the Ediacaran strata in
order to understand the fluid flow and tectonic evolutions.

Here, we apply a novel in-situ LA-ICP-MS and clumped isotope thermometry to investigate
veins and host rocks. In-situ LA-ICP-MS provides accurate REE compositions for micro-scale
veins, while the clumped isotope method provides the precipitation temperature and
isotopic composition. The δ18O and δ13C of the carbonate host rocks vary from -11.79 to -
7.83‰ and -0.58‰ to 1.1‰, respectively. The clumped isotope-derived paleotemperature
of the host rock is 47-60°C. Meanwhile, the δ18O and δ13C of the crack-seal veins vary
between -11.2 to -7.8 ‰ and -2.9 to 1.9‰, respectively. The estimated clumped-derived
paleotemperature of this vein is 95°C. On the other hand, the later cross-cut veins indicate
an isotopic composition of -10.9 to -10.6‰ for δ18O and -18.2 to -15‰ for δ13C, with the
calculated paleotemperature of 74-84°C. Therefore, the positive Eu anomaly in all vein
samples indicates the hydrothermal fluid as a remnant memory of the high-temperature
water-rock interaction.

The study area has undergone multiple tectonic events and fluid circulation members along
fractures associated with different stages of basin evolution. Our research provides new
insight into paleo fluid circulation and demonstrates the potential of in-situ LA-ICP-MS trace
element analysis and clumped isotope thermometry for investigating the structural
diagenesis of calcite veins in the Ediacaran host rock in Arabia.
The search for "Jenyon's Channel": The missing link between the
Permian basins in the North Sea
Mr Thomas Houghton1, Dr Joyce Neilson1, Dr Rachel Brackenridge1, Prof John Underhill1
1University Of Aberdeen

The Mid North Sea High (MNSH) Seaway, otherwise known as Jenyon’s Channel, was the
only major marine connection between the Northern and Southern Zechstein Basins during
the latest Permian. Current understanding favours a model where Permian basin
replenishment occurred via a northern connection to the Arctic Sea along an incipient arm
of the proto-North Atlantic Rift System. With this model in mind, marine waters from the
Arctic Sea travelled south through the northern connection, then across the Northern
Zechstein Basin, through the MNSH Seaway before finally reaching the Southern Zechstein
Basin. Drawing on extensive petrophysical datasets, this study aims to understand seaway
activity and whether this influenced Zechstein facies distribution. The first four Zechstein
Cycles are identified on the MNSH platform which shows that this structure was always
covered by a thin water column during sea level highstand; however, during Z2 sea level
lowstand, the MNSH Seaway provided the only connection between the basins. As relative
sea level fell, the throat size of the MNSH Seaway became constricted. Limited volumes of
marine water reaching the Southern Zechstein Basin caused hypersalinity. This system
precipitated vast volumes of Z2 halite (late Wuchiapingian) in the Southern Zechstein Basin,
whereas this facies remains limited in the Northern Zechstein Basin. In Z3 and Z4 times
(Changhsingian), relative average sea level was higher resulting in sustained communication
between the basins even throughout lowstand. This is evidenced through a regionally
traceable blanket of the Z3 halite, along with some examples of Z2 carbonate platforms
becoming entombed in Z3 halite. This work provides revised paleoenvironmental
understanding for the latest Permian, and the findings should aid in the study of other
oceanic gateways with further implications for hydrocarbon exploration efforts and
emerging energy transition technologies such as subsurface storage on the UK Continental
Shelf.
Fine-scale characterization of distribution of thin-layered sand
groups in the shallow-water delta front of the Jurassic Qigu
Formation (Yongjin area, Junggar Basin) based on multi-scale
integration of seismic sedimentology
Ph.d Xin Hu1, Prof. Xiaomin Zhu1, Master of Engineering Xuling Jin1, Master of Science Cheng
Huang1, Engineer Changling Cheng2, Engineer Jinlei Xiu2, Engineer Xincheng Ren2, Engineer
Dan Zheng2
1China University of Petroleum, Beijing, 2Sinopec Shengli Oilfield, Dongying City, Shandong

Province, China
Seismic sedimentology combines sedimentary geology and geophysics to characterize thin
sand bodies, reservoirs, and lithological traps. The Qigu Formation in China's Yongjin area of
the Junggar Basin is crucial for oil and gas exploration. However, studying its sand bodies is
challenging due to their burial at considerable depths and their thinness, which falls below
the seismic resolution limit. This project employs seismic sedimentology to establish a
precise sequence stratigraphic framework using core, logging, and seismic data. Techniques
like phase adjustment, attribute fusion, clustering, stratigraphic slicing, waveform inversion,
and 3D sculpting are used to reconstruct sedimentary systems, characterize sand body
distribution, and build evolution models. The research reveals a three-level sequence
framework in the Jurassic Qigu Formation, including a lowstand system tract and a
lacustrine transgressive system tract. The delta front sedimentary system in the Qigu
Formation exhibits inner and outer fronts. During the lowstand system tract, thick sand
bodies extend to the central basin with continuous inner front distributary channels and
intermittent outer front channels. In the lacustrine transgressive system tract, thinner sand
bodies reach closer to the central basin with restricted inner front channels and intermittent
outer front channels. The distribution of subaqueous distributary channels in shallow-water
deltas is controlled by paleogeomorphology and lake-level fluctuations. The study area
displays two types of delta fronts with distinct distribution patterns. One type is a shallow-
water braided river delta front with branching subaqueous distributary channels formed in a
shallow-water environment during the lowstand system tract. The other type corresponds
to a shallow-water braided river delta front with a network-like distribution of subaqueous
distributary channels formed in a relatively deep-water environment during the lacustrine
transgressive system tract. These findings enhance understanding of sand body distribution
in the Qigu Formation and contribute to reservoir characterization and sedimentary
modeling in oil and gas exploration.
The influence of geomorphology on ‘fluvial fan- braided river- delta’
system: from modern deposition to subsurface reservoirs
Miss Derong Huang1, Professor Xinmin Song, Professor Youjing Wang
1Petrochina Research Institute Of Petroleum Exploration & Development

A ‘fluvial fan – braided river - delta’ system usually developed at the basin margin slope
zone. The distribution, size, and characteristics of different types of depositional facies are
influenced by slope.
Modern deposition of the Daihai Lake is studied. From the mountain to the lake, alluvial fan,
braided river and delta developed successively within 7 km. Site survey and unmanned
aerial vehicle (UAV) mapping are integrated to characterize geomorphology and modern
deposition. A 3D geomorphology model is built with the remote sensing and UAV data.
1) There are three slope zones from mountain to the lake with slope of 3.42°, 1.71°, and
0.99° separately which are marked as zone A, B, and C. Fluvial fan, braided river, and delta
deposited successively from zone A to zone C; 2) there are 5 types of paleo-valleys which
developed in different slope zones and control the depositions; 3) there developed a set of
lobe-shaped fluvial fans around the mountain front; 4) the braided rivers in zone B is at the
downstream part of huge mountain valley; 5) the geometric parameters and elevation data
of braided bars are obtained from the 3D geomorphic model by UAV scanning. Size of the
braided bars and depth of channels decrease with the decrease of the slope; 6) influenced
by the low slope, geometry of the delta which is at the end of the system is small in scale
and mainly controlled by wave in the lake.
Sedimentary model is established and applied in slope zone of eastern Liaohe Depression.
There developed a ‘fluvial fan – braided river – delta’ system. Sedimentary facies is
characterized with wells and 3D seismic data based on the established sedimentary model.
The result provides geological support for oil and gas exploration in slope zone of basin
margin.
Paleoenvironment restoration under differential sedimentary
backgrounds: insight for organic matter enrichment in Jurassic fine-
grained sediments
Prof. Zhilong Huang1,2, Dr. Boran Wang1,2, Dr. Zhiyuan Li1,2
1China University of Petroleum Beijing, 2National Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resource and

Engineering, China University of Petroleum Beijing

The complex tectonic movements during the Jurassic period in northwestern China resulted
in different sedimentary assemblages in a fluctuating environment, led to the development
of various types of source rocks characterized by significant heterogeneity. The second
member of the Middle Jurassic Qiketai Formation (J2q2) is the most important target for
lacustrine shale oil exploration in the Taibei Sag, Turpan-Hami Bain, NW China. Petrological,
mineralogical, trace element, and isotopic analyses and biomarkers were used to
reconstruct the paleo-environment and reveal the organic matter enrichment mechanisms.
The lithology of J2q2 shale is mainly composed of mixed sediments dominated by carbonate
minerals and has medium-high TOC and S1+S2 values, exhibiting an intermediate-good
hydrocarbon potential. The Tmax values and the plot of C29-sterane ββ/(ββ+αα) versus ααα
C29-sterane 20S/(20S+20R) and OEP-CPI, suggest that the shale samples are in the low-
maturity stage. The kerogen in the OM of J2q2 is mainly Types I and II1, and varies
periodically with depth. The redox-sensitive proxies and salinity-sensitive indicators suggest
that oxic-dysoxic, mildly-brackish conditions prevailed without much fluctuation during the
deposition of J2q2. The paleoclimate indicators and the distribution of the carbonate
minerals, suggest that J2q2 was deposited under moderately semi-arid and semi-humid
conditions, and the environment of the upper unit was more hot-arid than that of the lower
unit. The P/Al, Ba/Al, and P/Ti ratios and carbon isotopes of the carbonate indicate a high
paleoproductivity in J2q2 with local fluctuations. The positive correlation between the TOC
content and the paleoproductivity and paleoclimate-sensitive proxies, suggest that high
paleoproductivity and warm-humid paleoclimate conditions were very important to the OM
enrichment in the study area. A palaeolimnological model with low sediment supply,
medium-high paleoproductivity and dysoxic-oxic condition under a transitional climate was
proposed to explain the formation of organic-rich source rocks during the deposition of the
J2q2.
Evaluation of pore structure and reservoir quality in shale reservoir
using well logs:
A case study of the Fengcheng Formation in Mahu Sag, Junggar
Basin, China

Phd candidate Yuyue Huang1,2, Professor Guiwen Wang1,2, Associate Professor Jin Lai1,2, Post
Doctor Song Wang1,2
1National Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Engineering, China University of

Petroleum (Beijing), 2College of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum (Beijing)

The shale of Fengcheng Formation in Mahu Sag, Junggar Basin has strong heterogeneity,
frequent longitudinal changes of lithofacies and complex nanoscale pore structure, which
bring great challenges to the evaluation of shale oil sweet spot. In this study, the pore
structure of the Fengcheng Formation shale was characterized by scanning electron
microscopy (SEM), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments and two-
dimensional(2D) NMR logging. The pore structure was divided into four types by NMR
parameters including T2 spectral morphology, T2gm, total porosity, and movable fluid
porosity. Combined with core NMR experiments and 2D NMR logs, 21 ms was adopted as
the T2cutoff value to represent the demarcation between movable and bound fluids. From
Type I to Type IV of pore structure, the energy clusters reflect the movable fluids including
movable oil and movable water gradually decreasing in the upper right corner. The energy
clusters reflect the bound fluids including clay-bound water and bitumen gradually
increasing in the lower left corner in the T1-T2 map. The results show that the heterogeneity
of mineral compositions and lamina structures are the key factors directly leading to the
complexity and distribution of pore structure. Quartz with strong compaction resistance
helps keep a large number of primary interparticle pores, and feldspar dissolution pores
caused by organic acids are present. Dolomite intercrystalline pores and dissolution pores
provide a large amount of storage space for the shale, while the cementation of calcite
reduces pore spaces. The increase of felsic mineral content is conducive to improving the
pore structure and oil-bearing potential of oil shale reservoir, while clay minerals and calcite
are contrary. The above results combine core experimental data and well logging
information, providing a new perspective for establishing the link between shale pore
structure and reservoir quality.
Seismic sedimentology characterization of paleo-fluvial-shallow
water delta system in complex petrophysical area
Miss Derong Huang1, Professor Xinmin Song1, Professor Youjing Wang1
1Petrochina Research Institute Of Petroleum Exploration & Development

The fluvial - shallow water delta sedimentary system is developed in the H3 member of the
deep Paleogene Huagang Formation in the Xihu Depression, East China Sea Basin. There are
two challenges in the characterization of sand body and sedimentary facies with seismic
data: 1) the difference of acoustic impedance between the sandstone and mudstone is little,
and the data distribution is overlapping; 2) the sand body types are diverse, thickness of
sand bodies who have different origin varies greatly.
In this study, a variety of geophysical methods are used and an effective workflow is built to
identify the distribution of rivers and deltas. 1) Based on rock physical analysis, Vp/Vs is
selected as the geophysical parameter to distinguish sandstone from mudstone. Vp/Vs 3D
data volume is obtained by prestack seismic inversion and is used as the data source for
subsequent seismic interpretation. 2) An integrated method of seismic frequency division
and RGB fusion is employed to carry out plane imaging of channel sand bodies with different
thickness, and to qualitatively identify the distribution of different channels and delta lobes.
3) Distribution of sand body thickness is predicted by the method of 2D convolution neural
network driven seismic multi-attribute analysis. The result is used to make fine description
of the sedimentary facies distribution.
The distribution of sedimentary facies in the three sub-layers of H3 in the area is
characterized. In the 3 sublayers, there developed deposition of river, delta plain and delta
front deposits from the bottom to the top in H3 Formation. It is deposition of a typical
lacustrine transgressive sedimentary sequence. In this study, the sedimentary environment
and evolution of H3 member is restored. The result provide the support of sand body
distribution for oil and gas development in the area.
Bottom current erosion, along-slope transport and deposition
associated with the Southland current along the south-eastern slope
of New Zealand.
Mr Onyekachi Ibezim1, Professor Dorrik Stow1, Dr Uisdean Nicholson1
1heriot watt university

A series of large (1-10 km), deep seafloor depressions occur along the Chatham Rise, South-
Island New Zealand in a water depth of around 500-1200 m. Geostatistical analysis applied
to the multibeam bathymetry and 2D seismic data have been used to investigate the
morphological parameters of 97 of these seafloor depressions and determine the
relationship between bottom current flow and their geomorphometric parameters. They
display elliptical, elongated, crescentic, circular and irregular shapes in plan-view. The
crescentic shape is most common. These have a crescent length (CL) from 1.1 to 10 km, and
width (CW) from 0.42 to 2.9 km, with an average central depression of 1.1 km. Parametric
characterisation reveals about 80% of the depressions having a direct link between their
escarpment height and the long-axis of orientation. The long-axis of orientation also has a
strong relationship with the direction of current flow. These depressions are elliptical and
asymmetrical in profile. Their asymmetry is strongly linked to current erosion, which is
inferred to exert the most influence on their final geometry. The depression density and
spatial distribution reveal patterns attributed to different processes operating
simultaneously or at different scales. As observed in the seismic data beneath the
depressions, high-amplitude reflections, and vertical pipes showing amplitude attenuation
are indicative of possible fluid migration and escape. The results of our study, therefore,
concludes that the seafloor depressions formed as a result of a combination of bottom
current erosion and fluid escape at the seafloor.
Paleoclimate and sedimentation interaction and dynamics in a
(carbonate) lacustrine basin: a multiproxy analysis of the lower
Cretaceous El Castellar Formation (Iberian Range, NE Spain)
Natalia Natalia Illueca1, Carlos Luis Liesa1, Ana Rosa Soria1
11GEOTRANSFER Research Group, Department of Earth Sciences – IUCA, Science Faculty,

University of Zaragoza
With the aim of studying the cyclic orbital signal, reconstructing paleoclimatic variations and
understanding the relationships between climate changes and lake sedimentation, as well
as how these are reflected in different proxies and their interaction, a multivariate analysis,
including correlation and principal component analysis (PCA), and a power decomposition
analysis have been carried out on multiproxy data series. Twelve data series, such as
Magnetic Susceptibility (MS), Gamma Ray (GR), concentration ratios, color (L*, a*, b*),
carbonate content or sedimentology-based (SB) numeric model, were studied in the Castillo
de Aliaga section of the Lower Cretaceous El Castellar Formation (NE Spain).
The data series show similar trends, with a clear shift in behavior in the midsection, where
GR, MS, a* and b* values increase, while SB, L* and carbonate content decrease. Correlation
matrix shows quite a correlation between all the data series, with exception of the U/Th
ratio. Lightness is strongly correlated with carbonate content, while increases in red (a*) and
yellow (b*) components, as well as GR and MS, are directly correlated and respond to clay
enrichment. In the same way, PCA results show a first principal component clearly related to
lithology, which would represent variations in clastic input to the lake associated with
changes in precipitation and runoff. A second component is controlled by magnetic
susceptibility, suggesting the influence of another different factor within similar lithologies.
The null correlation of U/Th or influence on PCA suggests that redox conditions were not
relevant in sedimentation and paleoclimatic changes, even though a dysoxic event can be
inferred from the curve. The results obtained reaffirm the efficacy and reliability of these
proxies as paleoclimatic indicators and recorders of climatic ciclicity in paleolakes, and allow
us to conclude a relatively wet and warm climate with an event of very high humidity and
clastic input.
Storm-flood deltas reconsidered: A tectonically passive, arctic
counterpart to the tectonically active, tropical standard
Dr. Mads Engholm Jelby1, Dr. Sten-Andreas Grundvåg2, Dr. Snorre Olaussen3, Dr. Kresten
Anderskouv4, Dr. William Helland-Hansen1, Dr. Lars Stemmerik5
1University Of Bergen, 2UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 3The University Centre in

Svalbard (UNIS), 4University of Copenhagen, 5Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland

(GEUS)
‘Storm-floods’ are a rapidly developing concept of shallow-marine sedimentology, referring
to the concomitant occurrence of riverine oceanic floods caused by heightened inland
precipitation, and amplified waves and currents caused by strong coastal winds, during
storms. The interplay of these processes has been recognized in the stratigraphic record of
many ancient deltas, where the facies of storm-deposited event beds (tempestites) have
been interpreted to represent a combination of predominantly wave reworking, relaxation
currents, hyperpycnal and turbidity flows, and flocculation of buoyant mud plumes.
However, such ‘storm-flood deltas’ are almost exclusively described from lower-latitude
tropical climates and tectonically active margins with narrow and steep coastal areas fed by
short-catchment rivers (< 300 km).

In this study, we expand this paradigm by presenting an unusual example of storm-flood

deltas within the Lower Cretaceous Rurikfjellet Formation in Svalbard, which represents
deposition associated with a higher-latitude temperate–polar climate and tectonically
passive platform characterized by a wide and flat ramp area fed by long-catchment rivers (>
300 km). The succession comprises a diverse range of sandstone and mudstone event beds
representing tempestites, hyperpycnites, turbidites and fluid-mud deposits, which are
intercalated with muddy fair-weather deposits. Collectively, the facies associations conform
to storm-flood-dominated prodelta and delta-front environments. The facies stack into
parasequences that can be traced regionally, reflecting that deposition took place in a
widespread, relatively shallow epeiric sea deprived of shelf breaks and instead governed by
an extensive low-gradient ramp physiography. Nevertheless, the parasequence architecture
is characterized by diverse interfingering and abundant lateral thickness and facies shifts,
highlighting the complexity and allogenic/autogenic shift sensitivity of storm-flood deltaic
wedges located even vast distances from the shore (> 100 km). This study, therefore, serves
as a benchmark for future analysis of storm-flood deltas representing tectonically passive,
arctic counterparts to the tectonically active, tropical standard.
Reservoir architecture and modeling of fan-delta sandbody: A case
study of the upper fan-delta front subfacies of Es3 in Gangzhong
Oilfield
DR Chao jiang1,2, professor Chengyan Lin1,2
1School Of Earth Science And Technology, 2Geology Key Laboratory of Shandong Province

Taking the Gangzhong area as an example, a comprehensive analysis of the characteristics

of reservoir architecture elements in the frontal part of a fan delta was conducted, utilizing
core, well logging, seismic, dense well network, and analytical test data. Through
identification and division, we successfully distinguished six lithofacies and four lithofacies
combination types, and established a hierarchical system for the classification of
architecture interfaces. Simultaneously, qualitative identification criteria for single sand
layer-level architecture interfaces were developed, and a detailed study of three internal
architecture interfaces in the research area was undertaken. These interfaces include the
shale-mudstone to mudstone-siltstone lithological transition interface, erosional cutting
interface, and well logging curve transition interface, serving as the basis for vertically
dividing 3-5 level architecture elements. Based on dense well network data, overlay
architecture patterns in planar, cross-sectional, and three-dimensional spaces between
architecture element were established. Summarizing the developmental forms and
distribution patterns of various architecture element in planar and cross-sectional views, we
derived quantitative parameters and empirical formulas for 3-5 level architecture element,
and established a fan delta reservoir architecture mode. Comprehensive research results,
following the principle of hierarchical control modeling, we used the scale, distribution
range, and overlay pattern of architecture element at different levels as constraints for
hierarchical modeling, successfully constructing a fan delta architecture model for the study
area. This model holds significant importance for the detailed exploration of reservoirs and
the study of reservoir heterogeneity in the study area. Moreover, it provides a feasible
research approach for the high-precision modeling of reservoir architecture in the frontal
part of fan deltas.
A special sedimentary system distribution characteristics in
continental half-graben faulted basin: a case study from the
Paleogene Dainan Formation of Subei half-graben fault basin, East
China
Rui Jiang1, Zhen Liu1
1China University Of Petroleum(beijing)

Sedimentary systems and lithofacies distribution in the Paleogene Dainan Formation of the
Subei half-graben fault basin neither follow the general patterns of half-graben faulted
basins in East China, nor the common patterns that trench belts are the main fans and
sandbodies in the continental basins. In this study, firstly, provenance of the central sag was
analyzed according to the integrated interpretation of the characteristics of seismic
progradation reflection, the scale of underwater distributary channel and the configuration
relationship between main and secondary distributary channel. Then, the planar distribution
characteristics of sedimentary facies during the depositional period are described in detail
by the analysis of lithology, grain size and interpretation of seismic facies, attributes and
slices. According to a large number of seismic profile observations, we found that the
provenance and depositional system characteristics of the first member of the Dainan
formation in Qintong Sag are both similar and special compared with the general
understanding basins in East China. The Qintong Sag was serviced by both the gentle slope
zone and fault-terrace zone provenance, rather than only sedimentary sources from the
fault-terrace zone. Additionally, delta lobes deposited by provenance from Wubao Low
Uplift was first discovered. The sedimentary facies of the central Qintong Sag is
characterized by "zonation from east to west", which can be divided into delta front in the
western gentle slope zone, shore-shallow lake in the central deep concave zone and fan
delta front in the eastern deep depression slope [Link] planar distribution of
sedimentary facies in both the eastern fan delta and the western delta is characterized by
widely-covered, the sedimentary facies development is mainly controlled by the supply
capacity of provenance, there is no obvious relationship between fault and sedimentary
facies distribution and “fault accompanying sand body”.
Architecture and temporal evaluation of the Late Messinian drainage
systems that modify (dissolution, incision, and erosion) the top
evaporite seismic unit (Nahr Menashe) in the NE Levant Basin,
Eastern Mediterranean
Mr Sm Mainul Kabir1, Mr Adrian J Hartley1, Mr David Iacopini2, Mr Vittorio Maselli3, Mr
Davide Oppo4
1University Of Aberdeen, 2University of Naples Federico II, 3Dalhousie University, 4University

of Louisiana at Lafayette
The Late Miocene (5.97 to 5.33 Ma) oceanographic drawdown of the Mediterranean Basin
generated a thick accumulation of evaporites and is referred to as the ‘Messinian Salinity
Crisis (MSC)’. Despite a long research history, multiple hypotheses regarding the drawdown
magnitude, the nature of deposition, and termination processes of this enigmatic event
remain unresolved. Here, we appraise the uppermost part of the salt giant using seismic
data to reconstruct the termination of the MSC in the Levant Basin. Our study focuses on
the Nahr Menashe Seismic Unit (NMU) and associated Late Messinian Drainage Systems
(LMDS). The NMU is bounded by two challenging seismic events at the top and bottom that
allow clear distinction from the underlying lower Messinian succession and overlying Plio-
Quaternary succession. Internally, the NMU displays repetitive (maximum 2 to 3 cycles),
coherent, moderate to solid amplitude, semi-continuous to chaotic reflection packages that
have been either dissolved or eroded beneath the LMDS which forms north-south trending
paleo drainage systems that are incised into the top of the NMU. Mapping of channel/valley
systems allows tributary drainage networks to be identified that indicate an overall
southerly directed paleo flow. The drainage systems are up to 160 m deep and show
evidence of terracing indicating multiple erosion events. Post-salt movements destroyed or
modified the drainage configuration. However, reconstruction shows an increase in incision
southwards (downstream). Specific seismic observations of the relationship between the
NMU and LMDS indicate high-angle reflection terminations along valley walls. The valley fill
material comprises parallel reflectors that may be draped over underlying or adjacent
topography. The LMDS is incised into the NMU and is thought to have formed due to the
maximum base level fall associated with the final stage of the MSC event (stage 3) and
subsequently infilled by a swift burial of transgressive/high stand sediments.
Advancing Knowledge in Chalk–CO2 Reactivity within Reservoir
Settings
Mr Umid Kakemem1, Dr. Kasper H. Blinkenberg2, Dr. Knud Dideriksen2, Dr. Peter Frykman2,
Nikolai Andrianov2, Dr. Nico Bovet3, Dr. Wael Fadi Al-Masri2, Samira Mohammadkhani2,
Dr. Hanne Dahl Holmslykke2, Dr. Kresten Anderskouv1
1Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen,

Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark, 2Geological Survey of Denmark and
Greenland (GEUS), Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark, 3Danish Offshore
Technology Centre, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby 2800, Denmark
We investigate the reaction of chalk to supercritical CO2 injection in the Maastrichtian Tor
and Danian Ekofisk formations of the Halfdan Field, Danish North Sea Central Graben.
Carbonate reservoirs undergo alteration processes, mainly dissolution and precipitation,
impacting flow dynamics and storage efficiency. Our research aims to provide fundamental
insights into advancing CO2 storage in depleted oil/gas fields with chalk reservoirs during
and after CO2 injection. Our methodology integrates petrographic studies using SEM,
geochemical and physical experiments, and numerical modeling. The pre-and post-CO2
injection SEM petrography will be used to analyze crystal microtextures influencing fluid
flow- and storage capacity and track any alterations. Batch reactor experiments involving
chalk samples exposed to brine and supercritical CO2 aim to replicate reservoir conditions,
focusing on fluid-rock interactions, mineral dissolution, and rock structure changes.
Approximately 15 experiments are planned to validate procedures and determine chalk
solubility constants. Based on initial geochemical models, divalent cations are expected to
form carbonates during calcite dissolution following CO2 injection, making Sr, Ba, Mn, Fe,
Cd, and Zn potential reactive tracers for chalk dissolution. Success involves identifying a
suitable tracer and understanding its behavior. This experimental data will inform the
development of a geochemical model, aiding in the precise determination of dissolution
locations and degrees in core-flooding data. Exploring pressure-dependent calcite solubility,
we will investigate episodic pressure fluctuations inducing dissolution/reprecipitation and
net crystal growth (Ostwald ripening). In 3 experiments with daily pressure changes, we may
use reactive tracers or isotope-labeled Ca. Additionally, we aim to gain a new fundamental
understanding of the specific diagenetic features in highly porous, low-permeable carbonate
chalk. Successful outcomes include quantifying calcite recrystallization and its spatial
distribution for modeling or establishing its negligible extent in experiments and integration
of data in a sector-scale numerical model to assess the feasibility of CO2 storage in tight
carbonate reservoirs.
Sedimentary facies analysis, paleogeography, and reservoir quality of
the Middle-Late Cambrian Xixiangchi Formation in Southeast Sichuan
Basin, Southwest China
Dr. Oumar Ibrahima Kane1, Dr. Jintong Liang1
1Institute of Sedimentary Geology/Chengdu University of Technology

The observation of typical outcrops, drilling cores, microscopic thin sections, scanning
electron microscopy, combined with experimental analysis data, such as petrophysical data,
radioactive elements, the sedimentary facies, paleogeography, and reservoir quality were
investigated. The Middle-Late Cambrian Xixiangchi Formation is mainly deposited in the
restricted platform with a lithology essentially composed of dolomite with local occurrences
of limestone and other rock types in small thicknesses. From west to east, the
paleogeographic pattern was mainly dominated by carbonate deposits. Four 3rd-order
sequences (SQ1-SQ4) were identified in this study. Each sequence is composed of a
complete cycle with HST and TST. Reservoir areas are principally developed on high-energy
grain shoal deposits located in SQ2 and SQ3 with a minor occurrence in SQ1 and SQ4. These
shoal deposits have a lithology essentially composed of sandy dolomite and crystalline
dolomite characterized by relatively low porosity (average 2.61%) and low permeability
(average 1.0073 mD) values which were further enhanced by seepage and connecting
dissolution pores and vugs through fractures. The occurrence of karst caves through
superimposed supergene karstification and bedding karstification highly improved the
reservoir's physical properties in some areas. The reservoir space is principally dominated by
intergranular dissolution pores, karst caves, and fractures, and their formation was
controlled by sedimentation, diagenesis, penecontemporaneous dissolution, and tectonic
fractures, which can also be influenced by paleogeomorphology and sea level fluctuation.
The reservoir is characterized by relatively thin single-layer thicknesses (3-45 m) with poor
lateral continuity. Favorable hydrocarbon exploration areas with relatively good source
conditions, high positions in the paleostructure, and conducive to the migration and
accumulation of hydrocarbon were identified in three areas of the basin: (1) on the slope
around the Central Sichuan Uplift; (2) in the northeastern part; and (3) in the southeastern
part.
Geochemical characteristics and hydrocarbon potential of carbonate
rocks of Ordovician units in the Sichuan Basin, southwest China
Dr. Oumar Ibrahima Kane1, Pr. Ming-Yi Hu2, Dr. Jintong Liang1, Dr. Quansheng Cai2, Dr.
Qingjie Deng2
1Institute Of Sedimentary Geology / Chengdu University of Technology, 2School of

Geosciences / Yangtze University

We studied outcrops, rock samples, and thin sections, and together with organic matter
types, abundance, and thermal maturity assessment we predicted favorable reservoir
development areas and provided insights into the hydrocarbon-generating capacity of
potential source rocks on this basis. Favorable reservoir areas are developed in three facies
zones of the Tongzi and Honghuayuan formations including intra-platform shoal, platform
marginal shoal, and paleokarst. The main reservoir spaces comprise intergranular pores,
residual intergranular pores, matrix dissolution pores, intergranular dissolution pores, and
karst caves. Hydrogen Index (HI, mg HC/g TOC) versus temperature of maximum generation
(Tmax, °C) cross plot shows that the samples from the Xishuihoutan and Nanchuan Sanquan
section have very low HI values (12.05<HI<7.75 mg HC/g TOC) and are suggesting kerogen
type IV which is inert and do not generate hydrocarbons. Samples from the Tongzi-
Honghuayuan section have medium to good quality source rocks (0.76<TOC<1.54 wt.%) with
vitrinite reflectance (Ro) and Tmax values ranging from 0.98% to 1.96% and from 398 to
559 C̊ , respectively, demonstrating the over-maturity stage. The potential source rocks in
the investigated region are mainly type IIb kerogens which are in the mature to post-mature
stage. Samples from the Early Ordovician Tongzi and Honghuayuan, Middle Ordovician
Shizipu, and Late Ordovician Baota Formation have low Total Organic Carbon (TOC) values
(<0.5 wt.%) and are considered non-effective source rocks. In the Early/Middle Ordovician
Meitan Formation and the Late Ordovician Wufeng Formation, there are effective source
rock sections with TOC values varying from 0.76 to 1.54 wt.% and 0.26 to 3.16 wt.%,
respectively, and are both in the dry gas generation window. The depositional environment,
potential source rock characteristics, and the hydrocarbon-generating capacity of the
Ordovician strata in the Sichuan Basin provide valuable insights for upcoming research and
hydrocarbon exploration.
Investigating biological and environmental controls on calcrete
development through geological time
Ms Lucy Kerr, Prof Neil Davies, Dr Neil Ogle, Dr Jakob Vinther, Dr Alex Brasier
1University Of Aberdeen, 2University of Cambridge , 3Queen's University of Belfast ,
4University of Bristol

Here, we aim to investigate the hypothesis that pedogenic calcrete fabrics co-evolved with
terrestrial life from the Ordovician to the Quaternary. We hypothesise that key intervals
were likely related to (i) development of vascular plants in the Silurian; (ii) development of
bigger rooting systems through the Devonian and into the Carboniferous; and (iii)
development of more modern soil ecosystems, potentially including earthworms, from the
Mesozoic. Here, we compare the petrographic fabrics and stable isotope geochemistry (O
and C) of (i) the Siluro-Devonian Lower Old Red Sandstone, (ii) the Devono-Carboniferous
Upper Old Red Sandstone; and (iii) the Permo-Triassic New Red Sandstone of the UK. Initial
observations suggest that there was a transition from calcretes of the Old Red Sandstone
which are dominated by abiotic micromorphological structures, known as alpha fabrics, to
examples with biologically-influenced structures, known as beta fabrics, through time.
However, there is also variability in the fabrics and carbon stable isotope compositions of
calcretes of similar ages at different locations. For example, the calcretes of the Lower Old
Red Sandstone of New Aberdour, Scotland, are seemingly less nodular than the Lower Old
Red Sandstone calcretes of South Wales. This ongoing work will help to unravel complexities
in spatial and temporal trends in soil and calcrete evolution related to biological evolution
from the Palaeozoic to the Quaternary.
Depositional environment and lithofacies analyses of the Eocene
lacustrine shale in the Bohai
Bay Basin: Insights from mineralogy and elemental geochemistry
Dr Danish Khan1, Dr Haifeng Fan1
1Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences

The effect of various depositional parameters including paleoclimate, paleosalinity and

provenance, on the depositional mechanism of lacustrine shale is very important in
reconstructing the depositional environment. The classification of shale lithofacies and the
interpretation of shale depositional environment are key features used in shale oil and gas
exploration and development activity. The lower 3rd member of the Eocene Shahejie
Formation (Es3x shale) was selected for this study, as one of the main prospective intervals
for shale oil exploration and development in the intracratonic Bohai Bay Basin.
Mineralogically, it is composed of quartz (avg. 9.6%), calcite (avg. 58.5%), dolomite (avg.
7%), pyrite (avg. 3.3%) and clay minerals (avg. 20%). An advanced methodology (thin-section
petrography, total organic carbon and total organic sulfur contents analysis, X-ray diffraction
(XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM)) was
adopted to establish shale lithofacies and to interpret the depositional environment in the
lacustrine basin. Six different types of lithofacies were recognized, based on mineral
composition, total organic carbon (TOC) content and sedimentary structures. Various
inorganic geochemical proxies (Rb/Sr, Ca/(Ca + Fe), Ti/Al, Al/Ca, Al/Ti, Zr/Rb) have been used
to interpret and screen variations in depositional environmental parameters during the
deposition of the Es3x shale. The experimental results indicate that the environment during
the deposition of the Es3x shale was warm and humid with heightened salinities, moderate
to limited detrital input, higher paleohydrodynamic settings and strong oxygen deficient
(reducing) conditions. A comprehensive depositional model of the lacustrine shale was
developed. The interpretations deduced from this research work are expected to not only
expand the knowledge of shale lithofacies classification for lacustrine fine-grained rocks, but
can also offer a theoretical foundation for lacustrine shale oil exploration and development.
Shape-controlled longshore transport of pebble-to-cobble on a
gravel beach, Wando, southern coast of Korea
Ms Chaon Kim1, Tae Soo Chang1
1Chonnam National University

A number of previous studies indicate that larger cobbles travel faster than smaller cobbles,
due to small gravels to be trapped in interstices between larger gravels. Overpassing process
has long been used to explain alongshore segregation of smaller and larger sediment at
different transport rates through acceptance or rejection into background material. Some
works showed, however, that in a tracer study larger cobbles moved similar distances
alongshore as smaller clasts. It is therefore not clear whether sorting by size, and sorting by
shape are achieved by two fundamentally different mechanisms. The primary purpose of
this study is thus to evaluate the relative importance of size and shape in sorting and
longshore transport of cobbles on a gravel beach in Wando, south coast of Korea. For this
purpose, grain-size measurements by manual counting were conducted at 100 stations. In
addition, 3D mapping using a drone and beach profiling survey have been carried out
regularly to capture beach morphologic change. Tidal range in the area is 3.06 m
corresponding to mesotidal regime and annual mean wave height 0.4 m. Mean sizes of
cobbles range from -8.5 to -3.7 phi, and sediments are composed of three different modes.
Cobble size distribution reveals that cobbles and boulders up to -8 phi were armoured only
at the eastern zone, and they became finer towards the west. However, at the end of the
western zone the cobbles were slightly coarser. Alongshore distribution patterns of cobble
shape showed that oblate clasts decrease up to 40%, by contrast, equant one increases up
to 50% at the western zone. We suggest that cobbles are shape-controlled in a longshore
transport, rather than size-sorted. The role of storms and typhoons which produce high
waves capable of redistributing significantly has yet to be resolved.
Modal composition and textural characteristics of Upper Miocene to
Quaternary sediments of the North Croatian Basin as indicators of
tectonic and climatic events during the post-rift evolution of the
Pannonian Basin System
[Link]. Marijan Kovačić1, Dr. sc. Tomislav Kurečić
1University Of Zagreb Faculty Of Science

The North Croatian Basin (NCB) is located in the southwestern part of the Pannonian Basin
System. Since the Late Miocene, the basin has accumulated a sequence of clastic material
more than one kilometre thick.
Analysis of the modal composition and textural characteristics of the detritus
revealed that the Upper Miocene sediment is texturally mature and has a uniform modal
composition. It was formed by the weathering of metamorphic and clastic sedimentary
rocks in the Eastern Alps and Western Carpathians. During the Pliocene, the basin was filled
with detritus of the same origin, with an admixture of texturally and mineralogically
immature detritus from the Inner Dinarides in its southwestern and eastern parts. During
the Pleistocene, loess originating from the Danube floodplain covered most of the NCB. In
addition, mineralogically and texturally immature sandy and gravelly detritus was deposited
around intrabasinal highs and along the basin’s southern margin.
The modal composition and textural characteristics of the clastic detritus that filled
the NCB during the postrift phase of its evolution indicate intense tectonic activity and
climatic changes during the Late Miocene, Pliocene and Pleistocene. Detritus formed by the
increased erosion of the Eastern Alps and the Western Carpathians and deposited in the
NCB at the end of the Miocene and in the Pliocene suggests subsidence of the basin floor
and a warm and humid climate. The presence of material from the Inner Dinarides and
uplifted blocks within the NCB indicates the onset of basin inversion. The deposition of loess
is indicative of colder climatic periods in the Pleistocene. The deposits formed by the
erosion of the pre-Neogene basement rocks of the NCB accumulated around the present-
day mountains in the basin and indicate uplift of individual blocks resulting from the
compressional phase of basin development in the Quaternary.
Facies characterization and stratigraphy of the Upper Cretaceous
Chalk Group in the Molenbeersel borehole, Roer Valley Graben,
Belgium
Mr. Mateus Kroth1,2, João P. Trabucho Alexandre1, Dennis Schreiber1, Geert-Jan Vis2, Eva De
Boever2
1Utrecht University, 2TNO – Geological Survey of the Netherlands

The Chalk Group of the eastern Campine Basin, in South Limburg, the Netherlands, was
deposited in a proximal zone of the Upper Cretaceous Chalk Sea. In contrast to the typical
Chalk of northwest Europe, the Chalk Group of South Limburg is coarser and contains a
significant siliciclastic component. Lateral correlation of the Chalk Group of South Limburg
to rocks elsewhere in the Netherlands is often challenging due to insufficient mapping and
inadequate lithostratigraphic subdivision of the unit in the Roer Valley Graben. The Roer
Valley Graben is a Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous basin that underwent inversion in the
Late Cretaceous. It separates the Campine Basin from other basins in the Netherlands. To
better understand the lateral relationship between the Chalk Group of South Limburg and
the Upper Cretaceous in other parts of the Netherlands, we studied the Molenbeersel
borehole located on the southern shoulder of the Roer Valley Graben, in Belgium. The Chalk
Group in the Molenbeersel borehole represents the link between the rocks that occur north
and south of the graben. For this project, we studied the cores of the borehole, carried out a
(micro)facies analysis, and quantified the mineral composition using X-ray diffraction
analysis. The Chalk Group in the Molenbeersel borehole consists mainly of hybrid arenites,
bioclastic calcarenites, and algal boundstones. Hybrid arenites and bioclastic calcarenites
are common facies in the Chalk Group of South Limburg, suggesting that the depositional
setting of South Limburg was extended further north-northwest towards the Roer Valley
Graben. Algal boundstones, on the other hand, have no direct equivalent. Here, we present
a revision of the lithostratigraphy of the Chalk Group in the Roer Valley Graben. Our results
improve regional stratigraphic correlations and contribute to a more accurate
understanding of the paleogeographic evolution of the Chalk Group in the Campine Basin.
Mixed carbonate–siliciclastic deposits: depositional insights from the
Chalk Group of South Limburg, the Netherlands
Mr. Mateus Kroth1,2, João P. Trabucho Alexandre1, Rinde Kooij1, Geert-Jan Vis2, Eva De
Boever2
1Utrecht University, 2TNO - Geological Survey of the Netherlands

Relative sea level and sediment supply are often considered the primary drivers in the
alternating deposition of carbonate and siliciclastic sediments in shallow-marine settings. In
mixed carbonate–siliciclastic successions, however, in which carbonate and siliciclastic
grains coexist, distinguishing the signature of depositional drivers can be challenging. The
Upper Cretaceous to Danian Chalk Group of South Limburg, the Netherlands, consists of
estuarine to marine deposits of a proximal zone of the Late Cretaceous Chalk Sea. Despite
the name, the unit consists of rather coarse mixed carbonate–siliciclastic sedimentary rocks
divided into a siliciclastic-dominated, a mixed siliciclastic–carbonate, and a carbonate-
dominated stages. The significant siliciclastic component of the rocks of the Chalk Group in
South Limburg is attributed to Late Cretaceous inversion of the Roer Valley Graben, a Late
Jurassic to Early Cretaceous basin located north of South Limburg. Little is known, however,
about the relationship between inversion of the graben and sea-level change with changes
in the composition of the rocks. For this project, we studied a new borehole in South
Limburg (Eys01). We carried out a litho- and microfacies analysis of the Chalk Group and
quantified the mineral composition using X-ray diffraction analysis. Here, we present a new
depositional model for the South Limburg Chalk Group. We will discuss controls on the
deposition of mixed carbonate–siliciclastic deposits in proximal epeiric seas.
Carboniferous paleosols developed under different fluvial systems: a
case study from the Upper Silesia Coal Basin
Phd Artur Kuligiewicz1, BSc Patrycja Wójtowicz1, PhD Richard Lojka2, PhD Weronika
Nadłonek3, PhD Beata Naglik3, PhD Magdaléna Koubová2, PhD, DSc Artur Kędzior1
1Institute Of Geological Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences, 2Czech Geological Survey,
3Polish Geological Institute – National Research Institute

The Upper Silesia Coal Basin (USCB) encompasses a continental succession of Pennsylvanian
age, spanning approximately 8 km in thickness and characterized by numerous coal seams
and clastic paleosol horizons. Among the youngest coal-bearing members of this succession
are the Mudstone Series (MS) and the Cracow Sandstone Series (CSS). Notably, MS
deposition is attributed to meandering river systems, while CSS is associated with braided
river systems.
Following deposition, USCB sediments underwent burial diagenesis, reaching temperatures
exceeding 140°C in the western region and remaining below 100°C in the eastern part
during the early Permian. Subsequently, a hydrothermal diagenetic pulse occurred in the
Jurassic. This study aims to explore whether the shift in depositional environments is
correlated with changes in the mineralogy, chemistry, and micromorphology of clastic
paleosols within both the Mudstone Series and Cracow Sandstone Series, considering their
diagenetic history.
Micromorphological investigations of paleosols revealed a more pronounced development
in the CSS, aligning with prior research findings. Interestingly, certain samples from the CSS
exhibited features indicative of a lacustrine environment, contrary to the prevailing high-
energy braided river systems during CSS deposition.
To assess the potential degree of diagenetic alteration, mineralogical indicators were
employed and compared with existing literature data. This comparative analysis served as a
foundation to validate the reliability of geochemical indicators for weathering. The results
shed light on the intricate interplay between depositional environments, diagenetic
processes, and the evolution of clastic paleosols in the Upper Silesia Coal Basin.
The work is funded by the National Science Centre, Poland under the Weave-UNISONO call
in the Weave programme (project no. 2021/03/Y/ST10/00075) and Czech National Grant
Agency (GAČR) within the project 22-11661K.
Early hypogenic dissolution of Cretaceous shallow-marine limestones
(eastern Basque-Cantabrian Basin, western Pyrenees)
Mr. Martin Ladron de Guevara1, Arantxa Bodego1, Matthieu Clog2, Arantza Aranburu1, Laura
Damas-Mollá1, Eneko Iriarte3
1HGI RG, Dpt. of Geology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque

Country (UPV/EHU), 2Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre (SUERC),

3Laboratory of Human Evolution (LEH)-IsoTOPIK Stable Isotope Laboratory, Edificio de I+D+i,

Dpt. of History, Geography & Communication, University of Burgos (UBU)

The interpretation of dissolution textures in carbonates can be very controversial as the
origin and nature of the fluids involved is very diverse. In such cases, the combination of
sedimentological and geochemical methods is key to solve interpretative problems.
Cemented and sediment-filled fissures and cemented mosaic packbreccias hosted into
upper Albian limestones of the eastern rift margin of the Mesozoic Basque-Cantabrian
Basin, in the western Pyrenees, are a good example of ancient syntectonic limestone
dissolution, cementation and internal sedimentation at early diagenetic stages.
Sedimentological and petrographic observations combined with geochemical data (δ¹³C and
δ¹⁸O, clumped isotope thermometry and elemental analysis) allowed the identification of (1)
fractures and dissolution cavities filled with high-Mg radiaxial fibrous calcite (RFC) and red
carbonaceous internal sediment and (2) Fe-rich spar calcite, saddle dolomite and cubic
pyrite. Data suggest that organic matter maturation of underlying Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous
rocks was accelerated due to the elevation of the isotherms and the difference in
subsidence between uplifted areas and minibasins caused by synextensional salt-tectonics.
Hydrocarbons migrated towards Triassic evaporite cored anticlines interacting with Keuper
facies and triggering thermo-chemical sulphate reduction. That reaction increased the
concentration of CO₂ and H₂S, acidifying the diagenetic environment. Subsequently, acid
fluids were expelled through the fracture networks of the growing salt-cored forced-folds
dissolving reactive overlying upper Albian shallow-marine limestones in their upwards path
and induced precipitation of hydrothermal spar calcite, saddle dolomite and pyrite. Later,
due to the dilution of the hypogenic fluids in the marine-phreatic diagenetic realm, alkalinity
increased and void-filling RFC crusts formed in the dissolved cavities. Finally, internal
sedimentation occluded remaining porosity. Therefore, this study demonstrates the
importance of hydrothermal activity in producing early dissolution of shallow-marine
limestones due to hypogenic acidic fluid-flow in tectonically active regimes.
Geological and geomechanical sweet spots in unconventional
hydrocarbon reservoirs
Dr Jin Lai1, Dr Guiwen Wang1
1China University Of Petroleum, Beijing

Geophysical well-log evaluation in the era of unconventional hydrocarbon resources (mainly

tight oil and gas, shale oil and gas) is complicated and challenging. This review aims to fill
this gap between well-log evaluation and unconventional hydrocarbon resources by
characterizing the source rock property, reservoir property and engineering property using
petrophysical well logs. The advanced well-log series used for unconventional oil and gas
evaluation include nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) log, image logs, array acoustic logs,
elemental capture spectroscopy (ECS) and LithoScanner logs. The source rock property in
terms of total organic carbon content is predicted using conventional logs and LithoScanner
log. Then petrophysical parameters including porosity, permeability and oil saturation are
calculated, and the appearance of natural fracture is predicted from conventional, sonic
logs, image logs and NMR logs.
Additionally, the reservoir property is evaluated to optimize the favorable layers with high
hydrocarbon bearing property and productivity. Brittleness index as well as in situ stress
direction and magnitudes are characterized by the comprehensive use of density, sonic log,
ECS log and image logs. Then, the engineering property (high brittleness index but low
horizontal stress difference) is evaluated to screen out the prospected layers for hydraulic
fracturing. The internal relationships between the three types of properties are unraveled,
and the geological and engineering sweet spots are optimized by integrating lithology,
reservoir quality, hydrocarbon bearing property, source rock property, brittleness and in situ
stress magnitude and direction. This multidisciplinary approach provides a comprehensive
method for optimizing sweet spots in unconventional play, and will support petroleum
geoscientists’ and engineers’ decisions in exploration and exploitation of unconventional
hydrocarbon resources.
Effect of different pore throat combinations on moveable fluid of
tight reservoirs in the Ordos Basin, China
Shuqi Lan1, Xin Cheng1, Yiqian Qu1
1Northwest University

Clarifying the size, morphology, connectivity of pores and throat, and pore throat structure
can provide a scientific basis for the effective development of tight sandstone reservoirs to a
certain extent. In this study, a series of experiments were carried out on tight sandstone
samples from the Yanchang Formation of the Ordos Basin, China to study pore throat
structure, including cast thin section analysis, scanning electron microscopy, pressure
mercury intrusion and nuclear magnetic resonance test. The results show that the major
reservoir space is typically formed by the combination of intergranular pores and dissolution
pores. Pore and throat combination types mainly include large pore-narrow throat, conduit-
like pore throat combination, and tree-like network combination. The pore-throat fractal
curve has one segment, while the throat has two segments. The fractal dimensions of
narrow throat (Dt1) is larger than that the fractal dimensions of wide throats (Dt2),
indicating that small throat has higher self-similarity and more homogeneous distribution.
The large pore-narrow throat type and conduit-like pore throat combination type contribute
the major permeability, the tree-like network combination type has good connectivity of
pore throats and contributes the major storage space. The wide throats connecting the
intergranular pores constrain the flow of fluids in the tight sandstone. The study of the fluid
movability based on bound water modeling shows that the higher proportion of the
conduit-like pore throat combination type, the more homogeneous the pore throat
structure is, bound water is redistributed on the pore-throat surface to form a thin water
film after centrifugation, leading to a higher proportion of movable fluid, and the overall
seepage capacity was stronger. A large number of laumontite dissolved pores as well as
intercrystalline clay pores exit from the tree-like network combination type, and the strong
capillary pressure causes a low proportion of moveable fluid.
Palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of the middle-upper Eocene
Loza-Portilla Formation: Palustrine-lacustrine sequences in a
tectonically-active syncline basin (Western Pyrenees, N Spain)
Zuriñe Zuriñe Larena1, Juan Ignacio Baceta1, Xabier Murelaga1, Josep Sanjuan2, Francisco
Javier Ruiz3,4
1Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Departamento de Geología, 48080 Bilbao, Spain,
2Facultad de Ciencias de la Tierra Martí i Franqués, Departamento de Dinámica de la Tierra y

del Océano, s/n, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain, 3Universitat de València, Palaeontology of

Cenozoic Vertebrates Research Group, Àrea de Palaeontologia, Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100,
Valencia, Spain , 4Museu Valencià d'Història Natural, L'Hort de Feliu, P.O. Box 8460, Alginet
46018, Valencia, Spain
Upper Eocene palustrine-lacustrine carbonates and associated siliciclastic alluvial deposits
are common in several outcrop areas of the southern Pyrenean fold and thrust belt. They
occur infilling several small syncline basins associated to the beginning of the Pyrenean
convergence at the back of the South Pyrenean thrust front (SPTF). The Loza-Portilla
Formation represents the first continental infilling of the Miranda-Trebiño basin, one of the
most representative among these syncline basins, overlying a tilted and folded upper
Cretaceous to Paleocene carbonate substrate. According to paleontological studies of
microvertebrates and charophytes, this formation can be constrained in age between the
late Lutetian? and the middle Priabonian. This work focusses on the facies and stratigraphic
architecture of the Loza-Portilla Fm, it consists of up to 300 m thick marginal alluvial
siliciclastic grading to palustrine-lacustrine carbonates and minor proportions of evaporates,
stacked in three depositional sequences (DS1 to DS3) separated by erosional discontinuities.
Each of these sequences represents a complete cycle of gradual lake expansion and
contraction culminating with extensive subaerial exposure. These depositional cycles can be
correlated with distinct phases of tectonic deformation affecting the western Pyrenean
domain. Additionally, the deposition of the Loza-Portilla Fm was directly controlled by the
increasing activity of several local diapiric structures, which seem to have determined the
distribution and lateral migration of the successive lake depocenters and the location of the
marginal alluvial fan systems. The range of pedogenic features found in the alluvial to
palustrine deposits denote the prevalence of sub-humid to semiarid climatic conditions
during deposition of the Loza-Portilla Fm, with a short-lived episode of increasing aridity
recorded within sequence DS1.
Microfacies and diagenetic overprints of arid continental carbonates
from the Divisadero Largo Formation, Southern Central Andes 33ºs
(Argentina)
Zuriñe Zuriñe Larena1, Lucas Lothari2, Julieta Suriano2, Cecilia Benavente2,3
1University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Department of Geology, 2Instituto Argentino

de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA), CONICET, CCT , 3Facultad de

Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEN), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (UNCuyo),
The arid continental environments are generally composed of aeolian, alluvial and fluvial
siliciclastics. Carbonate deposits are common in these systems but rarely studied with high
resolution even though they provide relevant paleoenvironmental information because they
are highly sensitive to tectonic and climate changes. This work focuses on microfacies
analysis of the continental carbonate deposits of the Divisadero Largo Formation, situated in
the Southern Central Andean foreland region of Argentina, at 33°S in the Cuyana Basin. The
age of this formation has been established from previous U-Pb studies in detrital zircons
that limit deposition between 41 to 65 Ma (Paleocene to middle Eocene). Divisadero Largo
Fm. comprises up to 100 m clastic, evaporite and less common carbonate deposits. The
predominant alluvial plain succession grade into a mixed carbonate/clastic sedimentary
deposit interbedded with evaporitic and carbonate levels, interpreted as shallow lacustrine.
Carbonate materials are concentrated in the top of the formation and are arranged in
centimetric strata interspersed with marls levels. The main goal of this work is characterising
the carbonate factory of the system and to establish the different diagenetic stages that
affected primary precipitation. One microfacies has been identified: fibro-radial spar
mosaics featuring layers of different grain size; sparite euhedral crystals infill voids and
veins. It has been possible to recognize original structures as stromatolitic bands,
pseudomorphs of gypsum and opaque concentrations of organic matter. Silica nodules are
common in these facies disposed as isolated centimetric and elongated nodules or patches
of chalcedony crystals. Described carbonate levels represent marginal facies within a playa
lake system surrounded by a saline pan with intermittent detrital contributions from fluvial
systems and the common subaerial exposure that record a complex diagenetic history.
Sedimentary rocks heterogeneity and properties changes induced by
CO2 injection experiments
Dr. Stephanie Larmagnat1, Dr. Louis-César Pasquier2, Arnault Baldassari2, Mathieu Des
Roches2, Dr. Josue Jautzy1
1Geological Survey of Canada, 2INRS

With carbon neutrality targets for 2050 in mind, CO₂ sequestration in underground
reservoirs is one of a number of solutions to be considered. Although the idea is far from
new, injecting CO₂ into the subsurface with the aim of trapping and storing it for the long
term still poses a number of scientific and technical challenges. Our goal is to develop, at the
lab scale, new ways to better characterize CO₂-brine-rock interactions at depth. Our focus is
on how rock heterogeneity will influence CO₂ behavior and control physical and chemical
changes during injection.
A set of 5 reference lithologies (2 limestones, 2 dolomites, 1 sandstone) were chosen to
represent common sedimentary units in north American sedimentary basins. The
experimental setup consists of a pressurized vessel, a liquid CO₂ tank and a high-pressure
metering pump. The setup was designed to work at reservoir pressure (supercritical CO₂ )
but with higher temperature to increase reactions kinetics. CO₂ is injected into brine
saturated samples and reactions conditions are maintained for several days. Conventional
poroperm measurements and µCT imaging are made before and after experiments on dry
samples. Petrographic analyses (conventional, SEM, µXRF) are made on the core after
reaction and compared to analyses made on unreacted core replicates. µCT showed that the
most obvious density changes occurred for the Indiana limestone and Silurian dolomite.
Dissolution marks in the intraparticle pore space and corrosion marks on the surface of
minerals were observed. Chemical etching is also visible within interparticle space, along
with evidence of particle stripping and displacement. A decrease in porosity (5.3 and 4.7%
respectively) was measured, while permeability remained almost the same. These tend to
suggest pore clogging and pore enhancing mechanisms induced by CO₂, while pore throats
did not change significantly, thus preserving fluid transport potential in the most reactive
carbonates.
Deep-water Turbidites Characterisation with Emphasis on Facies
Zonation in Mixed/Hybrid Depositional Environment – case study
Mr. Borislav Lavrnja1, Stefan Stankovic1, Elena Kharyba, Elena Zhukovskaya, Artem
Polivakho, Leonid Stulov
1STC NIS Naftagas LLC

The aim of this study was to characterise the conceptual model followed by facial zonation.
One particular layer of interest, described in this paper, being located on the shelf edge,
slope, and deep-water environment, has increased the complexity of this study.
Analysing the seismic image, together with core data and well logs, features that could
imply the differentiation between shelf and deep-water environments were distinguished.
At the shelf edge towards the slope, a distinctive pattern of chaotic seismic resolution is
noticed, typical for mass transport deposits (MTD). Therefore, the moment of distinction
between the depositional environments has been localised. Knowing the potential
architecture of the reservoirs in such environments, from previous research, the base for
zones and facies characterisation is established. Detailed analysis of the core data from 25
wells gave insight into which type of facies has been developed. Using that information, a
fair set of wells (35 wells) is selected for electrofacial analysis. The criteria for wells selection
is based on wells with core data and their spatial distribution. Core and well data gave us 8
facies assemblies, 4 at the shelf and 4 at the deep-water depositional environment. The next
step was detailed seismic attributes analysis which resulted in spatial distribution of facies.
Based on core data features (structures, textures, bioturbations and mineral content) and
electrofacies analysis, the following facies were identified on the shelf depositional
environment: channels, bars, beach/transition zone and shelf clays.
Through the aforementioned analyses, the following facies were identified on the deep-
water depositional environment: fan channels, submarine fans, MTDs and basin floor clays.
Using seismic analysis, in correlation with well data, the spatial distribution of each facies
was determined.
As the final part of this study, the conceptual model is proposed, as well as the evaluation of
facies potential.
Sedimentary driven morphologies and structures in the NW Black
Sea
Phd Student Constantin Lazar1,2, PhD Gabriel Ion1, PhD Student Adrian Popa1,2, PhD Student
Vlad Apotrosoaiei1,2
1National Institute of Marine Geology and Geo-ecology, 2Doctoral School of Geology,

University of Bucharest
The Black Sea basin was extremely dynamic during the Quaternary Period, when the
regional changes superimposed on the global ones. The dynamics of the Black Sea featured
significant sea-level variations (up to 150 m or even more), important fluctuations in its
watershed and associated sedimentary modifications, along with changes in paleo-
temperatures and salinity of surface and deep-waters.

The dynamics of all above mentioned parameters produced specific morphologies and
structures of the sedimentary bodies. In specific settings, fluid dynamics produced large
pockmarks, which could be found in general in the whole Black Sea basin, and especially in
its NW part.

The NW continental shelf of the Black Sea is the widest in the whole basin; since the LGM
(Last Glacial Maximum) it was subject of successive transgressions and regressions that
together with changes in water-sediment supply and climate (temperatures, salinity, and
wind regime) created intricated structures and fluvial, lacustrine and marine morphologies.
By means of multibeam echosounding and very high resolution seismics we have identified
delta like structures, aeolian dunes, erosions, paleo-valleys, and others. In some areas of the
continental shelf, the reworking of sediments lead to strange sedimentary successions. In
the flexure area there are specific sea-bottom morphologies (large arrays of pockmarks)
produced by fluid seeps; these features are associated to high sedimentation rates of some
specific upper slope sections of the NW Black Sea. The flexure area is also characterized by
the presence of canyon heads the supply with sediments the continental slope. In this
setting, two intricated deep sea fans produced by paleo-Danube and paleo-Dnieper rivers
are present.
Late Jurassic carbonate sedimentation and contemporary submarine
volcanic flow in the Black Flysch Domaine, East Carpathians
Dr Iuliana Lazar1, Idris Nepotu1, Dr Relu-Dumitru Roban1, Dr Ioan Munteanu1
1University of Bucharest

Remnants of the Black Flysch Sedimentary Domain are exposed in the Maramureş
Mountains of East Carpathians, forming the Black Flysch unit which consists of several
tectonic thrust sheets. Lithostratigraphy records in the lower part of these tectonic divisions
the Mafic Complex represented by alkaline pillow-lava basalts, pyroclastics, and stromatites
- a local term that describes the interlayers of irregular thin basalts and micritic limestones.
The overlying sedimentary deposits are represented by different siliclastic and carbonate
rocks of Late Jurassic – (?) Earliest Cretaceous time interval. The carbonate sequences are
scarce, being preserved only in several tectonic units. One of the most interesting carbonate
sequences crops out in the Șteviora tectonic unit, containing a succession of red nodular
limestones (8 to 10 meters thick) overlying the densely packed elliptical pillow lavas of the
Mafic Complex. Moreover, the carbonate deposits are interlayered with levels of rounded
basaltic grains (of millimetric to centimetric size). The sequence is medium bedded and
shows normal grading and erosional bases. The identified microfacies are: i) terrigenous
packstone to floatstone with various worn skeletal grains, rounded basalts, and carbonate
intraclasts; ii) autochthonous pelagic sediment represented by bioclastic packstone-
wackestone bearing calcispheres and pelagic crinoids (Saccocoma), reworked benthic
crinoid ossicles and numerous Lamellapthychus plates; iii) carbonate intraclasts of
Ammonitico Rosso-type limestones; iv) packstone-wackestone with Saccocoma,
Globochaete, radiolarians and rare Calpionella alpina Lorenz.
The abundance of Lamellapthychus plates and Saccocoma ossicles indicate late
Kimmeridgian-Tithonian interval. Rare specimens of Calpionella alpina could indicate the
earliest Berriasian.
The carbonate succession from Ştevioara tectonic unit is interpreted as deep-water
calciturbidites supplied by the tops or steeped flanks of a pelagic carbonate platform -
where Ammonitico-Rosso-type limestones were formed - and synchronous submarine
volcanic flows. This work was supported by the project PN-III-P4-PCE-2021-0901.
Salt-related intrabasinal sediment rerouting and its impact on facies
distribution in the Burgoa and Jata minibasins, Basque Country, Spain
Miss Jewel Lee Foon1, Professor Stephen Flint, Dr Ian Kane, Professor John Howell,
Professor David Hodgson, Dr. Aurelia Privat
1University Of Manchester

It is well understood that the syndepositional growth of salt diapirs is responsible for
funnelling sediment into adjacent deep-water minibasins. Minor salt bodies can act as
topographical barriers and divert incoming flows. However, the relationship between
intrabasinal sedimentary pathways and sub-seismic sedimentary architecture during the fill
of a minibasin is poorly understood. Separated by the Bakio Diapir, the Jata and Burgoa
minibasins of the Basque Cantabrian Basin northern Spain, are ideal outcrop analogues for
understanding these interactions in detail. Using geological mapping and virtual outcrop
models, this study aims to highlight how failures triggered by the continuous growth of the
Bakio Diapir influenced facies distribution and the occurrence of stratigraphic pinch-outs
during the fill of these minibasins. During the Albian as the Bakio Diapir grew, the shallow
water conditions created facilitated the growth of carbonate reef platforms on the diapir
crest. During periods of continuous diapir growth, the platforms became unstable and shed
megabreccias of the Bakio Breccias Group. Once emplaced in the adjacent minibasins, the
megabreccias created positive relief and acted as topographical barriers, perturbing and
rerouting incoming sediment gravity flows, further segmenting facies distribution within
both minibasins. Their presence also reduced accommodation and may account for the
deposition of finer grained facies associated with the distal lobe sub-environment along
onlap surfaces. Only more dilute flows were able to surmount the breccia topography until
the relief was subsequently healed. This study provides outcrop analogues for stratigraphic
traps within salt controlled minibasins which would not usually be imaged in seismic
datasets, further enhancing our reservoir geo-model accuracy.
Deposition in a tide-influenced seaway and porosity distribution: The
Jurassic Garn Formation in Dvalin/Dvalin North
(Haltenbanken/Dønna Terrace, offshore Norway)
Dr Berit Legler1, Claas Mennerich2, Flavia Lima3, Dr Kay Rehberg3
1Wintershall Dea AG, 2Wintershall Dea TSC GmbH & Co KG, 3Wintershall Dea Norge AS

Garn Formation sandstone was deposited during the Middle Jurassic on Halten and Dønna
Terraces in the Norwegian Sea. Shallow marine and deltaic sandstone dominate the early
syn-rift deposits, which are stratigraphically older in the North than in the South. Aalenian
Lower Garn sandstone is overlain by Bajocian Upper Garn sandstone in the study area at the
transition from Dønna to Halten Terraces and buried to >4000 m.
Based on core material, wireline logs and image logs of 10 wells the depositional
environment in the transition area was reconstructed. The Lower Garn Formation is
interpreted as southwards prograding delta with paleosols at the top. Transgression of the
delta resulted in deposition of marine or lagoonal mudstones, tidal bars and channels,
depending on the relative position to the former bayline. The Upper Garn Formation shows
a different depositional environment and progradation direction compared to the
underlying deposits. Eastward advancing fan deltas are interpreted based on grain size
distribution and paleocurrent directions in the Dvalin area. Towards the basin axis and
laterally to the sediment entry points, the pebbly sands were reworked into sand sheets
(dune fields) and tidal ridges along the NNE-SSW trending basin axis. Eastwards of the study
area, along the eastern margin of the rift basin, a shoreface belt developed. The lateral
changes in sediment transport directions and facies are typical for deposition in a tide-
influenced seaway. The change in depositional systems between the Lower and Upper Garn
Formations is attributed to rift-related structural reorganization.
Reservoir quality of the deeply buried sandstone in Dvalin / Dvalin North depends on
preservation of primary porosity by pore-lining illite and corrensite and complete dissolution
of unstable grains. Secondary porosity increases upwards in the Lower and Upper Garn
Formations, suggesting an underlying link between sediment source area and porosity in the
Garn reservoirs.
Study on the Differences in Pore Space Types of Mixed Sedimentary
Rocks under Continental Saline Lake Environment and the Influence
of Diagenesis on Reservoir Development: A Case Study of the
Permian Lucaogou Formation in Jimusar Sag.
Dr Guan Li1, Dr Xiaoyang Gao1, Dr Changcheng Han2
1Yangtze University, 2Xinjiang University

The Junggar Basin is widely distributed with mixed sedimentary reservoirs. These reservoirs
are characterized by complex lithology, ultra-low permeability, and highly uneven pore
structures, significantly affecting the efficiency of oil field development. Based on core
observations combined with logging and well-logging data, the study area is divided into
semi-deep lake - deep lake, mixed shallow lake, and detrital shallow lake subfacies, further
subdivided into cloud platform, mixed beach bar, mixed shallow lake mud, and shallow lake
sandbar -four types of microfacies. The four types of sedimentary microfacies correspond to
four types of lithofacies combinations. Based on the lithofacies combinations, employing
multifractal theory, combined with XRD diffraction, high-pressure mercury intrusion, and
liquid nitrogen adsorption experiments for core sample analysis, producing multifractal
spectra, it was found that the porosity development of the Lu-1 cloud platform and mixed
beach bar is higher, and the porosity of the Lu-2 shallow lake sandbar is higher. The study of
core samples' cast thin sections and scanning electron microscope data revealed the
heterogeneity of microscopic pore structures of different microfacies controlled by the
distribution of different lithologic combinations and varying degrees of diagenetic
alteration. Strong compaction is the main factor causing the decline in the quality of the
shallow lake sandbar reservoirs. Carbonate cementation promotes the densification of
reservoirs. Irregular flaky clay minerals cause an exponential decrease in permeability, and
dissolution is the main diagenetic action improving reservoir quality. Due to the overlying
dolomite layer's resistance to compaction, the cloud platform-like reservoirs have a large
number of dissolution pores, enhancing the reservoir quality, making it the best.
Additionally, the cloud platform-like reservoirs are far from the sand-mudstone interface,
with lower carbonate cement content. This is of great importance for assessing reservoir
quality and the potential of oil and gas fields.
Study on the Differences in Pore Space Types of Mixed
sedimentary Rocks under Continental Saline Lake Environment and
the Influence of Diagenesis on Reservoir Development: A Case Study
of the Permian Lucaogou Formation in Jimusar Sag
Dr Guan Li1, Dr Xiaoyang Gao1, Dr changcheng han2
1Yangtze University, 2Xinjiang University

The Junggar Basin is widely distributed with mixed sedimentary reservoirs. These reservoirs
are characterized by complex lithology, ultra-low permeability, and highly uneven pore
structures, significantly affecting the efficiency of oil field [Link] on core
observations combined with logging and well-logging data, the study area is divided into
semi-deep lake - deep lake, mixed shallow lake, and detrital shallow lake subfacies, further
subdivided into cloud platform, mixed beach bar, mixed shallow lake mud, and shallow lake
sandbar -four types of microfacies. The four types of sedimentary microfacies correspond to
four types of lithofacies combinations. Based on the lithofacies combinations, employing
multifractal theory, combined with XRD diffraction, high-pressure mercury intrusion, and
liquid nitrogen adsorption experiments for core sample analysis, producing multifractal
spectra, it was found that the porosity development of the Lu-1 cloud platform and mixed
beach bar is higher, and the porosity of the Lu-2 shallow lake sandbar is higher. The study of
core samples' cast thin sections and scanning electron microscope data revealed the
heterogeneity of microscopic pore structures of different microfacies controlled by the
distribution of different lithologic combinations and varying degrees of diagenetic
alteration. Strong compaction is the main factor causing the decline in the quality of the
shallow lake sandbar reservoirs. Carbonate cementation promotes the densification of
[Link] flaky clay minerals cause an exponential decrease in permeability, and
dissolution is the main diagenetic action improving reservoir quality. Additionally, the cloud
platform-like reservoirs are far from the sand-mudstone interface, with lower carbonate
cement content. The study also points out that the formation of pores is closely related to
the rock's texture and particle accumulation characteristics. There are significant differences
in the pore structure and genesis of rocks under different lithofacies combinations. This is of
great importance for assessing reservoir quality and the potential of oil and gas fields
In situ stress field and reservoir quality evaluation of Jurassic Ahe
Formation in Kuqa depression
Ph.d. Dong Li1,2, Professor Guiwen Wang1,2, Associate Professor Jin Lai1,2, Kang Bie3
1China University Of Petroleum(Beijing), 2National Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources

and Engineering, 3Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, Tarim

Oilfield Company, CNPC
The reservoir quality of Jurassic Ahe Formation in the Kuqa depression is strongly affected
by in situ stress field, resulting in complex pore structures and macro-microfractures. The
pore structure and fracture effectiveness in reservoir are controlled by the in situ stress
field, which is important factor affecting the reservoir quality and fluid flow in tight
sandstones. Through well log calculations, the in-situ stress orientation and magnitudes in
the Jurassic Ahe Formation were analyzed, and the impact of stress fields on reservoir
quality (matrix properties and fracture effectiveness) was discussed. The results reveal that
matrix properties are negatively correlated with horizontal stress difference (SHmax-Shmin).
With the increasing stress difference, the microscopic pore structure will be complex, and
macroscopic reservoir quality will be poor. Under the same in-situ stress conditions, finer
grain size or poor sorting results in weaker compressive strength and dense physical
properties. Fracture effectiveness is not only related to in-situ stress magnitude but also to
in-situ stress orientation. Low stress difference is mainly related to fault zones, Fractures
with strike parallel to SHmax tend to have large aperture. The differential distribution of in-
situ stress fields in different tectonic locations determines differences in reservoir quality
and productivity in the foreland basin. At the core of the fold, there are local weak stress
areas where fluid movement is frequent, intragranular dissolution pores and macro-
microfractures are developed, pores can be effectively preserved with good connectivity,
and productivity is high. At the wing of the fold or the footwall fault, there are strong stress
areas where fluid movement is weak, reservoir is tight, pores and fractures are
underdeveloped, and productivity is low. Revealing the effect of in-situ stress fields on
reservoirs is of great significance for oil and gas exploration and development Jurassic Ahe
Formation in Kuqa depression, and in similar basins worldwide.
The controlling factors of reservoir space of fault-karst systems in the
deep Ordovician carbonate reservoirs in the Tahe Oilfield Tarim
Basin, China
Ph.D candidate Hongbin Li1,2, Professor Guiwen Wang1,2, Associate professor Jin Lai1,2, Ph. D
candidate Yinhong Tian1,2
1National Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Engineering, China University of

Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing, 2College of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum

(Beijing), Beijing
Fault-karst systems in the deep and ultra-deep carbonate reservoirs have a huge potential
for hydrocarbon exploration. However the characteristics of reservoir space and the main
controlling factors of fault-karst reservoirs are unclear due to strong heterogeneity.
Therefore, the exploration and development of deep and ultra-deep carbonate reservoirs
are restricted. To fill the gap, core, thin section and well log (conventional logs and image
logs) data are used to analyze the lithology and main reservoir space in the deep Ordovician
reservoirs in the Tahe Oilfield, Tarim Basin, China. The lithologies are dominated by
intraclastic limestone, dolomitic limestone and silt to fine-sized crystalline dolostone. The
reservoir space mainly includes dissolution vug, fracture, fracture-vug and cave. Among
them, caves and their surrounding fractures are the main storage spaces for hydrocarbons.
The direction of maximum horizontal in-situ stress is NE-SW determined by induced
fractures picked up by image logs. The NE orientation faults and fractures are increased and
the effect of karst fluid on reservoirs is enhanced. However, the NW direction faults and
fractures are restricted. The fluid alteration has two influences on the reservoir quality. On
the one hand, the fluid alteration can dissolve the carbonate rocks and expand the reservoir
scale; on the other hand, the fluid will carry mud and sand, which will reduce the reservoir
space scale. The distance from the fault will affect the types of reservoir space of the fault-
karst system. Away from the fault, the reservoir space will change from caves and fractures
to facture-vug, and finally into small-scale dissolution vugs. This study can help clarify the
main controlling factors of reservoir space of the fault-karst system.
The delta-fluvial evolution of a lacustrine basin with gentle slope and
low sedimentation rate: A case study of the Fudong Slope, Junggar
Basin, Northwest China
Professor Shengli Li1, Phd. Zede Wei1, Tong Zhang2, Yong Liu2, Zongquan Yao3, Hang Li1
1China University Of Geoscience, Beijing, 2Zhundong Oil Production Plant of PetroChina

Xinjiang Oilfield Company, 3School of Geology and Mining Engineering, Xinjiang University
Gentle slope belts of lacustrine basins are important areas for the generation of
stratigraphic petroleum reservoirs controlled by sedimentary systems. Based on coring, well
logging, 3D seismic and analytical test data, the sedimentary system and sandbody
distribution characteristics of the Jurassic Toutunhe Formation (J₂t) in the Fudong slope of
the Junggar Basin were analysed. The results show that from the early to the late J₂t stages,
the sedimentary system evolved from a delta to a meandering river, resulting in a delta
front facies in the 1st member (J₂t₁) and a meandering river facies in the 2nd (J₂t₂) and 3rd
(J₂t₃) members of the Toutunhe Formation. A sedimentary evolution pattern for the gentle
slope with low sediment input was established. Thick deltaic sandbodies developed locally
in the J₂t₁ stage. However, meandering rivers with high sinuosities predominantly developed
and resulted in a striped geometry in the J₂t₂ and J₂t₃ members. Moreover, the meandering
sandbodies exhibited an anastomosing morphology after multistage superposition. The
channel and point bar facies in J₂t₂ were more developed than those in J₂t₃ because of
sediment input differences. Under low-sediment input conditions, the sedimentary
environment of the gentle slope belt in the lacustrine basin was controlled by changes in the
palaeoclimate, palaeogeomorphology, gradient (slope) and base level. Palaeoclimate was
the main factor controlling the evolution of the sedimentary environment.
Palaeogeomorphology and slope controlled the distribution of sedimentary microfacies,
channel sinuosity and sandbodies. Base-level change restricted the sandbody
superimposition style. Under the low sediment input conditions, the subaqueous
distributary channels of the delta environment and the point bars of the meandering river
environment in the transitional belt of the Fudong slope are the main potential targets for
stratigraphic petroleum reservoirs, whilst the 2nd member of the Toutunhe Formation (J₂t₂)
is the main favourable interval for stratigraphic reservoir exploration.
Sedimentary, diagenetic and their control on calcarenaceous
sandstones reservoirs development of Xujiahe Formation 3 Member
in Yuanba area，Northeast Sichuan
Hongtao Li1, Xuequn Tan1, Hua Liu1
1Exploration and Production Research Institute, Sinopec

High production commercial gas flow was found from Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation 3
Member in Yuanba area, Northeast Sichuan. It shows better exploration and development
potential. The control factors of reservoir development in the third Member of Xujiahe
formation are not clearly understood, which restricts the exploration and development.
Sedimentary facies, reservoir characteristics, diagenesis and their control on reservoirs
development are researched, uitilizing core observation, thin section identification and
physical property analysis. The research results indicate that Xu 3 Member is relatively
instable in thickness with the characteristics of ‘northwest think and southeast thin’, and
belongs to progradational braided river delta deposits. Reservoir rocks, which mainly belong
to calcarenaceous sandstones with the characteristics of dissolved pores, microscopic
dissolved pores, have the characteristics of super-low porosity and super-low permeability
with strong heterogeneity. Reservoir diagenesis mainly includes compaction, cementation,
dissolution, recrystallization and fracture. For pore development, constructive diagenesis
includes mainly burial dissolution and fracture, and compaction and calcite cementation
belong to the most important destructive diagenesis. Comprehensive studies show that
calcarenaceous sandstones deposited in the braided river delta plain-front (i.e., the
transitional position of delta plain and delta front) are the most favorable sedimentary
microfacies. For reservoir development, the burial dissolution diagenesis could be controlled
by the relatively coal-rich sedimentary environment of braided river delta plain-front.
In conclusion, the sedimentary microfacies of underwater distributary channel and plain
distributary channel in braided river delta front and plain is the foundation of pore
development of calcareous sandstone in Xu 3 Member. Diagenesis such as burial dissolution
and fracture is conducive to the formation and improvement of reservoir pores. Therefore,
the relatively developed areas of thin coal seam or coal seam interlayer in distributary
channel and the relatively developed area of faults and fractures may be favorable for
reservoir development district.
Electrofacies modes and novel method for lithofacies identification
of microbial carbonate: a case study of the Sinian Dengying
Formation in Moxi-Gaoshiti, Sichuan Basin, China
Chang Li1
1PetroChina Hangzhou Research Institute of Geology

The giant carbonate gas reserve deposited in the Sinian Dengying Formation was discovered
in Chuanzhong paleo-uplift of Sichuan Basin in 2011. As for pilot area of Moxi-Gaoshiti
region, the gas-bearing intervals of the Dengying Formation characterized by dissolved
pores and vugs, where facies of algal mounds and grain shoals determined development of
good reservoirs. However, genetic variations and complex petrophysical responses of
carbonates lead to the issue of lithofacies identification, which affect facies analysis and
reservoir evaluation. Therefore, based on cores from over 100 meters in three wells,
combing with petrologic observations and well logging data, the integrated electrofacies
modes and a novel method of lithofacies identification for microbial carbonates were
introduced. There are over 8 lithofacies within intervals, and four dominant dolomite
lithofacies representing major depositional settings were classified, including algae
dolomite, grainstone, mudstone and argillaceous mudstone. The calibration between cores
and well logs showed algae dolomite was characterized by low gamma ray (GR), long
ultrasonic transit time (AC), and medium reading in deep measurements of borehole
resistivity (RD).These electrofacies were unfavorably applied to identify lithofacies, since
sensitively logging responses failed to display within 2-D or 3-D cross-plots and similar
responses among lithofacies could not be well divided. Therefore, an alternative method
called color modes were designed. Firstly, the most sensitive parameters (GR, AC and RD)
were normalized for individual lithofacies. Secondly, the normalized data were segmented
by four ranges with corresponding colors of blue, yellow, red and green, which means data
array were converted into visible color associations. Finally, after calibration with detailed
core descriptions, a total of 53 meaningful color associations representing lithofacies and
color modes of four dominant dolomites were acquired. The novel electrofacies modes
were successfully applied to determine lithofacies with coincidence rate of above 80%
among core wells.
High-resolution sequence stratigraphy and filling evolution model of
Lower Cambrian fine-grained sedimentary rocks in southwestern
Sichuan
Associate Professor Yifan Li, Professor Tailiang Fan, Associate Researcher Xiaojie Wei
1China University Of Geosciences (Beijing)

The Lower Cambrian shale in the Upper Yangtze region shows a good prospect of shale gas
exploration, which is an important field for the exploration and research of marine shale gas
in China. The sequence division and comparison of the Lower Cambrian in southwestern
Sichuan can effectively predict the organic-rich development intervals and guide
unconventional oil and gas exploration. This paper takes the fine-grained sedmentary rocks
of the Maidiping-Qiongzhusi Formations in southwestern Sichuan as the research object,
conducts the elaborate description of core and high-precision analysis of thin sections, and
divides the Maidiping-Qiongzhusi Formations to 11 lithofacies types. On this basis, five types
of sedimentary facies are identified: mixed tidal flat facies, muddy deep-water shelf facies,
sandy argillaceous deep-water shelf facies, muddy shallow-water shelf facies and sandy
muddy shallow-water shelf facies. According to lithofacies superposition style and the
quantitative statistics of sedimentary structure, 35 parasequences and 14 parasequence
sets are divided in Maidiping Formation-Qiongzhusi Formation, four types of parasequence
styles are summarized, such as “phosphorite grainstone + phosphorite-calcareous
sandstone + calcareous-phosphorite argillaceous siltstone parasequence” dominated by
tidal flow control, “calcareous cemented siltstone + massive siltstone / deformed bedding
argillaceous siltstone + dark laminated silty mudstone parasequence” by the synergy of
gravity flow and bottom flow, “lenticular graded argillaceous siltstone / wavy laminated
argillaceous siltstone / deformed bedding argillaceous siltstone + dark laminated silty
mudstone parasequence” led by storm wave action and co-influenced by bottom flow,
“calcareous cemented siltstone + rich laminated argillaceous siltstone + poor laminated silty
mudstone parasequence” influenced by wave and gravity flow, 6 system tracts are
identified, and three complete third-order sequence units are divided; Combined with
characteristics of sedimentary facies and sequence, the evolution process of 'mixed shelf-
deep shelf-shallow shelf' of Maidiping -Qiongzhusi Formations was established.
Depositional process of the depression lacustrine hyperpycnal
system and its control on reservoir quality: the second member of
the Lower Jurassic Sangonghe Formation, Qiudong subsag, Turpan-
Hami Basin, Northwest China
Mr. Zhiyuan Li1,2, Professor Zhilong Huang1,2
1National Key Laboratery of Petroleum Resources and Engineering, 2China University of

Petroleum, Beijing
The study of hyperpycnal flow has gradually become one of the hot spots in the current
research. However, the study of hyperpycnal flow deposits in the depression lacustrine
basin is still insufficient. In this study, the depositional process and reservoir quality control
factors of the second member of Sangonghe Formation in Taibei subsag are analyzed. The
results show that 10 types of lithofacies are formed during the depositional process, which
can be summarized as Gravel bed load and suspended load lithofacies association(GBS),
Gravel reverse-to-normally graded lithofacies association(GNR) of bedload lithofacies and
Coarse-grained sandy suspended load lithofacies association(CSS), Fine-grained sandy
suspended load lithofacies association(FSS) of suspended sandy facies. From the edge of the
sag to the center of the sag, the flood erosion gradually weakened, and the erosional
channel gradually evolved into the lobe. Meanwhile, the gravel bed load lithofacies
gradually decreased, and the sandy suspended load lithofacies gradually increased. The
paleogeomorphology further controls the development of the hyperpycnal system. The
restricted geomorphology is more conducive to developing erosional channels, while the
open geomorphology is more conducive to forming lobes. The lithofacies association of the
erosional channel is dominated by GBS and GNR, and type I and II reservoirs are developed,
which have the best quality and the latest densification time. In the transitional channel,
GNR is the main lithofacies association, and type II and III reservoirs are developed, which
have good reservoir quality and late densification [Link] dominates the lithofacies
association of the lobes, and type III reservoirs are developed. The quality of the reservoirs
is general, and the densification time is earlier. FSS is the main lithofacies association of lobe
fringe and over-bank deposits, which develop type IV reservoirs. Type IV reservoirs have the
worst quality and the earliest densification time.
Mechanisms of formation and preservation of pore space in dense
sandstone reservoirs of the stratigraphic Benxi Formation of the
Carboniferous in the eastern Ordos Basin
Zhuang Liang1, Prof jiagen Hou1, Prof Yuming Liu1, Qi Chen1
1China University Of Petroleum (beijing)

In recent years, the tight sandstone of the Benxi Formation in the eastern Ordos Basin has
become an important target for natural gas exploration. However, the diagenetic
characteristics, pore formation, and preservation mechanisms of this tight quartz sandstone
reservoir are not yet clear. In this study, various analytical and testing methods such as CTS,
SEM,HPMI, Fluid Inclusion, and Vitrinite reflectance were employed to systematically
analyze the petrological, reservoir space, rock properties, and diagenetic characteristics of
the tight sandstone reservoir of the Benxi Formation in the eastern Ordos Basin. The results
showed that the Benxi Formation mainly consists of quartz sandstone and lithic quartz
sandstone, with high structural maturity and composition maturity characteristics. The
reservoir space is mainly comprised of residual intergranular pores and intergranular
dissolution pores, with an average porosity of 6.2%. The sandstones of the Benxi Formation
have undergone compaction, cementation, alteration, and dissolution diagenetic processes,
among which compaction is the main reason for the overall tightness of the Benxi
Formation. The study area has experienced two periods of dissolution, with the most
developed acid dissolution being associated with lithic fragments and carbonate cement.
The study demonstrated that under strong hydraulic conditions the high quartz content,
coarse grain size, good sorting, and low matrix content of the tidal channel sandstones of
the Benxi Formation, are the main reasons for the preservation of primary porosity. The
secondary porosity formation in the quartz sandstone enriched in lithic fragments and
feldspar is controlled by the dissolution of organic acids during two stages and the late-stage
alkaline dissolution. The mid-stage diagenesis B transformed the Benxi Formation
sandstones into a closed diagenetic system of mud and carbonate cement, and rapid burial
played a key role in preserving the porosity of the Benxi Formation tight sandstone
reservoir.
Spatial Configuration Relationship and Accumulation Mode of Tight
Sandstone and Bioclastic Limestone Reservoirs in the eastern Ordos
Basin, Permian Taiyuan Formation
Zhuang Liang1, Prof Yuming Liu1, Chen Qi1, Haowei Zhang1
1China University Of Petroleum (beijing)

In recent years, the complex lithologic reservoirs of the Permian Taiyuan Formation in the
eastern Ordos Basin have become important targets for natural gas exploration. However,
the spatial configuration relationship and accumulation mode of tight sandstone and
bioclastic limestone reservoirs are not well understood. In this study, field geological
surveys, restoration of ancient landforms, and other analytical techniques were used to
systematically analyze the petrology, reservoir space, and rock properties of the two
reservoirs in the eastern Ordos Basin. The spatial configuration relationship of the two
difference reservoirs was determined, and based on this, the accumulation mode of the
Taiyuan Formation was elucidated. The results show that: ①On the plane, the southern
part of the study area in the Tai 2 sandstone group is a shoreface tidal flat depositional
system, mainly composed of bioclastic limestone and a small amount of tight sandstone
reservoirs, while the northern part is a delta front deposition, mainly consisting of tight
sandstone reservoirs. On the profile, the coastline gradually moved northwards from
bottom to top, and the range of limestone gradually expanded.②In the Tai 2 sandstone
group, both the tight sandstone reservoirs and the bioclastic limestone reservoirs exist
simultaneously, representing two different types of sedimentary facies: tidal channels and
biotic mounds. Both of them are controlled by paleogeomorphology, with bioclastic
limestone located at higher positions and tight sandstone reservoirs at lower
positions.③The natural gas in the Taiyuan Formation gas reservoirs in the study area
mainly comes from the top coal layer of the Benxi Formation and some coal layers within
the Taiyuan Formation itself. The source rock has a thick thickness and high thermal
evolution degree. The gas reservoirs have good hydrocarbon generation conditions and
sealing conditions, exhibiting two favorable configurations: "bottom generation, upper
storage, upper sealing," and "adjacent generation, lateral storage, upper sealing. "
Development characteristics and main controlling factors of
laminated shale in the Cambrian Qiongzhusi Formation, southern
Sichuan Basin
ChongJie Liao1, Prof Lei Chen1, Prof Jian Cao1,2
1School of Geoscience and Technology, Southwest Petroleum University, 2School of Earth

Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University

The Lower Cambrian Qiongzhusi Formation's black shale in the Sichuan Basin, South China,
has drawn significant academic focus due to its deep-burial, intricate lithology, marked
heterogeneity, and substantial sedimentary environmental impact. Uniquely, its laminated
shale is exceptionally developed compared to other formations. Yet, the ramifications of
these laminations on shale gas enrichment and their fundamental driving factors are not
fully understood. This paper investigates the developmental characteristics, reservoir
heterogeneity, and key controlling factors of the laminated shale through core observation,
X-ray diffraction, logging, and geochemical analysis. Our research identifies two primary
types of laminated shale in the Qiongzhusi Formation: Type I and Type II. Type I, located in
the lower Member, features horizontal laminae with high carbonate content and thin,
densely packed calcareous and mud laminae, exhibiting high TOC. Type II, in the middle to
upper Member, consists of thin, high-density horizontal and interlaced quartz-rich sandy
and mud laminae, with relatively lower TOC. Ultimately, We discovered that Type I is related
to seasonal aquatic changes from ancient climates, while Type II's development correlates
with relative sea-level changes during the late sedimentary phase of the Mianyang-
Changning extensional trough. Additionally, integrating the Lower Cambrian sedimentary
setting of the Sichuan Basin, we formulated two distinct marine shale sedimentary models
for the Qiongzhusi Formation in the southern region, influenced by climatic and
sedimentary factors.
DDE-Outcrop3D：digital construction of global classic geological
outcrops
Mr Zongqi Lin1,2,3, Dr Hanting Zhong1,2,3, Prof Jianhua Chen2,4, Dr Xia Wang1,2,3, Prof Mingcai
Hou1,2,3, Prof Yalin Li5, Prof Xiumian Hu6, Prof Huaguo Wen1,2,3, Prof Chengshan Wang5
1Institute of Sedimentary Geology of Chengdu University of Technology, 2Key Laboratory of

Deep-time Geography & Environment Reconstruction and Applications of Ministry of

Natural Resources, Chengdu University of Technology, 3State key Laboratory of Oil and Gas
Reservoir Geology and Exploitation (Chengdu University of Technology), 4College of
Geophysics, Chengdu University of Technology, 5School of Earth Sciences and Resources,
China University of Geoscience (Beijing), 6State Key Laboratory of Mineral Deposits
Research, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University
The investigation and observation of geological outcrops is a key aspect of geology majors in
teaching and research. When investigating geological outcrops in the field, it is usually
limited by natural factors such as time, weather, season, and vegetation cover, and the
traditional methods are difficult to comply with the development trend of data-based
research. In order to break through these limitations, we conducted diverse digital
collection and modelling of more than 120 classical geological outcrops in 12 countries,
including China, United Arab Emirates, Italy, France, Germany, Spain and Namibia, etc. High-
precision oblique photographic acquisition by drone is the main form of acquisition, along
with Insta360 panoramic camera photography, DSLR camera photography, and recording
videos of geologists' presentations. There are 96 geological outcrops in China, which are
mainly the routes for the geological field trips of the 21st International Congress of
Sedimentology. The 24 geological outcrops in Europe and 3 geological outcrops in Africa
include UNESCO World Geoparks, the first 100 geological sites of the International Union of
Geological Sciences (IUGS), and the routes of the International Association of
Sedimentologists (IAS) conferences. All these geological outcrops are now uploaded on the
DDE-Outcrop3D platform. The DDE-Outcrop3D achieves the visualization of high-precision
3D models of geological outcrops, combining outcrop-related information such as text,
pictures, videos, panoramas, documents, observatories, geological maps, etc. with 3D
outcrop models, and realizing the uploading and panoramic roaming of outcrop 3D models
as well as the self-supply, sharing and visualization of outcrop-related information. The
platform realizes the construction and sharing of geological outcrop resources in a digital
environment, allowing scientists, scholars and earth science enthusiasts around the world to
enjoy world-famous geological outcrops and geological relics without having to leave home,
which will be applied to scientific research, science popularization and teaching of geology
in the future.
Characterization and Genesis of 'Sweet Spot' Reservoirs in the
Huagang Formation, Xihu Depression, East China Sea Basin
Mr Jianli Lin1, Professor Chengyan Lin1, Professor Chunmei Dong1, Dr. Lihua Ren1, Mrs. Ziru
Zhao1
1China University Of Petroleum (East China)

The upper Huagang Formation in the north-central segment of the Xihu Depression, East
China Sea Basin, is notable for its extensive, superimposed thick braided river sandstone
deposits, presenting significant potential for natural gas exploitation. However, the physical
properties of these sandstone reservoirs display marked heterogeneity, ranging from low
permeability to tight formations, and the genesis of "sweet spots" within them remains
enigmatic. This study delves into the types and formation mechanisms of "sweet spots" in
the Huagang Formation, employing methods such as core analysis, thin section evaluation,
and SEM-EDS and SEM-CL analysis. The investigation reveals two predominant "sweet spot"
reservoir types in the Huagang Formation: chlorite-coated and quartz-cemented. Chlorite-
coated "sweet spots" are found in both low- and high-energy braided channels, exhibiting
enhanced reservoir quality in coarser-grained sandstones. The presence of a high clay coat is
instrumental in impeding quartz cementation, thus preserving primary porosity and
facilitating porosity enhancement through late-stage dissolution processes. On the other
hand, quartz-cemented "sweet spots" predominantly occur in medium to coarse-grained
sandstones within high-energy braided channels. The insufficient clay coat coverage in these
areas leads to pronounced quartz overgrowth, diminishing porosity. Nevertheless, the
interplay of relatively clean, coarse-grained sandstone and early quartz overgrowth
maintains a degree of permeability, qualifying these as secondary "sweet spots." As burial
depth increases, the quartz-cemented "sweet spots" may experience further densification
due to ongoing quartz cementation, whereas the chlorite-coated variants demonstrate a
higher potential for sustained reservoir quality. These insights offer a theoretical basis for
identifying favorable exploration zones and optimizing well productivity strategies in the
region.
An integrated micro-CT and thin-section method for quantitative 3D
analysis of unconsolidated sediments
Mr Kamill Lisson1, Maarten Van Daele1, Veerle Cnudde2,3
1Renard Centre of Marine Geology, Department of Geology, Ghent University, 2Pore-scale

Processes in Geomaterials, Department of Geology, Ghent University, 3Environmental

Hydrogeology, Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University
High-resolution imaging of unconsolidated sediment at the grain level is increasingly
required for the accurate reconstruction of past climate and environment. The primary tool
to investigate the arrangement of particles and matrix of unconsolidated sediments from
different depositional environments is thin-section micromorphology. It allows the detailed
characterisation of sedimentary facies on a microscopic scale (i.e. microstratigraphy),
providing depositional and post-depositional process information. However, thin-section
preparation poses a potential risk to the integrity of the sediment (micro)fabric, and thin-
section analysis is spatially limited to 2D representation of 3D samples, which can lead to
incorrect classification of sedimentary features and structures. A promising technique to
overcome the limitations of thin-section micromorphology is X-ray computed
microtomography (μCT), as it allows visualisation of internal 3D sediment composition,
texture and fabric at high resolution. We created an integrated method of μCT and thin-
section analysis by developing a 3D-printed subsampler that can effectively (1) extract areas
of interest from soft sediment cores, (2) stabilise the unconsolidated “wet” sediment during
μCT scanning and (3) allow dehydration and impregnation to be carried out while the
sample is in the subsampler, which ensures an undisturbed sample for thin-section
preparation. Here we apply our new methodological approach on sediment cores from
Alaskan and Chilean lakes. Subsamples (8.0x1.5x1.5 cm) of different depositional
environments (turbidites and glacial varves) were extracted from the sediment cores,
scanned with μCT at a resolution of 5 and 20 μm at the Centre for X-ray Tomography of
Ghent University ([Link]) and thin sections were prepared. The μCT scanning
of subsamples enabled the systematic and quantitative 3D analysis of sedimentary
microfacies and proved to be a valuable integration tool for the conventional (qualitative)
descriptions of thin sections, improving the paleoenvironmental reconstructions in the
study areas.
Fibrous calcite veins：Insight to early primary hydrocarbon
generation and expulsion from organic-rich shales
Miss Shuning Liu1, Professor Jianhui Zeng1, Professor Juncheng Qiao1
1China University Of Petroleum(Beijing)

The formation of veins in hydrocarbon-bearing formations is closely related to the early

primary hydrocarbon generation and expulsion. Fibrous calcite veins are often associated
with organic laminae of organic-rich shales in continental saline lacustrine. Fibrous calcite
veins are horizontally distributed and interstratified parallel to organic or clay laminae. The
shape is lenticular and the thickness ranges from tens of micrometers to several millimeters.
Within veins, calcite crystals with high degree of crystallization are distributed vertically to
the edge of the vein edges, in a flat and uniform fibrous shape. Individual crystal widths are
similar, exhibiting the same extinction position, indicating contemporaneous crystallization.
A dark intermediate surface is commonly seen inside veins, dividing veins into upper and
lower parts. The peak values of G and D of Raman spectra of the dark material indicate that
this material is asphalt-soaked calcite. Frequent lake level changes during the sedimentary
period resulted in abundant horizontal laminations in organic-rich shales. The early
horizontal laminations opened by overpressure from early hydrocarbon generation.
Hydrocarbon fluids migrate along the horizontal fractures, while acidic fluids dissolve
surrounding rock, calcium and bicarbonate ions oversaturated, then CaCO₃ precipitated in
the horizontal fracture. Dark material is the residual heavy component formed by early
hydrocarbon fluid migration and fractionation during calcite columnar growth. Preferential
intrusion of hydrocarbon fluids causes defects in the calcite lattice that tend to trap early
hydrocarbon fluids, making large number of HI can be found in veins. Studies show that
fibrous calcite veins only appear in layer with high TOC over 3000m (Jiyang Depression), and
not produced in shallow layer, indicating the formation is related to the maturation of
organic matter. The oil and gas exploration practice also indicates that shale layer
developed in the fibrous calcite veins often has good oil and gas shows and high production.
Study on single sand body architecture model of gravity flow channel
of Ban 1 oil group in Banqiao Oilfield
Peipei Liu1, Jiagen Hou, Yuming Liu, Lei Bao
1China University of Petroleum (Beijing)

The Ban 1 oil group is the main oil-bearing interval of the second member of the Shahejie
Formation in Banqiao Oilfield, Bohai Bay Basin. This layer is a lacustrine gravity flow
deposition, and is mainly composed of channel deposition. Based on the in-depth anatomy
of the gravity flow channel in the Ban 1 oil group in this area, the characteristics of the
sedimentary architecture of the gravity flow channel under different influencing factors
such as channel stage, scale and swing stability are analyzed, and different channel
architecture patterns are summarized for the follow-up. We select key blocks with dense
wells network and high development level, combine coring data with dynamic information
such as tracers, the channel architecture boundary is determined. The research results show
that there are two complex channels in the study area, and there are multiple single water
channels in each complex. The water channel complex is mainly developed in the north area
of Banqiao, and the water channel gradually bifurcates into the lobe in the middle area of
Banqiao. The average thickness of a single channel is 7.2 m, the plane width of the channel
is 664 m, and the width–thickness ratio is between 120:1 and 172:1. Statistical analysis of
the size of a single sand body shows that the width and thickness of a single sand body in
this area are positively correlated (w = 182.79 × hmax - 237.7). On the basis of studying the
single sand body configuration and geometric characteristics of the gravity flow channel, the
three-dimensional configuration of the gravity flow channel in this area is summarized
according to the channel stage, channel size and swing stability. The model provides a
geological basis for the subsequent determination of the remaining oil distribution and well
location deployment.
Carbonate seismic geomorphology: A case study of the Cambrian
Longwangmiao Formation in the Gaoshiti-Moxi area, Sichuan Basin,
China
Lei Tan2, Dong Wang2, Hong Liu1,3, DR Lei Tan
1Sichuan Natural Gas Geology Key Laboratory, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu,

Sichuan, CHINA, 2School of Geoscience and Technology, Southwest Petroleum University,

Chengdu, Sichuan, CHINA, 3State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and
Exploration, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan, CHINA
This study applied seismic geomorphology to analyze and reconstruct the
paleogeomorphology of the sedimentation of the Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation in
the central Sichuan area. By fully considering factors such as the stratigraphic sedimentary
filling characteristics, the tectonic setting, and the sedimentation rate, the 3D seismic,
logging data, as well as core and thin section analyses were used to compare the
reconstruction principles of the cast and isopach methods. It is believed that the thickness
of the Cang-2 member reflects the paleogeomorphology during the sedimentation of the
Longwangmiao Formation. Forward seismic modeling was used to select the seismic
physical attributes sensitive to the Cang-2 member, which were then used to reconstruct
the paleogeomorphology. The results show that the stronger the amplitude of the bottom
trough of the Longwangmiao Formation, the higher the landform during the sedimentation
period. Therefore, the Caledonian paleo-uplift had already taken shape before the
sedimentation of the Longwangmiao Formation, with a high in the NW and a low in the SE,
and the NE-SW-trending geomorphic lowland in the central part divided the study area into
a NW high zone and a SE sub-high zone. The geomorphologic distribution controlled the
development of the shoals and reservoirs. The geomorphic highlands not only contained
shoals with large areas and thicknesses but were also susceptible to superimposed
syngenetic and quasi-syngenetic exposures, which provided preferential flow channels for
karst fluid in the later period. The Longwangmiao Formation in the NW high area was
uplifted and exposed during Caledonian period, and it became the preferred area for the
development of supergene karst and bedding karst. Due to the differences in the potential
energy of the topography, the quality of the reservoirs in the NW slope zone is the best,
followed by that in the NW high zone and the SE sub-high zone.
Applying seismic sedimentology for carbonate platform evolution
and facies analysis : An example from Tarim Basin, China
Senior Engineer Wei Liu1, Hongliu Zeng2, Zhaohui Xu1, Qilong Fu2, Congsheng Bian1, Yongxin
Li1
1Petrochina Research Institute Of Petroleum Exploration & Development, 2Bureau of

Economic Geology, Jackson School of Geosciences, The University of Texas at Austin

Three-dimensional seismic data offers opportunity to study the growth pattern,

paleoecology and reservoir heterogeneities of ancient carbonate platform systems. As the
low-quality seismic data caused by large burial depth of Cambrian carbonate rocks, it is still
difficult to obtain information of platform evolution and facies in Tarim Basin. In this study,
seismic sedimentology was used to improve facies interpretation in ultradeep (over 7000
m), high-velocity (6000-7000 m/s) carbonate rocks using low-frequency (up to 20 Hz)
seismic data.
The study area named Xiaotangnan locates in middle of east Cambrian platform margin. The
stacked, migrated seismic data is characterized by a frequency range of 10~60Hz with a
dominant frequency of 20Hz. Phase rotation, frequency decomposition, stratal slicing and
RGB color blending are used to interpret platform architecture and facies.
The growth of Cambrian platform can be divided into two stages, ramp and rimmed
platform. Contour map of time-thickness (Txsd-Tg8) shows that there is no sudden change
in deposit thickness. During this time, carbonate shoals are widely distributed and most are
in irregular ellipse shape.
The transition from ramp to rimmed platform began at the end of Xiaoerbulake period.
Slight rimmed architecture can be observed in seismic profile. At the end of early Cambrian
(Wusonggeer Formation), sharp shelf break is distinct in seismic profile and isopach map.
Lagoon locates behind the platform margin where lobate tidal deltas were common.
Intraplatform is characterized by shoals. The middle Cambrian was the heyday of platform
evolution, as a strongly prograding accretionary platform the edge migrated 3 km to the sea.
Rimmed platform and arid climate lead to the deposition of evaporite in carbonate
platform.
Seismic sedimentology provides an effective means for deep buried carbonate platform
interpretation. Although drilling data is absent in this area, outcrops and modern
sedimentary correlation analysis provide support for geological interpretation.
Reservoir characteristics and effectiveness control factors of
Carboniferous weathering crust volcanic rocks around well Pen-1
west depression, Junggar Basin
Mr Hanqing Liu1,2, Chunmei Dong1,2, Chengyan Lin1,2, Lixia Lian3, Jian Wang3, Ming Liu3, Like
Xie3
1China University of Petroleum (East China), 2Reservoir Geology Key Laboratory of Shandong

Province, 3Research Institute of Experiment and Testing, Xinjiang Oilfield Company

In order to clarify the reservoir characteristics of weathering crust type volcanic rocks and
the controlling factors of its effectiveness, the Carboniferous volcanic rocks around well
Pen-1 west depression in Junggar Basin are taken as the research target, the internal vertical
structural unit division scheme and geological characteristics of weathering crust are
analyzed, and the controlling factors influencing the thickness of weathering crust
development and later modification are discussed. The study shows that the weathering
crusts of Carboniferous volcanic rocks in the work area are mainly andesite, volcanic breccia,
tuff, basalt and andesite. According to the geochemical analysis, physical properties test and
well logging data, the weathering crust can be further divided into three secondary reservoir
units: clay layer, strongly weathered layer and weakly weathered layer, and most of the oil
and gas-producing layers are distributed in the strongly weathered layer. The thickness of
reservoir space developed in the weathering crust is dominated by primary intergranular
pores, secondary dissolution pores and cracks, and the pore structure is of pore type.
Weathering leaching time and ancient landscape control the thickness of weathering crust
reservoirs, and the difference in lithology is an important modification control factor.
Therefore, the weathering crust composed of dominant lithology and formed in the raised
area has the largest reservoir thickness due to the long time of weathering and leaching,
which is a favorable area for the development of this type of reservoir.
Depositional characteristics of fault-controlled reservoirs of
Ordovician ultra-deep carbonate in the Shunbei area of Tarim Basin,
China
Mr. Hui Long1, jianhui Zeng1, feng Geng1
1China University Of Petroleum-beijing

The discovery of oil and gas in ultra-deep carbonate formations in Shunbei area of Tarim
Basin reveals its large exploration potential. Fault-controlled reservoirs of Ordovician
carbonates in the study area are controlled by deep strike-slip fault activity and developed
along strike-slip fracture [Link] core observation, thin section identification,
conventional logging curve and imaging logging image analysis, elemental geochemical
testing and 3D seismic interpretation, the depositional characteristics, diagenetic types,
reservoir spatial characteristics and reservoir response of the fault-controlled reservoirs of
the Ordovician Yingshan and Yijianfang formations were systematically [Link] mass
fraction of Mn in the Ordovician Yingshan and Yijianfang Formations is greater than 0.0005,
the average value of Sr/Ba is 2.019~3.1562, the average value of U/Th is 2.1, mostly greater
than 0.75, and the average value of δU is 1.21, mostly greater than 1. This indicates that the
area was deposited in a weakly oxidized-weakly reduced marine sedimentary environment
with deep to shallow water depth, normal salinity and warm and [Link] Yingshan
Formation and Yijainfang Formation of Ordovician in the study area is an open platform
facies deposit, with two subfacies developed: platform flat and five microfacies, such as
limestone flat, dolomite flat, sandy debris shoal, bioclastic shoal and granular [Link] the
seismic data, root-mean-square amplitude attributes are extracted, and the distribution of
favorable reservoirs in the Shunbei area is considered to be gradually transitioning from the
south-west to the north-east [Link] reservoir properties and extent are controlled by
the strike-slip fault, and the reservoir property is higher at the fault superposition
[Link]-slip faults allow fluids to enter the faults and dissolve carbonate minerals,
forming fault-controlled reservoirs consisting of fractures, dissolution holes and [Link]
results of the study provide a reference for the study of deep carbonate reservoirs in the
Shunbei area.
The Modern and Ancient Central-Mediterranean Gateway
Prof Sergio Longhitano1, Prof. Domenico Chiarella2, Dr. Arnoud Slootman3
1University Of Basilicata, 2Royal Holloway, University of London, 3Colorado School of Mines

The Modern Central-Mediterranean Gateway (MCMG) is a geographic physical constriction

that separates the Mediterranean into two adjacent sub-basins. This complex passageway is
nowadays represented by the coalescent Strait of Sicily, Egadi Islands, and Messina Strait.
These connections drive continuous water exchange and sediment transport between the
western and eastern Mediterranean, representing an example of a modern multiple
gateway.
In this presentation, we provide outcrop-based examples of the sedimentary record of the
ancient counterpart of this gateway, i.e.: the Ancient Central-Mediterranean Gateway
(ACMG), represented by four major paleo-straits that developed during the Pliocene-
Quaternary period along localized grabens dissecting the southernmost edge of the Italian
peninsula. We show and compare the geological features of each of these straits, along with
their depositional architectures and facies. These elements record the development of
current-dominated depositional processes, possibly stimulated/enhanced by a stronger
penetration of the Atlantic Water Inflow from the Gibraltar Strait, reinforced by the onset of
the northern hemisphere glaciation.
This study aims to provide diagnostic criteria from the sedimentary record that are crucial to
unravelling modern processes and sediment transport dynamics in analogous systems in
tidal straits.
Effects of grain size bias in Heavy Minerals from fluvial Quaternary
deposits of the Western Amazon
Effects Of Grain Size Bias In Heavy Minerals From Fluvial Quaternary Deposits Of The Western
Amazon Rafaela Maciel Lopes De Paula;1
1Tbc

Heavy mineral analysis is commonly used as a provenance tool and typically involves the
examination of very fine-grained (64μm to 125μm) and fine-grained (125μm to 250μm)
sand grains. While widely used, this method introduces bias by excluding finer grains
(smaller than 64μm). The main challenge is to determine the mineralogy of clasts on this
scale using a conventional optical microscope. However, recent literature has explored the
analysis of
fine fractions in heavy mineral studies using Raman spectrometers. This allows for the
identification of the mineral composition of heavy mineral extracts in silt granulometric
fractions (5μm~64μm). Furthermore, traditional petrographic microscope counting has
other limitations, such as the exclusion of opaque minerals (e.g. oxides and sulfides), which
can be addressed to enable a more accurate and confident characterization of heavy
mineral
assemblages. Sedimentary fluvial deposits in the Içá Formation and nearby modern terraces
were surveyed to determine their heavy mineral assemblage characteristics. Amazonian
sedimentary deposits from both river terraces in submerged areas (Terra Firme) and
floodplains (lowland) have garnered significant academic interest. This is because the time
range covered by these deposits, dating back to the Pliocene, aligns with periods of
significant diversification of Amazonian biodiversity. The study area is a crucial area of West
Amazon fluvial deposits, located in the Solimões River valley between the mouths of the Içá
River and the Purus River. Preliminary data indicates a significant difference in heavy
mineral composition between fine (siltstone) and coarse (sandstone) deposits. This
difference could be attributed to shifts in the source of sediment, or it could be the outcome
of differential intra-stratal dissolution of heavy minerals within the strata. These results
indicate characteristics that are particularly relevant for investigations of sedimentary
successions in the western Amazon.
Volcaniclastic facies model of a Miocene explosive eruptive period
recorded in North Patagonian retroarc
Dr. Manuel López1, Prof. Leandro D'Elia1, Prof. Károly Németh2,3,4,5,6
1Centro de Investigaciones Geológicas (CONICET-UNLP), 2National Program of Earthquakes

and Volcanoes, Saudi Geological Survey, 3Lithosphere Research Group, Institute of Earth
Physics and Space Science, 4Volcanic Risk Solutions, Massey University, 5The
Geoconservation Trust Aotearoa Pacific, 6Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia
Advances in understanding volcaniclastic processes have occurred episodically through
direct observations of historical volcanic eruptions, while the study of ancient successions
has enhanced our knowledge of how volcaniclastic sediments organize in the geological
record. Volcaniclastic stratigraphy has dealt with the signals resulting from eruptive
dynamics and syn- to inter-eruptive Earth System responses. Explosive eruptions deliver
different types of tephra, resulting in pyroclastic and resedimented to reworked
volcaniclastic deposits. Through architectural, sedimentological, and petrographic analysis
of a Miocene volcaniclastic record preserved in the North Patagonian retroarc, we
performed a hierarchized time-rock scheme that reveals short- and mid-term (seconds to
years) depositional processes.
Two tephra units composed of tuffaceous PDC, ash to lapilli fall out and resedimented
volcaniclastic sandstones bounded by First order discontinuity surfaces were recognized as
the product of different eruptive episodes (years to months). Each PDC, fall out and
resedimented deposit is bounded by Second order discontinuity surfaces and was
interpreted as individual eruption units resulting from different eruptive phases (hours to
months). Third order discontinuity surfaces bound internal layers with textural and
compositional variations interpreted as different eruptive pulses (minutes to seconds).
Occasional levels limited by Fourth order discontinuity surfaces evidence for instance lower
flow boundary zone variations (≤seconds).
The sequence assembles of hierarchized time-rock units reveal two tephra units related to
Volcanic Explosivity Index 6-7 volcanic eruption episodes that occurred within the North
Patagonian Andes. Phases of sustained volcanic columns are evidenced by ash to lapilli fall
out deposits, while punctual column collapses produced PDCs with 100 to 150km run outs.
Internal layers and levels reveal high-order changes in eruption dynamics. Resedimentation
resulted from the rapid remobilization of juvenile lapilli, incorporated by fall out and gravity
flow transformations. Discontinuities indicate a delay between eruption dynamic variations
and Earth System responses in controlling volcaniclastic depositional processes.
Rhythmites preserved into intertidal flat successions of the
hypertidal Santa Cruz – Chico River estuary (Southern Patagonia,
Argentina)
MR Thibaud Lortie1, José I. Cuitiño2, Bernadette Tessier1, Jean-Yves Reynaud3, Roberto A.
Scasso4, Sebastián M. Richiano2, Leo Pancrazzi1
1Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, UNIROUEN, CNRS, M2C, 2Instituto Patagónico de Geología y

Paleontología (CCT CONICET-CENPAT), 3Université de Lille, UMR CNRS 8187 LOG, 4IGEBA
CONICET, Departamento de Ciencias Geológicas
Within tide-dominated estuaries, upper intertidal sediment successions frequently contain
well-preserved tidal rhythmites, basically recording semi-diurnal to neap-spring-neap cycles,
occasionally annual cycles in the uppermost part of the successions, and that provide
valuable information on hydrosedimentary processes and sedimentation rates.
Tidal rhythmites are observed and cored into the hypertidal (12 m tidal range) Santa Cruz –
Chico River ria-type estuary (Southern Patagonia, Argentina). The system is made of two
estuarine arms (the Chico River arm; the Santa Cruz River arm), both converging into an
intermediate and deep (subtidal) basin connected to the Atlantic ocean. Tidal dynamics are
dominant along the Chico river arm, the fluvial discharge of which is low. In contrast, the
water discharge of the Santa Cruz River is much higher so that the influence of tidal
dynamics quickly drops down a few kilometers upstream. Extensive sandy to muddy tidal
flats develop along the edges of the outer portion of the two arms. Upper intertidal
sediment successions appear along secondary tidal channel cutbanks, revealing well-
developped rhythmic layering, resembling tidal rhythmites. In order to better understand
their origin, two 1 m-long cores were retrieved, one from the tide-dominated Chico River
arm, and one from the tide-influenced Santa Cruz River arm. Core analyses comprised high
resolution facies description, X-ray imaging, grain-size and geochemistry analyses, in
addition to laminae thickness measurements. The results show that the Chico River
sediment succession is made of a fairly regular stacking of typical semi-diurnal sand-mud
couplets arranged to form neap-spring-neap tidal rhythmites. Semi-diurnal tidal couplets are
visible on the Santa Cruz arm succession, but the fortnightly cyclicity is altered, due to the
influence of fluvial dynamics and westerlies-induced wave agitation and aeolian sediment
supply. 137Cs and 210Pbex measurements are in course to specify the chronological frame
of the successions and to confirm very high sedimentation rates.
Impact of the Zechstein Transgression on Upper Rotliegend
Sandstones in the Permian of Northeast England
Mr Joel Lozano1, Dr Stuart Jones1
1Durham University

Rising levels of carbon dioxide emissions have prompted researchers to explore various
solutions to mitigate the problem, including carbon capture and sequestration. This project
aims to analyse the impact of the Zechstein transgression on the Yellow Sands of County
Durham, Northeast England. By doing so, we aim to understand better the relationship
between sea level change, sequence stratigraphy, and diagenetic alterations in the
formation. Additionally, we aim to determine if this area could serve as a viable CO₂
sequestration reservoir and compare it to the Rotliegendes-Zechstein boundary in the
southern North Sea. A diverse range of sedimentological observations and diagenetic
analyses were conducted to assess the transgression's impact on the Yellow Sands. These
included detailed outcrop observations, facies descriptions, panel architecture correlations,
thin-section petrography, and SEM, isotopic, and XRD analyses. The Yellow Sands of County
Durham consist predominantly of a remarkable large-scale cross-bedded unit with foresets
that can reach up to 10 meters in thickness each. These facies are identified by a surprising
and almost complete absence of cementation.
Small-scale sedimentary features facies (e.g., soft-sediment deformation) and interdune
facies have also been identified. Diagenetic alterations include clay coatings such as illite, K-
feldspar dissolution, kaolinite and a thin calcite-cemented layer found immediately below
the transgressive surface. The Marl Slate facies (marine transgressive muds equivalent to
the extensive Kupferschiefer) overlay the Yellow Sands and represent the transgressive
surface and the beginning of the first cycle of the Zechstein.
Origin of Carbonate cements in Eocene turbidite sandstones,
Dongying depression, Bohai Bay Basin: Evidence from petrology and
geochemistry
Dr. Guoqiang Luan1,2, Chengyan Lin1, Chunmei Dong1, Karem Azmy2
1China University of petroleum (East China), 2Memorial University of Newfoundland

Diagenetic carbonate cements occur throughout Eocene turbidite lithic arkose in Niuzhuang
Sag, Eastern China, displaying as sporadical siderite, dolomite, calcite 1 (C1), and massive
ankerite (Ak) and calcite 2 (C2). Petrographic and geochemical investigations suggest that
the non-ferroan C1 (δ13Ccar +3.1 to +4.7‰VPDB; δ18Ocar −12.5 to −10.5‰VPDB) was the
earliest carbonate cement that was followed by Ak (δ13Ccar +0.2 to +5.1‰VPDB; δ18Ocar
−12.8 to −10‰VPDB) and ferroan C2 (δ13Ccar +2 to +3.1‰VPDB; δ18Ocar −12.6‰ to
−15.8‰ VPDB). The homogenization temperatures (Th, 74.3 to 105.8oC, 105.6 to 130.4oC,
and 119.7 to 144.6oC, respectively) reflect the pattern of increasing temperature with
progressive burial. The δ13Ccar values suggest that C1 and C2 were mainly derived from
dissolution of carbonates in calcareous shales (δ13Ccar +3.5‰ to +6.3‰VPDB), with minor
contributions from organic matter. The δ13Ccar values of Ak documented some
contributions from magmatic carbon.
Ankerite and C2 were restricted under the top seal (geochemical barrier) of overpressure
compartment and the of highly cemented zones occur mainly along faults. Carbonate
cementation seems to negatively impact the reservoir quality when it exceeds 10%.
Sedimentary archives of Late Carboniferan-Early Permian marine-
continental transitional cycle in the southeastern Ordos Basin, China
Mr. Keyong Luo1, Mr. Guanghong Deng1, Mr. Dongmin Ma2, Mr. Pei Li3
1Xi’an Center of China Geological Survey, 2Xi'an University of Science and Technology,
3Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute

Abstract: The majority of the transgressive-regressive cycle indicate changes between the
marine and continental in history geology, related to global sea-level fluctuations of which
may be notoriously difficult to discriminate by sedimentological cycles and biostratigraphic,
especially in case of limited outcrop exposures. Ordos Basin is a typical of marine-
continental transitional facies during the Late Carboniferous to Early Permian as a secondary
structural unit of the North China Craton (NCC), experiencing huge marine-continental
changes and many transgression-regressive cycles occurred in the stratigraphic record. It
was difficult to distinguish transgressive-regressive cycles and contrast the conversion
process, sedimentary evolution, sedimentary environment and palaeogeography pattern
accurately. Whenever possible, an accurate identification of the nature of these deposits
should consider a multidisciplinary approach. In this paper, based on the 128 boreholes
formation and palaeontology, sedimentary structure and lithology characteristics as the
foundation, combined with well log response in the southeast of Ordos Basin，and
sedimentary rock (shale) geochemical data, the selection of trace elements is more sensitive
to reflect the sedimentary environment, the analysis of trace elements in strata in the study
area and its ratio and the corresponding relationship between sedimentary medium
environment changes. Twenty-five lithofacies associations and eleven sedimentary facies,
four medium-term, nine short-term sequence boundaries, two medium-term and six short-
term maximum flooding surfaces, two maximum transgression surfaces and three maximum
regression surfaces accordance were identified.
Key words: Ordos Basin; Late Carboniferous to Early Permian; Marine-continental
transitional; Transgression-regressive cycles
Mineral-chemical stratigraphy and provenance analysis: refining
intrusive vs in-situ interpretation
Dr Wiktor Luzinski1, Prof Andrew Hurst1, Prof Andrew Morton1
1University Of Aberdeen

Even with modern advancements in seismic imaging and interpretation differentiation of

intrusive sandstones from sandstones remobilised in situ is not trivial. In situ remobilisation
of depositional sandstone can produce similar geometry and seismic expressions to those
associated with sand injection including irregular and discontinuous upper surfaces, jack-up
of overlying strata, and discordant features associated with contact between sandstone and
the host strata.
An example is the enigmatic sandstone penetrated by well N24/9-3 (the Gamma discovery,
South Viking Graben). The sandstone is in the early Eocene Balder Formation (Early Eocene)
and has many characteristics of sandstone intrusions but is substantially larger than is
typical of sandstone intrusions.
Mineral-chemical stratigraphy is used to define the provenance signature of the Gamma
sandstone and adjacent depositional sandstones to elucidate possible relationships
between. Specifically, is the Gamma sandstone depositional, remobilised, or injected. Odin
Member sandstone, which is in the Balder Formation, has a very similar provenance
signature to the Gamma sandstone, whereas older depositional sandstones are dissimilar.
On this basis, we conclude that the Gamma sandstone is primarily depositional and belongs
to the Odin Member. It occupies its original stratigraphic position but has been extensively
modified by intense in situ remobilisation, and locally thickened by laterally discontinuous
sandstone intrusions.
A new method of pore pressure prediction based on the grain stress
and its application in Jimusar Depression, Junggar Basin.
Ms Xinruo Ma1, Professor Zhen Liu1
1China University Of Petroleum(Beijing)

Pore pressure can be very complex and changeable. Unclear distribution of overpressure
not only hinders the safety of drilling engineering but also restricts the hydrocarbon
exploration. Therefore, pore pressure prediction technology needs to be improved to adapt
to diverse regions and deep formations. Based on the principle of rock static equilibrium,
grain stress is put forward and a new model of pore pressure prediction is established to
predict overpressure distribution of the Permian in Jimusar Depression. The new method
adopts the rock static equilibrium equation instead of the Terzaghi model. It is indisputable
that overburden stress is shared by rock matrix and pore fluid, but pore pressure acts on an
area of porosity and grain stress acts on the rest. This equation compensates for the
limitation of effective stress not accounting for skeleton density, and serves as a balanced
equation following stress decomposition based on porosity. In this study, it is found that
grain stress is controlled by both depth and velocity. The difference between grain stress
and effective stress is that after entering the overpressure, effective stress remains
unchanged, while grain stress increases slightly. In other words, the traditional view is that
the overpressure part is completely borne by pore fluid, but the new method thinks that it is
shared by both grain and fluid. The pressure prediction results show that the overpressure
distribution of Wutonggou Formation and Lucaogou Formation of Permian has strong
regularity and inheritance. The pore pressure coefficient can reach up to 1.8, with
overpressure predominantly observed in the central and western deep buried sag as well as
the slope zone of the depression, gradually diminishing around the periphery. The direction
of maximum decrease along the gradient corresponds to the migration path of
hydrocarbon, which indicates the direction for future exploration.
Sedimentary Geology, Lithofacies, depositional environments and
regional Planktonic Foraminifera biostratigraphy of the Eocene Pir
Koh and Drazinda Formations, Zindapir area, Eastern Sulaiman
Range, Pakistan
Mr Muhammad Tallal Malik1, Dr Shahid Ghazi1, Mr Muhammad Bilal Malik2, Mr Muhammad
Raiz3
1University Of The Punjab, 2University of Alberta, 3Hydrocarbon development institute

Pakistan (HDIP)
The Eocene succession is well exposed in the Zindapir area, eastern Sulaiman Range,
Pakistan. The Eocene Drazinda and Pir Koh Formations were selected for detailed
sedimentological study from the Belab Nala Section, Zinda Pir area. The thickness of the
measured starta is 260m and 300m respectively. Pir Koh Limestone is mainly composed of
limestone and marl. The Drazinda Formation is composed of shale/claystone and limestone,
and rare sandstone. The rapid sedimentation and anoxic conditions promoted the
preservation of organic matter in these facies. The paleontological analysis revealed the
presence of large and smaller benthic foraminiferal species. Planktonic foraminifera species
were also observed at the top of Pir Koh limestone. Microfacies analysis shows that Pir Koh
limestone is composed of a rich assemblage of benthic and planktonic foraminifera with
minor bioclasts. The microfacies analyses and paleoecology of Fauna suggest a ramp model
for the deposition of Pir Koh Formation, and it was deposited under the well circulates,
open marine conditions over middle ramp to upper slope settings. The shelly limestone beds
found in the Drainda formation indicate the intermittent catastrophic events of the rise and
decline of the sea level in shallow marine depositional conditions. The Pir Koh limestone is
the end result of a second sea-level rise resulting in a shallow to deeper open marine shelf
(TST to HST). The Drazinda Formation is deposited by more than one sea-level fluctuation,
resulting in a semi-restricted shallow shelf to open marine shelf environment (TST and HST).
The shallow shelf facies of Pirkoh limestone have vuggy porosity and have good reservoir
potential.
A Coniacian to Santonian carbonate successions of Ausoni and Lepini
Mts. (Latium, Central Italy): the role of subsidence, hydrodynamic
conditions and paleogeographic setting.
Phd Alessandro Mancini1, Prof Marco Brandano1
1Department Of Earth Sciences University Of Rome "sapienza", Rome, Italy

The Latium-Abruzzi carbonate platform (Central Apennines, Italy) is characterized by a

deposition occurred on an open shelf. During the Coniacian-Campanian stages, similar
lithofacies occurred in different paleogeographic positions, nowadays exposed in the
succession of the Lepini and Ausoni Mts. (Latium, Central Italy). In particular, the Lepini Mts.
succession is composed by three different lithofacies associations, labelled as LF1, LF2 and
LF3. The LF1 lithofacies is characterized by mudstone-wackestone and laminated bindstone
mainly related to intertidal and shallow-subtidal depositional environment. Rudist
biostrome and bioclastic rudstone-floatstone, characterize the LF2 lithofacies, testifying a
deposition occurred in a low-moderate energy environments of the inner shelf. The LF3
lithofacies is instead associated to cross-bedded bioclastic grainstone derived from the
rudist biostrome colonized shelf areas. The Ausoni Mts. coeval succession is also composed
by three lithofacies associations, labelled as LFa, LFb and LFc. Mudstone-packstone and
laminated binsdstone developed in an intertidal and shallow-subtidal environments
characterize the LFa lithofacies, while bioclastic grainstone-packstone, related to more open
conditions represent the LFb lithofacies, passing toward the top to LFc rudist floatstone-
rudstone, representative of more restricted environmental conditions affected by mud
input. In particular, facies analysis reveals more in detail the similarities between LF3 and
LFb lithofacies. In the Ausoni Mts. succession, nevertheless the predominance of bioclastic
grainstone-packstone in comparison with the Lepini Mts. succession, suggest that
subsidence combined with hydrodynamic conditions have affected more such area, in
comparison with the Lepini Mts., probably developed in a different and more restricted
paleogeographic setting of the Latium-Abruzzi carbonate platform.
Late Cenozoic paleosols as climatic proxies: the Sauce Grande River,
Buenos Aires province, Argentina, as a study case
Late Cenozoic Paleosols As Climatic Proxies: The Sauce Grande River, Buenos Aires Province,
Argentina, As A Study Case Lara Manoccio1,2,3, Elisa Beilinson1,2,3, Maria Sol Raigemborn1,2,3
1CONICET, 2Centro de investigaciones geologicas, 3Universidad Nacional de La Plata

The Late Cenozoic of the Sauce Grande River basin (Pampas plain, Argentina) is represented
by fluvial, eolian and alluvial units that, in part, are pedogenically modified. The aim of this
work is to present the different recognized paleosols to characterize the main
paleopedogenic processes and to infer preliminary paleoclimatic conditions.
Characterization of the paleosols was made based on macro- and micromorphological
features recognized in a detail outcrop study. Ten paleosols samples were analyzed using
geochemical analysis (ICP-MS) to calculate climofunctions, and X-ray diffraction used to
identify the clay mineral composition. We used samples from Bt, Btk and Bw horizons to
calculate PWI, CIA-K and clayness, and to estimate mean annual precipitation (MAP), and
mean annual temperature, (MAT).
Four pedotypes were defined. Calcic Argillisols (P1) present argillic coatings, micritic nodules
and incomplete sparitic infillings (Btk, Bk horizons). Smectite predominates over illite, CIA-K
is 44, MAP(CIA-K) is 535±182 mm/yr and MAT(PWI) is 9° ±2.1°C. Calcisols (P2) are
characterized by micritic groundmass, sparitic hypocoatings and micritic nodules (Bk
horizons). Clay minerals are smectite and illite, CIA-K is 57, MAP(CIA-K) is 674.76±182 mm/yr
and MAT(PWI) is 10.3°±2.1°C. Argillisols (P3) show argillic coatings (Bt horizons). Illite is the
main clay mineral. CIA-K is 68, MAP(CIA-K) is 841±182 mm/yr and MAT(PWI) is 10.6°±2.1°C.
Protosols (P4) present channels and Fe and Mn nodules (Bw horizons). Clay minerals are
illite and smectite. CIA-K is 62, MAP(CIA-K) is 756±182 mm/yr and MAT(Clayness) is
11°±0.6°C.
Macro- and micromorphology, geochemical analyses, and X-ray diffraction, indicate that the
main pedogenic processes were calcification in P1, illuviation and calcification in P2,
illuviation in P3, and bioturbation and hidromorphism in P4. A cyclical alternation is
interpretated between Calcic Argillisols and Calcisols that formed under seasonal semiarid
temperate conditions, while Protosols and Argillisols develop under subhumid temperate
conditions.
Numerical Insights into Stress Patterns from Cenozoic Compression
in NW Himalayas, Pakistan
Mr. Muhammad Wajid Manzoor1,2, Professor Qiu Longwei1, Dr. Yang Yongqiang1,
Muhammad Irfan2, Mr. Yerejiepu Habulashenmu1, Dr. Muhammad Armaghan Faisa Miraj2,
Dr. Danish Khan1,2, Dr. Muhammad Jawad Munawar1,2, Dr. Saif Ur Rehman2
1School of Geosciences, China University Of Petroleum , 2Institute of Geology, University of

the Punjab,
Cenozoic compressional events of NW Himalayas, Pakistan, are considered important events
in the formation of major thrust faults, i.e., Panjal Thrust (PT), Nathia Gali Thrust (NGT),
Main Boundary Thrust (MBT), and Salt Range Thrust (SRT). These thrust faults are
considered major discontinuities along which total deformation and maximum principal
stress (σ1) calculated. For numerical modelling of Cenozoic compressional events of NW
Himalayas, Pakistan: a 2-D thin plate approach used with available data and assumed plane
strain conditions. Finite element technique (FEM) was adopted using Ansys Workbench 19.2
TM in order to observe the simulation and rotation of stresses along these thrusts. Different
parameters, i.e. density (2.5–2.8), Poisson’s ratio (0.25), and Youngs (60 GPa–100 GPa),
were used to observe possible results. Source of regional force is considered as the collision
between the Indian and Eurasian Plates, which is directed from north to south. Pressure of
60 MPa exerted from north to south, and the remaining sides of the model were kept rigid.
Results obtained from this numerical simulation show that the study area is divided into two
different provinces along PT (Panjal Thrust): metamorphic/igneous (Higher/Lesser
Himalayan Metamorphic Zone) and the sedimentary region (Lesser Himalayan Sedimentary
Zone and Sub Himalaya). Maximum principle (σ1) stress is in the N-S direction, but it shows
rotation along discontinuities due to changes in angle and material properties. Stress
patterns in the NW Himalayas also agree well with the observed present-day stress
configuration. σ1 rotates 40–45 degrees at some segments along major thrusts, and it
becomes parallel to the fault plane at some points. Strike-slip movements observed along
major thrusts indicate significant geological activity.
The Eocene-Oligocene transition: sedimentary processes and
environmental evolution in the Apulian Platform, southeastern Italy
MSc Diego Marianelli1, MSc Jiaqui Yang2,3, Dr. Giacomo Medici1, Dr. Irene Cornacchia4, Prof.
Marco Brandano1
1Department of Earth Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 2School of Energy Resources,

China University of Geosciences, 3Key Laboratory of Deep Geology and Resources, SINOPEC,
4Italian National Research Council-Institute of Environmental Geology and Geoengineering

(CNR-IGAG)
The Eocene-Oligocene transition (EOT) is a pivotal moment in Earth's history, signifying
substantial alterations in oceanic and climatic conditions. Marked by the Oi-1 isotope shift,
it represents a crucial shift from a greenhouse to an icehouse climate, that impacted shallow
carbonate depositional systems. This shift led to widespread emersion of platforms due to a
substantial drop in sea level attributed to Antarctic ice sheet growth.
In this study, focusing on the southeastern part of the Apulia carbonate platform (central
Mediterranean) in the southeastern Italian Peninsula, we examine sedimentary dynamics
during the EOT. The transition from Eocene slope carbonate deposits, comprising coral,
foraminiferal, and red algal bindstone to wackestone, to the Oligocene carbonate ramp unit,
dominated by Lepidocyclina and red algal packstone to floatstone, exhibits evidence of
platform emersion. This evidence includes paleokarst features, meteoric carbonate
cements, and calcite-alabaster at the boundary. Breccia deposits and fissure fill networks
found at the top of the Eocene unit indicate dissolution, collapse, and subsequent refilling of
carbonate layers due to meteoric water infiltration. The presence of both marine and
meteoric cements attests to the complex diagenetic history of carbonate units, while the
occurrence of calcite-alabaster signifies continental conditions during the EOT.
Furthermore, evidence of Pleistocene karst activity has been identified in the same layer of
the EOT. This second, more pervasive karst system is associated with conduits and caves
filled with red soils, enclosing Eocene and Oligocene carbonate clasts, and a substantial
quantity of vertebrate bones.
Through field descriptions, microfacies analyses, and geochemical assessments, this study
distinguishes between the two karst events, focusing on the EOT. This approach provides
insights into the complex interplay between climatic shifts, sea-level fluctuations, and
sedimentary processes during the EOT. It sheds light on the environmental evolution of the
Mediterranean and specific changes on the Apulia carbonate platform.
Upper Oligocene reef coral-neritic carbonates of Southern Kirthar
fold and thrust belt (Pakistan): a bridge between the Mediterranean
Tethys and the Indo-Pacific region
PhD Luca Mariani1, Mubashir Ali1, Mahmood Iqbal2, Muhammad Shumail3, Muhammad
Usman1, [Link] Francesca Bosellini4, Dott. Giovanni Coletti1
1University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , 2Università degli Studi di Milano-bicocca,
3University of Sargodha, 4Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology

The Oligocene-Miocene boundary corresponds to major changes in flora, fauna, and global
temperatures, with the shift from the relatively warm conditions of the Late Oligocene to
the Mi-1 glaciation. Significant changes can be observed in the composition of neritic
carbonates, and in the distribution of zooxanthellate reef corals. World-wide, within a
sizable share of Oligocene neritic carbonate successions, reef corals are abundant and
widespread. Based on the analysis of a limited number of successions, mainly located in
Europe, Iran, Indo-Pacific and in the Caribbean, we preliminarily observe that after the
Oligocene their importance as carbonate producers temporarily decreases, reaching a
minimum around the Middle Miocene. Given the importance of the distribution of reef
corals during warming events of the geological past, this research focuses on the Upper
Oligocene coral-bearing units of Southern Khirthar fold and thrust belt (Pakistan). The
investigated neritic limestones are attributed to the poorly studied Jhill Limestone Unit of
the Gaj Formation. The skeletal assemblages of the four studied sections are dominated by
coralline algae (both encrusting and articulated), large benthic foraminifera (mainly
Miogypsinoides, Miogypsina, Spiroclypeus, Nephrolepidina and Archaias, associated with
Operculina, Sorites, and rare Eulepidina) and reef corals. Minor components consist of
bryozoans, echinoderms, molluscs and small benthic foraminifera. Reef corals are
represented by colonies that form small patches in three out of four investigated sections
and locally dominate the skeletal assemblages. Large benthic foraminiferal associations
suggest a deposition during the Late Oligocene (possibly Shallow Benthic Zone 23) and thus
within the LOWE (Late Oligocene Warming Event), contrary to previous studies indicating a
Burdigalian age for the Gaj Formation in the study area. These improved stratigraphic
constraints allow for the comparison of the coral-bearing shallow-water carbonates of the
Gaj Formation with similar units from the European and Indo-Pacific regions, providing a
bridge between the two bio-provinces.

Research funded by European Union – Next Generation EU PRIN MUR 2022WEZR44 to C.

Bottini
Sedimentology and dinosaur palaeontology of the Lower Cretaceous
Wessex Formation, Isle of Wight
Marie Marsden1, Professor Richard Butler1, Dr Susannah Maidment1,2, Dr James Wheeley1,
Dr Catherine Russell3,4, Dr Gary Nichols5
1University Of Birmingham, 2Natural History Museum, 3University of Leicester, 4Louisiana

State University, 5University of Portsmouth

The Wessex Formation on the Isle of Wight is famous for hosting part of the highest
diversity assemblage of dinosaur fossils in the UK. However, whilst the fossils are well
studied, the sedimentary rocks lack investigation using modern techniques. Consequently,
the rocks are poorly understood and a detailed chronostratigraphic framework is lacking,
hindering efforts to understand the dinosaurs’ distribution, evolution, and ecology. The
Wessex Formation comprises fluvial floodplain sediments of Barremian age (125.77–~121.4
Ma) deposited within the extensional Wessex Basin. The Alpine Orogeny folded the
succession into a gentle anticline. Today it outcrops variably near Yaverland on the
southeast coast of the island, though along the southwest coast south of The Needles there
is an excellent 8 km continuous exposure, which is our selected field area.

In this study we use detailed facies analysis and sedimentary logging to constrain past
depositional environments using a combined approach of field and virtual outcrop studies.
The facies associations identified during fieldwork have been drawn onto the virtual outcrop
model, from which sedimentary graphic logs have been compiled. These data have been
interpreted by applying fluvial and shallow marine sequence stratigraphic principles,
resulting in a new chronostratigraphic framework.

Our initial results suggest the top ~100 m of both limbs are directly correlative, though the
southern limb is markedly thicker than the northern limb (~160 m and 100 m respectively).
The thickness difference between the two limbs may be due to post-depositional faulting
cutting out or repeating strata, or the presence of a syn-depositional normal fault. Future
work will include testing of these hypotheses, and mapping of dinosaur occurrences onto
the resulting chronostratigraphic framework. Ultimately, this will allow the relationship
between dinosaur remains, sedimentary facies and chronostratigraphy to be studied in
greater detail than previously possible.
Precessional scale cyclochronology of the lowermost Ypresian
Basque-Cantabrian basin (North-Iberian paleomargin)
Naroa Martinez Braceras1, Gloria Franceschetti, Aitor Payros, Simonetta Monechi, Jaume
Dinarès Turell, Unai Olabarrieta
1University Of The Basque Country, 2Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia ,
3University of Firenze

In order to reconstruct the evolution of sedimentary systems and understand how

environmental feedback mechanisms act, an accurate time framework is necessary. The
accuracy of astronomical timescale generally exceeds other age dating methods, but orbital
models fail beyond 40-50 Ma and actual geological data are incomplete. The expanded
lower Ypresian Arnakatxa section studied herein displays a well-defined arrangement of
strata in couplets and bundles, which make it a potentially valuable orbitally paced
geological record for the early Eocene. The spectral analyses of colour data series of
powered rock samples showed the dominance of two main periodicities, which were related
to orbital forcing on sedimentation by precession (20 kyr) and short (100 kyr) eccentricity
cycles. Although long (405 kyr) eccentricity cycles are not represented in the spectrograms,
their influence on sedimentation was also deduced. Moreover, the orbital signal in the
upper half of the Arnakatxa section displays a disruption that correlates with a very long (2.4
Myr) eccentricity node centred at ~54.6 Ma. At this node, an amplification of the orbital
signal related to obliquity (41 kyr) is also observed. Overall, the cyclostratigraphic analysis
carried out in Arnakatxa provided a precessional scale orbital chronology for the time
interval between 55.805 and 54.435 Ma (duration of 1.37 Myr). Thus, the Arnakatxa
succession can be reliably correlated with Atlantic ODP records, which are the main
reference for Ypresian astrochronology. Additionally, the results from Arnakatxa also help to
identify the astronomical solutions that better match actual geological data, contributing to
the construction of a definitive Ypresian astronomically calibrated time scale. In this regard,
the Arnakatxa results are not a good fit for solutions La10a, La10d, La11 and ZB18, but
match well with the previously thought to be less reliable solutions La10b and La10c
Integrated Reservoir Characterization of a Pre-salt Field, Campos
Basin, Through Rock Analysis, Petrophysics, Seismic Inversion, Static
and Dynamic Modelling
Msc Marina Martins1, MSc Igor Neves1, BSc Karoliny Conte1, MSc Raphael Coelho1, MSc Luis
Escarcena1, MSc Albano Bastos1, PhD Thais Santos1
1Prio

The reservoir characterization of pre-salt carbonates in the Brazilian Campos Basin poses a
significant challenge due to faciological and depositional complexity, resulting in high lateral
and vertical heterogeneities. This study employed a comprehensive range of techniques,
highlighting the synergies of geological and engineering analyses with the goal of
constructing a reservoir model to allow the field development. Analysis of core and sidewall
core samples, along with detailed XRD analyses, revealed well-developed shrub and locally
thick stromatolite facies, intermittent shoal facies, spherulites, and reworking facies as
grainstones. The interpretation suggests a relatively proximal lacustrine shoreline within a
paleo-high in a lake scenario. Close to the oil-water contact, solid hydrocarbon are present
coating grains and occupying pore spaces. Routine petrophysics laboratory analysis (RCAL)
indicated an average reservoir porosity of 12% and an average permeability of 80mD.
Petrophysical interpretation identified five distinct flow zone units (FZU) using the Flow
Zone Indicator, derived from calculated porosity and permeability values calibrated with
RCAL data. Seismic interpretation, involving well-seismic tie-in, wavelet extraction, and
acoustic inversion, improved seismic resolution by 30%. Within the reservoir, acoustic
impedance and effective porosity exhibited a 90% correlation. Bayesian classification
established a correlation between flow units and the probability of occurrence based on
impedance values. This probabilistic approach generated five cubes representing the
probabilities of occurrence for each FZU, integrated into the conceptual geological model to
construct the 3D static geological model. Interpretation of drillstem test indicated good
reservoir properties and faults contributing to flow. The well test results were implemented,
and history matched on the dynamic numerical model. These crucial steps in translating
subsurface information into a coherent seismic and reservoir framework significantly
contributed to a more accurate reservoir model, reducing uncertainties associated with the
reservoir heterogeneity and enhancing the prediction of reservoir behaviour, optimizing
well placement and resource recovery strategies.
ENHANCED WEATHERING FOR CO₂ DRAWDOWN IN A TEMPERATE
AGRICULTURAL SETTING
MR CYRIL MBACHU1, DR KIRSTEN LEES1, DR MARK BULLING1, DR STEPHEN LOKIER1
1UNIVERSITY OF DERBY

Anthropogenically driven climate change is a major global concern.

It is now widely accepted that any attempt to restore atmospheric carbon dioxide to pre-
industrial levels within a meaningful timeframe will require the deployment of Carbon
Dioxide Removal (CDR) strategies alongside a background of reduced greenhouse gas
emissions.

One such CDR strategy is the process of Enhanced Weathering. Enhanced weathering is a
nature-based solution that typically involves the application of finely ground mafic or
ultramafic silicate rocks to land. Carbon dioxide, dissolved in rainwater, naturally weathers
the rocks, chemically reacting with the mineral phases to remove CO₂ from the atmosphere
and store it as minerals or bicarbonate. A fortunate byproduct of this process is the
liberation of leached minerals that enhance soil quality and provide nutrients to plants.

Our field-based study undertakes a quantitative assessment of CO₂ drawdown and tertiary
benefits during the application of both raw quarry waste and pulverised rock as treatments
to regenerative agricultural land in a temperate climate setting.

The field site is situated in an agricultural meadow in Meynell Langley, Derbyshire. The site
is subdivided into 84 9 m2 quadrats of which 66 are treated with silicate and carbonate
rocks at varying grain sizes and doses, while the remaining 18 quadrats are controls. All of
the quadrats are subjected to repeated monitoring of parameters including CO₂ and
methane flux, temperature, soil pH, soil structure, and floral spectral reflectance. Field
observations are complemented with laboratory analyses to characterise the evolution of
the treatment materials and assess soil health, nutrient availability, and CO₂ sequestration
capability at larger scales.

Keywords: Enhanced weathering, carbon dioxide removal, climate change, Paris Agreement.
Effects of land plant evolution on Palaeozoic shallow marine
communities: Testing the Land Plant Weathering Hypothesis.
Mr Cian McAuley1, Dr Alex Brasier1, Dr Neil Davies2, Dr Joyce Neilson1
1University Of Aberdeen, 2University of Cambridge

The Palaeozoic evolution of land plants resulted in some of the greatest changes to Earth’s
terrestrial environments. Sediment trapping and baffling by primitive and early vascular
plants lead to a large secular increase in the proportion of mud size sediment retained on
land from the Silurian onward, and is also argued to have been responsible for changes in
river expression. With the consequent evolution of deepening roots in the Devonian, land
plants also increased pedogenic weathering rates, increasing the flux of nutrients and
sediment in fluvial environments.
Less is known about the potential impact of land plants on the marine realm. Changes in
weathering and retention on land must lead to changes in net sediment flux to the ocean,
and this would affect the various stressors Palaeozoic communities faced, particularly those
receiving the bulk of the sediment input in shallow marine environments. Palaeozoic corals
are known to have survived and even flourished in high sediment stress environments that
arise from increases in terrestrial input, with several examples from the Devonian of
Germany, France and the UK. However, a synthesis on the full effects of plant evolution on
shallow marine communities cannot be answered at an outcrop level of individual cases, it
can only be interrogated through a global study.
We are creating a database of shallow Palaeozoic reef communities from the latest
Ordovician through the end of the Devonian, focusing on their biodiversity, terrestrial
sediment content, algal content and other metrics for the health of a reef. These - along
with global metrics such as total reef extent, coral diversity, terrestrial weathering proxies
and climate - are contrasted against the timeline of land plant evolution to determine
whether specific evolutionary innovations (first appearance on land, development of
vascular systems, deepening of roots) resulted in a response in shallow marine
communities.
Hydrotermal Events in Cabonates of Pre-Salt, Distal Domain of
Campos Basin, Southeast Brazil
M.R.F. Menezes Santos1, Hydrotermal Events in Cabonates of Pre-Salt, Distal Domain of
Campos Basin, Southeast Brazil Y. M. Parizek Silva1, Hydrotermal Events in Cabonates of
Pre-Salt, Distal Domain of Campos Basin, Southeast Brazil A.L.N. Araujo1, Hydrotermal
Events in Cabonates of Pre-Salt, Distal Domain of Campos Basin, Southeast Brazil B.S.S.
Dias1, Hydrotermal Events in Cabonates of Pre-Salt, Distal Domain of Campos Basin,
Southeast Brazil F.O. Costa1, Hydrotermal Events in Cabonates of Pre-Salt, Distal Domain of
Campos Basin, Southeast Brazil G.C.M. Costa1, Hydrotermal Events in Cabonates of Pre-
Salt, Distal Domain of Campos Basin, Southeast Brazil R.P.C.S. Brandão1
1Petrobras S.A.

Neoaptian carbonates (Macabu Formation), distal portion of the Campos Basin,

southeastern Brazil, occur below the evaporitic sequence (Retiro Formation), and were
deposited above Eoaptian rocks of the rift sequence, or above volcanic basement, in areas
of thinned and hyper-stretched crust, controlled by ENE transfer zone and affected by deep
faults, where hydrothermal fluids ascended.

Carbonate facies compose finely laminated low energy associations (upper interval); low-
moderate energy (intermediate interval), with intercalations of laminites spherulites and
packstones; moderate-high energy facies (lower part), represented by shrubs and
grainstones.

Main processes modifying the original texture are dolomitization and silicification. Four
dolomitization phases are observed: very fine dolomite (D1) associated with laminated
facies, precede an initial phase of silicification; fine to medium dolomite (D2), possibly
precedes intermediate stage of silicification; late coarse dolomite (D3), overgrows from D2;
thick saddle dolomite (D4), close to fracture zones. Silicification is multiphasic, also in four
main phases. S1 replaces precursor clay facies with muscovite and D1. S2 represents a
hyaline spherulitic silica, where the initial stages present intra-spherulite bitumen inclusions.
S3 is characterized by a medium to thick mosaic of quartz in porosity, and it precedes a
calcite phase in fractures. S4 occurs as euhedral quartz in enlarged porosity and fractures.
Other hydrothermal cements are also present: sphalerite, Sr-barite, calcite, fluorite and
kaolinite in late fractures, goyzite in micropores. Bitumen inclusions are present from the
most primary phases of silica to later hydrothermal phases.

Paragenetic sequence was calibrated with U/Pb dating in carbonate phases, composition
and temperature of fluid inclusions in the quartz cements. The ages obtained so far record
an event between 108-106Ma for recrystallization and/or diagenetic shrubs formation;
dolomite recrystallization age (D2) at 90-95Ma; dolomite recrystallization and/or
precipitation event (D3/D4) 79-73Ma. This last age is associated with generation of
secondary porosity, where the hydrocarbon is stored.
Insights into early diagenetic porosity formation in recent
microbialites (Turquesa Lake, Central Andes, Argentina): assessing
biotic vs abiotic impacts
Mrs. Micaela Della Vedova1, Dr. Ramon Mercedes-Martín2, Dr. Patricio Villafañe3, Dr. M. A.
Lezcano5, Dr. Sánchez-García Laura4, Dr. Daniel Carrizo4, Dr. Luis R. Horta1
1Instituto Superior de Correlación Geológica (INSUGEO), Consejo Nacional de

Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), 2Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona.

Department of Geology, 3Department of Botany and Geology, Universitat de València (UV),
4Centro de Astrobiología (CAB, CSIC-INTA), 5IMDEA Water Institute

Stromatolites are laminated organosedimentary structures originated by the trapping and

binding of sediment and/or the mineralization resulting from the metabolic activities of
microbes or eukaryotic microorganisms. The lithification of these structures occurs when
precipitation of sedimentary minerals (commonly calcium carbonate) outweighs dissolution,
so the net carbonate precipitating activities favor the preservation of these deposits in the
rock record. The interaction among microbial metabolism, microbial extracellular polymeric
substances (EPS), and environmental physics and chemistry serves as pivotal drivers
influencing the early attributes of the carbonate deposit. These products include
macrostructure, depositional texture, and, notably, the formation and development of
porosity.
Terrestrial microbialites flourishing in arid- semiarid climates tend to be exposed to a range
of perturbations including remarkable oscillations in water chemistry, insolation, salinity,
lake shoreline retreat, among others. In these settings, the composition and abundance of
microbial mats, coupled with the solubilities of minerals in lake water, collectively shape the
final texture and mineralogy of lake bottom microbialite substrates, providing intriguing
proxies for detecting basin-wide climatic perturbations.
In this work, we test whether a specific balance between microbial taxonomic composition
and lacustrine physiographic conditions can result in distinctive microbialite petrographic
signatures, with a particular emphasis on investigating the drivers of early porosity
formation in distinct recent examples in Turquesa Lake (Central Andes, Argentina). By
integrating data on microbial genomic DNA, with petrography, X-ray microtomography, and
mineralogy from microbialite samples, this work evaluates the impacts of lake
environmental dynamics, and microbial mat metabolic diversity in selective early diagenetic
porosity inception and development. The examination of microbialites thriving in extreme
environments can provide valuable insights into how life and the environment contribute to
the formation of distinct lake bottom types and whether mineral precipitation is influenced
by biotic or abiotic mechanisms.
Depositional architecture and heterogeneities of hydrocarbon
analogue fluvial reservoir of the Uberaba formation of the Bauru
Basin
Reginaldo Molka Júnior1, Alessandro Batezelli1
1Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 2Universidade Estadual de Campinas

The present work is based on data from outcrops of the Uberaba Formation (Upper
Cretaceous of the Bauru Basin), located in Brazil. It combines outcrop data, petrographic
descriptions and porosity and permeability analysis, with the aim of understanding the
heterogeneities of river deposits. It presents detailed descriptions of the lithologies,
sedimentary structures and textural aspects that allowed understanding, in addition to the
depositional processes and environment, the variations in porosity and permeability of the
stratigraphic unit. Through analysis of photographic panels, the limiting surfaces between
the strata of 4 sections were identified, enabling the definition of architectural elements:
macroform of lateral accretion (LA) and downstream (DA), channels (CH), overbank fines (
FF), sandy bedforms (SB) and gravelly bedforms and bars (GB). The architectural elements
together with the set of facies described indicated a braided river system with small
sinuosity in an arid/semi-arid climate, with the possibility of there being periods of non-
deposition. Using microporosity data obtained from 2D thin sections, combined with
permeability values, it was possible to generate a 3D depositional model that correlates
heterogeneities at different scales. As the architectural elements DA and LA predominate in
the filling of the channels (CH) classified as medium to good reservoirs, due to intervals with
a higher incidence of cemented lenses they can hinder the recovery of the hydrocarbon.
With the sandstone facies with tabular stratification (Aet) present in the accretion bars
presenting better permeability values, correlated with greater energy and grain selection.
Factors such as the presence of a greenish clayey amorphous material in the sandstones,
carbonate cementation in the form of poikilotopic calcite and the large amount of plasma in
the paleosols decrease the quality of the analogous reservoir, obstructing the connectivity
of the pores.
From Stone to Scone: Insights Gained at the Crossroads of Science
Communication and Food Business Management
Dr Jo Morris
1SciRecipes

Science communication is an essential skill for scientists to share research outcomes with
the public, yet it is often considered an extracurricular task and performed without
adequate compensation. SciRecipes is a business designed to employ scientists to practice
their science communication, engage with members of the public and be paid a fair salary
for their work.

Using everyday recipes infused with science, such as Journey to the Centre of the Pizza,
SciRecipes offers an engaging way for people to learn about scientific principles. Each recipe
includes a ‘sciency bit’ explaining the underlying science. Unlike traditional market-targeted
branding, SciRecipes aims to reach a diverse group of demographics. To date, the business
has received overwhelmingly positive feedback from various age groups, including parents
of children with autism and WI members.

The business employs a ‘trojan-horse’ marketing approach, presenting itself as a food

business before delving into science communication. This strategy allows participation in
selling events, such as farmers markets, providing unique advantages. Being the sole
scientist at these events avoids competition for attention, selling food products generates
revenue for fair compensation, and barriers are broken for those hesitant to attend
traditional science festivals. Market research reveals that many adults lack confidence in
attending science events, stemming from childhood experiences of being discouraged from
pursuing science careers due to perceived inadequacy.

SciRecipes, though in its early stages, has achieved notable success, winning awards like the
Audience Vote winner at FameLab, two 1-star Great Taste Awards, and #SBS Small Business
Sunday with Theo Paphitis. The business plan acknowledges the need to reach beyond
those already interested in science and is positioned to share valuable lessons as it
continues to evolve.
A review of a Bulk Rock Elemental Chemostratigraphy study
conducted on Buntsandstein Fluvial Sediments in the Castilian
branch of the Iberian Ranges, Spain
Dr Jo Morris1, Professor Jon Gluyas1, Professor David Brigland1
1Durham University

Chemostratigraphy utilises the changes in geochemistry (chemo-) within layers of rock (-

stratigraphy). More specifically, bulk rock elemental chemostratigraphy analyses the bulk
rock geochemistry of an entire sample where the results yield a full suite of elements that
can be plotted together to form any combination of elemental ratios. These ratios can then
be used to define correlatable surfaces that are otherwise indistinguishable through other
techniques.

While extensively applied in subsurface reservoir studies for the hydrocarbon industry,
limited attention has been given to surface exposures. A notable study focused on the
Buntsandstein fluvial sandstones and mudstones in the Castilian branch of the Iberian
Ranges, Spain. Correlating Permo-Triassic sediments in this region proves challenging due
to complex internal heterogeneities and the lack of key biostratigraphic markers and distinct
correlatable horizons. Conducted at eight locations along the Castilian branch, the bulk rock
elemental chemostratigraphic study aimed to observe geochemical changes within
preserved syn-rift sediments. The objective was to establish correlations where previous
attempts had failed.

Interpreting the results yielded two alternative conclusions, emphasising the need for an
evaluation of bulk rock elemental chemostratigraphy. Reviewing the method for sample
collection, the analysis, and the justification for the selection of elemental ratios could help
define the correct interpretation. Conducting these studies on field areas where little to no
corroborating sedimentological evidence exists highlights the potential pitfall of using
circular reasoning to define the elemental ratio boundaries.

Reviews of this kind are an important procedure within science. Advancing new techniques
to better understand geological processes are imperative but should be undertaken with
due care and process. If the technique of bulk rock elemental chemostratigraphy is to
become an accepted correlation tool then it is the role of the wider geological community to
understand and advance it rather than it be ring fenced by a select few.
Fine characterization of meandering river reservoir architecture in
Caofeidian 11-1 Oilfield based on Seismic
Rui Mu1, Fine characterization of meandering river reservoir architecture in Caofeidian 11-1
Oilfield based on Seismic sedimentology zhijun Yin1, Fine characterization of meandering
river reservoir architecture in Caofeidian 11-1 Oilfield based on Seismic sedimentology
dongmei Hou2
1China University Of Petroleum(Beijing), 2Bohai Petroleum Research Institute of China

National Offshore Oil Corporation

The Minghuazhen Formation of Caofeidian 11-1 Oilfield in the Bohai Sea of China is a
meandering river sediment, with proven geological reserves of hundreds of millions of cubic
meters. The oilfield was put into operation in 2004 and is currently in the development
stage of high water cut, and the fine characterization of different hierarchy of reservoir
architecture units and their interfaces is the key geological basis for revealing the law of
remaining oil distribution and optimizing the injection-production development plan. In this
paper, based on core observation and logging response, the hierarchy division plan of
meandering river reservoir architecture in the work area is determined, the identification
marks of the 5-3 level architecture units were established, and the geological significance of
the interface of different hierarchical architecture was clarified. On the basis of single well
architecture calibration, the boundary of single point bar and abandoned channel was
detected, plane distribution of fourth-level architecture units was completed, and the scale
size and overlapping relationship of the single-genetic type reservoir sand body were
revealed as well. Relying on the occurrence of the third-level architecture interface
calculated by the side-tracked twin wells in dense well pattern area, and the slice response
of the third-level architecture interface provided by the fusion of seismic attributes, the
spatial distribution of the third-level architecture interface of one single point bar has been
successfully realized. The result of this paper , fine characterization of Caofeidian 11-1
oilfield reservoir of the architecture units and architecture interface, reservoir connectivity
and reservoir flow barriers, provided a direct geological basis for the adjustment of well
location deployment and the optimization of development measures, and laid a solid
foundation for greatly improving the development effect of the oilfield.
Hypogene karst in carbonates – Processes, products and geothermal
energy potential
Dr. Mathias Mueller1, Reihane Tavasoli1, Sven Henke1, Dr. Benjamin F. Walter2,3, Manfred
Heinelt1,4, Dr. Aratz Beranoaguirre2,3, Dr. Sylvia Riechelmann1, Prof. Dr. Adrian
Immenhauser1,4
1Institute of Geology, Mineralogy and Geophysics, Ruhr-University Bochum,

Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, 2Karlsruhe Institute for Technology, AGW Institute for
Applied Geoscience, Adenauering 20b, 76131, 3Laboratory for Environmental and Raw
Material Analyses (LERA), Adenauering 20b, 76131, 4Fraunhofer IEG (Institution for Energy
Infrastructures and Geothermal Systems), Am Hochschulcampus 1, 44801
Hypogene (hypogenic) karsting of carbonate rocks is a common feature in many
sedimentary basins. Unlike meteoric karst, hypogene karst forms by the activity of corrosive
hydrothermal fluids in the intermediate to deep burial domain. Driven by the global search
for renewable energy sources, hypogene karstification of limestone and dolostone has
received interest as they might enhance the potential of geothermal reservoirs. The main
issues in identifying hypogene karst features are their often cement-clogged nature and, in
uplifted outcrop belts, the late-stage overprint by meteoric karst features. Industrial drilling
campaigns document that the cement precipitation occluding the hypogene cavities in
outcrops is a feature best assigned to the uplift phase of the rock units under consideration,
while at depth, corrosive fluids can create cavities up to some tens of meters in scale. Here,
we present outcrop and drill core data from two Palaeozoic case examples in western
Germany. We combined petrographic, geochemical and palaeothermometric methods with
laser ablation U-Pb carbonate dating. Based on individual paragenetic sequences, four
hypogene karstification events in Devonian and three in Carboniferous host carbonates
were dated. Direct dating of host carbonate and void-filling cement allows for distinction
between hypogene karst and later overprint by meteoric fluids. All hypogene dissolution
events occurred between Variscan Orogeny and the Palaeogene and were driven by supra-
regional to basin-scale tectonism and fluid mixing. A large spread in palaeofluid
temperatures (50 to 230 °C), salinity (2 to 25 wt.% NaCl) and isotope values (δ¹³C = -7 to 5
‰; δ¹⁸O = -14 to 0 ‰) points to partial mixing of hot basement with meteoric fluids. The
case examples presented here have the potential to act as a template for the study of
hypogene subsurface processes elsewhere.
Petrographic heterogeneity and authigenic clay distribution in
Rotliegend sandstones of the Groningen field
MSc. Sebastian Mulder1, Dr. Johannes Miocic
1University Of Groningen

Fluid extraction from geological formations for purposes of subsurface utilization leads to
pore pressure drop in reservoirs and subsequent compaction and seismicity, especially in
porous sandstones. Petrography controls the geomechanical properties of the reservoir,
crucial for predicting a reservoir's response to fluid extraction and understanding its lateral
variability. One of these reservoirs is the Groningen gas field, situated in the north-eastern
part of the Netherlands, where gas depletion led to compaction and associated surface
subsidence and seismicity. The main goal of this study is to provide a petrographic model of
the Groningen gas field at microscale, based on core samples, in order to predict reservoir
compaction. Mineralogical composition and textural relationships were determined
together with diagenetic processes and paragenetic sequences. The sandstones mainly
consist of sublitharenites. Authigenic minerals mainly consist of dolomite and quartz cement
and varying forms of clay such as kaolinite, illite and chlorite. On reservoir scale,
petrographic relations between certain minerals can be observed such as decreasing
feldspar with depth, a linear relationship between kaolinite and amount of feldspar, and an
increase of chlorite and quartz cement in core material towards the north of the field (also
present in aquifer cores). Generally, feldspar is dissolved to a high degree, which can have
an impact on the structural integrity of the sandstones. Authigenic products seem to be
controlled by depositional facies and locally fault related fluids. The clays often surround
grains as clay coatings and occupy pore space, which locally inhibits cementation of pore-
filling quartz or dolomite. Therefore, the timing and extent of authigenic products play an
important role on the stability of the sandstones throughout the reservoir. This study
contributes to our understanding of the reservoir heterogeneity of the Groningen gas field
and improves our knowledge of subsurface response to subsurface utilisation.
An unusual pyritiferous tonsteins from the Upper Silesian Coal Basin
(Poland): preliminary mineralogical characterization
Dr Beata Naglik1, dr Weronika Nadłonek1, dr Janusz Jureczka1, dr Artur Kędzior2
1Polish Geological Institute-National Research Institute, 2Institute of Geological Sciences,

Polish Academy of Sciences

The term 'tonstein' refers to airborne material of pyroclastic origin, deposited and altered in
peat-forming environments, and having a kaolinite-dominant composition. They form thin
but persistent layers within coal seams and are perfect chronostratigraphic markers. The
mineralogical suites of high-pyrite tonsteins from coal seams Nos. 209 and 207 of the Upper
Silesian Coal Basin (Poland) were studied by optical microscopy, scanning electron
microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer and cathodoluminescence. Kaolinite
is the most abundant authigenic phase, occurring as fine microcrystalline clay groundmass,
vermicular Ti-bearing crystals and pseudomorphs with abundant inclusions of euhedral
pyrite. In addition to pyrite, anatase and Ti-bearing phases with possibly poor crystallinity,
traces of quartz were observed in the kaolinitic matrix. The formation of pyrite probably
coincided with the early diagenetic dissolution of unstable volcanic components, releasing
Fe which reacted with sulphur from the decomposing coal-forming plants. Anatase is
another common secondary mineral that appears to have formed early in the diagenetic
history, probably as a result of the breakdown of Ti-rich volcanic glass and the
transformation of biotite into kaolinite, controlled by reducing pore fluid conditions typical
of peat swamp environments. These scenarios exclude the external source of Fe and Ti, and
therefore the abundance of pyrite and anatase (and/or Ti-bearing phases) may be indicative
of the intermediate to mafic composition of the parent magma associated with bimodal
volcanism in the far foreland of the Variscan orogen in central Europe. Further works should
include trace elements modelling to establish precisely the tectono-magmatic setting of the
parent volcano. Once the mafic source of volcanic ash is confirmed, the stratigraphic
significance of the tonsteins and their age dating suitability will be re-evaluated.
The work is funded by the National Science Centre, Poland under the Weave-UNISONO call
in the Weave programme (project no. 2021/03/Y/ST10/00075).
Lithofacies classification and chlorite quantity prediction using
machine learning techniques in the deep deltaic sandstone reservoir
of the Tilje Formation
Mr Thomas Nichols1, Prof Richard Worden1, Mr James Houghton1, Dr Joshua Griffiths1,2
1University Of Liverpool, 2National Nuclear Laboratory

The Lower Jurassic deltaic sandstones of the Tilje Formation in the Halten Terrace area of
the North Sea host anomalously high porosity (up to 26%) and permeability (up to 3000 mD)
intervals at depths greater than 4 km. Enhanced reservoir quality in these deep intervals is
attributed to the formation of grain-coating chlorite which has inhibited the precipitation of
quartz cement, representing a major control on reservoir quality. The occurrence of
chlorite-coated intervals in the Tilje Formation is interpreted to be facies-controlled,
predominantly occurring in facies associated with a slightly muddy tidal-fluvial bar
environment.
Here we use eight measured wireline log parameters in a machine learning classification
model to predict the distribution of facies (calibrated using core), and in a regression model
to predict the abundance of grain-coating chlorite (calibrated using point-count data). The
modelling approach has adapted an established machine learning workflow to incorporate
qualitative core data, and quantitative point-count and wireline data from three reservoir
intervals (43 m total) in the Tilje Formation from a single well. Results of facies classification
modelling show that facies hosting porosity-enhancing chlorite grain coats can be
distinguished from non-reservoir facies with an accuracy of approximately 80%. The
quantitative predictions of grain-coating chlorite had a mean absolute error of 2.9% (actual
values ranged between 0 and 16%).
This study demonstrates how wireline data can be used to predict the occurrence of high
reservoir quality facies and quantities of grain-coating chlorite in a deep sandstone
reservoir. This approach could be expanded to include data from other cored sections from
the same stratigraphic interval to build a model which can provide field-wide predictions of
facies distribution and chlorite coat occurrence in non-cored wells.
High-resolution cyclostratigraphy and astronomically driven
paleoenvironmental evolution of the Northern Iberian continental
margin during the Bartonian/Priabonian transition (Eocene
Pamplona Marl Formation, Western Pyrenees)
Mr. Unai Olabarrieta1, Aitor Payros1, Jaume Dinarès-Turell2, Gilen Bernaola3
1Department of Geology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque

Country (UPV/EHU), 2Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, 3Department of Mining

Engineering and Metallurgy and Materials Science, Engineering School of Bilbao, University
of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU)
Spectral analysis of high-resolution bulk low-field magnetic susceptibility data series from a
nearly 260 m thick land-based cyclic hemipelagic succession of the Pamplona Marl
Formation (Jaca-Pamplona basin, Western Pyrenees) allowed the identification of
precession (∼20 ky) cycles as the main forcing mechanism on sedimentation, which were
modulated by short eccentricity (∼100 ky) and long eccentricity (∼405 ky) cycles. An
unusually high (compacted) sedimentation rate of 23.566 cm/kyr was estimated using
TimeOpt. The age of the succession was addressed by the combination of calcareous
nannofossil biostratigraphy (CNE15 to CNE18 zones of Agnini et al., 2014) and a detailed
magnetostratigraphic analysis spanning chrons C17r and C17n.1n. The succession was tuned
with orbital solutions by the use of 13 short eccentricity maxima as tie-points, allowing a
robust and detailed astrochronology of the interval between 38.284 to 37.081 Ma resolved
at precession resolution. This tuned record was correlated at short eccentricity and
precession level with the Global Stratotype Section and Point of the Bartonian/Priabonian
boundary in Alano di Piave section (Italy; Agnini et al., 2021), as well as with IODP Site 320-
U1334 from the equatorial Pacific (PEAT, IODP Exp. 320/321, Westerhold et al., 2014), which
is the only oceanic record tuned at high-resolution for the studied time interval. The
expanded nature of the succession allowed the paleoenvironmental interpretation of the
astronomically induced lithological alternation found in the succession. The alternation
represents seasonality fluctuations driven by precession cycles, which caused periodic
variations in the rates of carbonate productivity and siliceous dilution, the prevalence of
these processes increasing or decreasing with the modulation by short and long eccentricity
cycles.

Contribution to research projects PID2019-105670GB-I00/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033,

PID2019-104693GB-I00/ CTA and IT602-22.

References:

Aginini et al. (2014). Newslet. Strat. 47, 131-181.

Aginini et al. (2021). Episodes 44, 151-173.
Westerhold et al. (2014). Clim. Past 10, 955-973.
Late Cretaceous to Paleocene foreland basin evolution along the
carbonate platform margin of the Dinarides
Mrs Iva Olić, Borna Lužar-Oberiter1, Anja Kocjančič2, Krešimir Petrinjak3, Duje Kukoč3, Šimun
Aščić1, Adriano Banak3, Aleksandar Mezga1, Alan Moro1
1University of Zagreb Faculty of Science, Department of Geology, 2Ivan Rakovec Institute of

Palaeontology, 3Croatian Geological Survey

Within the Dinarides, the Pre-Karst subzone marks a Mesozoic transitional paleogeographic
realm linking the shallow-water successions of the Adriatic Carbonate Platform (AdCP) with
the condensed deep-water sediments of the subsided eastern Adria plate margin. Europe-
Adria convergence during the Cretaceous resulted in nappe propagation within the Adria
plate. Consequently, areas along the western margin of the AdCP experienced emersion
followed by transgression in the Late Cretaceous. Local uplift and subsidence due to
lithosphere flexure and migration of foreland basin depocenters eventually brought on the
final demise of the long standing Tethyan isolated platform. Biostratigraphic and
petrographic data from Late Cretaceous to Paleocene sections in Croatia and Bosnia and
Herzegovina reveal specific characteristics in basin development along the length of the
Dinarides. Transgressive sequences dated as Santonian to lower Campanian are commonly
topped by middle Campanian deepwater limestones and marls, together with calciclastics
and typically Maastrichtian-Paleocene siliciclastic flysch-type deposits. Calciclastics consist
of both shallow marine material shed from the adjacent platform environments and
carbonate lithoclasts, indicating uplift and exposure of older platform units. Composition of
siliciclastic detritus reflects tectonic exposure of the Adria basement and ophiolites
previously obducted on the continental margin within advancing nappes. Key points of
interest related to the character and timing of specific stages in basin development and
changes in calciclastic and siliciclastic sediment supply are identified and are the focus of
study within a joint Slovenian-Croatian research project under the Weave initiative.
The presented work is supported by the Croatian Science Foundation project SECret (HRZZ
IPS-2023-02-2683).
Quantification of the internal heterogeneity across a deep-marine
slope channel bend: An example from the late Tortonian Tachrift
Channel Complex 5 (Taza-Guercif Basin, NE Morocco)
Dr. Georgios Pantopoulos1, Dr. Mattia Marini1, Daniele Invernizzi1, Dr. Imad El Kati2, Dr.
Adam McArthur3, Dr. Fabrizio Felletti1
1Department of Earth Sciences "Ardito Desio", University Of Milan, 2Polydisciplinary Faculty

of Taza, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, 3School of Earth and Environment,
University of Leeds
The nature of sediment transport and deposition within deep-marine slope systems is
affected by numerous parameters leading to the formation of complicated sedimentary
bodies, characterized by large lateral and vertical heterogeneity in sedimentary facies,
which is crucial to understand the subsurface. More particularly, the heterogeneity of
deposits accumulating at the bends of sinuous channels is poorly constrained, although bar-
like and laterally accreting deposit geometries appear to be very common in seismic imaging
of subsurface analogues.
The wonderfully exposed outcrops of Channel Complex 5 belonging the late Tortonian
Tachrift Turbidite System (NE Morocco), offer an opportunity to document the lateral and
vertical heterogeneity within a ~1 Km wide and ~25 m thick channel complex. Seventy
acquired logs of the outcropping sediments provided a robust dataset of parameters such as
sand to mud ratio, amalgamation ratio, grain-size, facies proportions etc., trends of which
were observed across the channel complex. Overall, the studied channel complex is
comprised of four main stratigraphic packages. These were accumulated across a large-scale
channel bend that evolved through time. An initial small-scale laterally migrating channel
phase with adjacent levees passes to a thicker, sinuous, and aggrading unit. Upwards, the
stratigraphy is characterized by units consisting of sigmoidal beds of large lateral variability,
representing a late laterally accreting phase. Characteristic changes in quantified lateral
trends possibly reflect different depositional settings within channel elements or channel-
levee transitions in some cases.
Documented trends of facies and bedding patterns provide unprecedented insights into the
heterogeneity of sinuous channel fills, which can be particularly useful for lithological
calibration of subsurface analogues.
Three drilled-cores at the river estuary mouth record interaction
between river discharge and tidal prism during the Holocene
Mr Yechan Park1, Dhong Il Lim2, Jaesoo Lim3, Tae Soo Chang1
1Chonnam National University, 2Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 3Korea

Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources

Estuaries are the transition zone where tidal and river currents interact and, as a
consequence, shape a dynamic morphology by infilling with time. The degree of tidal and
fluvial influence depends on the interaction between tidal prism and river discharge, and
varies spatio-temporally along the longitudinal and transverse profiles. Many of previous
works focus variation of facies trends and development history along the longitudinal profile
at the fluvial-to-marine transition. Little known is the cross/transverse variation of them to
be able to better document the style and pattern of estuary infills. Three drilled-cores taken
at the mouth of Seomjin river estuary, south coast of Korea were examined to understand
interaction between river and tidal flux during the Holocene. For the stratigraphic
correlation, 14C-AMS ages of shell fragments and organic matters were obtained. Based on
facies analysis, the Seomjin river estuary deposits are classified into 21 sedimentary facies,
being grouped into 7 facies associations: FA1) fluvial channel, FA2) mudflat, FA3) tidal
channel, FA4) prodelta, FA5) delta front, FA6) muddy mouth bar, FA7) mouth bar sand.
Stratigraphically, the lowermost estuarine tidal flats are followed by delta front to prodelta,
and mouth bar facies occupies the uppermost succession. The transverse profile of the
mouth reveals that tidal sedimentation was dominated along the margin of the estuary from
9 to 4 ka BP in the course of rapid transgression associated with rapid rise in sea-levels. The
transition from tidal to fluvial influence occurred from about 1,000 years BP with about 3 ka
of time break. Tidal prism decreased since then, whereas river discharge became
culminated, thereby resulting in estuary infilling. Extremely large sediment supply over the
last millennium may be associated with the increased intensity of summer monsoon.
Seismic geomorphology and quantitative characterization of mass-
transport deposits in carbonate depositional environments: Insights
from the Cenozoic margin of the Exmouth Sub-basin (North West
Shelf, Australia)
Dr. Victorien Paumard1, Ms. Samantha Dykmans2, Prof. Myra Keep1, Prof. Simon Lang1, Dr.
Rosine Riera3
1The University Of Western Australia, 2Mineral Resources, 3Norwegian Geotechnical

Institute
Mass-transport deposits (MTDs) play an important role in shaping continental margins and
controlling sedimentary basin fill, but they also constitute a significant geohazard.
Therefore, understanding their triggering mechanisms and controls on their geomorphology
is critical. While MTDs have been extensively studied in siliciclastic settings, they remain
poorly understood in carbonate depositional environments.

The North West Shelf (NWS) of Australia is characterized by an approximately 2,400 km long
carbonate platform. In the Exmouth Sub-basin (southwestern part of the NWS), Cenozoic
MTDs were identified and mapped using a 11,731 km² high-resolution 3D seismic dataset.
Thanks to full-volume seismic interpretation methods and semi-automated workflows, four
MTDs ranging from 40 to 185 km³ were quantitatively characterized and imaged in
unprecedented detail. Interpretation was undertaken within a seismic stratigraphic
framework calibrated by exploration well Ravensworth 1/CH1.

Seismic facies and geomorphologic architectural elements of the Exmouth Sub-basin MTDs
reveal a down-slope continuum of deformation along a basal shear surface comprising: (1)
coherent slide blocks up to 3.3 km long near the headscarp; (2) slide blocks hundreds of
meters long; (3) chaotic mass flows; and (4) turbidite systems in the toe region. Run-out
distances range from 11 to 80 km and are controlled by paleotopography and rheology.

Quantitative relationships between different morphometric parameters are established.

MTDs dimensions are found comparable to the ones observed along the carbonate slopes of
the Great Bahama Bank. Links between headscarps and underlying faults indicate
reactivation of older faults as a possible triggering mechanism due to far-field compressional
stresses and tectonic inversion in the sub-basin.

Present-day instability on the shelf is evidenced by retrogressive headscarps and proto-

slumps, crown cracks and pockmarks. On the NWS, an earthquake could trigger a MTD with
a volume exceeding 10 to 40 km³, significantly damaging offshore infrastructure and
impacting coastal communities (i.e., tsunami risks).
Cyclostratigraphy in turbiditic successions: comparison of results
derived from actual and hypothetical pelagic-only data series
(Eocene, Lutetian GSSP, Gorrondatxe, W Pyrenees)
Aitor Payros1, Naroa Martínez-Braceras1, Jaume Dinarès-Turell2, Unai Olabarrieta1
1University Of The Basque Country UPV/EHU, 2Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia

Turbidity currents are thought to occur randomly and to be inherently non-cyclical events.
Furthermore, as they commonly involve erosive processes, turbiditic successions are seldom
continuous and the probability of any cyclical process being fully recorded is low.
Consequently, turbiditic successions are not ideal for cyclostratigraphic analysis. The 120 m-
thick Gorrondatxe section is composed of hemipelagic marls and limestones with abundant
intercalations of turbidites. Despite the variable distribution of turbidites, a
cyclostratigraphic analysis was undertaken based on 266 magnetic susceptibility
measurements. To this end, the thickness represented by turbidites should be subtracted
from the succession, assuming that the sedimentation rate of the remaining hemipelagic-
only hypothetical succession would be constant. However, it was not possible to measure all
the turbidites in Gorrondatxe due to their abundance (>1000 estimated) and thin-bedded
nature. As an alternative, we calculated the turbiditic percentage in a 1 m thick interval of
each 10 m thick slice of the section and extrapolated that percentage to the rest of the 10 m
thick stratigraphic slice, the actual 120 m thick succession thus reducing to a hypothetical
hemipelagic-only succession 36.60 m thick. Subsequently, two independent
cyclostratigraphic analyses were undertaken using Acycle software, one for the actual
succession (including turbidites) and the other for the hypothetical hemipelagic-only
section. Power spectrum analyses of the two detrended data series were carried out,
sedimentation rates were determined using correlation coefficients, and the most
significant frequencies were isolated using Gaussian bandpass filtering. The results from
both data series identified several periodicities which, based on estimated sedimentation
rates, can be attributed to 18-24 ky precession cycles, 40 and 55 ky obliquity cycles, and 100
and 405 ky eccentricity cycles. Filtering outputs identified 11 short eccentricity and 3 long
eccentricity cycles. The results show that the cyclostratigraphic analysis of actual turbiditic
successions is sometimes possible.
LATERAL AND VERTICAL VARIATIONS IN THE RECORD OF
CRETACEOUS ERG-MARGIN SYSTEMS OF THE NEUQUÉN BASIN,
ARGENTINA
Mr Joaquín Pérez Mayoral1, Agustín Argüello Scotti2, Gonzalo D. Veiga1
1CONICET - Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 2University of Bergen

Hybrid sedimentological systems where processes of fluvial and aeolian genesis interact are
typical of erg margins. Understanding how the spatial and temporal variations identified in
these environments are transferred to the geological record is a big challenge. The Neuquén
Basin in Argentina has several Mesozoic units that record the interaction between aeolian
and fluvial systems across erg-margin systems. Hence, this work aims to study three of these
units which are known to record these hybrid systems and characterize distinct types and
scales of fluvio-aeolian interactions are transferred to the rock record. Some of these units
are excellent hydrocarbon reservoirs, so the identification of both lateral and vertical
variations is important to measure the compartmentalization and distribution of
heterogeneities of these reservoirs. To accomplish this work, a classic high-resolution
sedimentological study was carried out that included gathering sedimentary sections, the
elaboration of a facies scheme and the appropriate architectural analysis for the units
considering different surfaces’ hierarchies to understand the high-resolution stratigraphic
framework. Elements related to aeolian processes were identified, such as deposits product
of aeolian dunes, sand sheets and different types of interdunes. Additionally, elements that
are more linked to fluvial processes such as channelized flow deposits and non-channelized
flow deposits, both in distal and proximal expression, were defined as well. The dimensions,
geometry, and lateral and vertical distribution of these elements were quantified to analyze
the spatial and temporal variation of sedimentary processes within these systems. The
results are key to understand the nature and expression of these hybrid systems, and for the
interpretation, prediction, and modelling of subsurface deposits. We expect to provide
valuable input for other subsurface units of this origin known for their importance as
hydrocarbon reservoirs and gas and CO2 storage targets.
Interactions between distal epiclastic and biochemogenic Late
Oligocene sedimentation at the foothills of a mafic alkaline volcano
Dr Vladislav Rapprich1, Dr Pavel Čáp1, Dr Yulia Erban1, Dr Eva Kadlecová1, Dr Zsolt Benkó2,
Jakub Sakala3, Dr Zuzana Rodovská1, Dr Jan Matějů4, Dr Daniel Petrash1
1Czech Geological Survey, 2Institute for Nuclear Research, 3Institute of Geology and

Palaeontology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 4The Karlovy Vary Museum,

The Late Oligocene (ca. 25 Ma) volcano-sedimentary successions on the western periphery
of the Doupovské Hory Volcanic Complex (Karlovy Vary, NW Czech Republic) unveil a multi-
episodic sedimentation history influenced by the decay of the alkali basalt volcanic edifice.
The weathering of these volcanic rocks supplied reactants for carbonate precipitation in
peripheral palaeolakes, as indicated by the strongly non-radiogenic ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values (0.7038–
0.7041). The initial shallow lake sediments underwent deformation due to the bulldozing
effect of a debris avalanche. This event significantly altered the original basin morphology,
filling up the depression and pushing the lacustrine setting away from the volcanic edifice.
As the landscape evolved, surface water influx from the surrounding granitic terrain
imparted a more radiogenic signature to the calcrete deposits, reflected in ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values
of 0.7046–0.7049. The fossil assemblages and limestone textures within these deposits
suggest pronounced seasonal water-level fluctuations, likely mirroring the alternating rainy
and dry seasons characteristic of the humid Central-European Late Oligocene climate.
Periodic desiccation led to substantial ¹⁸O enrichment. While the near-zero δ¹³C values might
typically suggest a mixing of atmospheric and volcanic CO₂ during carbonate formation, the
absence of active volcanic conduits in close proximity suggests an alternative origin. These
lower δ¹³C values are more likely attributable to mantle degassing through rift faults, a
phenomenon still observed in the now magmatically extinct Ohře (Eger) Rift. This study
highlights that limestones derived from weathered alkaline basalt are characterized by non-
radiogenic Sr isotopic ratios (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ca. 0.704). It challenges the conventional
interpretation of Sr isotopes in carbonates, asserting that in alkali basalt-sourced
environments, these isotopes reflect the source of Sr and Ca ions, rather than indicating the
presence of carbonatite.

Rapprich, V., Čáp, P., Erban Kochergina, Y.V., [...], & Petrash, D. A. (2023). The Depositional
Record, 9, 871–894. doi: 10.1002/dep2.240
Architecture, internal heterogeneity and vertical evolution within a
deep-water channel-levee complex: a spectacularly well-exposed
outcrop from the Taza-Guercif Basin (NE Morocco)
Dr. Daniele Invernizzi1, Dr. Moreno Pizzutto1, Prof. Fabrizio Felletti1, Dr. George
Pantopoulos1, Dr. Mattia Marini1, Dr. Jean Amoussou1, Dr. Adam McArthur2
1Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra “A. Desio”, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2School of

Earth and Environment, University of Leeds,

Recent advances in high-resolution 3D seismic studies provide unprecedented imaging of
deep-water sedimentary systems. However, numerous research questions persist regarding
detailed facies complexity and depositional element relationships within channel-levee
complexes. Hence, outcrop analysis is crucial for understanding and predicting sedimentary
variability.
This work focuses on a 500-meter-wide, ca. 35-meter-thick, well-exposed outcrop of a late
Tortonian channel-levee complex (Complex 7) in the Tachrift Turbidite System, Taza-Guercif
Basin (NE Morocco). This outcrop presents an excellent opportunity to investigate internal
sedimentary heterogeneity and the vertical evolution of a channel belt at outcrop scale.
Through the collection of thirty-five closely spaced stratigraphic logs, physical correlation,
hierarchical arrangement of main boundary surfaces, and statistical analysis of key
sedimentological variables (e.g., grain size, bed thickness, S/M ratio, etc.), three depositional
units (unit 1, 2, and 3) have been identified. Different facies associations within each unit
are attributed to the lateral transition between channel fills (in which lateral accreting
elements and cut-and-fill elements have been distinguished) and their correlative levee
deposits.
The study allows the reconstruction of the stratigraphic evolution of the channel-belt: (i) a
first phase is identified (Unit 1), during which lateral accreting elements follow a common
migration pathway of the channel axis towards the east. Subsequently (ii), a deep erosion
with sediment bypass took place, followed by the infilling of the channel and consequent
vertical aggradation by cut and fill elements (Unit 2). (iii) In the final stage (Unit 3), lateral
accreting elements resumed their migration pathway toward the east, preceding the
deactivation of Complex 7.
This study offers a detailed sedimentological characterization of different architectural
element relationships within a channel-levee complex, providing valuable insights into
vertical stacking development and facilitating sub-seismic lithological calibration for seismic
analogues.
A source-to-sink pursuit between the Romanian Carpathians and the
Lower Danube Basin using geochronology, lithology, and
geomorphology approaches
Dr. Iulian Pojar Vintila1, Dr. Mihaela Melinte-Dobrinescu1, PhD c. Andrei Gabriel Dragoș1, Dr.
Relu Dumitru Roban2, Dr. Mihai Ducea2, Dr. Cornel Olariu3, Dr. Tomas Capaldi4
1National Institute for Research and Development on Marine Geology and Geo-ecology –

GeoEcoMar, 2University of Bucharest, Faculty of Geology and Geophysics, 3Department of

Geological Sciences, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin,
4Department of Geoscience, University of Nevada

Over the past 16 million years, the course of the Lower Danube has undergone multiple
changes influenced by various geological processes, such as shifts in regional sea levels, local
tectonic activities, and alterations in the sedimentary landscape. The analysis of Quaternary
sediments from the river's surface layer has revealed compelling evidence of significant
erosion in geological formations, especially from the Southern and Eastern Carpathians.
We aimed to establish a link between these recent Lower Danube sediments and their
primary source by utilizing detrital zircons (DZ) geochronology, considering lithological
compositions, geomorphology of the basin terrain, and accounting for tectonic factors.
Through U-Pb geochronology, the majority of DZ revealed three key age groups: i.
Cambrian-Ordovician ages (600 – 440 Mya), associated with back-arc basins and island arcs
linked to Peri-Gondwana subduction; ii. Lower to Middle Carboniferous ages (350 – 320
Mya) primarily originating from magmatic and metamorphic Variscan units, displaying
predominant peaks across most analyzed samples; iii Upper Cretaceous to Tertiary ages
(younger than 100 Ma), potentially connected to the Late Cretaceous Banatitic arc in the
Southern Carpathians and the Neogene volcanic activity in the Eastern Carpathians and
Apuseni Mountains.
Furthermore, the primary sources of DZ in the western tributaries of the Lower Danube are
the medium- and high-grade metamorphic rocks characteristic of the Danubian tectonic
units within the Dacia mega-unit. Conversely, certain larger tributaries in the easternmost
part of the Lower Danube exhibit scattered peaks in DZ geochronology, likely reflecting
successive recycling processes.
In conclusion, the main contributors to the Quaternary sediments in the Lower Danube are
the metamorphic rocks found in the Southern Carpathians, between the Iron Gates and the
Olt River basin. In the eastern Lower Danube, within Romanian territory, a combination of
igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks has been identified as major contributing
sources.
Application of Magnetostratigraphy to delimit the time of formation
of injection complexes: the example of the Panoche Giant Injection
Complex in the San Joaquin Basin, California (USA)
Ms Caroline Azzolini Pontel1, Dr Gustavo Zvirtes2, Dr Jairo Francisco Savian1, Dr Ruy Paulo
Philipp1, Dr Matthew Brettle2, Professor Andrew Hurst2, MSc Guilherme Krahl3, Dr Gerson
Fauth3
1Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 2University of Aberdeen, 3Unisinos University

Sand injection complexes are formed by the subsurface sand fluidization and injection, and
sometimes extrusion of sand at the surface forming extrudites. As the shallowest and last
formed part of an injection complex, extrudites are optimal candidates for assessing the
timing of injectites formation. However, because of their complex origin and visual similarity
with conventional depositional sandstone, defining and interpreting extrudites pose
challenges that compromising accurate geological and geochronological models. As the
shallowest part of injection complexes, extrudites significantly impact storage capacity,
adding reservoir volume and possibly forming zones for fluid leakage. Paleomagnetic
methods were applied to the upper section of the Moreno Formation (Maastrichtian-
Paleocene) in the San Joaquin Basin, where extrudites in the Panoche Giant Injection
Complex occur, aiming to assess the temporal context of the sand extrudites and the
associated sedimentary succession. Magnetostratigraphy is an established method for
temporal correlation, identifies the remnant magnetization of units to provide vector data
on inclination, declination, and intensity of magnetism at the time of deposition, and is
amenable to high-resolution applications. Analyses were conducted on mudstone and
sandstone samples using alternating field demagnetization revealing approximately linear
behaviour in mudstone demagnetization, with up to 80% efficiency in natural remanent
magnetization (NRM) elimination. In sandstones, a dispersed behaviour with an elimination
range from 50% to 50 mT . The magnetic minerals carrying NRM are primarily magnetite and
titanomagnetite. Following data processing and the application of Fischer group statistical
analysis, variations in declination and inclination were identified, indicating poles with
normal and reverse polarity related to periods of the Danian, potentially associated with
Chrons C29r, C29n, C28r, C28n, C27r, and C27n. The data will be integrated with
biostratigraphic analysis and C and O stable isotope data to evaluate the precision of the
magnetostratigraphy and its applicability to high-resolution correlation between
sedimentary and extrusive units.
Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) applied to determination
of paleoflow in sand extrusions of the Panoche Giant Injection
Complex, San Joaquin Basin
Ms Caroline Azzolini Pontel1, Dr Gustavo Zvirtes2, Dr Jairo Francisco Savian1, Dr Ruy Paulo
Philipp1, Dr Matthew Brettle2, Professor Andrew Hurst2
1Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, 2 University of Aberdeen

Sand extrusions represent the shallowest genetic and architectural element in sand injection
complexes. Formed by the extrusion of fluidized sand at the surface, fuelled by an intrusive
network of underlying sandstone intrusions, extrudites create deposits with sedimentary
structures that define the paleoflow of sand and are interpreted to be geologically
instantaneous – formed during days to weeks – and are excellent timelines, in particular if
timing of their occurrence is possible. Sand extrudites can form significant fluid storage
volume but may also enhance fluid leakage above injection complexes. Extrudites are
sparsely documented in outcrops and the [Link] enhance the understanding of the
geometry and mineral fabric of extrudites, palaeomagnetic methods were applied to sand
extrudite samples from the shallowest part of the Panoche Giant Injection Complex
developed into the Moreno Formation (Maastrichtian-Paleocene) of the San Joaquin Basin.
Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) data, thermomagnetic curves, hysteresis cycles,
and isothermal remnant magnetization were used to obtain precise characteristics of
magnetic fabric orientation and magnetic mineralogy. The results indicate complexity in the
magnetic characteristics of the sand extrudite, requiring an integrated approach from
detailed mapping to understanding of the geological significance of the system. AMS data
from the extrusion complex reveal a range of directional patterns with a predominance of
more horizontal magnetic foliations in adjacent mudstone and oblique to sub-horizontal in
sandstone units. Sand volcanoes and vent-fills have predominantly vertically to high-angle
oriented magnetic foliations in their central parts associated to intensely deformed central
area with convolute and flame structures. The dip values progressively become horizontal
toward the margins along divergent parallel to low-angle cross lamination with different dip
directions, materializing a semi-circular sedimentary dispersion paleoflow. Magnetite and
titanomagnetite are the primary sources of magnetization, and predominantly exhibit low
coercivity, primarily with pseudo-single domain (PSD) characteristics.
Facies and depositional geometry of a mixed clastic-carbonate
platform system in a changing basin morphology (Eocene Àger Basin,
Southern Pyrenees, Spain)
Assel Zhalgasbayeva1,2, Sara Tomás1, Ramon Mercedes-Martín1, Miquel Poyatos-Moré1,
Josep Oriol Oms
1Departament de Geologia, Universtat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2School of Mining and

Geosciences, Nazarbayev University

The lower Eocene mixed clastic-carbonate succession of the Àger Basin, in the South
Pyrenean Foreland Basin, share similarities with other Tethyan basins, particularly in the
deposition and proliferation of large-benthic foraminifera forming extensive platform
systems during the period following the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM)
event. While previous studies in the area have focused on the siliciclastic-dominated
systems of the succession, little attention has been given to the mixed clastic-carbonate
platform deposits dominated by Alveolina and other large benthic foraminifera (known as
Cadí Formation and Barranc de Contorna limestones). The present study aims to investigate
the morphological changes of the basin and their impact on the development of carbonate
factories and platform evolution. Analysis of facies associations and microfacies reveals the
older Cadí Formation limestones formed in a shallow-water setting of an inner ramp with
restricted environments, during a period of slow tectonic activity, whereas the younger
Barranc de Contorna limestones were deposited concurrently with siliciclastic deposits, and
show shallow-water mixed carbonate inner platform to offshore deposits, and a
progradational slope setting, with progressive unconformities, consistent with faster uplift
rates linked to thrust- or salt-related structures. The integration of stratigraphic data with a
detailed lithological mapping show that tectonic activity controlled the basin margin
evolution from a low gradient, carbonate-dominated ramp, into a steeper and more
topographically unstable mixed clastic-carbonate platform. The findings of this study have
implications for better understanding the role played by tectonic uplift, sediment delivery,
and carbonate production styles in shaping platform architecture, with potential
applications for the study of other similar Tethyan mixed successions, for example those
forming reservoirs or aquifer systems in the Middle East.
A subsurface carbonate tidal delta system of Mid-Cretaceous Mishrif
Formation in Southeast Iraq: implications for reservoir heterogeneity
Prof. Zhanfeng Qiao1, Mr. Guanming Shao1, Dr. Xiaowei Sun1
1CNPC Key Laboratory of Carbonate Reservoir, Petrochina Hangzhou Research Institute of

Geology
Carbonate tidal delta systems used to be put much less attention than the counterparts in
siliciclastic systems, and its unique architecture influences the reservoir heterogeneity and
corresponding development strategy significantly. Mishrif Formation is the main producing
zone in mideast. A flood tidal delta system was recognized and characterized in MB2
member of Mishrif Formation in H oilfield in Southeast Iraq, based on detailed observation
of cores from 5 wells and integrated analysis on well-loggings and 3D seismic. Four
lithofacies associations were recognized: (1) back-margin massive packstone to floatstone;
(2) high energy channel-like bioclastic grainstone; (3) swamp carbonaceous mudstone
interbedded with bioclastic wackestone; and (4) incision brown mud- to wackestone with
chert nodular. The flood tidal delta system experienced the evolution of back margin wave-
dominated shoal, channelized shoals, swamp, and eventually incisions. The internal
architecture and stacking pattern of lithofacies associations enhanced the reservoir
heterogeneity significantly. The swamp carbonaceous mudstone usually sit on the top of
wave-dominated shoals separating from the flooding tidal channels, and constitutes the
barrier separating the reservoir; and the valley-shaped mudstone and wackestone-filled
incision, with the thickness of up to 30 m, compartmentalized the reservoir that is
composed of shoal and channel-filling packstone and grainstone. Additionally, the
prograding clinoforms occurred within the shoals and channels, which probably influence
the fluid flow like those in siliciclastic sandstone. The tidal delta system experienced
significant modification of meteoric water dissolution during the formation of incision and
exposure of the platform, and consequently plenty of dissolved vugs formed along the
sequence boundary, and caused the high permeable streaks. The depositional architecture
and diagenetic modification resulted in the complicated reservoir architecture within the
carbonate tidal delta system, which should be useful to the optimization of the
development strategy of the oilfield and other counterparts with similar backgrounds.
Validation of the Sub-Botton Profiler Bathymetry to indicate Silting
rate at Itumbiara's UHE Reservoir
Master Guilherme Reis1, Doctor Kamila Santos1, Doctor Thiago Mendes2, Doctor Mauricio
Sales1, Doctor Marta Luz3, Doctor Klebber Formiga1
1Universidade Federal De Goias, 2Instituto Federal de Goias, 3Eletrobras Furnas

Changing river flow regime when reaching a dam can lead water discharge to minimal
velocities and drastically decrease its flow energy. Therefore, the sediment tends to silt,
reducing useful volume and, consequently, lifetime of the reservoir. For this reason,
monitoring the evolution of silting areas in the reservoir is crucial to reservoir management,
the construction of engineering structures and to social purposes. Nowadays, it is common
to use the difference of bathymetry at various times to reach the thickness of the sediment
layers. However, there is a lack of data especially in undeveloped countries or old reservoirs
making it impossible to indicate its siltation rate. As a promisor alternative, it might be
possible to apply seismic methodologies to point different layers in the reservoir bed. With
the use of Sub-Bottom Profiler, it is possible to shoot sound waves with 5 – 15 kHz ratio
frequency in which penetrates different layers differing its materials indicating the
preexisting bed and its new silting formation. In this work, the Sub-Botton Profiler Echoes
10000 was used for data collection at Itumbiara's UHE Reservoir, in Goias and Minas Gerais,
Brazil with the administration of Eletrobras Furnas. The results were compared with the
bathymetry of the reservoir in 2019, provided by Eletrobras Furnas, to validate the results
and estimate the relative errors. With the equipment it was possible to indicate the layers'
formation with satisfactory results. It shows that it is possible to infer the siltation rate of
any reservoir even with the lack of past data.
Effectiveness and petroleum geological significance of tectonic
fractures in the ultra‑deep zone of the Kuqa foreland thrust belt:
a case study of the Cretaceous Bashijiqike Formation in the Keshen
gas field
Zhang Ronghu1
1Petrochina Hangzhou Institute Of Petroleum Geology

The buried depth of the gas-producing reservoir in the Kuqa foreland thrust belt of the
Tarim Basin exceeds 6000 m. The
average matrix porosity of the reservoir is 5.5%, and the average matrix permeability is
0.128 mD. In order to reveal the characteristics and effectiveness of ultra-deep fractures
and their effects on reservoir properties and natural gas production,
outcrops, cores, thin section, image logs and production testing data are used to investigate
the effectiveness of tectonic
fractures in ultra-deep reservoirs in the Kuqa foreland thrust zone, and the corresponding
geological significance for oil and gas exploration and development are discussed. Tectonic
fractures in the thrust belt include EW-trending high-angle tensile fractures and NS-trending
vertical shear fractures. The former has a relatively high filling rate, while the latter is mostly
unfilled. Micro-fractures are usually grain-piercing-through cracks with width of 10–100
microns. In the planar view, the effective fractures are concentrated in the high part and
wing zones of the long axis of the anticline, and along the vertical direction, they are mainly
found in the tensile fracture zone above the neutral plane. The adjustment fracture zone
has the
strongest vertical extension abilities and high effectiveness, followed by the nearly EW
longitudinal tensile fracture zone,and the netted fracture zone with multiple dip angles. The
effectiveness of fracture is mainly controlled by fracture aperture and filling degrees.
Effective fractures can increase reservoir permeability by 1–2 orders of magnitude. The
higher part of the anticline is associated with high tectonic fracture permeability, which
control enrichment and high production of natural gas. The netted vertical open fractures
effectively communicate with pores and throats of the reservoir matrix, which forms an
apparent-homogenous to medium-heterogeneous body that is seen with high production of
natural gas sustained for a long term.
Increasing the resilience of coastal areas to rising relative sea levels
through nature-based solution: an example from the Po River Delta
Dr. Valentina M. Rossi1, Dr. Alvise Finotello2, Dr. Luca Zaggia1, Andrea Berton1, Dr. Matteo
Mantovani3, Prof. Massimiliano Ghinassi2
1National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources,
2University of Padova, 3National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Geo-Hydrological

Protection
River deltas are among the largest depositional features on Earth, and are ecologically and
economically important. However, increasing climate extremes, population growth, and
both natural and human-induced subsidence are currently threatening many of the World's
river deltas. In such a context, it is becoming increasingly clear how hard engineering
measures (e.g., dams, dikes, and levees) are unsustainable and likely to reduce deltaic
ecosystems' resilience in the long run. Thus, a paradigm change in river-delta management
plans is underway, from hard infrastructures to “nature-based” solutions to restore deltaic
lands.
Among the World’s major river deltas, the Po River Delta (Italy) represents a prominent
example of a heavily engineered deltaic system with compromised long-term sustainability
due to: i) extensive embankments of the main river course; ii) reduced sediment and water
supply from the catchment area due to over-exploitation of resources for irrigation and
drinking purposes; iii) high rates of anthropogenic-induced subsidence. Nature-based
solutions to restore the Po River Delta have not been considered to date, and this work aims
to provide the first step to bridge this knowledge gap.
We are quantifying the inherent ability of the delta system to create new land, by studying a
newly formed crevasse-splay system. The crevasse splay was recently generated by storm
surges and river flood levee-breaching, leading to sediment accumulation in an area that
was completely flooded due to soil subsidence over the last century. This work is based on a
multidisciplinary approach involving sedimentological analyses, remote sensing, and
numerical modeling. Through sedimentological and remote sensing analyses, the
geomorphological evolution and potential land-building rates are estimated, taking into
account local subsidence rates. The results help to improve our knowledge of natural
systems resilience and offer critical insights on future management strategies for coastal
areas.
This work is funded by the European Union – NextGenerationEU.
SEDIMENTATION ON THE JURASSIC PELAGIC PLATEAU ADJACENT TO
ACTIVE CARBONATE PLATFORM (JULIAN ALPS, NW SLOVENIA)
[Link]. Boštjan Rožič1, Nejc Ventur1, Lucija Slapnik1, Jan Udovč2, [Link]. Petra Žvab
Rožič1
1Faculty Of Natural Sciences And Engineering, University Of Ljubljana, 2Geological Survey of

Slovenia
In the Early Jurassic, the paleogeography of the transitional area between the Alps and the
Dinarides (present-day Slovenia) was characterized by the Dinaric (Adriatic, Friuli) Carbonate
Platform (DCP) in the south, the intermediate, E-W extending Slovenian Basin (SB), and the
Julian Carbonate Platform (JCP) in the north. The carbonate platforms merged into single
platform towards the west. In the Middle Jurassic, the JCP drowned and became a pelagic
plateau, the Julian High, that is characterized by Ammonitico Rosso facies (the Prehodavci
Formation). In the area of the former connection to the west, however, specific sedimentary
sequences developed. They were studied in two sections located in the Matajur (today's
Dinards) and Kobariški stol (today's Southern Alps) mountains. The investigated sections are
of crucial importance for understanding the sedimentary evolution of this area. In both
locations, the shallow-marine Early Jurassic limestone is overlain with the Toarcian-Aalenian
stratigraphic gap by a deep-marine sequence varying in thickness from 78m on Matajur to
55m on Kobariški stol. The sequence begins with thick layers of limestone breccias
(calcidebrites) alternating with micritic (pelagic) limestones and calcarenites
(calciturbidites). The resediments are coarser and thicker in the Matajur section, which was
located closer to the active DCP. The breccias disappear upwards and Saccoccoma bioclasts
occur in the pelagic limestone. On the Matajur these beds contain chert nodules, on the
Kobariški stol initially also, while they pass upwards into the Ammonitico rosso limestone.
The Jurassic sequence ends with the pelagic Biancone limestone. The subsidence of the area
probably occurred in the middle of the Middle Jurassic. This drowning event is interpreted
as a consequence of the extensional (transtensional) tectonic pulse recently documented
along the entire southern margin of the SB, where the collapse of the DCP margin formed a
sequence of limestone blocky breccies up to 80m thick.
The Miocene lacustrine carbonate factory of Ñirihuau, Argentina:
Insights from detailed facies, microfacies and stable isotope analysis
Camila Santonja1, Dra. Cecilia Benavente2, Dr. Arturo Heredia3, Dra. Julieta Suriano2, Dra.
Fortunatti Natalia4, Dra. Ana Laura Rainoldi4, Dr. Diego Kietzmann1, Dra. Florencia Bechis5
1Instituto De Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales De Buenos Aires, UBA-CONICET,
2Instituto Argentino de Nivologia, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales, CONICET, 3Instituto De

Estudios Andinos "Don Pablo Groeber", UBA-CONICET, 4Universidad Nacional del Sur,
5Instituto de Investigaciones en Diversidad Cultural y Procesos de Cambio, UNRN-CONICET

The Ñirihuau basin is located between 41° and 43° S, on the eastern side of the North
Patagonian Andes, Argentina. Its infilling is characterized by a sequence of Oligocene to
Miocene volcanic rocks (Ventana Formation) followed by Miocene volcaniclastic, clastic, and
carbonate rocks (Ñirihuau and Collón Curá formations). The Ñirihuau Formation was
interpreted to be deposited on alluvial, fluvial, deltaic, and lacustrine environments and
based on available U-Pb geochronological data, was constrained to the early to late Miocene
(22–11 Ma). The aim of this study is to understand the paleoenvironmental, hydrologic,
paleogeographic, and climatic conditions that prevailed during the deposition of the
lacustrine system that was established between ~15-13 Ma (Langhian–Serravallian). For that
purpose, a detailed facies and microfacies analysis of carbonate beds from the Ñirihuau
Formation in the northernmost sector basin was conducted. Detailed sedimentary logs were
surveyed along the Arroyo Las Bayas, at the eastern and western flank of the David Syncline.
A single facies association (FA) was defined, named FA1, and interpreted as a perennial lake
associated with a deltaic system and dominated by detrital clastic material from a fluvial
input. It includes two facies (Marginal lacustrine and Lower delta plain). Petrographic,
cathodoluminescence, and stable isotope data of these continental carbonates suggest a
mainly bio-induced subaqueous carbonate precipitation and subordinated deposition by
tractive flows with low transport on a littoral lacustrine environment. Some of them exhibit
subaerial exposure and very early diagenesis (eogenesis) with minor mesogenesis (such as
cementation or chemical compaction) effects. Based on all the features observed in the
analyzed carbonate beds, the paleolake system would have been characterized by a high
energy ramp margin located to the N and E and by a low energy ramp margin towards the
SW, and it would have been deposited under temperate to warm and humid conditions.
Remote sensing for monitoring reservoir margin erosion
Doctor Kamila Santos1, Master Guilherme Reis1, Doctor Klebber Formiga1, Doctor Marta
Pereira da Luz2
1Ufg, 2Eletrobras Furnas/PUC Goiás

Erosion of reservoir margins significantly increases the volume of sediment transported. This
erosive process occurs for a variety of factors, such as winds, fluctuations in water levels
caused by its use and changes due to the dry or rainy season, as well as the movement of
the water wave in the reservoir, which makes a dragging movement with the soil. Waves in
bodies of water occur by the transfer of energy from other sources, such as winds, to the
liquid surface and this transfers to physical structures or to the margins, dissipating part of
the energy. There are several ways to monitor erosion, traditional methods and by
geotechnologies. In this research, remote sensing was used to acquire the data. Remote
sensing is a tool used in various areas, which has been widely used in monitoring erosive
processes. In geomorphology, it assists in the acquisition of data quickly with different
scales. This acquisition can occur through satellite images, UAV, LiDAR; with spatial
resolution that varies between meters and millimeters. The research was carried out in the
Itumbiara reservoir, whose operator is Eletrobras Furnas, is located on the border of the
states of Goiás and Minas Gerais, in the central west of Brazil. The margin data were
obtained with low-cost and high-cost UAVs and via LiDAR during a period of reduction in the
volume of the reservoir. The results of the scans were compared, showing satisfactory
results, being replicable even in areas with different characteristics.
Evidences of green sulphur bacteria in the Messinian succession of
the Sorbas basin: preliminary data from organic geochemistry
Dr. Andrea Schito1,2, Ms Nuria Sierra Ramirez2, Prof. Stephen Alan Bowden1, Prof. Luis
Gibert Beotas2, Prof. Enrique Gomez Rivas2
1Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Aberdeen , 2Departament of

Mineralogy, Petrology and Applied Geology, Universitat de Barcelona

One of the main objectives of Earth Science studies today is to understand the causes and
consequences of the environmental crises. Among them, the Messinian Salinity Crisis (MSC)
is one of the most interesting, because it resulted in the generation of the last salt giant on
Earth. Given the large volume of data collected and the high-resolution of the
astronomically tuned and dated sedimentary successions, the MSC offers a unique
opportunity to study the effect of short-term environmental variability and its impact on
biological communities. In particular, the resilience of microbial communities has recently
received attention as one of the youngest analogues to the eutrophication of modern water,
extra-terrestrial conditions and a chance to study the adaptation of extremophiles. The late
Miocene Sorbas basin in south-western Spain presents a good case study for these
phenomena, since it hosts one of the most complete records of the MSC and is used as
reference for astronomical tuning. However, in the absence of sedimentological and
micropaleontological evidence in the shaly pre-evaporitic successions, it is hard to
understand the impact of the extreme salinities, anoxia, and desiccation on the aquatic
biosphere and on water conditions (i.e. temperatures, salinities and stratification). In this
study, new constraints have been derived from the analyses of organic debris in shales from
both pre- and inter-evaporitic deposits from a new 178-m deep drill core in the Sorbas
basin. Our preliminary results indicate the presence of isorenieratene derivatives in the
form of aryl isoprenoids, that can be evidence of green sulphur bacteria at the onset of the
MSC. Other isoprenoid biomarkers indicative of halophiles and hypersaline conditions (i.e.
squalane) are found in the pre-evaporitic sequences analysed so far, but aryl-isoprenoids
and similar isorenieratene derivatives are not detected. Data provide first evidence that
euxinic conditions established well before gypsum precipitation.
Sedimentological core investigation of the fluvial-marine transition
zone preserved in the 3.2 Ga Moodies Group from the Barberton
Greenstone Belt, South Africa
Dennis Schreiber1,2, Dr. David De Vleeschouwer3, Dr. Christoph Heubeck4, Nina M.A.
Wichern3, Dr. Marcello Gugliotta1,2
1Faculty of Geosciences, University Of Bremen, 2MARUM – Center for Marine Environmental

Sciences, University of Bremen, 3Institute of Geology and Paleontology, University of

Münster, 4Department of Geosciences, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena
The ca. 3.22 Ga Paleoarchean Moodies Group in the Barberton Greenstone Belt (South
Africa) represents one of the oldest shallow-marine quartzose sedimentary systems on
Earth. Due to early silicification, sedimentary structures in the 3.7 km thick succession are
usually well-preserved, allowing a detailed analysis of environments and surface conditions
during the development of early life on Earth. The Moodies Group was cored in the
framework of International Continental Drilling Project (ICDP) “Barberton Archean Surface
Environments” (BASE). Here, we focus on the fluvial-marine transition zone in the Moodies
Group using cores recently extracted in the proximal, medial and distal part of the so-called
Lomati Delta Complex (LDC, Sites 4A-C). To reveal the dominant sedimentary processes
within this dynamic depositional environment, we present results from detailed
sedimentological logging, facies analysis, and petrography.

The LDC is a stratigraphic unit with a wedge-shaped geometry that is approximately 300 m
thick at its thickest point and pinches out over a distance of 7 km. The deposits consist of
cross-bedded siliciclastic coarse-grained sandstones and conglomerates that transition into
finer-grained and tuffaceous sandstones. Sedimentary structures include tangential and
tabular cross bedding, desiccation cracks, conglomeratic beds, rare microbial mats, and soft-
sediment deformation related to fluid escapes. Mud- and tuff-rip-up clasts are common, as
well as extraclasts. Based on these features, the LDC has been interpreted as a fluvial-
marine system with highly variable energy conditions, likely linked to the ephemerality of
local rivers. Our detailed core-based sedimentological descriptions allow for a more detailed
reconstruction of the fluvial-marine transition zone in the Moodies Group compared to
previous outcrop-based studies. This analysis provides the sedimentological context for
follow-up geochemical and stratigraphic work, aiming at a detailed reconstruction of
Paleoarchean environmental dynamics and conditions under which early life spread.
THE EDIACARAN BASEMENT OF THE MOESIAN PLATFORM: A REVIEW
BASED ON SEDIMENTOLOGICAL, MINERALOGICAL AND DETRITAL
ZIRCON DATA
Dr. Antoneta Seghedi1, Dr. Silviu Rădan
1National Institute of Marine Geology And Geoecology - Geoecomar, 2National Institute of

Marine Geology And Geoecology - Geoecomar

In the area of Dobrogea, located in the Carpathian foreland west of the Black Sea, the
Moesian Platform consists of two tectonic blocks with distinct lithological constitution. The
uplifted Central Dobrogea block exposes a basement of Ediacaran turbidites (Histria
Formation), while Late Neoproterozoic deposits of the South Dobrogea block (Cocoşu
Group) are found in two boreholes beneath a 600 m thick succession of Upper Jurassic
carbonates.
The sandstone-dominated turbidites of the Histria Formation are submarine fans,
representing channel and lobe complexes deposited in a deep-sea environment from
sediment-gravity flows. The overall sedimentological features and the dominance of
sandstones suggest that turbidite accumulation took place on a fan developed in active
margin setting. Sandstone mineralogy indicates a terrigenous, continental margin source
area, as well as a bimodal, basalt-dominated volcanic source. A forearc basin, or a peripheral
foreland basin (foredeep) are the models proposed as tectonic settings. The Ediacaran age is
based on Vendobionts. The youngest peak of detrital zircon data of 620-610 Ma confirms
the Ediacaran age of the turbiditic succession.
The Cocoşu Group is an 859 m thick succession, directly overlying a basement of Banded
Iron Formation-type rocks. It consists of a lower volcano-sedimentary and an upper
terrigenous complex, in tectonic contact with each other. The volcano-sedimentary complex
includes basalt flows separated by pyroclastic and epiclastic sequences, representing two
main upward thinning cycles. The upper complex is an upward coarsening, terrigenous
sequence of shales, clays and conglomerates. Geochemical data indicate an alkali-basaltic
volcanism, which possibly took place in an intraplate geotectonic setting.
The two Neoproterozoic successions show different sedimentological features and facies
types, as well as mineralogical differences in their coarse members. The paper discusses all
the existing data, which can help unravelling the possible relationships between them.
Examining contemporary reef island dynamics in a Southeast Asian
archipelago in light of climate change
Dr Meghna Sengupta1, Dr Thomas Mann1,2, Prof. Dr. Hildegard Westphal1,3
1Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT), 2Federal Institute for Geosciences and

Natural Resources (BGR), 3Department of Geosciences, University of Bremen

Low-lying coral reef islands are estimated to be one of the most vulnerable landforms to the
effects of anthropogenic climate change. Increasing sea-levels, changes in wave regimes,
reef degradation, are all considered key threats to their future persistence and habitability.
While a number of studies have examined morphological changes on islands over
multidecadal timescales, there is a paucity of high-frequency data from recent years that
discern variability in shoreline change trends at the local-scale. Such analysis can enable a
comprehensive understanding of island dynamics and provide robust empirical records to
inform adaptation measures. In this study, we used frequently sampled high-resolution
satellite imagery from the past two decades and analyzed the morphological evolution and
dynamics of 22 reef islands of the Spermonde Archipelago, Indonesia - a location deemed as
a climate change hotspot with sea-level rise rates higher than the global average. Analysis of
4329 transects cast across 192 recorded shorelines revealed a balance in erosional and
accretionary response with 32% of transects characterized by statistically significant
accretion, 29% by erosion and remaining exhibiting no significant change. The magnitude of
shoreline changes showed high spatial variability across the archipelago with marked
differences between islands perched on patch reefs on the outer shelf and those in the mid-
shelf and nearshore. Of note, at the local-scale, accretion was predominant on the western
margins of islands, while the eastern margins experienced relatively high degrees of erosion,
leading to a westward migration of 55% of the islands on their reef platforms. Collectively,
results provide the first high-resolution shoreline change record for the archipelago and
highlight the importance of high-frequency sampling in reef island studies for informing
adaptation strategies. Additionally, results have implications towards understanding island
evolution over a period of accelerated sea-level rise within a region highly influenced by
monsoonal changes in hydrodynamic regime.
Facies evolution and geochemical analysis of Jurassic mixed
carbonate-siliciclastic deposits from the northern Bighorn Basin
(Sundance Fm, north-central Wyoming, USA)
Dr Cristina Sequero1, Lope Ezquerro3, Rute Coimbra4, Eduardo Puértolas-Pascual2, Sylvia
Riechelmann5, René Hoffmann5, Miguel Moreno-Azanza6
1Universidade Nova De Lisboa, 2Universidad de Zaragoza, 3Universidad Complutense de

Madrid & Universidad de Zaragoza, 4Universidade de Aveiro, 5Ruhr-Universität Bochum,

6Universidad de Zaragoza & Universidad Nova de Lisboa

During the middle-late Jurassic (Bathonian to Oxfordian), deposition in the Bighorn Basin
(north-central Wyoming, USA) took place in a mixed carbonate-siliciclastic platform,
originated as a retroarc basin connected to the Pacific Ocean by a single entrance to the
north (the Jurassic Sundance Seaway). These deposits, the Sundance Formation, represent
sedimentation from intertidal to distal offshore domains. Previous analyses on the facies
architecture of this unit have revealed a complex palaeogeography of the Sundance marine
platform, with a changing depositional topography partly controlled by the tectonic activity
originated in the evolving magmatic arc westwards. This palaeogeographic context has
traditionally made the analysis and regional correlation of these deposits intricate, with the
existence of some discontinuities that laterally change in different sectors of the basin.
Here, we provide a high-resolution stratigraphic and sedimentological analysis of this
formation combining field descriptions and petrographic observations in two new
sedimentary logs in the north-central areas of the Bighorn Basin. The Sundance Fm here is
mainly represented by ca. 90 m-thick succession of alternating marls rich in belemnites and
oysters deposited in offshore domains; and fine- to medium-grained cross-bedded
sandstones and calcarenites with variable fauna (bivalves, brachiopods, echinoderms,
foraminifera), interpreted as deposited from the lower shoreface to tidal environments.
Carbon- and oxygen-stable isotopes, major and trace elements and cathodoluminescence
analyses were performed on oysters and belemnites from different levels. From the 21
specimens analysed, 8 showed an exceptional high degree of preservation, with most of the
isotopic values ranging between 2-3‰ for δ13C, and -1 to 1‰ for δ18O; and Fe and Mn
concentrations below 100 and 10 ppm, respectively. Carbon and oxygen-stable isotopes
here are similar to coeval open-ocean Tethyan data, indicating a still large aperture of the
Sundance Seaway towards the Pacific Ocean.
Impact of Paleoclimatic Conditions on the Genesis of Permian
Continental Red Beds, Krkonose Piedmont Basin, Czechia
Mr. Salaheddin Shahrokhizadeh1, Dr Ondřej Bábek1, Dr. Howri Mansurbeg1,2
1Department of Geology, Palacký University, 17, listopadu 12,, 2General Directorate of

Scientific Research Center, Salahaddin University-Erbil

This study explores the determinants of red coloration in continental Permian sediments
within the Krknose Piedmont Basin, Czech Republic. The analyzed samples originated from
diverse continental environments, including deep and shallow lacustrine settings, river
environments, and floodplains. XRF data reveal a higher iron percentage in deep lacustrine
gray-green sediments compared to others. However, electron microscope observations,
Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (DRS), and XRD analysis demonstrate the absence of
hematite in deep lacustrine samples and its presence in shallow lacustrine, alluvial, and
floodplain samples. Despite similar diagenetic stages, different stages showed negligible
effects on sediment coloration and hematitization. The red hue in these continental
sediments primarily arises from prevailing sedimentary conditions and early diagenesis, with
limited influence from advanced diagenesis alone on the entire sedimentary sequence. This
study emphasizes that paleoclimatic changes directly impact sedimentary environments and
the early diagenesis stage, influencing red sediment formation by affecting iron source
availability and oxidizing environments. The absence of red color in iron-rich sediments
signifies prevailing reducing conditions during their formation. Conversely, a shift to an
oxidizing environment facilitated red deposits due to decreasing water levels. Notably,
sediments formed in deep lacustrine and anoxic settings maintain their original color
despite high iron content and varied diagenesis processes.
Structural Dynamics, Sedimentary Characteristics, and Strati-graphic
Framework of the Early Miocene to Recent Himalayan Molasse
Deposits in Kashmir Basin, Pakistan
Doctor Syed Muzyan Shahzad1, Doctor Muhammad Ishfaque, Doctor Hammad Tariq
Janjuhah, Mr Sajjad Ahmad Shah, Mr Khawaja Hasnain Iltaf
1School of Mining and Geosciences at Nazarbayev University, 2University of Azad jammu &

Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan

An understanding of the structural dynamics, sedimentary characteristics, and stratigraphic
framework of the Early Miocene to Recent Himalayan molasse deposits in the Kashmir Basin
is crucial for unraveling the tectonic history and geological evolution of the region. However,
the lack of comprehensive studies on their structural dynamics, sedimentary traits, and
stratigraphic framework hinders a complete understanding of the region's geological
evolution. The studied area is situated in the southern portion of the Hazara Kashmir
Syntaxis Pakistan, which is a significant segment of the Himalayan Fold and Thrust Belt
located in the sub-Himalayan region. This region encompasses the Chaksawari, Palak, and
Rajdhani areas, which together form the Syntaxis and are positioned in the southern part of
Hazara Kashmir. The Hazara Kashmir Syntax is characterized by the presence of molasse
deposits, representing an antiformal structure resulting from the tectonic activity in the
Himalayas. These molasse deposits range in age from the Early Miocene to the Recent
Period. The Nagri Formation, Dhok Pathan Formation, Soan Formation and Mirpur
Formation, as well as Recent alluvium, are exposed in the Late Miocene to Recent molasse
sedimentary sequence. The deformation of the terrain in this area is a consequence of the
Himalayan orogeny, leading to the formation of folds and faults. The notable folds in the
study area include the Palak Syncline, Gawandh Anticline, and Rajdhani Syncline. These folds
exhibit northeast or southwest vergence and trend northwest-southeast which are closed in
nature. Additionally, there are three major reverse faults in the area (Gawandh fault, Kotli
Sarsawah fault, and Dhongolo fault). These faults, characterized by their northwest-
southeast orientation are assumed to be caused by the Himalayan compression.
Post-glacial development of Earth’s oldest terrestrial red beds as
direct evidence for the Great Oxidation Event, Huronian Supergroup,
Ontario and Quebec, Canada
Dr Nabil Shawwa1, Thomas R. McLoughlin-Coleman1, Michael G. Babechuk2, Maryam
Shahabi Far1, James E. Mungall1, Robert H. Rainbird3
1Carleton University, 2Memorial University of Newfoundland, 3Geological Survey of Canada

The early Paleoproterozoic marks the initial rise of oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere, although
the exact timing and dynamics of this rise is still widely debated. While initial oxygenation of
the atmosphere is popularly portrayed by changes in the fractionation of sulfur isotopes,
our work elucidates an alternative proxy, the first appearance of red terrestrial (fluvial)
sandstones (red beds), which occur in the upper Huronian Supergroup of Ontario and
Quebec, Canada. The Huronian Supergroup is a mainly siliciclastic, sedimentary succession
deposited between 2.45 and 2.22 Ga. Penecontemporaneous oxidizing surface conditions
are inferred from the red beds by the occurrence of pigmentary hematite dust rims on
detrital quartz grains, which are encased by syntaxial quartz overgrowths, implying that the
hematite dust was formed and deposited prior to burial and lithification of the sandstone.
Evidence for anoxic atmospheric conditions is captured lower in the Huronian succession by
the preservation of detrital pyrite and uraninite in drab fluvial conglomerates. The terrestrial
red beds deposited during a major climate warming episode, following a widespread
(possibly global-scale) glaciation, which suggests a link between deglaciation and the
buildup of oxygen in the atmosphere. Deglacial to post-glacial fluvial sandstones increase in
maturity up-section, indicating an up-section intensification of climate-related chemical
weathering. This would have promoted red bed development, particularly since the
hematite dust rims are observed in relatively mature subfeldspathic arenites that were
affected by post-depositional in situ chemical weathering. Reddening is constrained to have
occurred close to 2.31 Ga, thereby approximating the time of initiation of terrestrial
oxidative weathering. This would have triggered key feedbacks in nutrient cycling that
possibly drove Earth’s atmosphere into a stable oxidizing state.
Disentangling the conduits of sediment delivery to the northern
Hikurangi Margin of New Zealand
Mr Anthony Shorrock1, Dr Lorna Strachan1, Dr Kathleen Marsaglia2, Dr Daniel Tentori3, Dr
Philip Barnes4, Dr Helen Bostock5, Dr Adam Woodhouse6
1University Of Auckland, 2California State University, 3Italian National Research Council,
4NIWA, 5University of Queensland, 6University of Bristol

A sediment provenance study on the sand fraction of gravity flow deposits obtained from
the northern Hikurangi Subduction Margin (HSM) has been undertaken with the aim of
establishing where sediment is routed from toward International Ocean Drilling Program
(IODP) Site U1520, and to attempt to distinguish sediment sourced from the North Island
versus the South Island of New Zealand. A ~500 m sediment core from Site U1520 is the
focus of this study; this is the longest sediment record ever obtained from the Hikurangi
Trough, preserving a continuous sequence of sedimentation deposited over the past ~1.85
ma. Site U1520 sits directly northwards of both the Hikurangi Channel and the mouth of the
shelf-incising Māhia Canyon, with regional stratigraphic studies suggesting this locality is
influenced by flows from both conduits. Improving our understanding of sediment
provenance at this location will provide insight into the dynamics of sedimentary gravity
flows along the HSM, particularly on the influence of southern versus northern canyons, and
how they have changed over long timescales.

Sediment provenance has been assessed through the analysis of the sediment composition
of smear slide samples acquired from both marine and terrestrial localities, accompanied by
extensive XRF scanning of the core material. The comparison of the composition of marine
samples acquired from individual beds in the sediment sequence to terrestrial samples
acquired from across the North Island and the South Island of New Zealand allows for the
assessment of the most likely provenance of each given sample. Initial results from these
studies suggest that Tolaga Bay on the east coast of New Zealand’s North Island shares a
strong similarity to samples acquired from both the slope and trough near Site U1520.
Distribution and prediction of grain coating chlorite in tide-
dominated sandstones of Tilje Formation in Halten Terrace area,
Norwegian Continental Shelf: Implications for Hydrocarbon
exploration
Ms Monika Shukla

Chlorite clay coatings are pivotal in preserving porosity within deeply buried sandstone
reservoirs by inhibiting quartz cementation. The Lower Jurassic Tilje Formation on Halten
Terrace was deposited in a tide-dominated environment and consists primarily of sandstone
with occasional interbedded siltstone and shale layers. The sediments exhibits
heterogeneous distribution of chlorite-coated sandstone throughout the stratigraphic units,
impacting reservoir quality and porosity preservation. Abnormalities in porosity within
deeper intervals have been observed across various fields in the Halten Terrace area of the
Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS). Despite years of research on chlorite coatings, the
spatial distribution and predictive factors governing chlorite coatings remain poorly
understood, leading to uncertainties in exploration efforts. The hypothesis suggests that
depositional environments, specifically facies associations, significantly influence the
presence of chlorite-coated zones. Establishing a correlation between these factors is
essential for obtaining a comprehensive understanding of the chlorite clay coat distribution.
However, the major scientific challenge lies in accurately predicting the presence and
distribution of chlorite coats. To overcome this challenge, the study aims to conduct a
comprehensive analysis of conventional cores and well logs from eight key wells in the
Halten Terrace area, supplemented by the collection of approximately 150 core samples,
proximal to the points where petrophysical data is available, for subsurface analysis of Tilje
Formation. Methodologies employed include detailed petrographic analysis at a high
frequency, complemented by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction
(XRD) analysis, facilitating comprehensive characterization of chlorite coats and its
distribution pattern. The anticipated outcome of this study is expected to improve our
understanding of the extent of chlorite-coated sandstone within Tijle formation. The study
also exploit areas exhibiting anomalous high reservoir quality and provide valuable insights
for optimizing hydrocarbon exploration strategies in the Halten Terrace area and other
similar geological settings.
Changes in belemnite morphology, ecology and distribution across
the Toarcian oceanic anoxic event (early Jurassic)

Mr Jan Silva1
1University Of Bristol

Significant study into the Toarcian Anoxic Event (T-OAE), a hyperthermal event during the
early Jurassic (183 Ma) which saw widespread ocean deoxygenation, shows that it was an
extinction event that also significantly influenced marine ecosystems, marineinvertebrates
and vertebrates, affecting body size, species distributions and food webs in response to the
palaeoenvironmental changes. Investigations into the response of belemnites, an important
biostratigraphicindicator, and component of Jurassic marine ecosystems is relatively limited
and studies into the palaeobiological shifts is equally rare.
Within this investigation, belemnite samples, collectedfrom the Toarcian Whitby Mudstone
Formation (NE Yorkshire coast), are examined in order to analyse the effects the T-OAE had
on belemnite populations, andchanges in species assemblages. Taxonomic turnover is
observed during the early H. falciferum, accompanying a fluctuation in the belemnite body
size of certain genera such as Acrocoelites after the T-OAE. Diversification of rostra
morphology is observed, contrasting the relatively homogeneous rostra sizes and shapes
seen before the T-OAE.
This highlights that harsh low oxygen conditions within the T-OAE influenced belemnite
populations in the Whitby Mudstone Formation, reflective of similar shifts in belemnite
ecology seen in sections in Spain and Argentina. This correlates with rostra geochemistry
which shows low oxygen conditions, fluctuating ocean temperatures and its wider effects
may enforce morphological selection.
Mega-mapping: new insights on strata-topography interactions in
the Lower Cretaceous of the North Sea post-rift basins revealed from
3D mega-merge surveys
Miss Carys Simpson1, Dr Adam McArthur1, Professor David Hodgson1, Professor Peter
Haughton2, Dr Miquel Poyatos-More3, Dr Aurelia Privat4
1University Of Leeds, 2University College Dublin, 3Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona,
4Univeristy of Aberdeen

Sediment gravity flow interactions with topography may determine sediment routeing, the
location of erosion and depositional processes, and control stratal architecture of deep-
water sedimentary systems, which can host important reservoirs. Greater understanding of
the evolving interactions of deep-water systems with syn- to post-rift structural
configurations are needed to improve prediction of heterogeneity in reservoirs deposited
adjacent to active inherited tectonic structures.
To examine post-rift deep-water sedimentary systems, 3D megamerge seismic reflection
data covering approximately 140,000 km2 is being used to map the Lower Cretaceous
interval of the North Sea. Surveys from the Moray Firth, Viking Graben, Danish Graben,
Southern and Central North Sea have been interpreted, together with well data, using the
Base Cretaceous Unconformity Complex and Base Chalk reflections to constrain the study
interval. Structure and isopach mapping of the Lower Cretaceous indicates that some major
structures were still active in the lower Cretaceous, whilst sedimentation was occurring.
Furthermore, the inherited rift topography was only healed later into the Cretaceous, where
earlier structures continued to have some influence on deposition. In addition, outcrops of
the Upper Cretaceous Vallcarga Formation in the Spanish Pyrenees, which record the
transition between the post-rift stage and the onset of convergence, provide a
complementary analogue the subsurface dataset. Mapping sedimentary facies and tectonic
structures are facilitating interpretations at a sub-seismic scale. Finally, the data acquired in
these studies are being compared in a relational database, known as the Deep Marine
Architectural Knowledge Store, to compare the architectures and attributes of syn-rift
systems with the newly studied post-rift systems.
Backstripping of flow pathways derived from seismic interpretations, allied with facies
information from outcrop analogues, is facilitating reconstruction of these depositional
slopes and topography. This allows visualisation and modelling of the subsurface
heterogeneities to aid reservoir predictions for efforts such as carbon capture and
underground storage.
Role of channel sedimentation and floodplain topography in flood
risk assessment of Himalayan rivers
Mr. Shobhit Singh1
1Indian Institute of Technology

Floods in river systems are complex phenomena influenced by a variety of factors, among
which channel sedimentation and floodplain topography play pivotal roles. Ghaghra is a
major mountain-fed tributary of the Ganga River, and the combined effects of large
sediment flux and human interventions have caused large-scale siltation, making it highly
dynamic and susceptible to flood risk. To unravel the intricate relationships between
sediment dynamics and flood risk, we aim to (a) develop sediment budgeting of the Ghaghra
River system, (b) understand the discharge-sediment relationship and (c) carry out stage
(water level)-based frequency analysis. Our study has provided important insights into
temporal and spatial variations in water flow and sediment transport, highlighting their
impacts on river morphology and floodplain formation. We document that discharge and
water levels showed opposite trends nearly 401 times at one of the downstream stations
(Turtipar) during the last 57 years, highlighting the role of channel morphodynamics on river
hydrology. This also indicates that the stage is more sensitive to river bed level changes and,
therefore, can serve as a better proxy for flood frequency analysis. Between the most
upstream (Elgin bridge) and downstream (Turtipar) stations, the Ghaghra gains 60 MT/yr of
sediment, which is deposited within the channel belt, thereby raising the channel bed. In
such situations, discharge-frequency relationships tend to be erroneous. On the other hand,
the stage-based flood frequency analysis elucidates the recurring patterns and probabilities
of flood events in relation to sediment deposition and erosion within the river channel. At
Turtipar, our frequency analysis shows that 100-year stage value crosses the danger level by
around 1 meter. This data is being used to develop flood inundation models based on high-
resolution DEM of the adjacent floodplains generated from UAV surveys.
Mechanism of quality difference in ultra-deep and ultra-high
pressure fractured low-porous sandstone reservoirs: Taking Keshen 2
gas reservoir of Tarim basin as an example
Wendan Song, Professor HuaiMin Xu1, Zhaohui Xu
1China University of Petroleum, Beijing

Deep and ultra-deep hydrocarbon resources have become the key field of global
hydrocarbon exploration and development. Clarifying the mechanism of deep and ultra-
deep reservoir quality difference is significant to hydrocarbon exploration and development.
The Cretaceous Bashjiqike Formation of Keshen 2 gas reservoir is the main gas-producing
layer. It is a typical ultra-deep and ultra-high pressure fractured low porosity sandstone
reservoir, with a burial depth of 6000m-7500m, the matrix reservoir has low porosity and
permeability, and developed fractures. Based on petrographic thin section, scanning
electron microscope(SEM), confocal laser scanning micros(CLSM), X-ray diffraction, mercury
injection, and imaging logging, this study reveals the mechanism of effective reservoir
quality difference in the Bashijiqike Formation of Keshen 2 gas reservoir from three aspects
of sedimentation, diagenesis, and structure by using core observation, slice identification,
physical property analysis, and fracture interpretation. The underwater distributary channel
and estuary sandbar are good reservoirs, which have strong hydrodynamic force, well-
sorting, and good physical properties. The development of primary intergranular pores in
the reservoir is due to the overpressure system formed by the gypsum-salt layer overlying
the Bashijiqik Formation, which weakens the compaction of the reservoir. Besides, the long-
term shallow burial of the reservoir in the early stage and rapid deep burial in the later stage
slow down the compaction. In addition, the secondary pores are relatively developed,
because overpressure strengthens the dissolution of deep acidic water to feldspar and
carbonate minerals, thus promoting the formation and development of secondary pores
and improving the physical properties of the reservoir. Fractures develop near faults and in
areas with high curvature, which greatly improves the seepage capacity of the reservoir.
Comprehensive analysis shows that the original sedimentary environment with strong
hydrodynamic force, overpressure system, burial mode, dissolution, and fracture
development are the main factors affecting the difference in reservoir quality.
STRONTIUM, CARBON AND OXYGEN ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE FOR THE
ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF PRE-SALT CARBONATES FROM THE
SANTOS BASIN, BRAZIL
MSc. Márcio Souza1,2, MSc. Argos Schrank1,2, MSc. Mariane Trombetta1,2, MSc. Sabrina
Altenhofen1,2, [Link]. Thisiane dos Santos1, MSc. Thiago Haubert1,2, [Link]. William Freitas1,2, Dr.
Amanda Rodrigues2, Prof. Luiz De Ros2, Dr. Rosalia Barili1, Dr. Felipe Vecchia1, Dr. Anderson
Maraschin1
1Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul, 2Universidade federal do Rio Grande

do Sul
The genesis of Pre-Salt rocks, which hold giant petroleum accumulations in the Brazilian
marginal basins, involves a complex set of depositional and diagenetic processes, resulting
in intricate mineral relationships. This study utilizes 87Sr/86Sr, δ13C, and δ18O isotopic
data, along with detailed petrography, to understand their processes of formation and
modification. Fifty-six samples from nine wells in three different fields at Santos Basin were
examined. Strontium data were obtained through LA-MC-ICP-MS to determine 87Sr/86Sr
ratios for various calcite phases (spherulitic, fascicular, rims and lamellar) and dolomite
(blocky, lamellar, microcrystalline, pseudomorphic, and saddle). δ13C and δ18O analyses
were conducted through differential acid extraction to obtain values relative to calcite and
dolomite. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios of calcite range from 0.71402 to. 0.71194, with an average of
0.71352, while dolomite exhibits a range from 0.71439 to 0.71143, with an average of
0.71339. These strongly radiogenic values, consistent with other data for the Pre-Salt, imply
in an important input of fluids from the plutonic basement to the lacustrine system. Calcite
δ13C values range from 0.94 to 4.48‰VPDB, while δ18O ranges from 0.66 to 4.19‰VPDB.
Dolomite δ13C varies between -1.15 and 4.65‰VPDB, while δ18O ranges from -3.03 to
3.22‰VPDB. The δ13C values suggest a predominantly inorganic carbon source, while δ18O
is consistent with a highly evaporative environment. The lower dolomite δ18O values are
related to higher precipitation temperatures, during diagenesis. Despite the limited
variation in the 87Sr/86Sr range, a negative trend with δ13C and δ18O potentially indicates
an increasing degree of diagenetic modification. Continued studies will further constrain the
environmental conditions for precipitation of the diverse carbonate phases and the genetic
conditions of this extraordinary system.
Evaluating the drivers of black shale formation: a shallow marine
PETM section, northern Caucasus
Mr Matthew Staitis1, Dr Mark R. Chapman1, Dr Nikolai Pedentchouk1, Dr Alina D. Marca1,
Prof Paul F. Dennis1, Prof Alexander J. Dickson2
1University Of East Anglia, 2Royal Holloway University of London

The formation of black shales involves a unique set of enigmatic paleoenvironmental

conditions which remain the focus of research in both academia and industry. Previous
investigations at Kheu River, northern Caucasus have since dated an extensive organic rich
~80-kyr (?sapropelite) horizon, correlated over vast areas in the Peri-Tethyan region to the
onset of the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) ~56 million years ago. Although
changes in relative sea level and/or the hydrological cycle have been both suggested as
potential drivers of regional anoxia within the Peri-Tethys, the temporal relationship
between these changing paleoenvironmental conditions and the onset of the black shale
deposition remain poorly quantified. Therefore, we address this research gap by presenting
a 1.3 million-year-long record of new and established geochemical, micropalaeontological,
and sedimentological datasets from Kheu River, calibrated to an orbitally tuned age model.
Similar shallowing and deepening trends inferred from the variations in elemental ratios up
sequence suggest changes in relative sea level had a first order control on the establishment
of anoxia during the onset of the PETM. Furthermore, high resolution records within the
black shale horizon point to two distinct modes for organic matter deposition. The
assessment of the key mechanisms driving the deposition of the PETM black shale at Kheu
are paramount to improving our understanding of how regional marine tipping points
interact and respond under a warming climate.
Differentiation between different types of landslide reservoirs
(MTD’s): Case Study
Mr. Stefan Stankovich1, Mr. Borislav Lavrnja1, Mrs. Elena Kharyba1, Mrs. Elena Zhukovskaya1,
Mr. Artem Polivakho1, Mr. Leonid Stulov1, Mr. Nemanja Nemanjic1
1Stc Nis Naftagas Llc

Research area is located in the central part of the basin lowland. The area has been fairly
well studied by 2D and 3D seismic surveys, exploration and production drilling. As a basis for
development, an integrated facies model of the Neocomian clinoform complex (strata AC10-
AC12) is used.
Until the recent years, lithologically limited reservoirs of deepwater landslide deposits
(MTD) were not considered as promising objects.
As a result of a comprehensive study of core, logging and seismic, two types of landslide
bodies were diagnosed and described.
The first type is the displacement of blocks along the slope with the preservation of the
internal structure, inside the landslide blocks (structural landslides) with a ridge-hollow
surface relief; the second is the displacement of landslide masses with plastic deformation
and partial disintegration of the displaced deposits through the formation of a slump flow.
Only MTD’s of structural type have reservoir potential.
They are characterized by an alternation of thin (tens of centimeters) intervals with
landslide textures, within areas of a typical structure of channel or fan complexes, in which
porosity is completely preserved and permeability does not change. Process of slumping
highly impaired internal structure and reservoir properties of plastic MTD’s, thus
transforming it to non-reservoirs.
Size of blocks with preserved sedimentary structure and reservoir properties is much
smaller than the fan bodies.
Dimensions of the internal structural blocks of landslides were determined by using the data
of the study of modern surface landslides, for which the ratio of the length of the blocks
that make up the ridge-hollow relief to the length of the landslide itself is 1:6 to 1:12, and
the width is 1:10 to 1:20. In addition, the height of the vertical displacement can be used as
a guideline for the estimated thickness of landslide bodies..
Prediction of facies controlled high-quality reservoirs in the second
member of Xujiahe Formation in Laoguanmiao area, Northwest
Sichuan, China
Yiqing Su1, Mengying Li1, Yuxi Liu2
1Petrochina Hangzhou Research Institute Of Geology, 2Research Institute of Petroleum

Exploration and Development

A typical tight sandstone gas reservoir is developed in the second member of Xujiahe
Formation in Laoguanmiao area, Northwest Sichuan. The reservoir heterogeneity is strong.
The wave impedance value of relatively high-quality reservoir is similar to that of mudstone.
It is difficult to identify the distribution of high-quality reservoir by using traditional wave
impedance inversion and attribute analysis technology. In view of the above problems, by
analyzing the seismic response characteristics of high-quality reservoirs combined with well
and earthquake, the concept of clastic rock fault solution is put forward, the seismic
identification model of clastic rock fault solution in Laoguanmiao area is established, and the
method of jointly predicting the distribution of high-quality reservoirs in this area by seismic
sedimentology analysis and structural tensor technology is further proposed, It mainly
includes three steps: First, using seismic sedimentology analysis technology to predict the
development area of tight sandstone reservoir in Xu2 member; Second, the structural
tensor technique is used to predict the development zone of clastic rock fault solution
corresponding to the second member of Xu formation; Third, combined with the results of
seismic sedimentology analysis and structural tensor identification, the relatively high-
quality reservoir development area is predicted through the calibration of core and logging
data. The research results show that the delta front deposits distributed in the north-south
direction are developed in the second member of Xu formation in Laoguanmiao, and the
relatively high-quality reservoir development area is controlled by the reverse fault. It is
predicted that the favorable area of the sixth sand formation of the second member of Xu
formation is 21.5 km2, which is mainly distributed in the area close to the fault. The
research results enrich the prediction technology of high-quality tight sandstone reservoir,
and have important reference significance for guiding tight sandstone natural gas
exploration.
Carbonate platforms sequence stratigraphy at Monte Alto di Pelsa
(Italy)
Mr Paolo Sudiro1
1Baker Hughes

Thick carbonate platform sequences are a characteristic feature of the Dolomites region (NE
Italy), with several generations of carbonate buildups growing on top of each other during
the time interval from Middle to Late Triassic. In many localities, almost completely
preserved buildups, lifted but little deformed by Alpine tectonics, are widely exposed
because of the differential erosion of the surrounding and overlying basinal sediments,
allowing the direct observation of their original structures, from the microscopic to the
seismic scales.
However, identification of different carbonate platform generations, and the reconstruction
of their evolutionary stages, is difficult due to the limited biostratigraphic resolution of fossil
assemblages in carbonate platform environment, widespread pervasive dolomitization
across subsequent superimposed carbonate buildups and burial of older buildups under
younger ones. At Monte Alto di Pelsa, a minor summit of the Monte Civetta massif, a Middle
Triassic sequence of overlapping carbonate platforms is preserved. By means of drowning
and subaerial exposure events detected within the sequence, four carbonate platforms
growth phases can be identified: an initial progradational platform was followed by a
backstepping platform that was terminated by drowning. As the carbonate factory
recovered after the drowning event, a new progradational platform developed and it was
terminated by subaerial exposure. The sequence is finally closed by the growth of an
aggradational platform. Due to the resolution of available biostratigraphic data, a direct age
determination of each individual carbonate platform could not be achieved. However, by
means of a sequence stratigraphic approach, this sequence could be compared with the
currently available Middle Triassic stratigraphic schemes, allowing the identification of the
individual carbonate platform formations in a sedimentary evolution dominated by eustatic
control.
Integration of Borehole Images and Core to Identify Key stratigraphic
surfaces in Upper Paleozoic Successions, Murzuq Basin, Libya
Mr. Gamal Sultan1, Mr Ehab Dougman2, Mr Omar Elgushti2
1Slb, 2Zallaf Libya Oil and Gas

Murzuq Basin is considered to be a sag basin in the South-Western. Sedimentary fill of the
basin ranges from Precambrian to Triassic and is predominantly by clastics rocks. Recently,
several wells are drilled in the northwestern part of the basin in an area called Atshan
Saddle. Extensive coring program was executed covering most of the Devonian. Also,
covering the same interval, high resolution borehole images were acquired delivering
excellent quality images. The borehole images cover formations: Tahara, Awainat Wanin
and Mrar formations. These formations have mostly been deposited in marginal settings in
which wave, tide and storm produced sedimentary structures are clearly visible on core and
borehole images.

A detailed sedimentological analysis of borehole images and core revealed tide-influenced

heterolithic facies, storm-reworked facies and extended sections of ripple-marked
heterolithics. Channel unit was interpreted in Tahara formation extending NNW-SSE. The
internal structures of the channel body revealed the reservoir quality variation within the
channel unit. Integration of conventional logs with borehole images led to the identification
of key sequence stratigraphic surfaces such as the maximum flooding surface in the upper
Mrar. A paleosol is recognized at the base of Tahara formation in all the drilled wells that
can also be used as a stratigraphic marker. Borehole images have also revealed a well-
documented key stratigraphic horizon where stromatolites are recorded. Stromatolites
were clearly visible on borehole images.
This paper aim to show the value of integrating core with borehole images for a more
comprehensive sedimentological analysis of subsuraface formations, particularly those that
lack a representative surface exposure.
Structural Characteristics And Its Origin Of The Lacustrine Carbonate
Rocks In The Cretaceous Bve Formation In Santos Basin, Brazil
Dr. Haitao Sun1, Prof. Dakang Zhong, Dr. Wang Yong, Dr. Xiaojie Huang
1China University Of Petroleum-Beijing

The pre-salt Cretaceous Barra Velha Formation in Santos Basin, Brazil, develops dendritic
and globular lacustrine carbonate rocks, and the understanding of its sedimentary genesis is
still quite different. Based on the core and thin section data of the 30 wells, combined with
the geochemical characteristics, this paper studies the structural characteristics of dendritic
and globular minerals in Barra Velha Formation in detail, and further discusses the
sedimentary genesis of these two types of rocks. The research shows that the dendritic and
globular minerals have wavy extinction characteristics, which are formed by the aggregation
of a large number of fibrous and prismatic calcite microcrystals, arranged in a fan-shaped
and radial manner. From bottom to top, the lithologic sequence of micrite limestone,
globular texture limestone and dendritic texture limestone appears in sequence vertically.
The test results of trace elements, carbon and oxygen isotopes and cluster isotopes show
that the fluid of spheroidal limestone and dendritic limestone has the characteristics of high
temperature and high salinity, which are the evidence of the genesis of hydrothermal
sedimentation. Therefore, this paper believes that the Barra Velha Formation develops
hydrothermal sedimentary carbonate rocks, which provides a new direction for studying the
reservoir space and distribution law of this carbonate reservoir.
Carbonate reservoir Multicomponent Seismic Imaging
Mr Sunjay Sunjay1
1Seismic Imaging Centre Geophysics Bhu Varanasi India

Carbonate reservoirs are characterized by extremely heterogeneous porosity and

permeability. These heterogeneities are caused by the wide spectrum of environments in
which carbonates are deposited and by subsequent diagenetic alteration of the original rock
fabric. Pore systems range from thick, vuggy reservoirs in the coarse grained skeletal-rich
facies of the reef margin or platform margin to highly stratified, often discontinuous
reservoirs in the reef interior, platform interior and nearshore facies. Seismic Imaging for
the small-scale feature in complex subsurface geology such as Carbonate is not easy to
capture because of seismic propagated wave affected by heterogeneous properties of
objects in the subsurface. The principal goal of anisotropic seismic diffraction & reflection
imaging is to get a subsurface image of structural features with the greatest sharpness or
resolution. Diffraction imaging improved imaging of faults karst fracture voids karst and
identification of heterogeneous regions below the resolution of reflections in a reservoir.
Multicomponent seismic data (3C on land/4C on seabed) ,3C/2D, 4C/2D, 4C/3D, 4C/4D,
3D/3C-5D,4D/3C-6D,3D/9C-7D, 4D/9C/8D have unique information content that has
proven to be useful in structural interpretation. The main purpose of multicomponent
seismic, is to record and utilize both compressional P and shear S wave modes, information
related to rock properties (compressibility, rigidity and density).Processing multicomponent
PP and PS seismic data is more challenging compared to conventional PP seismic data due to
the asymmetric ray paths caused by velocity variation between P and S waves. P-P and P-S
amplitude maps and vertical sections from the analyzed spectral decomposition methods
Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) in delineating the channel, thin bed imaging
stratigraphic traps pich outs. The frequency-derived Vp/Vs ratio fails to distinguish the
lithology variation within the channel (thalweg ) as does the Vp/Vs ratio extracted from the
conventional P-P and P-S data.
Shale Gas Diffusion of the Silurian Longmaxi Formation in the
Sichuan Basin, China: Evidences from Nano-scale to Basin-scale
Associate Professor Xianglu Tang1, Professor Zhenxue Jiang1, Associate Professor Dadong
Liu1
1China University Of Petroleum

Shale gas diffusion of the Silurian Longmaxi Formation shale gas reservoir in the Sichuan
Basin was studied based on the FIB-SEM, Nano-CT, core observation of in-situ gas
desorption, δ13C values of methane, fluid inclusion, and basin analysis. The FIB-SEM images
show that the pores in the shale are mainly range from 2 nm to 400 nm, which is no
favorable for gas diffusion. But the 3D pore network showed by Nano-CT indicates that the
pore connectivity at horizontal direction is prominent better than that at vertical direction.
The core observation of in-situ gas desorption indicates that the gas dominant bubble out
along the bedding and almost no gas bubbles leak out along the vertical direction. In
addition, the permeability at horizontal direction is more than 10 times higher than that at
vertical direction. Therefore, from nano-scale to centimeter-scale, the gas diffusion along
the bedding at horizontal direction is more favorable than that at vertical direction.
Compared to the shale gas in the basin center, the shale gas in the basin margin have a
reversed carbon isotope trend and the shale has 3-4 periods of fluid inclusion indicating that
the multiphase gas filled in the basin margin. Therefore, although the shale generally has
poor porosity and permeability, a long distance dissipation of shale gas from the basin
center to basin margin still could occur. Due to the shale gas would release more quickly in
the basin margin where the shale still has high organic matter content and high maturity,
the gas-rich shale reservoirs are preferred located in the area far away from basin margin.
Diagenetic response and impact on reservoir properties of clastic
buried hill buried-uplifted-reburied
—A case study from upper Shihezi formation in Permian of Gubei
buried hill of Jiyang Depression
Docter Jiayi Teng1, Pro. Longwei Qiu1, Pro. Yongqiang Yang1, Doc. Yelei Wang1
1China University of Petroleum

This paper aims to gain new insights into clastic buried hill reservoirs. For this purpose, the
Permian sandstone reservoirs in Upper Shihezi Formation, Gubei buried hill was taken as the
object. Referring to the diagenesis in the process of burial-lifting-reburning of the reservoirs,
with the aid of techniques like core observation, SEM, cathode luminescence, carbon-
oxygen isotope analysis and fluid inclusion. The results show that: The diagenetic evolution
of the reservoir has gone through three stages . Stage I: Late Triassic and Early-Middle
Jurassic, and the main diagenetic environment was shallow burial and uplift exposure
denudation. The main diagenetic responses are feldspar dissolution, kaolinite cementation,
stage ① quartz cementation and limonite invasion. Stage II: Jurassic and Cretaceous, the
strong tectonic activity accompanied by active volcanic activity, and the hydrothermal
activity associated with volcanic activity greatly affected the reservoir. The diagenetic
response is the development of stage ① carbonate cementation, stage ② quartz
cementation, pyrite, sericite, chlorite and long columnar apatite. Stage Ⅲ: Cenozoic,the
burial depth of Gubei buried hill increased, the maturity of organic matter increased, and
the diagenetic environment was dominated by organic acid. The diagenetic response was
mainly from carbonate cementation and quartz dissolution in stage ② to carbonate
dissolution and feldspar dissolution in late stage. The results of quantitative restoration of
pore evolution show that the compaction and cementation in stage Ⅰ and Ⅱ have a great
influence on the porosity, which decreases from 40% to 19%, and the diagenesis in early
alkaline environment in stage Ⅲ has a destructive effect on the porosity of the reservoir,
which decreases from 19% to 6.7%; After that, the porosity of the reservoir increased from
6. 7% to 9. 1% due to the dissolution reconstruction in acidic environment.
Multiproxy provenance study of Surma sandstone, Manipur,
Northeast India: tectonic implications
Miss Akham Thajamanbi Devi1, Dr. Bidyananda Maibam1, Dr. Kumar Pankaj2, Dr. Singh Atul
Kumar2, Dr. Suresh Chandra Patel3, Dr. Sergio Andò4
1Manipur University, 2Inter-University Accelerator Centre, 3Indian Institute of Technology -

Bombay, 4University of Milano-Bicocca

The Manipur hills of the Indo-Myanmar Range (IMR) have a distinct entity for collision
between the Indian and the Myanmar Plates following a history of eastward subduction.
Petrographic and multiproxy provenance study of sandstone from the Surma Group of
Manipur foreland basin has been carried out. We integrate the compositional data of
detrital garnet and chromite, Raman spectroscopy of garnets, and U‒Pb ages of detrital
zircons to decipher the provenance. The studied sample is texturally and mineralogically
immature with probable sources as sedimentary and metamorphic rocks as evidenced by
the presence of detrital chert, quartz, muscovite, tourmaline, and garnet. The Raman
analyses of garnets indicates pyralspite solid solution. Electron microprobe analysis shows a
wide compositional variation (Py16-2Al70-37Sp55-2Gr28-2), spanning from medium to high
grade metamorphic rocks (biotite schists) to granitoid rocks (pegmatites and granites).
Detrital chromite is a brown-black Al-chromite and some chromites are red-black and similar
in compositions to the reported Manipur ophiolite spinels, while others show deviations
arising probably due to secondary alteration. Zircon U‒Pb ages show a wide spectrum
ranging from 2900 to 40 Ma with distinct age peaks. The present study shows that the
sediments of Surma Group were sourced from multiple rock types with age varying from
Mesoarchaean to early Cenozoic. Implications of these findings on the tectonic evolution of
the IMR are discussed.
Factors of reservoir quality control in the upper member of Huagang
Formation in the north-central inversion zone of Xihu Depression
Dr Anqi Tian1,2, Dr Chenglin Liu1,2, Dr Daowu Huang3, Master Ziye Tian1,2, Master Chuangxin
Liu3
1State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resource and Prospecting, China University of

Petroleum, 2School of GeoSciences, China University of Petroleum, 3CNOOC China

Limited，Shanghai Branch
Huagang Formation reservoir in Xihu Depression is the key reservoir for oil and gas
exploration and development in the East China Sea Basin, but due to its characteristics of
low porosity, low permeability, and strong heterogeneity, the formation mechanism is not
clear. The results show that: (1) Compaction is the main cause of shrinkage in the study
area, and carbonate cementation formed by organic acid decarboxylation and illitalization
leads to reservoir densification. (2) Diagenetic fluid is the key to determining the dissolution
and porosity in the later stage. In the open diagenetic fluid environment, both the charging
of acidic dissolution fluid and the discharge of a large number of dissolution products can be
ensured to ensure the smooth progress of the porosity. (3) Microfractures are important
factors to improve reservoir quality. Intergranular fractures or marginal fractures are
formed under the action of structural stress to directly communicate acid fluids, which can
not only enhance seepage but also serve as an important reservoir space. (4) The diagenetic
stage of H3 and above reservoirs belongs to the meso-diagenetic stage A, with coarse grain
size and strong dissolution effect, and belongs to the medium and low porosity - medium
and low permeability reservoirs, which are not dense at present. At present, the H4-H5
reservoir is in the middle diagenetic stage B, with strong compaction, fine particle size, and
less than 5% of solution pores. It belongs to the ultra-low porosity and ultra-low
permeability reservoir. The reservoir is densified as a whole, but its structural fractures and
diagenetic fractures develop, which greatly improves the tight reservoir formed by
sedimentation and diagenesis.
Comprehensive Characterization and Evaluation of Tight Sandstone
Reservoirs in the Jurassic Sangonghe Formation, Tuha Basin: A
Petrophysical and Deep Learning Approach
Ph.D candidate Yinhong Tian1,2, Professor Guiwen Wang1,2, Associate professor Jin Lai1,2,
Doctor Hongbin Li1,2
1National Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Engineering, China University of

Petroleum (Beijing), 2College of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum (Beijing)

Tight sandstone gas, an indispensable unconventional hydrocarbon reservoir, necessitates a
meticulous assessment of rock types and petrophysical properties for accurate prediction of
reservoir behavior. This study integrates well-established methodologies such as well
logging, core analysis, NMR experiments, high-pressure mercury, and sedimentary petrology
to systematically characterize and evaluate tight sandstone reservoirs within the
stratigraphic confines of the Jurassic Sangonghe Formation in the Tuha Basin. The
investigated reservoirs manifest substantial compaction and densification, leading to a
highly intricate and variable pore system. This inherent variability presents challenges in
precisely characterizing lithologies with comparable petrophysical properties. In response,
the Gaussian mixture model clustering algorithm is applied to discern four distinct reservoir
rock types by integrating petrophysical values derived from core data across multiple coring
wells and their corresponding logging data. Classification outcomes are synergistically
amalgamated with conventional techniques to assess the quality and geological
characteristics of the studied formation, considering parameters including flow and storage
capacity, reservoir quality index, flow zone indicator, and average pore and throat radius.
Thin sections, NMR experiments and high-pressure mercury are utilized to characterize pore
and throat channels within these rock types. These datasets serve as robust supporting
evidence, enriching the reservoir quality assessment with heightened precision and
comprehensiveness. This study endeavors to advance predictive modeling by implementing
a deep learning algorithm trained on logging data to estimate porosity and rock type. A
novel model, integrating axial attention mechanisms with Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN), is proposed. This model captures long-range information and fusion features from
disparate logging curves, establishing high-dimensional mapping relationships between
logging curves and reservoir rock types and porosity, thereby achieving superior prediction
performance compared to CNN and XGBoost models, particularly in the test set. This
comprehensive study underscores the potential of deep learning approaches for reservoir
characterization and enhances the understanding of complex reservoir properties.
The distribution and evolution of the unidirectionally migrating deep-
water channels and its response to the expansion of the South China
Sea
Dr Hongxun Tian1, Professor Guozhang Fan, Dr Jianan Wu
1Petrochina Hangzhou Research Institute Of Geology

Mixed depositional systems characterized by down-slope sedimentary gravity flows and

perpendicular flowing bottom currents have been observed and well-studied in several
continental margin-settings around the world, including the South China Sea. Most of the
works focused on the sedimentary characteristics, the interaction of gravity flows and
bottom currents at different temporal scales, and the unique dynamic mechanism and so
on. The unidirectionally migrating deep- water channels are widely developed in the South
China Sea, but the distribution and evolution of the channels which revealing the close
relationship between the intensity of bottom currents and the expansion of the South China
Sea are rare studied.
Our study shows that the development of the unidirectionally migrating deep-water
channels in the South China Sea does not start from 10.5Ma as previously thought, but from
15.5Ma, and it is also the time of the stop of the expansion of the South China Sea and the
start of the Luzon Strait opened. At least six periods of channels reworked by bottom
currents are identified which distinguished by parallel to sub-parallel, strong continuity, high
amplitude seismic reflections in the basin margin and deep-water areas. The bottom
currents reworked channels were most developed during the period from 8.2Ma to 5.5Ma,
at least eight sub-period channels can be identified during this period which characterized
by asymmetry levees. After 6.5ma, the intension of the bottom currents in the South China
Sea significantly weakened accompanying the uplifting of the Luzon Strait caused by the arc-
land collision in Taiwan, and then the unidirectionally migrating deep-water channels
stopped developing.
The Luzon Strait serves as the threshold to control the intensity of bottom currents’ activity
in the South China Sea, and then affect the distribution and evolution of the unidirectionally
migrating deep-water channels .
Banana holes and pit caves of Andros, North Bahamas: Does one
model fit all?
Ms King King Ting1, Dr Hilary J. Corlett1, Dr Fiona F. Whitaker2, Tommaso Barbieri2
1Memorial University Of Newfoundland, 2University of Bristol

Island karst is product of various processes that affect carbonates in small island settings.
These karst features form by very different mechanisms, providing an understanding of
geomorphological processes and clues to sea level fluctuation history. Pit caves and banana
holes with examples from one of the largest islands of the northern Bahamas, Andros are
discussed in this review. Pit caves and banana holes are characterized by their near vertical
or stair-step profiles. The key difference between banana holes and pit caves is the width-
to-depth ratio of banana holes is greater than one, while pit caves consistently have width-
to-depth ratios of less than one. Banana holes also have partially to fully intact roofs, small
openings leading to large chambers and overhanging roofs, the geometry that leads to few
competing genetic models; vadose dissolution, phreatic, mixing of vadose and phreatic at
the water table, and episodic dissolution within perched aquifers. The pit caves has a more
definitive origin as a product of meteoric dissolution, occurring in the highest density at
elevations above +7 m RSL. Besides geomorphology and spatial assessment, this study
examines rock samples from various pit caves and banana holes to understand the
diagenesis processes involved. Field and petrography observations have revealed four
different units, each with different cement types and geochemistry. The morphology and
differential dissolution of the beds have been examined in several of the caves using
photogrammetry to create three dimensional models. Some of the mapped pit caves
demonstrate that using dimension cutoff to define the type of cave might lead to
misidentification. The preliminary result from this ‘back to basic’ approach shows valuable
insight from the rock record and indicates that one model fit all is unlikely applicable to
explain the genetics of the caves.
Sedimentology and diagenesis of Ordovician sandstones (Brittany
coast, France) ; an analogue for CCS (Carbon Capture and Storage) in
tight sandstones
Dr Renaud Toullec1, Olivier Bain4, Laurent Fontanelli1, Dr Didier Loggia3, Dr HDR Olivier
Parize1, Dr HDR Sébastien Rohais2
1Unilasalle, B2R, U2R 7511, 2IFP Energies nouvelles, 3University of Montpellier, Géosciences

Montpellier, 4Unilasalle
CCS ("Carbon Capture & Storage") for tight reservoirs involves many challenges that require
a good understanding of matrix heterogeneities linked to sedimentology and diagenesis, as
well as fracture heterogeneities. This preliminary project is focusing on the Ordovician
Erquy-Fréhel red sandstone series as an outcrop case study to provide guidelines and
recommendations for optimizing CCS approaches. This series outcrops exceptionally well
along the Emerald coast in Brittany over more than 15 km, along cliffs up to a hundred
meters high. This series is related to the erosion of the Cadomian chain in a rift (or even
post-rift) context. This study aims to establish a comprehensive understanding of the Erquy-
Fréhel red sandstone series, focusing on its stratigraphic architecture, lithology, diagenetic
evolution according to the basin dynamic, and fracturing to serve as a reservoir analogue for
strategic CO2 storage applications in similar siliciclastic reservoirs (e.g., Ilizi Basin, western
Algeria).
To date, this series is divided into several members, and sedimentological analyses indicate
mainly coastal marine environment. Two more recent studies, carried out at the UniLaSalle
Institute, have completed, and refined the sedimentary and stratigraphic architecture
models highlighting an overall evolution of the deposits from proximal, even probably
emerged deposits in a humid tropical climate to more distal marine deposits having
estuarine affinities.
Sandstones are also altered and fractured. Fractures are linked to large-scale brittle or
regional tectonics, but can also be related more locally to injections of doleritic dykes
emplaced later during carboniferous variscan orogeny accompanied by W-E oriented axis
folds.
Eventually, sandstones have experienced pressure-solution diagenesis visible through large
quartz overgrowth development. Moreover, Fe-bearing minerals are ubiquitous and are of
prime importance, considering the increased reactivity of this type of iron-rich sandstones
when injected with supercritical CO2 conducing to newly crystallized carbonates.
A Source to sink approach for microplastic distribution and
characterisation in the River Don’s sediments and surface water
Mrs Judith Helen Travers1
1University Of Aberdeen

Anthropogenic plastic production and subsequent mismanaged plastic waste is a major

global scale environmental concern of the 21st century. Freshwater environments are
believed to be the dominant vector of microplastic (MP) transport from terrestrial soils to
the marine environment, accounting for 80% of ocean plastic suggesting an overlooked and
significant component of the global MP life cycle. To date there has been 3.8% of MP studies
covering terrestrial soils. This study, the first to sample soils and waters spanning the length
of the River Don sets out to evaluate the abundance, distribution and composition of MP
pollution in 10 locations spanning from the source of the Don River in the highlands of
Scotland to the Estuary at the mouth of the River Don in Aberdeen.

Standard MP processing techniques were used for both the soils and water samples. MP
concentration in the River Don low water riverbed samples were greater than surface water
samples due to the substantial accumulation of MPs in sediment and the limited
degradation within this environment. Many of the MP fragments found (circa 80%) were
fibers. The soil samples at the estuary had the largest discrepancy between MP fibers and
MP fragments with fibrous MP fragments dominating the samples.

SEM analysis revealed that within the same MP fragments there were differences in the
elemental signatures indicating degradation, weathering and inhabitation of organic
material on the frayed fibrous ends of the MP fibers. Using a source to sink approach for soil
and water to generate a baseline for determining MP abundance, size and type that will
potentially be expelled into the ocean. Using the data may help determine point sources of
MP pollution and subsequent remediation.
New contributions for the Late Paleozoic Ice Age in southwestern
Gondwana: a multi-proxy approach
Ms Franciele Trentin1, Dr. Joice Cagliari1, Dr. Tracy Frank2, Dr. Michael Hren2, Dr. Christopher
Fielding2, Dr. Karlos Kochhann1, Dr. Paulo Paim1, Dr. Zhao Wang2, Dr. Jonathan Smolen2, Dr.
Júlia Tedesco3, Dr. Carolina Danielski Aquino4
1Unisinos University, 2University of Connecticut, 3Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do

Sul, 4Universidade Federal do Paraná

The Late Paleozoic Ice Age (LPIA) records the most intense and largest ice sheet expansion
event of the Phanerozoic Eon. During this interval, glacial and interglacial stages were
marked by several diachronous ice centers over the Gondwana supercontinent. A good
example of this interval to explore occurs in the Paraná Basin (Brazil), which registers in the
sedimentary succession the advance and retreat of glacial phases. This research aims to
contribute to the understanding of the climate and environmental variability conditions of
the LPIA interval in the southern part of the Paraná Basin. The methods include a multi-
proxy approach, integrating sedimentological, and geochemistry (inorganic and organic)
data of a drill core. The geochemistry includes elemental ratios, chemical index of alteration
(CIA), total organic carbon (TOC), and biomarkers. This dataset shows a significant change in
the middle part of the interval. The lower part provides sedimentological evidence of
iceberg activity (e.g. dump and dropstone structures) in a turbidite succession, recording a
deepening-upward trend (from dominantly sandstone and siltstone to rhythmite). This
sedimentological information is combined by low chemical weathering intensity (CIA values
varying from ~54 to ~70), lower organic matter concentration (TOC values varying from 0.1
to 0.7 wt. %), oxic predominance, and lower input of higher plants (biomarkers). The upper
interval begins with a predominance of dark gray mudstone, showing no glacial evidence.
This is combined with an increase of CIA (from ~77 to ~90), higher organic matter
concentration (TOC values from 1.9 to 7.5 wt. %), more redox conditions, and an increase of
both higher and aquatic plants input pointed by the biomarkers. According to these results,
the climate changed from cold and arid to wetter and warmer conditions. Consequently,
melting the glaciers, increasing the chemical weathering intensity, and changing the redox
and organic matter concentration.
DIAGENESIS AND RESERVOIR QUALITY OF REDEPOSITED CARBONATE
ROCKS FROM THE GIANT BUZIOS FIELD, SANTOS BASIN, BRAZIL
MSc Mariane Trombetta1, PhD Amanda Rodrigues1, PhD Luiz Fernando De Ros1
1Institute of Geosciences of Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul

Intraclastic reservoirs present large thickness and extension of in the Búzios Field of Santos
Basin. These deposits were generated by the erosion and redeposition of fascicular and
spherulitic calcite aggregates, associated with magnesian clay intraclasts, ooids and peloids,
and detritic materials. The aim of this study was to characterize the diagenetic and porosity
evolution of calcarenites and calcirudites in two wells of the Búzios field in order to
understand the impact of diagenesis in these reservoirs. Diagenetic evolution and reservoir
quality models of intraclastic deposits were created correlating with well-logs petrophysic
data. Diagenetic processes occur heterogeneously decreasing, preserving, or increasing
porosity in these rocks. Dolomitization and silicification were the main processes of
replacement and cementation. At least two phases of pore filling by silica occur, with fibrose
chalcedony covering particles and surrounding pores and macrocrystalline quartz filling
pores. The dissolution of dolomite blocks and the replacement by quartz indicate
alternations in the geochemical environment conditions. In addition to the dissolution
porosity of primary and diagenetic constituents, pore-filling cement, and mineral
replacements, the porous system is intensely and heterogeneously affected by physical and
chemical compaction processes controlled by the early dolomite cementation and the
primary textural variation. Pore-filling accessory minerals such as fluorite and dawsonite
were also identified, indicating high CO2 and Na pressure in the geochemical system. The
discrete occurrence of pyrite, commonly associated with organic matter, indicates a
diagenetic environment with low sulfate and iron availability. Even with diagenetic changes
that affect the porosity of redeposited rocks, the intervals of redeposited rocks are
correlated with highest and vertically continuous magnetic resonance porosity values.
Understanding the characteristics, controls, and distribution of the cemented and porous
zones of the reworked rocks of the Búzios field is crucial for the development of reservoir
models.
DIAGENETIC PROCESSES IN APTIAN PRE-SALT RESEDIMENTED
CARBONATE AND HYBRID ROCKS OF SANTOS BASIN, BRAZIL
MSc Sabrina Altenhofen1, PhD Thisiane Dos Santos1, MSc Argos Schrank1,2, MSc Márcio De
Souza1, BSc William Freitas1,2, BSc Rafaela Lenz1,2, PhD Rosalia Barili1, PhD Amanda
Rodrigues1,2, PhD Felipe Dalla Vecchia1, PhD Luiz Fernando De Ros1,2, PhD Anderson
Maraschin1, MSc Mariane Trombetta1
1Institute of Petroleum and Natural Resources, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande

do Sul, 2Institute of Geosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul

The South Atlantic Aptian Pre-Salt lacustrine carbonate deposits represent one of the largest
hydrocarbon provinces in the world. Intraclastic deposits of the Barra Velha Formation from
the Santos Basin were generated by resedimentation of the in situ calcite and clay
aggregates. Millimetric intercalations between in situ and reworked deposits are extremely
common, indicating high-frequency changes in depositional conditions. This study aimed to
characterize the diagenetic processes, distribution patterns, and their impact on reservoir
quality of reworked deposits in seven wells from the three different fields. Dolomitization
and silicification are the main diagenetic processes in calcarenites and calcirudites. Blocky
and saddle dolomite occur filling interparticle pores and less commonly replacing intraclasts,
while the rare matrix remnants are replaced by dolomite. Locally, pseudomorphic dolomite
preserved the original internal textures of the intraclasts. Interparticle and vugular pores are
lined by prismatic quartz and filled by drusiform and coarsely-crystalline quartz. Chalcedony
is present as fibrous rims and spherulitic aggregates both cementing and replacing grains.
Microcrystalline quartz preferentially replaces intraclasts. Diagenetic calcite is less common
and appears as rims lining and locally filling pores. One exception is the rare hybrid arenites
composed of volcanic fragments mixed with carbonate intraclasts and clay ooids, which
show pervasive cementation by macrocrystalline calcite and heterogeneous compaction.
Extensive silicification associated with hydrothermal activity, barite, dawsonite, and intense
fracturing erased the primary features and strongly reduced the primary porosity. Unlike the
associated in-situ deposits, the porosity of the reworked rocks was strongly reduced by
mechanical and chemical compaction, while also was controlled by primary textural features
and early diagenetic processes. Understanding the patterns and impacts of post-
depositional alterations on the Pre-salt reworked rocks will contribute to mitigating
exploration risks and enhancing production optimization.
Clay mineralogy and bulk geochemistry of the terrestrial
Esplugafreda sequence, Spain: sedimentary response to non-climatic
factors and climate change across the Paleocene-Eocene boundary
Dr Gábor Újvári1,2, Dr Sándor Kele1,2, Dr János Kovács3, Dr Aitor Payros4, Dr Victoriano
Puyalte4, Dr Birger Schmitz5
1Institute For Geological And Geochemical Research, Hun-ren Research Centre For

Astronomy And Earth Sciences, 2CSFK, MTA Centre of Excellence, 3Department of Geology
and Meteorology, University of Pécs, 4Department of Geology, Faculty of Science and
Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 5Department of Physics, University
of Lund
Lower Paleogene continental deposits, formed in the subtropical zone (paleolatitude ~35
°N), are well-preserved in the Tremp-Graus Basin, northern Spain. One of the key exposures
is the Esplugafreda section, which is made up of ~250 m of red mudstones with abundant
paleosols and contains numerous multi-episodic channel-like bodies. The paleosols contain
abundant centimeter-sized soil nodules and gypsum indicating a semi-arid to arid
paleoenvironment. The Paleocene-Eocene (P-E) boundary is located near the top of the
continental section, based on a 6‰ negative carbon isotope excursion (CIE). The CIE spans
more than 15–20 m of yellow cumulate paleosols, which were formed during the Paleocene-
Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM). The post-PETM interval in the Esplugafreda section
comprises 20 m of red paleosols rich in gypsum and with normal δ13C values. Laser
diffraction particle size analyses demonstrate that these sediments are poorly sorted and
belong to the sandy mud/muddy sand textural groups. The grain size distributions are uni-
to polymodal, dominantly fine skewed with the mode/mean in the coarse silt/very fine sand
fraction. The clay mineral assemblage of the Upper Paleocene sediments is dominated by
illite and smectite (45±7, 40±7 wt%) with smaller amounts of kaolinite and chlorite (7±2, 8±1
wt%). The PETM yellow soils are lower in illite (31±6 wt%), but have more smectite and
kaolinite (48±6, 12±2 wt%). Clay mineral ratios (kln/ilt, sme/ilt, sme/ilt+chl) indicate slightly
enhanced chemical weathering for the yellow soils, and basin-wide deeper physical erosion
and source changes. Bulk geochemistry reveals granodioritic sources of these sediments,
close to an UCC-like composition, and that these sediments may have undergone at least
one, but potentially multiple stages of sedimentary differentiation. Weathering indices (CIA,
PIA) and the A-CN-K diagram provide evidence that the PETM yellow soils are slightly more
weathered than the underlying mudstone paleosols of Late Paleocene age.
Outcrop gamma-ray spectrometry as a tool for refining depositional
environment and diagenetic history in Carboniferous carbonate
slope deposits, Bolshoi Karatau, Kazakhstan.
Student Amir Umralin1, Dinara Nadirkhanova1, Dias Bekeshov1, Togzhan Mynbayeva1, Alisher
Igizgali1, Sebastianus Willem Josef den Brok1, Emil Bayramov1, Randy Hazlett1, James
Bishop2, Francisco Correa Mora2, Zane Jobe3, Arnoud Slootman3, Milovan Fustic1
1Nazarbayev University, 2Tengizchevroil, 3Colorado School of Mines

Carboniferous carbonate platform and slope deposits outcropping in the Bolshoi Karatau,
Kazakhstan have been used for decades as analogs for coeval giant oil and gas fields in the
Pricaspian Basin, but their characterization by gamma-ray spectroscopy is lacking. This study
aims to document the advantages of integrating spectral gamma-ray data with measured
stratigraphic sections. An RS-230 gamma-ray spectrometer (assay 120 seconds) was used for
high-resolution (0.2-0.5 m apart) measurements of potassium (K), uranium (U) and thorium
(Th) content in carbonate slope deposits exposed in sections at Aktobe (103 m) and Akuiuk
(25 m). Below-detection-limit measurements (5 ppm for U and Th, and 1% for K) were
removed from the results. Results show: (i) Predominance of CGR (computed gamma-ray;
Th+K) in the lower part of the section and SGR (standard gamma-ray; U+Th+K) in the upper
part, primarily due to increased potassium and uranium content, respectively. (ii) Some fine-
grained facies are characterized by increased potassium content, while others with
complete absence of potassium and increased uranium content. (iii) Isolated thorium spikes.
(iv) Lack of correlation between upward-increasing thorium and potassium trend-cycle (up
to 5 m thick) with facies observations. Qualitative comparisons of gamma-ray data with
facies/microfacies coupled with quantitative investigation of various uranium-thorium-
potassium ratios suggest that: (1) Uranium readings commonly increase in organic-rich
facies, dolomites, and/or carbonate fluorapatites within fractures. (2) Potassium is more
abundant in clay and algae-rich facies. (3) Thorium spikes are caused by zircon minerals,
likely derived from volcanic ash-falls. We speculate that the absence of potassium in fine-
grained uranium-enriched facies is due to its microbial consumption in nutrient-starved
anoxic conditions. Interpretation of upward-increasing CGR trends remains challenging.
These data and observations can be utilized to better interpret and understand subsurface
log data in the Pricaspian basin and around the world.
Net transport patterns of surficial marine sediments in the North
Aegean Sea, Greece.
Dr Ioannis Vakalas1,2, Dr Irene Zananiri1
1Hellenic Survey of Geology & Mineral Exploration (HSGME), 2Department of Geological

Sciences, School of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, National Technical University of

Athens
The spatial distribution of sediments in the seafloor reflects the various dynamic processes
involved in the marine realm. To assess sediment transport patterns of the North Aegean
Sea, 323 surficial samples were acquired and analyzed. Granulometry data suggested a
diversity of grain size of surficial sediments, ranging from purely sandy to clay. Silt and
muddy sand are the predominant size classes followed by sandy silt and mud; notably, very
few samples fall within the clay classes. The sorting coefficient ranges from 0.21 to 5.48,
while skewness from -1.09 to 1.29. Based on the grain size parameters (mean, sorting, and
skewness) sediment transport patterns were assessed. The results revealed the variability of
flow parameters involved in sediment distribution. Adjacent to shoreline, river influx and
longshore drift are the key factors of sediment transport. At the open sea, sediment
distribution is controlled by the general water circulation pattern, especially by the outflow
of low-salinity waters (originating from the Black Sea) from the Dardanelles through the
Marmara Sea. This is reflected by the heterogeneity of sediment textural parameters across
the study area suggesting further reworking of seafloor sediments in areas where water
masses are highly energetic. It can be finally concluded that open sea water circulation
controls sediment distribution patterns at the open shelf, while river discharge is more
significant proximal to the coast.
TURBIDITE SANDS FILLING ACCOMMODATION ASSOCIATED WITH
SUPRA-MASS TRANSPORT DEPOSIT TOPOGRAPHY: A CASE STUDY
FROM WESTERN ARGENTINA
PhD Victoria Valdez Buso1, PhD Luke Fairweather2, Professor Ben Kneller3, Professor Juan
Pablo Milana4, Professor Fernando Farias Vesely1
1Departamento de Geologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, 2North Sea Transition

Authority, 3School of Earth Sciences, University of Aberdeen, 4CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias

Exactas Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de San Juan
Mass transport deposits (MTDs) commonly generate topographic relief on their upper
surfaces. The scale and geometry of the topographic features, and the interconnectivity
their sediment fills play a crucial role in defining the characteristics of turbidite reservoirs
formed through sediment accumulation on top of the MTDs. Turbidite sands may be
ponded in isolated depocenters created by supra-MTD topography or terminate in onlap
against local slopes associated with this topography. The spacing and maximum thickness of
isolated ponded or tortuously interconnected sands within a depositional system are
controlled by the dominant topographic wavelength and amplitude. Once the topography is
filled to the saddles (the lowest point between adjacent topographic lows), the sand body
forms a continuous sheet peppered with lacunae (‘holes’) marking the emergent highs
(‘nunataks’). We illustrate these phenomena with ponded turbidites on top of a 200-m thick
MTD at Cerro Bola, Western Argentina. These are characterized by their sand-rich
composition and the influence of the topography of the upper surface of the underlying
MTD.
In our field data, the ponded turbidites can be differentiated into:
a) Underfilled; a lower set of sand bodies confined within the short-wavelength (tens to
hundreds of metres) topography. Apparent correlation of thicker beds suggests larger flows
that were able to over-ran at least the saddles in the topography, with only a small portion
of the flow being captured in each low. Palaeocurrent patterns are complex, suggesting
vigorous interaction with topography.
b) Overfilled; a continuous sand body that lies wholly above the short wavelength
topography, but progressively onlaps in both directions onto longer wavelength (> 7 km)
topography. Long distance correlations of most of the thicker beds indicates flows large
enough to be capable of filling the long-wavelength accommodation. Palaeocurrent patterns
are simpler, but nonetheless indicate reflection off the long-wavelength topography.
EXPLORING STRATIGRAPHIC TRAPPING STYLES IN TURBIDITE
SYSTEMS BY INTEGRATING SUBSURFACE (OFFSHORE BRAZIL) AND
OUTCROP (ARGENTINA) STUDIES
PhD Victoria Valdez Buso1, Professor Fernando Farias Vesely1, PhD Deise Marli Silveira1, Msc
Vanessa da Silva Reis Assis1, PhD Ronaldo Paulo Kraft1, Graduate student Lorena Alfaro1,
Professor Ben Kneller2, Professor Juan Pablo Milana3
1Departamento de Geologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, 2School of Earth Sciences,

University of Aberdeen, 3CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales,

Universidad Nacional de San Juan
The success of oil and gas exploration in deep and ultra-deep marine environments critically
hinges on the discovery of effective stratigraphic traps, where turbidite pinch-outs play a
central role and pose a considerable exploration challenge. The characteristics of the
margins of sheet sands are important at all stages of exploration, appraisal, and
development. Imaging of the internal architecture and lateral facies changes of sheet sands
(typically 10 to 30 m thick) is almost always limited by the resolution of seismic data at the
depths of most reservoirs. However, outcrop studies can provide a powerful source of
analogue information to generate data and develop conceptual models on the critical pinch-
out edges. This research project is dedicated to an in-depth investigation of turbidite stratal
termination patterns, leveraging a multifaceted approach that integrates subsurface and
outcrop analogues. Subsurface information (3D seismic and well logs) is from a Campanian
deep sea fan in the Sergipe-Alagoas Basin, offshore NE Brazil. Outcrop data is from the
Carboniferous strata located in Paganzo Basin, western Argentina. Preliminary observations
indicate that turbidite sandstone termination/detachment in outcrop are associated with
topography controlled by mass-transport deposits (MTDs). In the subsurface, stratigraphic
traps form due to slope turbidity current bypass and onlap against external levees. By
meticulously documenting and analysing these termination patterns at different scales, the
objective is to develop a robust conceptual framework for understanding reservoir
attributes in the context of stratigraphic trapping. To enhance the applicability of our
findings, interactive visualization tools will be generated in both two and three dimensions,
empowering geoscientists and industry decision-makers to explore the nuances of reservoir
attributes across varying spatial scales.
Abyssal sedimentary processes revealed through geophysical and
geochemical records for the West Equatorial Atlantic during the Late
Quaternary
Mr. Luiz Gustavo Valle1, Mrs. Thauana Gonçalves2, Mr. Nicolás Strikis3, Mr. Emmanoel Silva
Filho1, Mrs. Babette Hoogakker4, Mr. José Carlos Seoane5, Mr. Luigi Jovane2, Mrs. Catia
Barbosa1
1Programa de Pós Graduação em Geoquímica, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 2Instituto

Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, 3Instituto de Geociências, Universidade de São

Paulo, 4The Lyell Centre, Heriot-Watt University, 5Laboratório Geodiversidade e Memória da
Terra e programa de Pós-graduação em Geologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) represents one of the main
components of the regulation and balance of the global climate. The West Equatorial
Atlantic (WEA) region is an ideal location for palaeoclimatological and palaeoceanographic
reconstructions due to the changes in the oceanic circulation, interactions between deep
and intermediate AMOC system water masses and changes of the atmospheric circulation.
The present work analyzes the sedimentary core MD09-3253CQ (2°20.48 S, 35°26.78 W),
collected at a depth of 3867 m, influenced by North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW). Here we
analyzed the elemental composition, P wave velocity, density, magnetic susceptibility, grain
size, total organic carbon and nitrogen, mercury content and isotopic composition (δ13C
and δ18O) in planktonic (Trilobatus sacculifer) and benthic (Cibicides wuellerstorfi)
foraminifera. We show siliciclastic-carbonate sedimentary evolution of the deep sea in the
Equatorial Atlantic Margin of Brazil, intervals with input of continental material, most likely
associated with extreme climatic events as well as changes in the productivity and
oceanographic characteristics of the WEA region. Our results suggest that during the
Termination 1 (18 – 11kyr), with the decrease in the formation of NADW, the deep-sea
region had a decrease circulation and low bottom oxygenation, depicting high influence of
the southern-sourced water mass, the Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW). In this way, our
study will allow the elaboration of a conceptual model on paleoceanographic sedimentary
dynamics over the Late Quaternary and the role of the AMOC in regulating the global
climate.
Exploring Latin America's Passive Margins with an Innovative Sea
Level Curve
Dr. Douwe van der Meer1, Mr. Kent Wilkinson
1CNOOC

Recent exploration efforts in South American passive margin basins, such as the Guyana-
Suriname Basin, have yielded significant success with over 10+ Bboe discovered, primarily
within the late Cretaceous play/mega-sequence. Most recently the Southern Atlantic
margin, spanning Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina, has also garnered industry attention,
particularly following discoveries at the conjugate margin of Namibia.
In an award-winning study by Van der Meer et al. (2022), plate tectonic eustasy estimates
were updated using the 87Sr/86Sr record of seawater, coupled with a novel glacio-eustasy
estimates based on a recent Phanerozoic paleotemperature model (Scotese et al., 2021).
This innovative Tectono-Glacio-Eustatic (TGE) curve for the entire Phanerozoic correlates
well with mega-sequence stratigraphy in global passive margin basins.
Examining key basins like Guyana, the TGE curve aligns with the mega-sequences,
showcasing the influence of plate tectonic and glacio-eustatic drivers on the petroleum
system. The petroleum system elements in deepwater, correlate well with predictable
patterns.
Similarly, southern Atlantic basins also exhibit predictable elements of the drift play (post-
Aptian), with the TGE curve serving as a tool for undrilled sections of the stratigraphy. This
research underscores the interplay between plate tectonics, glacio-eustasy, and basin
evolution, offering valuable insights for future and ongoing exploration endeavours.
Long and short term glacio-eustasy as potential key driver for
deposition of reservoirs in the Moray Firth Basin
Dr. Douwe van der Meer1, Mr. Dean Gagnon, Dr. John Millington
1CNOOC

Global mean sea level (GMSL), or eustasy, is a key driver for passive margin stratigraphy, and
GMSL reconstructions have been made since at least the 1970’s based on stratigraphy.
However, these reconstructions have been hotly debated as basins and their associated
(sequence)-stratigraphy may not represent a global signal. In addition, the source data
(wells, seismic) is generally not disclosed and is therefore impossible to verify. Hence
eustatic reconstructions remain poorly constrained. A novel, independent method based on
isotope geochemistry, was recently published (Van der Meer et al. 2022) yielding a Tectono-
Glacio-Eustatic (TGE) curve, focussing on the two key drivers of GMSL. The method assessed
plate tectonic eustasy (i.e., mid-ocean ridge spreading) using the well-established strontium
record. Long-term glacio-eustasy was estimated using a recent compilation of global
average paleotemperature derived from δ18O data. In combination with paleogeographic
reconstructions, ice volumes on land and continental shelf margins were estimated. Eustatic
sea level variations associated with long-term glaciations (>1 Myr) reach up to ∼90 m,
whereas plate tectonic-derived eustasy reached up to 150m amplitude.
On shorter timescales (<1 Myr), Milankovitch glacio-eustatic cyclicity affects GMSL. Prior to
the Cenozoic, orbital motions are poorly constrained, but it is generally assumed that these
must have occurred in similar manner. In combination with presence of land ice at high-
latitudes, short-term glacio-eustasy must have occurred too.
We therefore test whether both the long-term and short-term eustatic cyclicity, as
predicted from the TGE curve, is recognisable at field scale for several fields in the Moray
Firth Basin. We demonstrate that novel insights are obtained, which may lead to future
opportunities. Other explanations exist, but we find that glacio-eustasy may have been the
only driver that is needed to explain the timing of deposition of these Late Jurassic-Early
Cretaceous reservoirs.
Sediment budget of coupled erosion along storm channels and
deposition on washover fans, Schiermonnikoog Wadden Island: field
observations, high-resolution aerial photographs, digital elevation
data and mobile phone 3D scans
Clemens Van Dijk1
1Independent geologist

The uninhabited, natural eastern tail of Schiermonnikoog has experienced strong seaward
progradation of its North Sea coastline in the last decade. Progradation was accompanied by
the formation of a new dune ridge, which encloses a wide salt marsh. These low dunes are
regularly cut by storm channels, facilitating development of washover fans on the enclosed
marsh.
Since 2021, the National Land Survey of The Netherlands provides a nation-wide high-
resolution orthophoto (8 cm pixel size), which has a 10-fold increase in resolution over the
previous generation of 2016-2020. It complements a high-resolution digital elevation map.
The larger geometries seen in the field are clearly visible on the orthophoto, which provides
an opportunity for assessing sediment budgets of coupled erosion along storm channels and
deposition on washover fans.
Field work was carried out before and after the Winter storm season in December and April
of 2021, 2022 and 2023. The study area (3 km along coast and 100-200 m width)
encompasses the low dune ridge and adjacent enclosed marsh. Recent erosion events and
fresh sand deposits were identified and documented (GPS location, geometry, architecture
and sedimentary structures). Photographic records enable distinction of new erosion and
sedimentation events during each subsequent field visit. Selected objects were scanned
with a 3D scanner app on a mobile phone with LiDAR sensor.
Widespread erosion and deposition occurred in Winter 2021 and 2022, but 2023 witnessed
only local redeposition of sand on the largest fan. Geometries of sand bodies change with
elevation of the washover fan surface, apparently reflecting deposition on dry ground or
inundated marsh. Digitised geometries in GIS software provide input for calculating
sediment volumes, together with sandbody thickness and depth of erosion estimated in the
field. Preliminary results show that volumes of erosion and coupled sand deposits are
comparable, suggesting local sourcing of sand.
Backwater length estimates in modern and ancient fluvio-deltaic
settings: review and proposal of standardized workflows
Anna Elisabeth Van Yperen1, John M Holbrook2, Miquel Poyatos-Moré3, Ivar Midtkandal1
1University of Oslo, 2Texas Christian University, 3Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona

The backwater effect (i.e. adjustments in open-channel flow as a response to proximity of

standing water) is used to predict down-dip changes in fluvial morphodynamics and
consequent sediment distribution on delta plains. However, there is currently no
standardized method to obtain input parameters to estimate backwater length, nor
consensus on where to measure these variables, for both modern and ancient settings. This
study reviews existing methods for estimating backwater lengths in ancient and modern
settings and proposes workflows to minimize ambiguity in resultant estimates.
The proposed workflows are tailored to both modern and ancient settings and are
prioritized based on practicality, accuracy, smallest uncertainty ranges and allow different
data types as input parameters. For the first time, application of multiple methods, i.e. the
proposed workflows, is tested on a single modern and ancient river system. In the modern
case study, riverbed intersection with sea level matches previously documented major
changes in sedimentary trends. However, backwater lengths based on h/S (h = maximum
bankfull channel dept, S = slope) plot downstream of this zone characterized by major
changes, when input parameters are derived from discharge and grain size. In the ancient
case study, backwater lengths based on maximum bankfull channel depth and slope based
on Shields’ empirical relation with grain size, match changes in fluvial architectural style
interpreted as a result of backwater effects. The proposed workflows facilitate
comparability and applicability of future backwater length estimates and their
corresponding influence on the hydrodynamic environment and ultimately quantification of
source-2-sink segments.
Sedimentary aspects and organisation of liquefied sands in the
alluvial sediments of the Kupa River (Croatia)
Lara Wacha, Manfred Frechen, Denis Moiriat, Kim Josephine Louis, Josipa Maslač, Nikola
Belić, Stéphane Baize, Branko Kordić, Jochen Hürtgen
1Croatian Geological Survey

Extensive liquefaction phenomena occurred during the devastating 2020 Petrinja

earthquake (Mw6.4) in the alluvial plains of the Kupa, Glina and Sava rivers in Croatia. Such
an effect raised many questions, notably regarding the nature and properties of soils
conducive to water overpressures during ground shaking on the one hand and the
geometries of sedimentary bodies in depth on the other hand. The sandy ejecta lines and
cracks at the surface are often subparallel to the riverbanks in convex meanders and could
reveal buried sand point bars below a thick layer of silts. To highlight the different
structures, estimate their mechanical properties and define their geometries,
sedimentological, geotechnical and geophysical investigations were carried out at selected
sites along the Kupa River in the Petrinja area. For that purpose, two 2.5m deep and about
10m long trenches perpendicular to sand ejecta crack orientation were also excavated,
described, and sampled for a detailed sedimentological analysis. The trenches revealed sand
at the bottom of the trench covered by a homogenous 140 cm clayey-sandy silt layer.
Liquefaction processes (sand dykes and sand blows) disturbed both layers, exposing a
different sand, probably coming from an even deeper source and depth. Some dykes do not
reach the surface and might be related to paleo-liquefactions linked to the “Kupa Valley
earthquake” in October 1909 or even still older events.
As part of the ongoing study, the excavated alluvial deposits and sandy dykes are
investigated in more detail to establish their chronological framework. The luminescence
dating methods have been applied to present the timing of the deposition of the
investigated sediments and to determine the ages of the liquefied sands. Furthermore,
detailed mineralogical and sedimentological analyses are performed to describe and
understand their depositional mechanism and to determine their provenance.
Characterisation of parent units within the Panoche Giant Injection
Complex, California, USA
Mr Robert Waltham1, Dr Wiktor Luzinski1, Professor Andrew Hurst1
1University Of Aberdeen

Parent units are the source of the sand and site of overpressure which triggers sand
fluidisation and injection. Therefore, parent units capture a complex history from primary
deposition through fluidisation and remobilisation of the sand into intrusions.
Understanding the processes that occurred within parent units is critical to understanding
the formation of the injection complex.
The Panoche Giant Injection Complex (PGIC) is in central California, on the western margin
of the San Joaquin fore-arc basin and is the largest continuous area of exposure of sand
injectites in the world. Parent units within the PGIC are base of slope channelised turbidites,
which belong to the Dosados Mbr and Uhalde Sandstone (Maastrichtian), of the Moreno
and Panoche formations. Parent units in the PGIC feed a 600m thick network of sandstone
intrusions, which enhance vertical and lateral connectivity though otherwise fine-grained
strata.
The PGIC is exposed in 30km long strike section, making it ideal to examine lateral and
vertical variability in the parent units including characteristics of sand remobilisation
present. Over 500m of sedimentary logs from twenty-nine locations were collected from
the Dosados Sandstone, with samples collected at 2m vertical intervals for petrography and
grainsize analysis. The Dosados Sandstone comprises poorly sorted, fine to medium grained
sandstone and is extensively fluidised. Sand remobilisation modifies or obliterates primary
depositional structures and fabrics, often forming structureless sandstone. Characteristic
erosion along the upper margins of the sandstone is attributed to turbulent flow during
sand fluidisation. Parent units are characterised by a range of internal structures, from fully
preserved primary structures, partially deformed primary structures and fully fluidised facies
including structureless units, intervals of injection breccia and banding.
Sedimentary characteristics during the Lower Cretaceous Depression
in Santos Basin of Brazi
Chaofeng wang1
1Petrochina

The sedimentary environment during the Lower Cretaceous Depression in the Santos
Basin of Brazil were characterized by shallow lake facies by comprehensive analysis of
seismic data and logging. With lake water level shallowing from K46 to K48, Rock types such
as stromatelite, spherulite, grainstone, mudstone or laminate were identified. One third
order sequence, two fourth order sequences, and five fifth order sequences were divided
into during Depression period. Five types of sedimentary microfacies: stromatelite mound,
spherulite shoal, grainstone shoal, intershoal depression and semi-deep lake were
developed. Due to the influence of palaeotopography and changes in lake level, the early
stage of the depression (K46) mainly deposited mudstone or laminate. At the same time the
spherulite shoal was deposited at the high part of the structure. When the lake level upward
became shallower , the range of the spherulite shoal by Lateral accretion became larger.
Stromatelite mounds and grainstone shoal were deposited. In the late stage of the
depression, the mound and shoal microfacies basically were covered at the entire high part
of the structure. Semi deep lake and deep lake mud were developed in the lower part of the
structure. The vertical and horizontal sedimentary patterns of lacustrine carbonate rocks
were clarifies during the basin depression period. This research conclusion provided
geological basis for oil and gas exploration in presalt formation of the Santos Basin.
The concept, geological model, and seismic characterization
techniques for ultra-deep fractured Shoals.
Dr. Shaoying Chang1, Dr Mengxiu Wang1, Lingli liu1
1Petrochina Hangzhou Research Institute Of Geology

The fractured shoals represent a novel type of ultra-deep reservoir in the Tarim Basin,
significantly contributing to the sustained growth of ultra-deep oil and gas reserves.
However, due to the deep burial of the Ordovician strata (7000 meters) and the rapid
attenuation of seismic signals, identifying the boundaries of these reservoirs and the low-
order fractures within it presents a significant challenge.
Summarizing the characteristics of the fractured shoals, we find that it primarily develops in
the ultra-deep carbonate platform interior gray limestone strata. The mechanical
compaction in ultra-deep layers leads to lower permeability in the unaltered reservoir
bodies. Second, low-order fractures or fissures serve as another essential condition for the
formation of these reservoirs. The fractures influence the reservoir's storage performance,
and their abundance and distribution are related to stress magnitude and rock competency.
Under the same stress conditions, reservoirs with better competency exhibit favorable pore-
permeability conditions, fostering the development of various reservoir space types. Third,
these reservoirs exhibit favorable fluid migration properties, making it an advantageous
region for the accumulation of oil and gas in ultra-deep gray limestone reservoirs.
Based on field data and a combination of drilling, seismic, and production dynamic
information, a geological development model for these reservoirs has been established.
Additionally, a seismic characterization technique for the "Fractured Shoals" has been
developed.

Research indicates that the "Fractured Shoals" primarily develop in the relatively compacted
gray limestone strata within the ultra-deep layers, where the main faults and secondary grid
fractures, influenced by the differential activity of the main faults, contribute to the
reservoir's modification. The identification of the reservoir boundaries and low-order
fractures is achieved through waveform inversion, seismic waveform decomposition, and
fusion techniques. This method has been successfully applied in the Fudong area of the
Tarim Basin, identifying typical fractured shoals and clarifying the reservoir closure.
Exploring Fracture-Cavity Reservoirs in Tarim basin: Challenges and
Seismic Solutions
Dr Mengxiu Wang1, Dr. Shaoying Chang1, Lingli liu1
1Petrochina Hangzhou Research Institute Of Geology

The Ordovician strata in China's northwest Tarim Basin have developed significant fracture-
cavity reservoirs, contributing to an annual crude oil production up to 3 million tons. This
productivity stems from the fragmentation of limestone in the Middle Ordovician due to
strike-slip faults, creating ample storage space. These fracture-cavity reservoirs,
characterized by bead-like structures in seismic data, are mainly located near strike-slip
faults. Together with overlying mudstones from the Upper Ordovician and hydrocarbon
source rocks from the Cambrian, they form a set of reservoir-seal-cap combinations.

However, the industry still encounters challenges, including difficulty in identifying these
reservoirs and uncertain connectivity, leading to increasing development costs. This paper,
based on three-dimensional seismic data, addresses these challenges by selecting seismic
attributes to describe the geometric characteristics of fracture-cavity reservoirs, reservoir
scale, and fracture distribution.

Our approach involves three main steps:

Multidimensional Decomposition: We decompose seismic data into two sub-volumes. One

highlights small-scale strike-slip fault features, and the other emphasizes fracture-cavity
body reflections by removing strong reflections from the top of reservoirs—originating from
unconformities between overlying mudstone and limestone.

Hilbert Transformation: We apply Hilbert transformation to the seismic data, obtaining a -

90-degree phase volume. This process accentuates the distribution of internal storage
spaces within fracture-cavity bodies, thereby enhancing the accuracy of reservoir prediction.
This leverages the sensitivity of reservoirs to phase variations. Seismic impedance anomalies
caused by reservoirs typically do not always exhibit obvious amplitude anomalies but can
induce significant phase changes.

Data Integration by Random Forest Method: Integrating volumes highlighting fracture,

fracture-cavity bodies, and internal storage spaces from the previous step, we use the
random forest method to invert optimal weights for the three attribute data volumes. These
weights, derived from existing well data as a reference, facilitate the combination of the
volumes into a new integrated volume, suitable for predicting fracture-cavity reservoirs.
Discrimination and Hydrocarbon Expulsion Characteristics of
Effective Source Rocks in Fushan Sag，Beibu Gulf basin，China
Miss Xirong Wang1, Mr Fujie Jiang2
1China University of Petroleum (Beijing), 2China University of Petroleum (Beijing)

Source rocks are the key to determining the potential of oil and gas resources. There are
many sets of source rocks in the Fushan Sag, Through the statistics of the thickness of dark
mudstones of different lithofacies, combined with the analysis of test data and the
constraints of sedimentary facies, the plane distribution characteristics of source rocks are
predicted, and it is revealed that the areas with high thickness are mainly located in the
Huangtong sub-sag in the west and the Bailian sub-sag in the east. According to the
comprehensive evaluation of the organic geochemical characteristic parameters of the
source rocks of each submember it is clear that the abundance of organic matter is
relatively high,the organic carbon content is between 0.16% and 3.05%, the average is
1.71%, and the hydrocarbon generation potential is medium, the types of organic matter
are mainly type Ⅱ1 and Ⅱ2, which are in the mature-high maturity [Link] hydrocarbon
generation potential method is used to determine that the hydrocarbon expulsion threshold
of source rocks is Ro=0.66%, and the TOC lower limits of effective source rocks are 0.9% and
1.1%,The distribution of effective source rocks is mostly concentrated in the deep
depressions of two sub-sags., the thickest part is located in the Bailian sub-sag in the east of
the Fushan Sag, up to more than 450m, extending from the center of the sag to the edge
and the central uplift [Link] to the hydrocarbon expulsion model, when Ro is 0.80%,
the source rock reaches the peak of hydrocarbon expulsion, and the maximum hydrocarbon
expulsion efficiency can reach 97.7%.The Huangtong sub-sag in the west and the Bailian
sub-sag in the east are the main hydrocarbon expulsion [Link] hydrocarbon expulsion
intensity can reach up to 184.22×104t/km2 and 45.39×104t/km2, and the cumulative
hydrocarbon expulsion amounts are 52.99×108t and 15.58×108t.
Coupling relationship between structure movement and
sedimentation in Jiyang Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, China
Dr Zhongyu Wang1,2, Professor Shuping Chen1,2
1National Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Engineering, China University of

Petroleum, 2College of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum

The formation of Jiyang Depression, which is an important target for oil and gas exploration,
is the result of the coupling effect between structural forces and sedimentary processes.
Based on seismic data, well-log data, and sedimentary facies distribution maps, the fault
evolution of Jiyang Depression was studied, and the coupling relationship between structure
movement and sedimentary facies distribution was verified. The structural sand control
plane model, the structural sand control section model and the structural sediment control
three-dimensional model were established. The model we propose effectively illustrates
how structures control sedimentation, and the fault transformation zone is the key to
controlling the input and distribution of sediment sources. The structural sand control plane
model can be divided into four types: independent faults, intersecting faults, same dip
echelon faults, and opposite dip echelon faults. Different fault types have differences in
settlement centers and optimal sand body channels. The structural sand control profile
model include five types: extension, contraction, strike slip, gravity, and inversion, which can
be further subdivided into eleven subtypes: horst, tilted fault block, rollover anticline,
compound half graben, thrust block, positive flower shaped structure, negative flower
shaped structure, cover diapir, balanced diapir, positive inversion, and negative inversion,
corresponding to different distribution patterns of sedimentary sand bodies. The source
injection port is controlled by faults, and the distribution of sand bodies is closely related to
the structure. The fault steep slope zone, gentle slope zone, and rolling anticline zone on the
profile are the development areas of folded sand, anticline sand, and fan-shaped sand
bodies, while the fault displacement change zone and transfer zone on the plane are the
development areas of transformation slope fans and collapse fans. The associated profundal
zone is the development area of deep-water fan turbidite, thus forming a three-dimensional
model of structural controlled sedimentation.
Characteristic of Tingt Reservoir on the First Member of Benxi
Formation in central south Ordos Basin
Miss Xirong Wang1, Mr FUJIE JIANG2
1China University of Petroleum (Beijing), 2China University of Petroleum (Beijing)

The Ordos Basin is one of the important oil and gas producing reservoirs in China and its
tight gas in Upper Paleozoic formation is one of the most essential parts of the current
national natural gas production. 165 wells drilled in the Benxi Formation have obtained
natural gas shows which demonstrating good exploration potential .However, the reservoir
characteristics and diagenesis in the Benxi Formation poorly understood which led to
generate bad strategy in targeting the high production formations. Combined with the core
observation, petrographic microscopy, scanning electron microscope, overburden pressure
permeability measurements, and high pressure mercury injection, The diagenetic period of
tight reservoirs in the Benxi Formation is investigated based on the quantitative porosity
evolution modeling and homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions analyses. The
results show as follows：quartz sandstone and lithic quartz sandstone are the primary
lithology types of the Benxi Formation. The average porosity of the Benxi Formation are
5.8%. The pore types are dominated by secondary pores, followed by primary pores and
microfractures. The reservoirs are divided into three types based on the data from high-
pressure mercury injection. The physical properties of Type I and Type II reservoirs are
better in porosity and permeability. The tight reservoirs of Benxi Formation have mainly
experienced diagenesis such as compaction, cementation and dissolution. The diagenesis in
the northeast (depth3000 m) is in the late diagenetic period. Porosity evolution model was
established using back stripping method. It is calculated that the porosity losing caused by
compaction is 25.0%~35.0%, the porosity losing caused by cementation is 4.0%~15.0%, and
the porosity increased by dissolution is 2.0%~4.0% in the Benxi Formation. The
homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions determines that two stages of gas charging
occurred in Benxi Formation. The reservoir is first densified and then natural gas started to
accumulation.
Automated multi-scale stratigraphic subdivision and correlation
using wavelet transforms: performance and optimization
Mr Qianyou Wang1, Dr Yaohua Li2, Professor Richard H. Worden1
1Department of Earth, Ocean and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, 2Oil and Gas

Survey, China Geological Survey

Wavelet analysis has been developed as an intelligent approach for automatically detecting
sequence surfaces and sedimentary cyclicity by transforming depth-related signals into
time-frequency domains. To date, it has not been conclusively demonstrated that wavelet
transform allows sequence stratigraphical subdivision and correlation at varied spatio-
temporal scales. This study introduces a wavelet transform program (WavSeq) specifically
developed for automated multi-scale stratigraphic subdivision and correlation under
MATLAB R2022a. A continuous wavelet transform (CWT) approach was applied to
decompose gamma ray and density logs into a set of wavelet coefficients at varying scales.
An equation was established to explain the scale used in CWT and its relationship with
sedimentary period and frequency. The variances of wavelet coefficients were calculated,
and their peak values were used to locate the critical scales corresponding to principal
cycles quantitatively. To mitigate edge effects and enhance precision, a discrete wavelet
transform (DWT) method was conducted on CWT curves, resulting in the removal of
extraneous noise and a refined wavelet scalogram. The performance of this method was
assessed based on four well-explained cross sections from the Early Cretaceous Shahezi
Formation from the Songliao Basin, NE Asia, and the Jurassic to mid-Cretaceous rift
successions from the Brooks-Mackenzie Basin, Arctic North America. The wavelet transform
results were validated by a good agreement between the core-derived stratigraphic
framework and it derived from CWT decomposition of well logs. This work demonstrates
that the wavelet transform is a successful, fast, and easy method for subdivision and
correlation from wireline log data. An optimized workflow and a computer code of wavelet
transform were involved in the WavSeq program.
Diagenetic evolution of alkaline diagenetic minerals in rich
tuffaceous sandstone: A case study of Shaximiao Formation in the
Sichuan Basin, China
MS Xiaojuan Wang1, Shaoyun Chen
1School of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum (East China)

The Sichuan Basin is a crucial area for natural gas exploration in China. Recent strides in
exploring the Middle Jurassic Shaximiao Formation's tight sandstone reservoir in central
Sichuan have led to confirmed reserves surpassing billions of cubic meters. The reservoir,
rich in volcanic tuffaceous elements, undergoes prolonged diagenesis, resulting in a complex
evolution. This intricate process forms various alkaline minerals like zeolites, calcite,
chlorite, and illite. These minerals contribute to the reservoir's remarkably low to ultra-low
permeability, resulting in significant heterogeneity.
The reservoirs primarily exist in the middle diagenetic stage, having undergone several
significant diagenetic events: tuffaceous material hydrolysis, resulting in chlorite film; early-
stage authigenic quartz formation; zeolite precipitation; calcite; smectite-illitization;
hydrocarbon charging; feldspar dissolution; authigenic quartz and albite formation; zeolite
dissolution; late-stage calcite, zeolite, and chlorite precipitation. During the early diagenetic
stage (pre-70℃), tuffaceous material begins hydrolysis, forming early authigenic quartz and
smectite. Subsequently, smectite encapsulates detrital grains in the form of clay films,
gradually transitioning into chlorite films. With increased burial depth and diagenetic
temperature (70-110℃), intensifying tuffaceous hydrolysis accompanies plagioclase-
albitization within sandstones and clay mineral transformation within mudstones. The pH of
pore fluids gradually rises, leading to the development of zeolite cementation and early
calcite cementation within sandstone reservoirs. During this phase (70-100℃), smectite
within the sandstones continues dehydration, releasing cations like Fe2+, Mg2+, and Ca2+,
transforming into illite via illite-smectite mixed layers. Upon hydrocarbon intrusion into the
reservoirs, often exceeding 110℃, the organic acids accompanying hydrocarbon intrusion
dissolve a significant portion of feldspar and zeolite cement. As the organic acids are
depleted and the diagenetic environment trends towards alkalinity, late-stage calcite,
zeolite, and infill chlorite continue to precipitate.
The complex diagenesis of the Shaximiao Formation in the Sichuan Basin, influenced by
volcanic tuffaceous material, highlights the importance of a systematic analysis of
tuffaceous sandstone evolution.
Geochemistry characteristics, origins and classification of Oligocene
source rocks with different facies: A case study from the
southwestern Bozhong Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, China
Dr. Xiang Wang1,2, Prof. Guangdi Liu1,2, Prof. Zezhang Song1,2, Dr. Mingliang Sun1,2
1National Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Engineering, China University of

Petroleum (Beijing), 2College of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum (Beijing)

Abstract
There are noticeable differences between lacustrine and marine systems in terms of
depositional environments and organic matter (OM) origins. Previous studies have
concentrated on the Eocene source rocks (Shahejie Formation Mbrs 1 and 3) (E2s1 and
E2s3) of the Bozhong Sag, Bohai Bay Basin in Northeast China, but the OM enrichment
mechanisms, depositional environment characteristics and laterally variable facies of
Oligocene source rocks (Dongying Formation Mbrs 2 and 3) (E3d2 and E3d3) remain
controversial, especially those in the lower of Dongying Formation Mbrs 2 (E3d2L). To
address these issues, based on Rock-Eval pyrolysis, vitrinite reflectance, and
saturated/aromatic hydrocarbons gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, the
geochemical properties, depositional environments and OM origins of E3d2L and E3d3
source rocks from 7 prospecting wells in the southwestern Bozhong Sag were evaluated.
The results show that the E3d2L belong to poor to medium quality source rocks, while the
E3d3 are good to excellent source rocks, and the geochemical characteristics in the two
intervals lacustrine source rocks have distinct differences. Using hierarchical cluster analysis,
five genetic organic facies were identified. The E3d2L source rocks consists of facies D2-Ⅰ,
D2-Ⅱ, D2-Ⅲ and D2-D3, whereas the E3d3 contains facies D3 and D2-D3, with one being
common to both formations. Furthermore, an integrated model was established to provide
evaluation of the Oligocene source rocks. The five genetic organic facies have distinct
differences and some similarities in redox conditions, water salinity and OM origins. In
addition, the geochemical characteristics in the same intervals have apparent lateral
heterogeneity from deep to marginal source rocks. The established models may have
positive implications for the evaluation and prediction of Oligocene source rocks in the
Bozhong Sag.
Keywords: depositional environments, organic geochemistry, biomarkers, hierarchical
cluster analysis, Bozhong Sag, Bohai Bay Basin
Typical misinterpretations and scientific concepts in well-logging
geologic studies
Dr Guiwen Wang1, Dr Jin Lai1
1China University Of Petroleum, Beijing

The methods and theories of well logging geology have been widely used in the fields of
basic geology, petroleum geology and engineering geology. The issues of sensitivity
difference between various well log series and geological information, and the mismatching
between geophysical properties of multiple well logs and the geological mechanisms of
rocks will result in the misunderstandings in the research of well logging geology.
Consequently these typical misunderstandings should be clarified in order to propose the
countermeasures and scientific thinking in terms of geological interpretation of well logs.
The contradiction between vertical resolution and depth of investigation of various log
series is summarized, and the importance of integration of geological and geophysical data
is clarified. Then the effects of borehole regularity and drilling mud types on the well log
data collection are summarized, and they will result in the presences of “fake well log data”,
which mislead the well log interpretation. The response of petrophysics mechanisms should
be carefully considered due to the presences of high gamma sandstones and high density
and high resistivity mudstones. The new well log series should be incorporated in terms of
well log evaluation of unconventional hydrocarbon resources, and the calibration of well log
data as well as the integration of geological thinking will improve the accuracy of well log
interpretation. At last, the misunderstandings existing in the analysis of borehole structure,
well logging sedimentology, evaluation of in situ stress, identification and evaluation of
fracture are summarized, and the related countermeasures as well as scientific thinking
methods are proposed. The research results are hoped to give scientific guidance for the
comprehensive study of well logging geology.
Hydrodynamic- and reservoir modelling of chlorite-coated
sandstones in the Norwegian Continental Shelf
PhD Research Fellow Xiaoyue Wang1, Christian Haug Eide1, Joep E. A. Storms2, Richard
Worden3
1University of Bergen, 2Delft University of Technology, 3University of Liverpool

Chlorite-coated sandstones are important reservoirs for hydrocarbon exploration and

production on the Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS), as they preserve high porosity and
permeability at great depths. However, the distribution and quality of chlorite coats are
difficult to predict and likely depend on various factors such as sedimentary facies,
provenance, diagenesis and fluid flow. In this project, we use hydrodynamic- and reservoir
modelling to investigate how the architecture of chlorite-coated zones influences fluid flow
and reservoir performance in sub- surface reservoirs. The project starts with Delft3D, a
process-based modelling software, to simulate the sediment transport and deposition of
chlorite-coat pre- cursor clays in shallow- marine environments, using the well-studied
Ravenglass Estuary, UK as a comparison. We then use Petrel, a reservoir modelling software,
to build 3D geological models of chlorite-coated sandstones based on subsurface data from
the Halten Terrace fields and outcrop analogues from East Greenland. Finally, we will
perform fluid flow simulations to evaluate the impact of chlorite coating on reservoir quality
parameters. Previous results show that chlorite coats can create complex heterogeneities in
the reservoir, affecting both vertical and lateral fluid flow, enhance reservoir quality by
reducing cementation and perme- ability loss, and have potential on promoting long term
mineralization in CO2 storage. Our work will provide a novel approach to predict reservoir
properties in deep chlorite-coated sandstones on the NCS and worldwide. In this contribu-
tion, we will give an overview of the project, the methodologies, and showcase preliminary
results.
Tectonic roles in the mid-Late Cretaceous desertification in SE Asia
Professor Licheng Wang1, Professor Eduardo Garzanti2, Doctor Jian Zhang3
1Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy Of Sciences, 2University of Milano-

Bicocca, 3Peking University

The relative roles of tectonics and climate change in global and regional desertification are
not well constrained. Previous studies have emphasized the role played by climate change
as a dominant cause of southeastern (SE) Asia desertification during the mid-Late
Cretaceous. The effect of early uplift of the Tibetan Plateau prior to the collision between
Eurasia and India on regional desertification remains poorly understood. We present a
comprehensive set of provenance data on two aeolian sequences deposited in the Simao
Basin and Khorat Plateau desert environments adjacent to southeast Tibet. Our provenance
results suggest that the aeolian sandstones of the Pashahe Formation in the Simao Basin
were largely recycled from exposed sedimentary rocks of the Songpan-Garze terrane,
Southern Qiangtang terranes and northern Yangtze Block with minor contributions from the
magmatic rocks of the Tengchong and Southern Qiangtang terranes. Combined with other
evidence, provenance results indicate the source areas started to grow and to be rapidly
unroofed and determined the birth of the transcontinental southerly flow paleo-river
carried sand to be stored. In contrast, the Phu Thok aeolian sandstones in the Khorat
Plateau were predominantly sourced from the exposed Sibumasu igneous rocks together
with recycled detritus in the Sukhothai Arc terrane, which was possibly transported by a
local river. Hence, our thesis is that elevated topography caused by the closure of the
Bangong-Nujiang Mesotethys profoundly affected the atmospheric circulation and drainage
development, leading to mid-Late Cretaceous desertification across SE Asia.
Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction and Organic Matter
Accumulation of the Paleogene Shahejie Oil Shale in the Zhanhua
sag, Bohai Bay Basin, Eastern China
Dr Xiaolin Wang1, Professor Xiaomin Zhu1, student Xingyue Lin1
1China University of Petroleum Beijing

The sedimentary environment plays an important role in the enrichment and preservation
of organic-rich fine sediment. This paper reveals the mineralogy, geochemistry and
paleoenvironmental evolution of the Paleogene Shahejie Formation. The effects of
paleoclimate, paleosalinity, paleo-redox conditions, paleo-water depth and paleo-
productivity on organic matter enrichment were discussed. The environmental evolution
and enrichment models of organic matter were established. The results show that the
minerals are mainly composed of calcite (average 40.13%), quartz (average 21.64%) and clay
minerals (average 24.07%), accompanied by dolomite (average 7.1%), feldspar (average
6.4%) and pyrite (average 3.0%). The abundance of organic matter is high, and the total
organic carbon (TOC) is between 1.07 and 5.12 wt%. The type of organic matter is mainly
type I ~ II , which is generally high quality source rock. The source of organic matter is the
mixed input of lower bacteria, algae and higher plants. In the early sedimentary stage, the
ancient ice land was dry and cold, with high salinity, strong reducibility and relatively low
productivity. In the late sedimentary period, the climate became warm and humid, the
salinity decreased appropriately, and the input of terrigenous debris led to the weakening of
the reducibility and the gradual increase of productivity. Paleosalinity and paleoclimate
determine the sedimentary environment, and paleoproductivity and paleoredox conditions
indicate the formation and preservation conditions of organic matter. The abundance of
organic matter is determined by the influence of paleoclimatology, paleo-salinity, paleo-
reduction conditions and primary productivity. Warm and humid climate, brackish water,
suitable reduction conditions and high yield are favorable conditions for the formation and
preservation of organic matter. The research results are of great significance to the genetic
mechanism of organic matter accumulation and provide theoretical and technical guidance
for shale oil exploration and development.
Quantitative reconstruction of late Ediacaran Stromatolite build-ups
of the Xifengsi Formation, western Zhejiang, South China, based on
3D digital outcrop
Dr. Xia Wang1,2,3, Dr. Cui Luo4, Lingzan Meng1, Dr. Lei Zhang1,2,3, Jingjing Liu1, Yuhan Zeng1,
Yipeng Tang5, Haoyang Xue5, Dr. Jianhua Chen3,5, Dr. Hanting Zhong1,2,3
1Institute of Sedimentary Geology, Chengdu University Of Technology, 2State Key Laboratory

of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Chengdu University of Technology, 3Key
Laboratory of Deep-time Geography and Environment Reconstruction and Applications of
Ministry of Natural Resources, 4State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy,
Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and Center for Excellence in Life and
Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5College of Geophysics, Chengdu
University of Technology
Compared to studies based on a single stratigraphic profile, multidimensional studies are
adequate in understanding the structure heterogeneity and growth process of ancient reefal
build-ups such as stromatolites. However, limitations in outcrop size and accessibility have
hindered data collection through traditional fieldwork. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs),
particularly commercial drones, offer low-cost and efficient solutions for outcrop
investigation. Close-range photogrammetry using high-resolution UAV images creates
accurate three-dimensional models of outcrops down to the centimeter level.
Using the late Ediacaran stromatolite banks of the Xifengsi Formation in the Xintangwu
section at Zhejiang Province, South China, as an example, this study visualized, documented,
and analyzed data of stromatolite build-ups on the 3D digital outcrops which constructed
using the method of close-range photogrammetry. Formerly reported stromatolites of the
Xifengsi Formation were continuously developed up to 60m intervals (Tang et al., 1981; Yu
et al., 1982), which is exceptional in scale among known late Ediacaran stromatolites in
South China. The diameter and height of the stromatolites are calculated systematically
across the studied section, and the distribution of laminated, wavy, cone-shaped, and
columnar stromatolites is outlined on the digital outcrop, which shows heterogeneity of
stromatolites on size, shape, and structure in the whole section. In-situ LA-ICP-MS are
applied to the stromatolites and the early marine cements to recover the sea-water
geochemistry. Our results show that the stromatolites were developed in an oxygenated
environment; the continuous growth of the stromatolites may be controlled by a sustaining
increase of sedimentary accommodation and the low impact of terrigenous input and
metazoan.

Acknowledgement: This study is supported by the Deep-time Digital Earth (DDE) and the
seed funding for early career scientists by CDUT.
Control of hydrothermal activity on sedimentary organic matter
enrichment and favorable interval selection for shale gas: A case
study of the Lower Cambrian in southern China
Xueying Wang1, Prof. kun Zhang
1Southwest Petroleum University School of Geoscience and Technology

Lower Cambrian is the main target intervals of marine shale gas exploration and exploitation
in China. Shale gas bearing varies greatly among different intervals and how to determine
favorable targets is an important problem to be solved. In this article, taking Jiangye-1 well
in Xiuwu Basin as an example, according to core description, logging data analysis, mineral
and elemental composition analysis, bulk and effective porosity tests, total organic carbon
(TOC) and gas content tests, lower Cambrian Wangyinpu and Guanyintang formations have
been studied. Results show that TOC content is the dominating factors for effective porosity
and gas bearing content; redox conditions and bioproductivity control the enrichment of
sedimentary organic matter. The water reducibility of SQ1 varies greatly, of SQ2 and SQ3 is
generally strong, reducibility of all the three sequences is stronger than those of SQ4 and
SQ5; the bioproductivity of SQ3 is the highest and little difference in the bioproductivity has
been found between SQ1 and SQ2, both of which show higher values than SQ4 and SQ5.
Besides terrigenous siliceous minerals, large amounts of hydrothermal origin siliceous
minerals exist in lower Cambrian Wangyinpu and Guanyintang formations. Specifically,
siliceous origin of SQ1 varies greatly, part of intervals are terrigeneous origin and part of
intervals are hydrothermal origin; most siliceous minerals of SQ2 and SQ3 are hydrothermal
origin, whose content takes up 10%~30%; compared with SQ2 and SQ3, content of
hydrothermal origin siliceous minerals drops in SQ4 and terrigeneous siliceous content
increases; siliceous minerals of SQ5 originate from normal terrigeneous clastic deposition.
Hydrothermal activities are helpful for the increase of reducibility of seawater and
enhancing bioproductivity, the sedimentary organic matter abundance is thus controlled
and the enrichment of shale gas is further affected. The intervals deposited when frequent
hydrothermal activities occurred are exactly favorable targets of shale gas in lower
Cambrian.
Sedimentary environment of Permian high-quality source rocks in
Santanghu Basin
Dr RUI WANG1, Pro. Wenzhe Gang1, Pro. Zhilong Huang1, Yongshuai Pan2
1China University Of Petroleum（beijing）, 2Northeast Petroleum University

The Permian Lucaogou Formation (P2l) and Tiaohu Formation (P2t) are important
hydrocarbon source strata in Santanghu Basin, NW China. There are obvious differences
between the two source rocks in lithology, TOC, organic matter type and sedimentary
environment. Fine-grained sediments of P2l were dominated by carbonate and pyroclastic,
with high TOC and type I-II1 kerogen. The source rocks of P2t are mainly mudstone and tuff,
with II2-III kerogen and low TOC. The formation environment of source rocks was analyzed
by biomarker compound and trace element. The results show that the P2l source rocks have
high values of gammacerane index, Sr/Ba ratio, Sr/Cu ratio, and paleoclimate index "C" with
low Pr/Ph. The P2t source rocks has low values of gammacerane index, low Sr/Ba ratio,
Sr/Cu ratio, and paleoclimate index "C" with high Pr/Ph,. Comprehensive analysis shows that
during the sedimentation period of P2l, the climate was arid, the water body was clearly
stratified with high salinity, Pr/nC17-Ph/nC18 and C27C28C29 regular sterane suggesting a
reducing environment, and the organic matter was mainly contributed by algae. During the
sedimentary period of P2t, the climate was humid and the water body was weakly stratified
with low salinity. Pr/nC17-Ph/nC18 and C27C28C29 regular steranes showed a weakly
reduction environment, and the organic matter was contributed by mixed sources
(terrestrial higher plants, phytoplankton and algae). The intense volcanic activity in P2l
deposited a large amount of volcanic ash material (felsic), which favored the growth of
algae, while the P2t source rocks had less volcanic ash material and algae input.
Comprehensive analysis shows that the reducing environment with high input of volcanic
ash and algae, high salinity and dry heat is more conducive to the development of high-
quality source rocks.
Facies architecture and aggradation rates of supercritical alluvial
fans: control by autogenic processes or high-frequency climatic
oscillations?
Prof. Dr. Jutta Winsemann1, Tim Hartmann1, Dr Jörg Lang1, Runa Fälber1, Dr Tobias Lauer2
1Institute of Geology, Leibniz University Hannover, 2Department of Geosciences, University

of Tübingen

Alluvial fans are present in many terrestrial environments and provide important archives of
environmental change. Despite the overwhelming documentation of alluvial-fan systems,
few sedimentological studies have documented the facies architecture of sand-rich,
supercritical flow fans and addressed the role of autogenic processes and how autogenic
processes may be distinguished from the effects of tectonics and climate change. To fill this
gap, we present sedimentological and architectural data from two different sand-rich,
streamflow-dominated Late Pleistocene alluvial-fan systems. The studied fans developed
under similar tectonic and climate conditions, but differ in size and drainage area, allowing
to estimate the role of tectonics, climate, and autogenic controls on flow processes and
facies architecture for different fan types and lithological settings. Luminescence dating was
used to determine the timing of fan onset and aggradation rates. Both fans represent rather
small tributary-junction fan systems that developed over a short period of time. Such
systems rapidly respond to climate change and the relatively low complexity of fans is well
comparable to experimental fans. Fan onset and aggradation occurred in response to
climate change at the end of MIS 3. The highest aggradation rates are recorded from the
early stage of fan building, during which more than 35 m thick sediments accumulated
within a few thousand years. Sediment-laden, rapidly waning flows favoured the deposition
and preservation of supercritical bedforms and allowed for the aggradation of stable
antidunes. Meter-scale coarsening upward successions of sandy sheet-flood deposits,
overlain by multilateral or single-storey channel bodies with gravelly infills, are related to
high-frequency climatic fluctuations or seasonal fluctuations in water and sediment supply.
The recurrent pattern of multistorey, multilateral, and single-storey channel bodies with a
lateral offset to vertical stacking pattern most probably was controlled by autogenic switch
in an avulsion-dominated system.
Response of uranium mineralization in Kuqa depression driven by
basin-mountain coupling mechanism
PROF Liqun Wu, Yangquan Jiao, Zhenpeng Tao, Weihui Zhong, Yuhang Zheng
1China University Of Geosciences

Uranium mineralization around Kuqa depression is very active. The ore-controlling factors,
metallogenic mechanism and metallogenic law of sandstone type uranium deposits in the
lower member of Pliocene Kuqa formation are the focus of uranium geologists. The authors
analyze the key ore-controlling factors and temporal and spatial allocation relationship of
the formation and development of sandstone type uranium deposits in the context of basin
mountain coupling mechanism (tectonics & sediments & geomorphology), following the
research idea from source to sink. The main understanding is as follows:
[Link] large-scale intracontinental thrust nappe of the Cenozoic South Tianshan orogenic
belt not only controls the filling evolution process of the uranium bearing rock series of the
Kuqa formation, but also restricts the basic pattern and metallogenic process of uranium
mineralization in the lower member of the Kuqa formation.
2. Although the distribution scale of magmatic rocks in the South Tianshan orogen is limited,
U-rich granites exist in the Tomur peak area. The fully developed surface water drainage
system, on the one hand, can carry the debris of the orogenic belt to accumulate in the
Kuqa depression, thus forming a series of large provenance-sedimentary lobes in stages,
creating potential uranium bearing rock series and high-quality uranium reservoir. On the
other hand, the drainage system crossing the U-rich granites in the orogenic belt not only
provides the accumulation of original trace uranium for the uranium reservoir through
physical transportation, but also promotes the development of regional interlayer oxidation
zone and dissolved uranium required for mineralization through the derived underground
ore-bearing fluid system.
[Link] Kuqa depression, the near East-West structure limits the ore-bearing flow field and the
development space of interlayer oxidation zone (Baicheng sag). Uranium mineralization is
concentrated near the front line of regional interlayer oxidation zone (especially the "water
blocking surface" side in the South).
Molecular dynamics simulation experiment on the effect of stress on
quartz dissolution under deep geological conditions
Doctoral Students Bing Wu, professor Jian Wang, professor Yingchang Cao
1China University of Petroleum (East China)

Deep and ultra deep reservoirs contain about 23% of oil and 50% of natural gas, with
enormous potential for oil and gas resources. Among them, 60% of recoverable reserves are
distributed in clastic rock reservoirs. In the ultra deep clastic rock reservoirs found in Kelasu
structural belt of Kuqa depression, Tarim Basin, China, the proven natural gas reserves
exceed trillion cubic meters. Under the tectonic background of the foreland basin, the
Kelasu structural belt as a whole has characteristics such as ultra deep, high temperature,
high pressure, high lateral stress, and strong structural deformation. At present, the
understanding of reservoir development laws in this area is not clear, which to some extent
restricts the exploration and development process. One important scientific issue is that
under the conditions of temperature, pressure, and environmental closure in the buried
strata, it is not yet clear whether lateral compressive stress promotes or suppresses the
dissolution or precipitation of minerals. For the widely distributed mineral quartz in clastic
rocks, we use the molecular dynamics simulation methods to establish a quartz-aqueous
solution molecular reaction model. Comparative experiments were conducted under stress
free and stressed conditions under the conditions of temperature and pressure in the
formation and a series of solution pH values (1, 7.5, 9.5, 11). The experimental results show
that the addition of stress can significantly reduce the free energy of quartz dissolution in
the temperature, pressure, and alkaline solution environments of the formation. However,
in acidic solution environments, the promotion effect of stress addition on quartz
dissolution is limited. The experimental results also intuitively elucidate the dissolution
mechanism of quartz under acidic and alkaline conditions.
Depositional Evolution and Driving Mechanisms of the Lower
Cretaceous Gravity Flow Deposits in the Scotia Basin, Eastern Canada
Dr. Gaokui Wu1, Dr. Zhongmin Zhang1, Dr. Naxin Tian1, Dr. Jinrui Guo1, Dr. Jun Li1, Dr. Fanjun
Kong1
1Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute, SINOPEC

Sedimentary evolution of the gravity flow deposits in the Scotia Basin has not been clear.
Based on the integral analysis of core samples, logging and seismic data in the Sable
subbasin of the Scotia Basin, distribution layers, sedimentary units and sedimentary
evolution of the gravity flow deposits are systematically revealed aiming to provide a certain
reference for the deep-water petroleum exploration within the basin. The Lower Cretaceous
Mississauga Formation （MF） and Logan Canyon Formation (LF) in the Sable subbasin of
the Scotia Basin developed large-scale gravity flow deposits, including MTDs, gravity flow
channels, levee-overbanks and lobes; Small-scale gravity flow deposits developed in the
west of the study area at 147 Ma, the early stage of MF, and large-scale slope bottom fans
developed in the middle of the study area at 130 Ma, the late stage of MF; Small-scale
gravity flow deposits commonly developed at the early stage of LF (113 Ma) in the study
area, and large-scale slope bottom fans developed in the southeast of the study area at the
late stage of LF (101 Ma).
The deposition and burial processes of cave sediments
Dr JINXU WU1, HAOYU LIU, YUXIU ZHANG
1University Of Chinese Academy Of Sciences

Karst caves are underground cavities formed by the process of dissolution, typically
occurring in soluble rocks such as limestone, gypsum, and marble. During the formation
process of karst caves, influenced by various natural, biological, and anthropogenic forces,
the cave floor preserves exceptionally rich cave sediments. Sediments of different ages,
origins, or genesis are superimposed on the cave floor, forming distinct depositional
sequences and interfaces. However, due to the loose and unconsolidated nature of cave
sediments, there are challenges in conducting research from an in-situ, micro-scale,
directional, and process-oriented perspective.
Micromorphology is a subdiscipline within sedimentology and soil science that utilizes
(ultra)microscopic techniques to investigate resin-impregnated in-situ and oriented samples.
Its principal objective is to analyze the components, fabric, microstructure, as well as their
temporal, spatial, and genetic relationships, which are not readily discernible by the naked
eye.
Using micro-morphological techniques on solidified samples and thin sections of cave
sediments, combined with macroscopic profile observations, enables the effective
identification of micro-morphological characteristics of different cave sediments and post-
depositional processes. By introducing the concept of sedimentary microfacies and tracking
the development and evolutionary patterns of key micro-morphological features within a
comprehensive chronostratigraphic framework, it becomes possible to infer the processes,
patterns, and mechanisms of accumulation and burial of cave sediments on a four-
dimensional scale.
Currently, we have conducted micromorphological studies and analyses on the cave profiles
of Fodongdi cave and Naninan cave, located in the Southeast Asian subtropical region. Our
specific aims were to investigate and clarify the environmental conditions during deposition
of each lithological layer, identify the diagenetic processes that have occurred (e.g., any
modification of the sediments or the material contained within them) and to explore
possible signals of hominin behaviour preserved.
Logging characterization and reservoir classification of carbonate
reservoirs : A case study of Carboniferous carbonate reservoirs in
Akraol Oilfield
Logging Characterization And Reservoir Classification Of Carbonate Reservoirs:A case study of
Carboniferous carbonate reservoirs in Akraol Oilfield Lu Xiao1, Logging characterization and
reservoir classification of carbonate reservoirs : A case study of Carboniferous carbonate
reservoirs in Akraol Oilfield Jin Lai1,2, Logging characterization and reservoir classification of
carbonate reservoirs : A case study of Carboniferous carbonate reservoirs in Akraol Oilfield
Guiwen Wang1,2, Logging characterization and reservoir classification of carbonate
reservoirs : A case study of Carboniferous carbonate reservoirs in Akraol Oilfield Song
Wang1,2
1 College of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, 2National Key Laboratory of

Petroleum Resources and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (Beijing)

The Precaspian Basin is one of the most valuable large-scale oil and gas basins for
exploration, and is the main oil and gas producing area in Kazakhstan. Akeroer Oilfield is
located in the eastern margin of the Precaspian Basin, which is a carbonate reservoir
controlled by lithology. In order to solve the problem of heterogeneity of Carboniferous
carbonate reservoir in Akraol Oilfield in the eastern margin of Precaspian Basin, the
reservoir characteristics are analyzed and studied in detail. Through the observation of core
and thin section in the study area, it is found that the lithology is mainly bright crystal grain
limestone, bright crystal biological limestone and micritic bioclastic limestone. Through the
observation of casting thin sections and scanning electron microscopy, it is clear that the
main reservoir space types include intergranular dissolved pores, intra-granular dissolved
pores, intercrystalline pores, fractures and biological body cavity pores. The imaging logging
data can well reflect the information of fractures, holes and lithology around the well.
Combined with core and imaging logging analysis, a large number of low-angle fractures and
dissolution pores are developed in the study area, and high-angle fractures are less
developed. Then, the reservoir types of single wells are characterized, including pore-
dominated type, fracture-pore dominated type and fracture-hole dominated type
reservoirs, and the vertical distribution characteristics of different types of reservoirs also
can be clarified. Combined with sedimentary environment, under different sedimentary
facies belts, the lateral distribution difference and vertical distribution law of reservoirs are
clarified. The research results can provide guidance for the distribution of high-quality
carbonate reservoirs in the study area.
Geochemical characteristics of the late Eocene mudstones in the
eastern Nima Basin, Tibet: Implications for the paleoenvironment,
provenance, and tectonic setting
Miss Wang Xinhang1, Mr. Xiao Siqi1, Mr. Han Zhongpeng1, Mr. Li Yalin1, Mr. Li Shuai1, Mrs.
Dai Jie2
1China University of Geosciences (Beijing), 2Ministry of Natural Resources

Paleoenvironmental reconstruction plays a pivotal role in providing insights into the uplift
history of the Tibetan Plateau during the Cenozoic. The Nima basin, situated in the central
Tibetan Plateau, is crucial for studying the tectonic and geomorphic evolution of this region.
The clastic composition and geochemical characteristics of the Niubao Formation hold
considerable potential for unravelling the geological history and reconstructing depositional
environments of central Tibet in the early Cenozoic. In this study, we present detailed
geochemical characteristics to determine their provenance, paleoenvironmental conditions,
and tectonic origins. The index of compositional variability (ICV>1) of mudstones indicates
that low compositional maturity sediments underwent weak sedimentary recycling. The
chemical index of alteration (CIA: 59.8-72.9) reveals that parental rocks experienced a
moderate chemical weathering degree. The paleoclimate indicators of the mudstones
suggest an oxidizing and arid depositional environment, with a mean annual temperature
(MAT) of 11.64 ± 4.19 °C. The geochemical evidence also demonstrates that the mudstones
were derived from mixed felsic and intermediate igneous rocks that formed in a dominantly
continental island arc tectonic setting. Similarities in the geochemical characteristics among
the Niubao Formation and surrounding igneous rocks indicate that a continental-scale
drainage system once drained westward in central Tibet. It is concluded that the central
plateau experienced a cooler and drier climate coinciding with the presence of a large-scale
drainage system during the late Eocene.
Channelized lobes of fan delta mainly controlled by debris flow:
internal architecture and origin
Mr. Qicong Xiong2, Prof. Shenhe Wu2, Doc. Zhenhua Xu1,2, Shengbo Qiu1,2
1National Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Engineering, China University of

Petroleum (Beijing), 2China University of Petroleum, Beijing

Fan delta has always been an important place for the distribution of oil and gas mineral
resources. Under different paleogeographic conditions, the distribution and internal
architecture of fan deltas are different. The internal architecture of the fan-delta front
sedimentary type dominated by lobes is still unclear. Taking the PI formation of Baobab N
oilfield, Bongor Basin, Chad as an example, the sedimentary architecture model of fan delta
under steep slope background is discussed by core observation and description, logging data
and 3-D seismic data analyses. The results show that the climate was mainly droughty, and
the paleo-water depth was an average of 14m during the sedimentary period, which was
conducive to the development of the fan delta. The fan delta sandstone has coarse grain
size and low component maturity value, which is mainly composed of turbidity -flow
sedimentary structures with debris flow transport mechanism, while bedding and other
sedimentary structures representing tractive current are few. The seismic reflection in the
direction of the cutting source is hummocky, showing that the lobe body is mainly mound
superposition. The delta architecture model of debris flow master fan under steep slope
background is established. The proximal provenance of fan delta is dominated by passing
deposit, the front sand body is dominated by lobe, and the distributary channel is poorly
developed. Vertically, the sand body is superimposed along the source, and the vertical and
lateral superimposed along the incisal edge. Stable mudstone interlayers are developed
between the sand bodies in a single stage, and the structural styles are different under
different slopes. When the gradient is small, the lobes are linguoid and the width is small,
whlie the slope is large, the lobes are mostly lobate and the width is large.
Quantitative study of the structural reworking effect on the N21
clastic reservoir in the Yingdong region, Qaidam Basin
Ph.D. Shidong Xu1,2, Prof. Shuping Chen1,2, S.E. Zhanguo Liu3
1State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting, China University of

Petroleum-Beijing, 2College of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum-Beijing,

3PetroChina Hangzhou Research Institute of Geology

The structural reworking effect on the physical properties of clastic reservoirs is a significant
focus in the study of clastic rock diagenesis and reservoir formation. Continuous structural
stress experienced in the Qaidam Basin has led to a considerable reconstruction of clastic
reservoirs. However, there exists a gap in systematic and quantitative researches. This study
concentrates on the No.1 structure in the Yingdong region and conducts 3-D finite element
numerical simulations to explore the paleo-structural stress affecting the N₂¹ clastic
reservoir from the Late Neogene to the Early Quaternary. Porosity estimation is
accomplished through statistical analyses of cast thin sections and empirical formulas,
involving several parameters: present porosity (φ), residual porosity after thermal
compaction (φT), porosity loss by chemical cementation (φcem), porosity increase by
dissolution (φdis), and structural fractures (φfra). Quantifying porosity loss by structural
compression (φstr) involves subtracting φ and φcem from φT, then adding φdis and φfra.
The reworking effect of structural compression can be quantitatively predicted by
establishing a fitted relationship between structural stress and φstr. Our findings highlight
that structural compression contributes to porosity loss in this region. The maximum paleo-
structural stress inversely correlates with reservoir porosity, yet positively linearly relates to
φstr within specific depths. The Youshanshan Fault exhibits an average compression stress
of 71.00 MPa on the hanging wall and 75.10 MPa on the footwall. The φ averages 22.70%
and 19.68% at two highly deformed locations on the hanging wall, with average φcem at
8.50% and 6.00%, and average φT at 34.58% and 29.90%. Estimated φstr stands at 6.88%
and 7.72%, assuming φdis of 1.50% and φfra of 2.00%. The calculated porosity loss rate
caused by structural compression approximates 0.17%/Mpa. This method aids in predicting
the distribution of reservoir properties in the deeper regions of both limbs of the
Yingxiongling structural belt.
Quantitative identification of the Middle Cambrian gypsum-salt rock
and their planar distribution characteristics in the platform-basin
region of the Tarim Basin, Northwest China
Ph.D. Shidong Xu1,2, Prof. Shuping Chen1,2
1State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting, China University Of

Petroleum-Beijing, 2College of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum-Beijing

The Middle-Lower Cambrian strata in the platform-basin region of the Tarim Basin present a
favorable combination of source rock, reservoir, and caprock, making them a crucial domain
in basin's strategic succession of oil and gas resources. The planar distribution
characteristics of the Middle Cambrian gypsum-salt rock, serving as effective caprock within
this combination, remain highly contentious, significantly hampering Lower Cambrian
subsalt exploration. This study, based on logging and core data, employs an optimized
random forest algorithm and data mining techniques to establish logging response models
for various lithologies in the Middle Cambrian. Subsequently, machine learning and fuzzy
discriminant analysis are applied to identify gypsum and salt rocks in wells, calculating their
thickness ratios to the total Middle Cambrian strata. On this basis, distinct seismic reflection
characteristics of gypsum and salt rocks are integrated to determine their planar thickness
variations and distribution patterns. The research findings indicate that five types
encompassing 14 subtypes of lithologies can be discerned using five logging curves including
density, acoustic, and relative sulfur content, among others. Gypsum rock exhibits an
average density greater than 2.89 g/cm³, acoustic interval transit times mainly fall within the
range of 52-71 us/ft, and sulfur content exceeds 10%. The accuracy of lithology
identification via machine learning exceeds 85%. Spatially, the gypsum-salt rock exhibit a
bull’s eye architecture of halite-gypsum-dolomite. Salt rock are mainly distributed in the
Bachu uplift, while gypsum rock are primarily found in the Tazhong uplift. Within the
Awatage Formation, both gypsum and salt rocks exhibit three depocenters, while in the
Shayilike Formation, they only have one depocenter, found respectively in the Bachu uplift
and the Tazhong uplift, reflecting multiple transgressive-regressive cycles during the Middle
Cambrian. These findings hold significant guiding implications for future exploration of oil
and gas resources in the ultra-deep Lower Cambrian subsalt.
Sedimentary burial of shelf shale and its controls on reservoir
formation of shallow shale gas—A case study on Luowang syncline in
Zhaotong Demonstration Area
Senior Engineer Yunjun Xu1, Mr. Pengwan Wang1, Mr. Zhengyu Xu1, Mr. Jiehui Zhang2, Mr.
Chen Zou2
1PetroChina Hangzhou Research Institute of Geology, 2PetroChina Zhejiang Oilfield Company

The Well Y6 and Well Y7 in the Luowang syncline of the Zhaotong Demonstration Area have
achieved good shale gas discoveries in the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation. The gas reservoir is
characterized by shallow burial, high methane content, and large thickness of gas bearing
[Link] Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation in this area is a semi deep-water to deep-water
continental shelf sedimentary system,with a wide distribution range and stable [Link]
was deeply buried in the early stage and uplifted and shallowly buried in the late stage due
to tectonic [Link] field geological survey,single well analysis,combined with
organic carbon,X-ray diffraction,field emission scanning electron microscopy and other test
results, the lithology and geochemistry of source rock, the sedimentary facies, mineral
component, micro pore characteristics of reservoir and gas bearing system analysis were
studied,the geological conditons of shallow shale gas accumulation are analyzed, and the
reservoir forming model is [Link] results indicate that:①A rich organic shale with
integrated source and reservoir,self generated and self stored,clear layered structure,and
favorable reservoir spaces such as nanopores and microfractures,which is favorable
geological body for shale gas occurrence;②The appropriate degree of thermal evolution
ensures sufficient gas supply;③Shale top and bottom cover layers are developed,with
obvious shielding [Link] main form of occurrence is adsorbed gas,supplemented by free
gas,which is conducive to the formation and preservation of shallow shale gas
[Link] conclusion is that early deep burial gas and late shallow burial sealing are the
basic characteristics of the high-quality shale gas bearing system in this [Link] syncline is
located in the deep-water continental shelf sedimentary area,with well-developed shale
bedding structure,strong adsorption ability,and significant self generation and self storage
characteristics,which are conducive to the long-term stable occurrence of shale [Link] is the
target area for the next step of shale gas exploration.
Application of seismic lithological landform in prediction of Lower-
middle Cambrian dolomite reservoir in Gucheng area
Wang Yanan1
1Beijing Rockstar Petroleum Technology Co.,ltd,china

Previous studies suggest that middle Cambrian evaporite and lower Cambrian shoal
dolomite have good reservoir combination in Tarim Basin. The Gucheng Lower Uplift is
located in the central uplift zone of Tarim Basin. It is a Middle Cambrian to Lower-middle
Ordovician carbonate platform developed in the Precambrian landform, and the carbonate
sedimentary reservoir is developed on a large [Link] present, the prediction of dolomite
reservoir mainly depends on the drilling situation, while the few drilling, complex lithology
and the lack of seismic data application in Gucheng area seriously restrict the oil and gas
exploration and development in this [Link] this study, taking the Gucheng area of Tadong
as an example, under the guidance of seismic sedimentology theory, using the Wheeler
domain thickness constraint layer automatic tracking technology to build the third sequence
stratigraphic [Link] the basis of the seismic structure template and the analysis of
ancient landform, Multi attribute cluster is used to characterize the structural characteristics
of dolomite rock seismic geomorphology,combined with AI frequency inversion to
prediction the thickness and boundary range of [Link], it jointly guides the
identification of gentle slope dolomite granular beach body and sedimentary reservoir
distribution in the lower Cambrian sedimentary period of the Gucheng area.
Features and controlling factors of Late Miocene deep-water
channels in Zhongjian Area
Dr Zhili Yang1, Professor Guozhang Fan, Dr Li Li, Dr Jianan Wu
1Cnpc

In order to clarify the features and controlling factors of the Late Miocene deep-water
channels in the Zhongjian Area, based on 2D and 3D seismic data and regional tectonic,we
established models of the deep-water channels . The results show that there were two
types of deep-water channels of different provenance in Miocene in Zhongjian Area. One
type is a deep-water channel that is filled by carbonate debris from the Xisha carbonate
platform, and another type is a deep-water channel that is filled by terrigenous debris from
the Eastern Vietnamese drainage system. Deep-water channels filled by terrigenous debris
are highly mobile due to the impact of paleotopography and sea level , with the features of
mutual cutting between channels; The deep-water channels that supply by carbonate rock
fragments are mainly controlled by paleotopography and are dominated by vertical
aggradation with weak mobility. The results have guiding significance for the identification
of deep-water channels and reservoir prediction in oil and gas exploration in Zhongjian
Area.
Well logging identification marks and geological significance of
siliceous rocks in the Middle Permian Maokou Formation, Sichuan
Basin, China
Dr. Qianying Yao1, Yi Hao1, Professor Yifeng Liu2
1Petrochina Hangzhou Research Institute Of Geology (hipg), 2Zhejiang University

There is a set of siliceous rocks developed between the Middle Permian Maokou Formation
and Wujiaping Formation in Sichuan Basin. Because the siliceous rocks are closely related to
water depth and tectonic activity, the problem of stratigraphic attribution of asphaltic
siliceous rocks is of great significance to the study of the sedimentary pattern of the Middle
Permian Maokou Formation in Sichuan Basin. In this study, the interface of Maokou
Formation and Wujiaping Formation is redivided by using natural gamma spectrum logging,
and the siliceous rocks belong to Maokou Formation. Based on the geochemical analysis
data, it is revealed that the siliceous rocks are biogenic and indicate a deep water
environment. Finally, a new understanding of the late sedimentary pattern of the Maokou
Formation in Sichuan Basin is put forward. It is believed that the Kaijiang-Liangping trough
had its early form in the late Maokou Formation.
Late Pleistocene-Holocene Evolution of Malé Island (North Malé Atoll
Rim, Republic of Maldives)
Geologist Tugba Yildirim1, Professor André W. Droxler2, Professor EBERHARD GISCHLER3,
DAVID F. NAAR4, YUSUKE YOKOYAMA5, PAOLO MONTAGNA6, EDWIGE PONS-BRANCHU7
1Turkish Petroleum Corporation (TPAO), Research and Development Center, 2Department of

Earth, Environment and Planetary Sciences, Rice University, 3Institut für Geowissenschaften,
J.W. Goethe-Universitat, 4College of Marine Science, University of South Florida,
5Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, 6Istituto di Scienze Polari

(ISP), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) Via Gobetti 101, 7Laboratoire des Sciences du
Climat et de l’Environnement LSCE/IPSL, CEACNRS UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de
la Terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette
Malé, the capital of the Republic of Maldives, is established on an island of about 6.8 square
kilometers, with a maximum relief of 2.7 m and a population of 236000 inhabitants. This
study focuses on the late Pleistocene-Holocene evolution of Malé island that recently
formed as part of the discontinuous North Malé Atoll rim. Understanding the formation of
Malé Island is relevant in predicting its future in the context of accelerating rates of sea level
rise in the next centuries due to anthropogenic Earth gloabl warming. Analyses of two
boreholes and published information from additional boreholes drilled on Malé Island are
available for this study, in addition to a high resolution multi-beam bathymetric survey
acquired along its upper slopes and deep surroundings. Two distinct sedimentary units were
recovered in the boreholes. Facies analyses of the lower unit reveal an overall deepening
coralgal reef that accumulated probably during the previous interglacial (MIS 5e) and
subsequently was altered by meteoric diagenesis during a 100 kyr-long time of exposure.
The upper unit consists of Holocene unconsolidated coralgal accumulation, unconformably
overlying the karstified coralgal MIS 5e lower unit. The upper unit, protected behind a
karstified late Pleistocene reef, was initiated at ~8200 yr BP and vertically grew 25 m high
until 6510 yr BP in the northern part of Malé island farrow. A narrow 30-35 m deep, newly
formed central faro lagoon started to fill up only at ~5500 yr BP, when a reef initiated on top
of the southern highest Pleistocene karstified reef and sea-level rise stalled. The infilling of
the lagoon was completed about 4500 yr BP, and at this time Malé island itself initially
formed.
Broadband and wide-azimuth ocean bottom node (OBN) seismic
anisotropy analysis and fracture detection
Zhang Yonggang1
1Petrochina Hangzhou Research Institute of Geology

Ocean bottom nodes(OBN) seismic acquisition can effectively realize detection and imaging
of complex or high-speed shielded structures (such as salt structure), which can provide
wide-azimuth, long offset and high coverage times dataset comparing with the conventional
seismic exploration, This technology has become the preferred seismic acquisition
technology in the evaluation and development stage of offshore deep-water oilfields.
During the completion logging and DST testing of carbonate reservoir in an offshore
research area, the reservoir has strong local inhomogeneity or micro fractures development,
the fracture network enhances the reservoir’s dynamic permeability obviously, which is the
main control factors of the predominant transportation systems and high production.
Referencing to the directional vertical fracture detection theories and mathematical models
of Ruger two approximate equation and Fourier series decomposition, the exploratory
research of fracture density and orientation were conducted based on OBN five-dimensional
seismic data, Multi-method were compared and drilling wells were confirmed to be reliable,
the preliminary application obtained good effect.
Application of seismic inversion and spectrum decomposition
technology in deepwater exploration
Engineer Zhang Yonggang1, Engineer Wu Jianan1
1Petrochina Hangzhou Research Institute of Geology

Due to high investment，high risk and high technology in deepwater exploration，it is

crucial to boost exploration success rate and search for prospects in frontiers or some areas
with low degree of exploration or even no wells．In this article，no-well wave impedance
inversion and spectrum decomposition were applied to a deepwater basin in West
Africa．Spectrum decomposition was employed to research on reservoir lateral distribution
through tuning the corresponding relationship of amplitude properties in frequency
domain．The seismic resolution after decomposition is higher than conventional
seismic．This aids the researchers to delineate reservoir and estimate layer
thickness．Moreover，no-well wave impedance inversion in combination with seismic
decomposition can be used to predict the beneficial facies tracts and reservoirs．
The complexities of using the biogenic carbonate clumped
isotope (Δ47) thermometer

Ruqaiya Yousif1, Dr. Peir Pufahl1, Dr. John Eiler2, Dr. Noel James1, Dr. PJ Moore3, Nami
Kitchen2, Ismail Al-Shaik3
1Department of Geological Sciences and Geological Engineering, Queen’s University,
2California Institute of Technology, 3ExxonMobil Research Qatar

The biogenic carbonate clumped isotope (Δ47) thermometer has become an important tool
for interpreting paleoseawater temperatures. In this study, modern bimineralic pearl
oysters (Pinctada radiata) were collected from the Arabian Gulf to investigate whether the
clumped isotope microstratigraphy of aragonite and calcite shell layers forming individual
valves faithfully record ambient seawater temperature. Valves were microsampled to
capture seasonal variability and calculated clumped isotope temperatures (TΔ47) were
compared to oceanographic buoy data. Results show that TΔ47 values from calcite layers
closely correlate to actual seasonal temperature variations (±1.5°C). In contrast, TΔ47 values
from aragonite layers are significantly higher (+12°C), highlighting differences in Δ47
composition between calcite and aragonite. Aragonite layers are interpreted to reflect
disequilibrium precipitation in the extrapallial fluid surrounding the mantle as kinetic
fractionation and vital effects influenced the isotopic composition of nacreous aragonite. At
the most evaporitic collection site, calcite layers have elevated Mg concentrations (100000
to 300000 ppm) and consistently overestimate seawater temperature by ca. 5°C. This
relationship between Mg concentration and calculated clumped isotope temperature might
have important implications for understanding TΔ47 values from dolomite. The presence of
Mg in the crystal lattice could reduce activation energy, promoting the reordering of Δ47.
Such ‘declumping’ would produce an overestimation of temperature, a trend commonly
observed in dolomite TΔ47 values.
Characterization of Clay-Hosted Pore Networks and their Impacts on
Reservoir Quality in Tight Conglomerate Reservoirs of the Triassic
Baikouquan Formation in the Mahu Sag, Junggar Basin, Western
China
Duoen Yuan1, DETIAN YAN
1China University Of Geological (WU HAN)

Authigenic clay minerals, namely illite, smectite, chlorite, and kaolinite, are ubiquitously
distributed and critically influence the reservoir quality in tight conglomerate reservoirs.
This study, focusing on the Triassic Baikouquan formation in the Mahu Sag of the Junggar
Basin, Western China, addresses the less-explored aspect of clay pore networks. Employing
an integrative approach comprising petrographical analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning
electron microscopy (SEM), and mercury intrusion capillary pressure (MICP), we present a
comprehensive characterization of these clay-hosted pore networks, their occurrences, and
impacts on reservoir quality. The study establishes a paragenetic sequence of the
conglomerate reservoir based on burial history, diagenetic mineral contact relationships,
and hydrocarbon charging periods. Special attention is given to the occurrence and
arrangement of illite, which is identified as a critical determinant of reservoir permeability.
Illite displays three distinct types: Type I, forming honeycomb-like shaped aggregates mainly
through smectite transformation; Type III, exhibiting flake-shaped occurrences with a
directional arrangement resulting from the transformation of K-feldspar; and the more
complex Type II. The study underscores that sediment sources, compaction, and
hydrocarbon charging primarily contribute to the complexity of clay pore networks in the
conglomerate reservoir. This work highlight the significant role of these networks in
influencing reservoir permeability. The research elucidates the controlling factors behind
porosity and permeability heterogeneity within the third member of the Baikouquan
formation. The outcomes of this study offer a deeper understanding of the geological
characteristics of the Mahu Sag and provide valuable insights for optimizing exploration and
development strategies in similar tight conglomerate reservoirs.
The enlightenment of foreign large-scale CO2 geological storage site
suitability Analysis to China's CCS work-A case study of Longdong
area, Ordos Basin, China
Haowei Yuan1, Huaibo Zhao2
1China Huaneng Clean Energy Research Institute, Beijing 102209, China, 2College of

Geosciences, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 102249, China

Geologic CO2 storage (CCS or GCS) in deep saline aquifers or reservoirs has been widely
accepted as an economic and reliable large-scale carbon emission reduction technology.
Nearly 50 CCS projects have been put into operation worldwide, but CCS in China is still in its
infancy. Development of an applicable framework of the geographical source-sink matching
and CCS site selection is essential before the large-scale CCS project can commence. In this
study, for large scale site suitability analyzed, 6 CCS main geological criteria (reservoir
storage capacity, structural characteristics, rock physical properties, infrastructure
availability, geothermal condition, sustainability) were discussed under the case analysis of
Illinois Basin–Decatur project, Sleipner, In salah and other typical CCS project. Based on the
above evaluation indexes, the site suitability analysis in Zhengning area was evaluated using
the outcrop, core, well-log, and seismic data. The study indicates that three sets of
reservoir-caprock assemblage (from top to bottom, they are assemblage of Yanchang -
Zhifang Formation, assemblage of Heshanggou - Liujiagou Formation, and assemblage of
Shiqianfeng - Shihezi Formation, respectively) in Zhengning area are potential assemblages
for large-scale geologic CO2 storage. The 2×100MW generator set of Huaneng Zhengning
Power Plant can provide stable carbon source. According to the geological data, Zhengning
area is located in the southwest of Yishan slop in Ordos Basin, which is a structurally stable
area. There are no large faults across the effective reservoir-caprock assemblage within
30km around the Huaneng Zhengning Power Plant. The large-scale site suitability analyzed
in the study increases the effectiveness and feasibility of the CCS project. Meanwhile, the
site selection evaluation for Zhengning area provides the basis for the implementation of
large-scale CCS project in the later stage.
Provenances Analysis and Sedimentary Evolution of Middle Jurassic
in Sichuan Basin, SW China
Dr. Zhijie Zhang1, Dr. Dawei Cheng1, Dr. Di Ma2, Mr. Haitao Hong3
1Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, Petrochina, 2China

University of Geosciences, 3PetroChina Southwest Oil and Gas Field Company

This study takes Middle Jurassic in Sichuan basin as an example to investigate the evolution
of the provenance system based on the chronostratigraphy data and heavy mineral
assemblages, to reveal the paleoenvironment from element geochemical characteristics,
finally to discuss the tectonics implication and sedimentary evolution.
A significant changes of sedimentary system and provenance characteristics is recognized
within the Lianggaoshan Formation, which deposited in early period of Middle Jurassic. The
provenance analysis shows that there were three types of provenances for Lianggaoshan
Formation. Specifically, the sediments of Type I were mainly from acidic igneous rocks in the
proximal northern margin of the Yangtze Plate. Sediments of Type II were from the central
parts of the southern and northern Qinling orogenic belts; which were dominated by
intermediate-acid igneous rocks and metamorphic rocks. That of Type III were mainly
metamorphic rocks followed by intermediate–acid igneous rocks from the North Daba
Mountain area. The provenance characteristics indicates that the sedimentary evolution of
J2l in Sichuan Basin was mainly controlled by the tectonic compression of the Qinling
orogenic belt. In the early stage, the lake basin was restricted to the east area of basin.
With the intensifying north-south compression of the Qinling orogenic belt, the lake basin
expanded rapidly and migrated northward. In the middle and late stages, the uplift of the
North Daba Mountain led to the lake basin migration.
In later stage of middle Jurassic, Thick sequences of terrestrial multi colored mudstones
were deposited, called Shaximiao Formation. Paleoenvironment analysis shows that the
mudstones were mainly deposited in a shallow oxygen-rich freshwater lake basin under
semiarid to semihumid conditions, with Sha-2 Member precipitated in a drier and more
oxygen-rich environment. The regional paleoclimateis possibly controlled by global
geological events and local topography. A two-stage sedimentary environmental model of
Shaximiao Formation is proposed.
The Role of Deep Geofluids in the Enrichment of Sedimentary
Organic Matter: A Case Study of the Late Ordovician-Early Silurian in
the Upper Yangtze Region and Early Cambrian in the Lower Yangtze
Region, South China
Dr. Kun Zhang1, Ms. Fengli Han1, Ms. Xuejiao Yuan1, Ms. Xueying Wang1, Ms. Xinyang He1
1School of Geoscience and Technology, Southwest Petroleum University

Organic matter is the material basis for shales to generate hydrocarbon. When the
thermal evolution degree is consistent, the organic carbon content in present shales is
subject to the abundance of primitive sedimentary organic matter. Deep geofluids
significantly influence the sedimentary organic matter’s enrichment, but the mechanism
remains unclear. This paper is aimed at determining how hydrothermal and volcanic
activities affected the enrichment of sedimentary organic matter by studying lower
Cambrian shales in the lower Yangtze region and upper Ordovician-lower Silurian shales.
Oxidation-reduction and biological productivity are used as indicators in the study. The
result shows that hydrothermal or volcanic activities affected the enrichment of
sedimentary organic matter by influencing climate changes and the nutrients’ sources on
the waterbody’s surface and reducing water at the bottom. In the lower Cambrian shales of
the Wangyinpu Formation in the lower Yangtze region, hydrothermal origin caused excess
silicon. During the sedimentary period of the lower and middle-upper Wangyinpu
Formation, vigorous hydrothermal activities increased the biological productivity on the
waterbody’s surface and intensified the reducibility at the bottom of the waterbody, which
enabled the rich sedimentary organic matter to be well preserved. During the sedimentary
period of the lower upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation and the lower Silurian Longmaxi
Formation in the upper Yangtze region, frequent volcanic activities caused high biological
productivity on the waterbody surface and strong reducibility at the bottom of the
waterbody. As a result, the abundant organic matter deposited from the water surface can
be well preserved. During the sedimentary period of the upper Longmaxi Formation,
volcanic activities died down gradually then disappeared, causing the biological productivity
on the water surface to decrease. Besides, the small amount of organic matter deposited
from the water surface was destroyed due to oxidation.
Types, characteristics, and forming of Bar-top Hollows in braided
river: from outcrops to depositional simulation
Associate Professor Tao Zhang1, Professor Xianguo Zhang
1Shandong University of Science and Technology

Bar-top hollows (BTH) are a morphological element recognized in modern braided rivers;
however, information regarding their depositional features and types of filling units in
ancient strata are unclear. This is an important reason that makes it difficult to identify BTH
units in subsurface reservoirs. A Middle Jurassic sandy braided-river outcrop in
northwestern China is characterized in this study through the application of unmanned
aerial vehicle (UAV) mapping, modeling, and ground penetrating radar (GPR). Two types of
BTH filled-units were found: a) sandstone-filled, and b) mudstone-filled hollows. Both of
these units were located between two adjacent bar-units in an area that is limited to a
compound bar, and were developed in the upper part of a braided-bar depositional
sequence. The ellipse-shaped, sandstone-filled unit measures 10 m × 27 m in map view and
reaches a maximum thickness of 5 m. the transversal cross-section across the BTHs displays
a concave-upward basal surface, while the angle of the inclined structures infilling the BTHs
decreases up-section. The GPR data shows that, in the longitudinal profile, the basal surface
is relatively flat, and low-angle, inclined layers can be observed in the lower- and middle
part of the sandstone-filled BTHs. In contrast, no obvious depositional structures were
observed in the mudstone-filled BTH in outcrop. The mudstone-filled hollow formed in a
weak hydrodynamic environment. Depositional process simulation revealed that the paleo-
water velocity forming the sandstone-filled hollows is 2.2-6.5 times of that in the mudstone-
filled hollow. Additionally, the water flow velocity in the modeled BTH during filling had no
certain correlation with their size. This new understanding of BTH has a wide application
including optimization of CO2 storage sites, fresh water aquifers exploration, and oil and gas
reservoir characterization.
Seismic interpretation of fan delta reservoir with machine learning
driven seismic multi-attributes fusion
Professor Xianguo Zhang, Associate Professor Tao Zhang, Professor Chengyan Lin
1China University Of Petroleum

Fan deltas always developed in groups which consist of superimposed fans formed in multi-
stages, especially in the slope zone of basin margin. However, it is a challenge to interpret
the architecture of fan delta complex with single seismic attributes and seismic sections
because there are few significant acoustic impedance interfaces in the reservoir.
In this work, a variety of seismic attributes are fused to predict sandstone thickness based
on machine learning method in the interpretation of fan delta architecture. The method is
used in the slope zone of a Paleogene basin in northeastern China where fan deltas
developed. The method and workflow in this work are as follows: 1) thirty types of seismic
attributes are analyzed; 2) the cross-correlation analysis of sandstone thickness and seismic
attribute value with well data is carried out and then 12 seismic attributes are selected
based on the cross-correlation; 3) Cluster analysis was carried out on the 12 selected seismic
attributes and 3 of them are fatherly selected; 4) a training set is constructed with the
selected 3 types of seismic attributes and sandstone thickness at drilling wells; machine
learning is carried on with the method extreme learning machine (ELM) and the trained
correlation index is 0.82; 5) predict sandstone thickness with the trained network.
According to the predicted sandstone thickness variation and distribution, it can be
interpreted that 1) there are 3 fan delta complex in study area; 2) the largest one is formed
by three single fan delta lobes which developed in different stages.
The interpretation result can not only indicate evolution of paleo-environment but also
characterize reservoir heterogeneity of fan delta reservoirs which provides geological
support for oil and gas exploration and development.
New age constraints of the Bilong Co oil shale in the Qiangtang Basin,
northern Tibet: Evidence from in situ U–Pb dating and paleontology
Haowei Zhang1,2,3, Prof. Jian Wang1,2,3
1School of Geoscience and Technology, Southwest Petroleum University, 2Southwest

Petroleum University, 3Qiangtang Institude of Sedimentary Basin, Southwest Petroleum

University
The Bilong Co oil shale is one of the most significant source rocks in the Mesozoic Qiangtang
Basin (Northern Tibet), however, its absolute chronology remains controversial. In this
paper, in situ carbonate U‒Pb isotope dating analysis was carried out for the first time.
Detailed field geological investigations yielded some age-diagnostic ammonites, enabling a
re-evaluation of the stratigraphic age of the Bilong Co oil shale. A total of 61 spots of U‒Pb
isotope dating from the middle part of the Bilong Co oil shale section suggests an average
age of 181±13 Ma. Elemental geochemistry and diagenetic analysis indicate that the
proposed age represents the early deposition of the calcite and the oil shale was deposited
during the Early Jurassic time. This estimated age is further supported by the newly
discovered ammonite assemblage of Hildoceratidae–Tiltoniceras sp. at the top part of the
oil shale section, which confirms the deposition of oil shales during the Toarcian age of the
late Early Jurassic. Consequently, the Bilong Co oil shale can be assigned to the Quse
Formation which is attributed to the Lower Jurassic rather than the Middle Jurassic. The re-
assessment of the stratigraphic age of the Bilong Co oil shale is of great significance for
regional evaluation and exploration activities of hydrocarbon source rock layers in the
Qiangtang Basin as well as for global stratigraphic correlation of the late Early Jurassic
Toarcian oceanic anoxic event.
Types and genesis mechanism of glauconite in the Meso-
Neoproterozoic in North China
Professor Qin Zhang1,2, Dr. Hanyun Tian1, Master Mengjie Zhang1, Master Chaojie Guo1, Dr.
Xinsong Wu1,2
1China University of Petroleum (Beijing), 2National Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources

and Engineering
The field investigation and thin section observation showed that glauconite with granular,
cemented, fecal pellet, and halo - rimmed forms is widely developed in the Tieling,
Xiamaling, Changlongshan, and Jingeryu Formations of Meso-Neoproterozoic in North
China. Based on oxide components, color, SEM energy spectrum and XRD, glauconite are
low mature to mature, and the maturity of glauconite in the Longshan and Jiguanshan areas
is higher. Glauconites with different substrate components indicate different genesis
mechanisms. The glauconite with quartz and feldspar grains as the substrate is of a
pseudomorphic replacement genesis, while the glauconite with biotite as the substrate is of
a layer lattice theory genesis, and cemented glauconite is of an authigenic precipitation
genesis. Furthermore, the study revealed that glauconites with fecal pellets and
stromatolites as substrate are a combination of biogenesis and verdissement or authigenic
precipitation, and halo - rimmed glauconite is of a combination of pseudomorphic
replacement and authigenic precipitation. According to the findings, the evolution of K2O-
TFeO in Precambrian glauconite is not only controlled by a specific substrate, but also by
specific chemical conditions. Because of the differences in composition of solubility of the
substrate, the pH conditions of the pore water required for glauconization are different. The
sedimentary environment and substrate type affect the form and genetic mechanism of
glauconite, but the varied pH conditions suitable for the substrate and the sub-oxide
environment near the Fe oxidation-reduction interface are the necessary conditions for
glauconization. As a result, glauconite can be used as a signature mineral for the palaeo-
redox facies. The study provides insights into the formation mechanism of different
glauconite in the process of sedimentation or diagenesis, and the scientific basis for the
restoration of diagenesis conditions and the paleogeographic environment in North China.
Sedimentary Characteristics and Depositional Model of Intrabasinal
Turbidities in Lacustrine Basin: A Case Study from the Dongying
Formation, Nanpu Sag, Bohai bay Basin, Eastern China

Mr. Zhonghao Zhang1, Professor Juergen Schieber1, Dr. Zalmai Yawar1

1Indiana University Bloomington, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences

Abstract: Sediment gravity flows have been a hot research topic for sedimentology because
of their crucial functions in petroleum exploration. Similar to marine sediment gravity flows,
they can also be found in lacustrine environments. Turbidites can be classified into
intrabasinal and extrabasinal types based on their origin. The accumulation of intrabasinal
turbidites typically occurs at or near the toe of a regional slope. Intrabasinal turbidites are
caused by avalanche of unstable material in the slope areas. Based on the observation of
drill cores and wire logs of Paleogene Dongying Formation from the Nanpu Sag, this study
further divides intrabasinal turbidites into two types. The first type mainly including slump
deposits transformed into debris flow covered by fluid mud. Part of debris flow deposits are
then transformed into hybrid event beds and finally into turbidity current deposits. The
second type of turbidites are characterized by slump deposits first which are altered into
debris flow. The recognition of different kinds of intrabasinal turbidites can be useful in the
determining whether they occurred in the proximal or distal part of slump in the slope and
help us understanding turbidities reservoirs.
Distribution pattern of braided river deltaic sand bodies in different
structural belts of foreland basin: A case study from the Triassic
Xujiahe Formation in the southwestern Sichuan Basin, Southwestern
China
Li Zhang1, Qinchao Yang1, Xiaolong Bi1, Luying Meng1
1School of Geosciences, Yangzte University

Deltaic sandstone reservoirs are important tight gas exploration target. Sedimentary
research in the past twenty years have revealed the distributary channels were important
reservoirs. However, the distribution model illustrating both distributary channels and
mouth bars is still understudied, especially in different structural zones of the foreland
basin. In this study, core analysis, wireline log data, and outcrop were used for identification
and characterization of distributary channels and river mouth bar depositional facies. The
tight sandstones were formed in braided river delta deposits. The mouth bar sand body
mostly has a flat bottom or gradually contacts with parallel bedding siltstone. The mouth
bar deposits show upward-coarsening sequence vertically. Massive bedding, low angle cross
bedding, and parallel bedding are developed in those sandstone. The thickness of a single
mouth bar is mostly greater than 10m. During the sedimentary period of the Xu2 member in
the Xujiahe Formation , the western delta deposition near the foredeep had a relatively
large accommodation space, with the development of superimposed braided river deltas.
The multi stage mouth bars in the western delta were well developed overlaid by
subaqueous distributary channels deposits. From proximal to distal part of the delta, the
mouth bars have higher proportion in the sequence. The eastern delta near the forebulge
also developed distributary channel and mouth bar deposits. The deposits also have
coarsening upward and overlying fining upwards sequence. The proportion of mouth bar
and distributary channels is different from the western delta. More distributary channel
deposits could be found in the delta. From proximal to distal part of the delta, the
proportion of distributary channels decrease in the sequence. This study interpreted the
mouth bar deposits and spatial variation in foreland basin using wireline log curves. This
could offer insights to better predict deep tight reservoirs in foreland basins.
Study on sedimentary facies characteristics and sedimentary
environment change of modern sedimentary body in Xi’an section of
Fenghe River
Huanmeng Zhang1
1Northweat University(china)

This paper makes a comprehensive study on the rock types, sedimentary facies types,
sedimentary models and climate changes of the modern river sediments in the Xi'an section
of the Fenghe [Link] google satellite images, field surveys，sample collection and
geochemical element content and ratio analysis of the modern river systems in this [Link]
results show that the lithology of the modern river sediments in Xi'an is mainly yellowish
mudstone Grayish white sandstone and argillaceous siltstone and a small amount of light
gray fine conglomerate series；Three subfacies were identified，namely，channel filling
subfacies, channel margin subfacies and flood basin subfacies; Four microfacies，i.e.
riverbed retained sediments，point bar，estuarine fan and flood plain，develop three sets
of different sedimentary sequences in the vertical direction: the lower sequence has anti
rhythmic characteristics，and the middle and upper parts show obvious positive rhythmic
sediments，indicating the process of hydrodynamic first increasing and then gradually
decreasing；By analyzing the changes of the contents of trace elements such as
Co，Cr，Cu，Ni，Rb，Sr，V，Zn and Zr in sediments, as well as Sr/Cu，V/(V +
Ni)，V/Cr，Ni/Co and Sr/Ba，it is determined that the main environment during the
deposition period is arid climate, accompanied by seasonal rainfall，and the water body is a
weak oxidation-oxidation freshwater environment.
Origin of dispersed organic matter within sandstones and its
implication for uranium mineralization: A case study from Ordos
basin in China
Fan Zhang1, Yangquan Jiao, Liqun Wu, Hui Rong
1China University Of Geosciences

Carbonaceous debris (CD), common dispersed organic matter (i.e., DOM), is widely
disseminated in sandstones from uranium-bearing strata from the Dongsheng uranium ore
field of the northern Ordos Basin. Compositions of maceral, element and biomarkers of CD
were investigated through a series of methods with optical microscope, elemental analyzer
and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses to study origin of CD. The results
show that macerals of CD are composed of vitrinite (i.e., V), inertinite (i.e., I), and minerals,
including that V is primary (V>95%). The (C27+C29)/(C31+C33) ratios of n-alkanes
biomarkers indicate that the percentage of woody plants accounting for vegetation
composition of CD predominate over that of coal, which is also evidenced by the higher C/N
ratios and oleanane contents of CD. The evidence is also supported by plant branch buried
in sandstones. The tissue preservation index, gelification index, ground water level index,
and vegetation index reflect that the paleoenvironment of CD is controlled by fluctuating
water, which is also supported by the existences of round CD. Compared with peat,
sedimentary paleoenvironment where CD deposits is of weaker reducibility, higher salinity
by analyzing Pr/Ph ratios and gammacerane index. Distributions of n-alkanes carbon
number of CD with the presence of unknown complex mixtures show that microbial
activities exist in sand bodies. Differences in hydrodynamic intensity, redox condition, and
microbial activity intensity between sedimentary paleoenvironment of CD and peat, show
that CD is born in synsedimentary sandstone environment not in peat. Hence, it
comprehensively draws conclusions that immature ‘non-peatborn’ CD is formed from the
trunk, stem, branch, root fragments buried in sandstones, depositing in (micro)
allochthonous positions by the influences of fluctuating water. The DOM from
synsedimentary plant debris might play more roles in adsorption and complexation, and
microorganisms may participate in uranium mineralization, which could provide certain
guidance for uranium exploration and mining.
Cenozoic salt-related structural deformation characteristics and
control function of reservoir forming: A case study in the middle-
eastern section of the Qiulitage structural belt, Kuqa Depression, NW
China
Huaibo Zhao1,2, Shuping Chen1,2, Haowei Yuan3, Xiqiang Yao1,2, Fan Wang1,2
1State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting, China University of

Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 102249, China, 2College of Geosciences, China University of

Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 102249, China, 3China Huaneng Clean Energy Research Institute,
Beijing 102209, China
The Kuqa Depression in northwest China is rich in oil and gas resources. The middle-eastern
section of the Qiulitage structural belt is located in the front edge of the fold-thrust belt of
the Kuqa Depression. In recent years, in order to expand the oil and gas exploration results,
it is urgent to study the deformation characteristics and formation mechanism of salt-
related structures in the study area.
We used drilling, logging, seismic data and other data to conduct fine structural
interpretation, and analyzed salt-related structural styles, structural evolution processes,
formation mechanisms, and hydrocarbon accumulation characteristics.
The results show that there are two sets of gypsum salt rock layers deposited in the middle-
eastern section of the Qiulitage structural belt, which lead to abnormally complex structural
deformation. There are four structural styles developed in the suprasalt strata, three
structural styles developed in the subsalt strata, and seven structural assemblage styles
developed in the suprasalt strata and subsalt strata. The salt-related structural deformation
in the middle-eastern section of the Qiulitage structural belt has the distribution
characteristics of vertical stratification and E-W trending segmentation, which is related to
plate compression, boundary conditions and the existence of gypsum salt rocks (distribution
range, development horizon and thickness). The main tectonic activity deformation period is
from the Neogene Kuqa Formation deposition period to the present. Gypsum salt rocks not
only have good oil and gas sealing properties, but also have a protective effect on the
integrity of subsalt traps, so salt-related structures can form good oil and gas traps. The
study area has good source-reservoir-cap conditions, and the trap formation period can be
effectively matched with the oil and gas migration period. Therefore, it is believed that the
oil and gas prospects in the middle-eastern section of the Qiulitage structural belt are broad.
Multiscale evaluation of pore structure characteristics in mixed shale
oil reservoirs, Qaidam Basin, NW China
Xing Zhao1,2, Professor Guiwen Wang1,2, Zongyan Han1,2, Dong Li1,2, Yinhong Tian1,2
1China University of Petroleum (Beijing), 2National Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources

and Engineering
Taking reservoirs in the upper member of Lower Ganchaigou Formation in the Ganchaigou
District of Qaidam Basin as an example, an indepth study of pore structure characteristics in
mixed shale oil reservoirs of saline lacustrine was conducted through the core experiment
and well logging technology. The results show that pores are mainly intercrystalline pores,
intercrystalline/intergranular dissolution pores and intraparticle pores, organic matter pores
are rarely developed. Throats are mainly slit-like shape with poor filtration capacity. Micro-
fractures are widely developed but filled or half filled by carbonate cement, which seriously
reduces filtration capacity. Macro-fractures are divided into high angle fractures, oblique
fractures and low angle fractures, which can connect micro-fractures between beddings to
form a reticulate seepage system and improve the reservoir physical property. Porosity in
the study area is mainly 0.5%~8%, permeability is generally less than 1mD, pore-throat
radius is mainly 0.02~2.13μm, and the pore size is mainly nano-micron. The reservoir is
characterized by ultra-low porosity and low permeability, poor correlation between porosity
and permeability, and complex pore structure. Aiming at the characteristics of multi-scale
and large-span pore sizes in the study area, the pore structure was classified into four
categories and the classification criteria were established by designing the experimental
combinations of gas adsorption + mercury injection capillary pressure + nuclear magnetic
resonance + micro/nano CT + three-dimensional FIB-SEM and extracting several
characterization parameters from them. In addition, based on the core scale logs mode,
parameters such as T2 geometric mean and movable fluid porosity were preferred to
establish the logging evaluation criteria for pore structure. On this basis, a conventional logs
identification model for different pore structures was established using the eXtreme
Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) to realize the continuous logs identification and
characterization of the multiscale pore structure of the mixed shale oil reservoirs.
the Fluid-rock Interactions and their Impact on Underground
Hydrogen Storage
Dr Lihua Ren1, Miss Ziru Zhao1, Professor Chengyan Lin1, Professor Chunmei Dong1, Mr Jianli
Lin1
1China University of petroleum (East China)

Underground hydrogen storage is a promising solution for large-scale energy storage,

necessitating a comprehensive understanding of fluid-rock interactions and their
implications. These interactions are pivotal in defining the storage capacity, integrity, and
overall performance of subsurface storage facilities. Hydrogen molecules may undergo
adsorption onto the rock surfaces or absorption into the rock matrix, processes that are
governed by the rock's characteristics such as porosity and surface area, as well as the
ambient pressure and temperature. The caprock's role as an impermeable barrier is vital to
prevent hydrogen escape, with its integrity being susceptible to alteration through fluid-rock
reactions that may lead to changes in mineral composition or induce fracturing. The
phenomenon of mineral trapping, where hydrogen induces the formation of new minerals,
can offer a more stable form of storage, whereas dissolution trapping involves hydrogen
dissolution in pore water, potentially altering porosity and permeability. Residual trapping
of hydrogen occurs due to capillary forces after removal of hydrogen, influenced by the
rock's wetting properties. Moreover, geomechanical effects induced by hydrogen injection
can alter the stress state within the subsurface, leading to rock deformation or fracturing.
Additionally, the presence of subsurface microbial activity can interact with hydrogen,
affecting the storage site's chemistry. These fluid-rock interactions collectively impact
storage efficiency through additional hydrogen trapping mechanisms, influence storage
capacity by altering rock properties, and pose safety and leakage risks if storage integrity is
compromised. Operational strategies and long-term monitoring plans must be informed by
these interactions to optimize injection and withdrawal processes.
 Prediction of total organic carbon (TOC) content of organic-rich
shale using machine learning: A case study from Gulong sag, China
Prediction Of Total Organic Carbon (toc) Content Of Organic-rich Shale Using Machine
Learning: A Case Study From Gulong Sag, China Fei Zhao1, Prediction of total organic carbon
(TOC) content of organic-rich shale using machine learning: A case study from Gulong sag,
China Jin Lai1,2, Prediction of total organic carbon (TOC) content of organic-rich shale using
machine learning: A case study from Gulong sag, China Guiwen Wang1,2, Prediction of total
organic carbon (TOC) content of organic-rich shale using machine learning: A case study
from Gulong sag, China Xiaojiao Pang1, Prediction of total organic carbon (TOC) content of
organic-rich shale using machine learning: A case study from Gulong sag, China Yuyue
Huang1
1College of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), 21. National Key Laboratory

of Petroleum Resources and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (Beijing)

The total organic carbon (TOC) content is one of the significantly crucial parameters of
organic shale reservoirs, can be used to evaluate the hydrocarbon potential and screen for
sweet spots for unconventional shale reservoirs. However, the determination of TOC can be
costly, depending on laboratory tests in samples from source rock. Traditional methods of
determining of TOC content based on gamma ray (GR), neutron porosity (CNL), bulk density
(DEN), acoustic interval transit time (AC), uranium (U) and resistivity (RT) logging curves,
many scholars have proposed various method for TOC content predictions, such as ΔlogR
method, Schmoker gamma-ray log method, multiple linear regression method and so on.
For shale reservoirs, the well logs response of TOC are complicated due to complex
lithologies and fluid properties. Then there remains large uncertainty in delineation and
quantitation of TOC using well log data due to the complex non-linear relationships between
TOC and well log information, and traditional methods are low-accuracy and non-applicable,
do not provide accurate TOC content in shale reservoirs. In this study, we propose three
machine learning methods of Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), random forest (RF),
back propagation (BP) neural network to prediction the TOC content using well logs, and the
performance of models are compared with the traditional methods. Then, 717 data points
of Rock-Eval analysis determining TOC content collected from Gulong sag are used to train
and test each model. The results show that the XGBoost model predicted TOC matched well
with that from the laboratory measurements, has a better adaptation and generalization
ability compared with other machine learning methods. Overall, the proposed model based
on XGBoost method provides an accurate way for the TOC prediction in the shale oil
reservoirs.
Micro mechanism of reservoirs damage caused by CO2 displacement
in tight reservoirs
Zhou Zhen, Chen Xin, Qu Yiqian
1State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Department of Geology, Northwest

university, Northern Taibai Str. 229, Xi’

CO2-fluid-rock interactions during CO2 injection in tight oil reservoirs, i.e. asphaltene
precipitation and geochemical reactions, alter the pore-throat structure , which will in turn
affect the CO2 displacement efficiency. In this work, pore structures of tight sandstone from
the Ordos Basin, China were characterized comprehensively using the X-ray diffraction, cast
thin sections, scanning electron microscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, and high-pressure
mercury intrusion. In addition, pore structure and asphaltene precipitation before and after
CO2 displacement were analyzed to clarify the influences of CO2-fluid-rock interactions on
the pore throat structure and wettability of tight sandstone reservoirs, including mineral
dissolution, asphaltene precipitation location and aggregation mode. The results indicate
that the Chang8 tight sandstone can be divided into three classes based on pore throat
combination: narrow channel intergranular pore type (I), wide channel and dissolution pore
type, intergranular pore type (II), and mixed type (III). The porosity of the three types
gradually decreases and the percentage of small pore throats increases. With the injection
of CO2, secondary pores are formed due to the dissolution of feldspar in Class I reservoirs,
and asphaltene precipitates in the macropores, mainly distributed on the surface of mineral
particles and clustered in a point-like manner. The impact on the macropore throat is
relatively small, and the wettability is reversed towards oil wetting. In the Class II reservoir,
feldspar dissolution produces a large number of secondary pores, and the proportion of
pore throat of fine and small pores developed by asphaltene precipitation in Clay mineral
increases. Asphaltene content in Class III reservoir is precipitated in a large amount in small
pores and throats, and accumulates in clusters. Asphaltene precipitation is usually
concentrated more closely in the pore throat structure where Chlorite group and Illite are
more developed and Wettability constantly shifts towards oil wetting direction.
A study on the diagenesis of uranium reservoir sandstone of the
Zhiluo Formation in the Shenshangou Outcrop , Northeastern Ordos
Basin
Dr. Yuhang Zheng1, Yangquan Jiao1, Liqun Wu1, Fan Zhang1, Weihui Zhong1
1China University of Geosciences

Affected by temperature, pressure, pore fluid, and epigenetic processes, a rich variety of
diagenesis has occurred in the uranium reservoir sandstone of the Shenshangou outcrop in
the northeastern Ordos Basin, including compaction, cementation, leaching, and epigenetic
oxidation-reduction [Link] process of diagenesis is complex and often manifested as
the superposition of multiple [Link] has shown that there are a wide variety of
cementation types, including clay cementation, pyrite cementation, jarosite cementation,
and carbonate cementation, with carbonate cement [Link] the influence of
cementation, clastic particles show free and point contact types during
[Link] is manifested as the dissolution of mineral components (quartz,
feldspar, rock debris, and cements), which constitutes the main part of the secondary pores
in [Link] oxidation-reduction alteration is most closely related to uranium
mineralization, and the resulting rock geochemical types are the geological basis for
identifying interlayer oxidation zones. Three types of epigenetic altered sandstones are
present, including purplish-red sandstones that were preserved after interlayer oxidation
during the mineralization period and were subsequently cemented by carbonates, green
altered sandstones that underwent secondary reduction, and yellow sandstones formed by
modern surface oxidation. Through the study of diagenesis in the uranium reservoir, it is
helpful to understand the properties of pore fluids, reservoir physical conditions, and
provide accurate geological evidence for the identification of interlayer oxidation zones,
which is of guiding significance for uranium mining.
Petrography, geochemistry, chronology features and their
significance of microbial dolomite in Lower Cambrian of Tarim Basin,
NW China
Geologist Jianfeng Zheng1, Geologist Yongjin Zhu1, Geologist Lili Huang1
1PetroChina Hangzhou Research Institute of Geology

Lower Cambrian Scholbrak formation is an important exploration target in Tarim Basin,

microbial dolomite is the main reservoir rocks. However, The features and genesis of
reservoir are unclear due to few Wells drilled into Scholbrak Fm.. This study took outcrop
area of 28km in the NW Tarim Basin as an example, based on 800 thin sections and many
geochemical data, it was found that: (1) The thickness of Scholbrak Fm. is about 170m, it can
be divided into 5 members, Member Ⅰ consists of laminated microbial dolomite (LMD);
Member Ⅱ mainly consists of layered thrombolite dolomite (LTD) ; Member Ⅲ is
dominated by massive thrombolite dolomite (MTD); Member Ⅳ mainly consists of grain
dolomite with bonding structure (GDBS), foamy microbial dolomite (FMD) and crystalline
dolomite remaining grain apparition (CDGA); Member Ⅴ is dominated by stromatolite
dolomite (SD), micritic dolomite (MD) and argillaceous dolomite (AD); (2) Framework pores
and vugs are the main reservoir spaces; There is a correlation between porosity and
lithofacies, FSD has the highest porosity, LTD, MTD and GDBS are next. (3) Low dolomite
order degree, Partitioning patterns of REEs, δ18O and 87Sr/86Sr have the characteristics of
Cambrian seawater, indicate that the dolomitization were took place in early diagenetic
stage and dolomitization fluid is relevant to coeval seawater. (4) Pores were formed in
synsedimentary or penecontemporaneous period, the ages of 5 microbial dolomites range
from 490~501 Ma; The ages of three sparry calcites filled in the vugs range from 467~472
Ma, and have the features of low temperature(39.6 ℃) and negative δ18Ow (-5.19 ‰). In
brief, the microbial dolomite reservoir was mainly controlled by lithofacies, high–frequency
sequence and early dolomitization. By establishing the reservoir geological model of study
area, it shows that microbial mounds in inner ramp around the paleo-uplift are the
favorable exploration zone in Tarim Basin.
Quantitative study on the key diagenetic stages of ancient carbonate
reservoir
Doc Xingping Zheng1, Senior Engineer You Zhang
1Petrochina Hangzhou Research Institute Of Petroleum Geology

There are multiple stages of diagenesis fluids flow modification during the forming process
of dolomite reservoir in Ordovician of Tarim basin. These process made the reservoir’s
strong heterogeneous and caused the controversy during the study on dolomitiation path of
different domomite occurrence and their reservoir space evolution process. Lock down key
diagenesis stage accurately is a crucial step to study the reservoir evolution process. Based
on techniques such as laser ablated U-Pb dating and element mapping, rock components
including powder dolomite, surrounding rock, medium-coarse crystal dolomite on the wall
of pore or vug, calcite cementation in vug were tested. Dating results show that shoal
carbonate sediment age is approximately 475.35Ma. There are 2 stages of dolomitation and
1 stage of calcite cementation during its evolution process. The first stage dolomitation age
is approximately 470.1Ma, which indicate a shallow burial stage. The age of second stage
dolomitation is approximately 452.1Ma, which made dolomites crystals of surrounding rock
larger. The age of calcite cementation is not later than 448Ma, which caused the damage of
reservoir spaces. The existing pore spaces in dolomite mainly inherits from the preexistent
pores, instead of the traditional understanding of tectonic hydrothermal corrosion pores.
Fracture and hydrothermal fluid are important modification factors for pore evolution but
not the major factors. These information from laser ablation in situ U-Pb dating can provide
several evidence for the study of reservoir spaces formation and effective reservoir
prediction of deep dolomite reservoir in Tarim basin and other similar areas.
Microbe-sediment interaction controls the earliest stages of marine
lithification
Miss Yisi Zhong1, Stephen Lokier2, Mara Diaz3, René Hoffmann1, Adrian Immenhauser1,4
1Institute for Geology, Mineralogy and Geophysics, Ruhr-University Bochum, 2College of

Science and Engineering, University of Derby, 3Department of Marine Geosciences, CSL –

Center for Carbonate Research, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science,
University of Miami, 4Fraunhofer IEG (Fraunhofer Institution for Energy Infrastructures and
Geothermal Systems)
The transition of unconsolidated carbonate sediment into limestones is a complex, multi-
stage process commencing at the seafloor. Hence, much work has been dedicated to
carbonate burial and cementation, eventually leading to fully lithified rocks. Conversely, the
earliest marine carbonate stabilisation and cementation stages (occurring over periods of
many weeks to a few years) are less well understood. In particular, the role of microbe-
sediment interaction versus that of abiotic processes (seawater supersaturation,
hydrodynamic levels etc.) is relevant. This presentation documents the earliest microbial
stabilisation and cementation of carbonate grains from a near-beach environment in the
modern lagoon of Abu Dhabi. Detailed SEM images from actively forming firmgrounds are
used to exemplify processes and products. The aim is to provide evidence that microbially-
mediated processes control the earliest stages of sediment stabilisation and cementation.
Our data show that extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and microbes stabilise
sediment particles and trigger the nucleation and precipitation of nano-amorphous calcium
carbonate grains (nano-ACC grains) following the EPS decay and synergistic microbe-
microenvironment processes. Initial nano-ACC grains aggregate and evolve into micrite
cement envelopes. Other nano-ACC grains, interacting with microbial consortia, are
oriented spatially and assemble to form wheat-shape mesocrystals bundles nucleating on
the micrite cement substratum. Mesocrystals coherently fuse and form aragonite cement.
Aragonite cements (forming bundles) radiate out from the nucleation centres with a range
of crystal terminations (pointed, chisel, irregular and frequent twinning). These are the most
common early marine cement phases in the study sites, resulting in porous but lithified
carbonates. Subsequent stages include the formation of isopachous seams of elongated
aragonite cements with different morphologies (hexagonal, tabular, bladed, etc.) on
carbonate grains. These observations are significant in the context of seafloor lithification
and question conventional hardground models invoking hydrodynamics and seawater
supersaturation as main agents.
Seismic-scale seaward-dipping unconformities linked to supercritical
turbidity currents in the Yongshi submarine fan of the Southern
South China Sea
Guangfa Zhong1, Baojin Zhang2, Huodai Zhang2, Ruiwei Zhang2
1State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology, Tongji University, 2Guangzhou Marine Geological

Survey, China Geological Survey

Supercritical flow bedforms are common in modern environments. Yet, their documentation
in the stratigraphic record remains limited, revealing gaps in our understanding of the
interactions between associated processes and resulting products. Specifically, there is a
absence of criteria for identifying related paleo-deposits. In this study, we present new
findings on seaward-dipping unconformities associated with supercritical turbidity currents
within the Yongshi submarine fan in the southern continental margin of the South China
Sea. These findings are obtained by interpreting high-quality two-dimensional multi-channel
seismic reflection data. The Yongshi fan, nourished by two submarine canyons,
encompasses deposits ranging from approximately 520 to 1650 m in thickness, spanning the
Late Miocene to Quaternary periods. Within this fan, numerous seismic-scale bedforms
have developed, exhibiting wavelengths ranging from 1 to 4 km and wave heights between
10 and 50 m. These bedforms can be classified into three main types: (1) fully depositional
cyclic steps, characterized by laterally continuous laminae transitioning from backsets to
foresets; (2) partially depositional cyclic steps, predominatly characterized by backsets; and
(3) downslope migrating antidunes or dunes, distinguished by foresets. Our observations
reveal bedding-crossing unconformities, identified by seaward-inclined reflections arranged
in a linear to en-echelon pattern. These unconformities serve as natural boundaries,
emphasizing coeval bedforms primarily dominated by backsets. We attribute these
unconformities to lee-side erosion and the rapid upslope migration of supercritical flow
bedforms. Within the context of deep-sea turbidite systems, which often span vast areas
from thousands to millions of square kilometers, these bedding-crossing unconformities
introduce new criteria for identifying related paleo-deposits. Furthermore, they provide
invaluable insights for deep-sea stratigraphic and sedimentological analyses. This research
was funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant
Number 2022YFF0800503) and the Key Special Project for Introduced Talents Team of
Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou) (Grant
number GML2019ZD0207).
Formation of bauxite and helium-rich gas reservoir in bauxite
stratum in the Ordos Basin
Professor Dongya Zhu1,2, Professor Quanyou Liu3, Doctor Pengpeng Li3, Professor Xiaohui
Jin1,2, Doctor Yu Gao3, Doctor Qingqiang Meng1,2
1National Energy Key Laboratory Of Carbonate Oil And Gas, 2Petroleum Exploration And

Production Research Institute, SINOPEC, 3Peking University

Abundant natural gas reserves and production have been obtained in the Ordovician
Majiagou Formation carbonate and Carboniferous and Permian tight sandstone reservoirs,
in the Ordos Basin, NW China. In recent years, helium-rich natural gas has been discovered
in a special type of reservoir, the bauxite reservoir. The bauxite layer is located in the
Carboniferous Benxi-Taiyuan Formation above the unconformity surface of the Majiagou
Formation. The bauxite is deposited on the weathering crust during the Caledonian period.
The development and distribution of bauxite are mainly controlled by sedimentary
landforms and ancient environment. The deposits are thick on slopes, buried pits and low-
lying areas above the Ordovician unconformity, generally up to 20-50m. The bauxite
contains abundant intergranular primary pores and dissolved pores, and consequently
became a good reservoir. The gas test of Taiyuan Formation bauxite in Well Long47 in the
southwestern margin of the basin yielded an industrial gas flow of 67.38×104m³/d; Well D1-
568 in the Daniudi area obtained a gas flow of 3.5532×104m3/d in the Benxi Formation
bauxite reservoir. The natural gas in the bauxite formation is rich in helium. For example,
the helium content is 0.05%-0.07% in Shixi, 0.138% in Dongsheng, and 0.131% in Yichuan
Gas Field. The 3He/4He ratio is between 0.02 and 0.08 Ra, indicating that helium gas is
formed from the radioactivity of uranium and thorium in crust rocks. The ancient granite
and metamorphic rocks rich in uranium and thorium in the basement are the source rocks
for the helium. And the bauxites, organic-rich mudstones and coal rocks may also contribute
a large amount helium due to relatively high uranium and thorium content. Therefore,
helium and natural gas in the bauxite reservoirs form a special reservoir model: helium and
hydrocarbon from multiple sources while in the same bauxite reservoir. (Sponsored by NSFC
foundation, No. U2244209)
Sequence architectures and depositional systems of different
tectonic stages in Chinese eastern continental rifted basins
Professor Xiaomin Zhu, Lecture Hehe Chen, Associate professor Jiawang Ge, lecture
Mingxuan Tan
1China University Of Petroleum At Beijing

As continental rifted basins are very productive in oil and gas resources, clarifying the
sequence stratigraphic architectures and depositional system characteristics in different
tectonic evolution stages is the key foundation for the high efficient exploration and
development of hydrocarbon resources. With the research of the development status of
sequence stratigraphy and the sedimentological characteristics in Chinese eastern
continental rifted basins, according to the analysis of tectonic evolution history and seismic
geomorphology in Chinese eastern rifted basins, the sequence stratigraphic architectures
and depositional system characteristics have been characterized: ① During the early syn-
rift stage, basin boundary faults just begin to grow, the parasequence is featured by vertical
aggradation and superposition, and the basin is filled with near sources of coarse-grained
alluvial fans, distributary fluvial systems, and fan deltas. ② During the main syn-rift stage,
the fault activity is obvious strong. In different structural belts and systems tracts, the
parasequence mostly shows a variety of overlapping styles and the basin is mainly filled with
fluvial, delta or fan delta and gravity flow systems. ③ During the late syn-rift stage, the
fault activity becomes much weak. The overlapping styles of parasequence are dominated
by progradation and aggradation, and the basin filling is mainly featured by axial fluvial
systems and deltaic systems. ④ During the post rift and subsidence stages, the fault
activity almost stopped, the basin stays in overcompensation status and the sediment filling
is mainly characterized by the fluvial-shoal water deltas. Combined with the above analysis,
this paper also discusses the current hot topics and future development of sequence
stratigraphy and depositional system researches in continental rifted basins.
Sedimentary microfacies of thick sandstone in the Huagang
Formation of Oligocene in the central area of Xihu Sag, China
Dr YiXiu Zhu1,2, Dr Rongkun Xiong1,2, Dr Xinglei Qiu1,2, Dr Ying Liu1,2, Dr Yuan Zhao1,2
1College of Geoscience,China University of Petroluem(Beijing), 2State Key Laboratory of

Petroleum Resources and Prospecting,China University of Petroleum,Beijing

The Cenozoic Oligocene Huagang Formation of Z Gas field in the central area of Xihu Sag,
East China Sea Basin, has developed several stages of extremely thick sandstone with
continuous thickness of over 100 meters. It is generally believed that the microfacies and
their superimposition are the main factors controlling the spatial distribution of sand bodies.
This research comprehensively utilizes the description of sedimentary structure and
lithology characteristics of 8 wells with more than 200 meters of core, conventional logging
data of 8 Wells and nuclear magnetic and imaging logging data of 3 Wells, geophysical data
of 3 seismic profiles of 8 Wells, lithology and physical property experiments of 128 rock thin-
sections and 46 scanning electron microscopy and relevant regional geological basic data. To
search for sedimentary facies markers of thick clastic rocks in the upper member of Huagang
Formation, The study shows that the rocks are composed of sandstone, pebbled sandstone
and siltstone, which are formed from braided delta front to braided river. The thick
sandstone is mainly developed from the underwater distributary channel in the braided
delta front and distributary channel in the braided delta plain, does not develop sediment
and facies markers reflecting marine facies and transgression. It is a sedimentary sequence
formed from braided delta to lake environment. The sedimentary sequence of the Huagang
Formation, from the bottom to the top, the bottom is composed of multi-stage underwater
distributary channel in braided delta front, and the top is composed of multi-stage
underwater distributary channel in delta front transition to distributary channel in delta
plain. It is clear that the study area belongs to the lacustrine delta depositional system. The
distributary channel and underwater distributary channel are favorable factors for the
development of high reservoirs.
Key words: sedimentary microfacies, braided river delta, East China Sea basin.
Sedimentary architecture of estuarine deposits dominated by tidal
current: insights from ancient rock records of the Oriente Basin M1
Sandstone
Mr. Sicheng Zhu1, Associate professor Panke Sun1, Kexin Zhang2, Chaoqian Zhang2, Professor
Huaimin Xu1
1China University of Petroleum (Beijing), 2Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and

Development
The impact of mixed hydrodynamic conditions on estuarine sedimentation is significant. The
varying strength of interactions among fluvial, tidal, and wave currents undergoes
modification along the vertical direction of shoreline, leading to a longitudinal gradient shift
in facies associations and distinctive sediment distribution patterns. Compared to river and
delta deposits, research on sedimentary architecture of ancient estuaries is relatively
limited. In our study, we analyzed the sedimentary characteristics of sand and mud deposits
in tidal-influenced estuarine preserved in Oriente Basin M1 Sandstone formation. We
explained several types of tidal sedimentary structures and facies associations in rock
records based on core data and found that the proportion of tidal facies is quite high,
reflecting the extensive reformation of sediments in the region by tides. In central axis of
the estuary zone, the thickness and continuity of tidal bars are substantial, and there is a
lack of clear sedimentary discontinuity in core or logging curves that can indicate obvious
sedimentary discontinuities. Controlled by tight well spacing, the lateral variation
characteristics of sand body were dissected. In the direction perpendicular to the shoreline,
tidal bars in outer mouth area showed a forward contact relationship, and the
hydrodynamic forces between bars weakened, forming a barrier layer mainly composed of
fine-grained sedimentation. On the contrary, the sensitivity of sediment to changes in water
depth provides evidence for dividing sedimentary periods in the tidal flat areas on both
sides of the estuary. Finally, through our analysis of regional short-term sea level changes,
we believe that in the early stage of marine invasion, the high-flow sand flat area
dominates, and the relatively dense tidal channel forms erosive contact with the tidal flat
sand body; With further marine invasion, sandy sediments from the ocean rapidly
accumulate in estuary forming a erosional stacking pattern with early sand bodies.
Diagenesis Analysis On Sandstone Reservior In The Sub-Member Of
Middle Member Of The Third Member In Shahejie Formation Of
Qingshui Sub-sag In Liaohe Depression Of Eastern China
Professor Yixiu Zhu1,2, Dr Xinglei Qiu1,2, Dr Rongkun Xiong1,2, Dr Yuan Zhao1,2, Dr Ying Liu1,2
1 College of Geosciences China University of Petroluem(Beijing), 2State Key Laboratory of

Petroleum Resources and Prospecting,China University of Petroleum,Beijing

Abstract: The central and southern Qingshui Sub-sag in the Western Depression of the
Liaohe Depression in the Bohai Bay Basin of eastern China has rich sandstone reservoirs
developed in the sub-section of middle section in the third member of the Shahejie
Formation, showing strong heterogeneity. By utilizing core observation and a series of
experimental analysis, a comprehensive analysis is conducted on the lithology and physical
properties, diagenesis and evolution of sandstone reservoirs in the middle section of the
third member of the Shahejie Formation in the Qingshui Depression, exploring their
diagenesis, reservoir formation, densification mechanisms and control factors, in order to
predict the distribution of high-quality reservoirs. Rock of this section is mainly composed of
argillaceous feldspathic lithic sandstone and lithic feldspathic sandstone; Formed in two
types of water flow systems, dominated by braided river delta and lacustrine fan
sedimentation; There is strong compaction, cementation, dissolution, metasomatism, and
the transformation of new minerals; The moderate to strong compaction effect is obvious,
with the cementitious material mainly composed of mud crystal to fine crystal calcite, and a
small amount of authigenic quartz and clay minerals. The dissolution of feldspar and rock
debris is common, while authigenic clay minerals are common, with the development of
clay mineral transformation and carbonate mineral transformation and substitution. This
section is in the A or B sub-stage of diagenesis, exhibiting a weak acid/weak alkali acidic
alkaline fluid field evolution. Normal pressure field mainly dominated the evolution of this
section, with partial abnormal pressure fields. Early hydrocarbon injection is beneficial for
maintaining porosity, while dissolution and structural fracturing improve reservoir physical
properties and affect mineral transformation. Later, deep thermal compaction and
cementation cause sandstone to be generally tight; Diagenesis is the main cause of density,
and this section is characterized by reservoir formation followed by density.
Facies correlation of Opalinus Clay in Switzerland: unravelling the
depositional model
Géraldine Zimmerli1, Dr. Stephan Wohlwend2, Dr. Gaudenz Deplazes3, Dr. Thomas Mann4,
Prof. Dr. Anneleen Foubert1
1Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, 2Institute of Geological Sciences,

University of Bern, 3Nagra, 4Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR)
The Opalinus Clay, a silty to sandy claystone formation, deposited during the Early to Middle
Jurassic age (latest Toarcian to Aalenian), holds significance in Switzerland as the selected
host rock for deep geological disposal of radioactive waste. Over more than thirty years,
extensive geotechnical, mineralogical and sedimentological studies have addressed the
Opalinus Clay, such as those conducted within the Mont Terri Project and the deep drilling
campaigns of Nagra (National Cooperative for the Disposal of Radioactive Waste).
The aim of the present study is to understand the lateral and vertical facies variability within
the Opalinus Clay in central northern Switzerland and neighbouring areas. Petrographic
descriptions performed on nineteen drill cores resulted in an integrative and revised
subfacies classification scheme. This scheme is based on texture (colour, grain-size,
sedimentary structures) and composition (mineralogy), offering a novel framework
applicable not only to the entire Opalinus Clay in Switzerland but potentially to analogous
mudstone formations globally. The application and use of this subfacies classification
scheme for the Opalinus Clay in Switzerland and neighbouring areas is discussed.
Based on the subfacies descriptions, elemental content (XRF logging) and mineralogy (XRD),
small-scale vertical facies variations as well as marker horizons (timemarkers) are identified,
which can be correlated at regional scale. Classical grain size analyses (laser particle size
analyses and component analyses based on thin sections) combined with 3D visualisation
resulted in the assessment of grain size variations and mean sortable silt to reconstruct past
current dynamics in the Opalinus Basin. The observed complex lateral and vertical facies
variability requires to revise and develop an improved depositional model for the Opalinus
Clay at both regional and basin scale.
A quantitative method to characterize primary clay mineral
assemblages of the Shahejie shales from the Dongpu Sag
Mr Rusi Zuo1, Professor Jingong Cai1, Dr Xiang Zeng2
1Tongji University, 2Sinopec Matrix Corporation

As a major composition of shales, clay mineral plays a vital role in unconventional petroleum
geology. However, the effective method to characterize clay mineral contents during
sedimentary processes of shales is scarce. Based on this, the Shahejie shales from the
Dongpu Sag have been studied. After a series of analysis, there are some findings:
The shales were uniformly derived from felsic igneous rocks. The indexes of composition
and the A-CN-K diagram reflects the shales are firstly deposited and have gone through
weak K metasomatism during diagenesis. Thus, the secondary clay mineralogy was
predominantly controlled by weathering intensity, which can be indicated by chemical index
of alteration (CIA). The shales are rich in clay minerals, consisting of abundant illite/smectite
mixed layer (I/S) and illite and little smectite. Some samples were selected to identify
detrital clay mineral and authigenic clay mineral by SEM observation. The kaolinite and
chlorite are both of detrital origin. The illite and I/S are of diverse origins. Their origins and
even precursor minerals can be indicated by their shapes. In addition, chlorites and illite of
detrital origin have been steady during diagenesis. In combination with imageJ, area
proportions of illite and I/S with diverse originations were counted. According to the above,
the detrital clay mineral compositions of the selected samples were calculated. The further
research shows that the detrital illite content and the detrital chlorite content have a close
relationship, and the detrital smectite content corresponds well with the CIA. Above all, the
fitting formulas for the detrital clay mineral contents can be established. There is no distinct
rule about the detrital kaolinite contents, which may be controlled by the parent rocks. With
the application of the fitting formulas, the average contents of the detrital illite and smectite
of the Shahejie shales are 9.42% and 7.24% respectively.
Unravelling World-Class Outcrops of the Tumey Giant Injection
Complex as an Important Analogue for Subsurface Interpretation
Dr Gustavo Zvirtes1, Professor Andrew Hurst1, Professor Ruy Paulo Philipp2, Dr Matthew
Brettle1, MSc Robert Waltham1, Dr Felipe Guadagnin3, MSc Daniel Holden1, Dr Giuseppe
Palladino1, Dr Luciano Alessandretti4, Student Samuel McMillan1
1University of Aberdeen, 2Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 3Univeridade Federal

do Pampa, 4Universidade Federal de Uberlândia

Nestled in the Eocene succession of the San Joaquin Basin, the Tumey Giant Injection
Complex (TGIC) is an outcrop laboratory to understand the architectural organization,
lithological characteristics, and genesis of injection complexes.
This study employed field mapping and analysis of high-resolution 3D outcrop models, along
with structural, and petrological analysis to extract valuable information and insights into
the geometry, connectivity, and petrological characteristics of injectites inherent in
subsurface reservoirs.
The outcrop area of the TGIC is at least 100 km2 and comprises: (1) parent units defined as
sandy turbiditic slope channel-fills (up to ~35 m thick) intensely deformed by sand
fluidization; (2) intrusive network of interconnected sills, dykes, and injection breccia
forming composite sandstone units (100`s m long and 10`s m thick) of sill-complexes and
saucer- and wing-intrusions; (3) hydraulically fractured mudstone and bio siliceous
mudstone host strata, which were the main seals during development of overpressure.
In Tumey Hills area, a wing system >1.2 km long that crosscuts at least 200 m of
stratigraphy, is defined by multiple stepped sills and dykes (up to ~15 m thick), and
associated clast- and matrix-supported breccia with an average net-to-gross of 0.5. in the
monocline Ridge area, a lower sandstone-rich section (~150 m thick) deformed by
fluidization is overlain by mudstone-rich succession that hosts saucers, wings, sill complexes,
and injection breccia. The intrusion network extends for 10`s km laterally and crosscuts
~350 m of host strata with intrusive bodies distribution and geometry comparable to
intrusions imaged in North Sea seismic surveys (e.g., Volund, and Viper-Kobra fields).
The research shows that the TGIC can not only support subsurface mapping, but also
suggests that the identification of sandstone intrusions not previously recognised on seismic
data can help to build models in which sandstone connectivity and total storage volume can
be increased.
Characteristics and formation mechanisms of gravity-flow deposits in
a lacustrine depression basin: Examples from Es3 in the Boxing
Subsag of Dongying Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, China
路路 钟1, 勇强 杨, Prof Qiu Longwei
1China University Of Petroleum（ESAT CHINA）

This study analyses gravity-flow deposits of the Es3 in the Boxing Subsag of Dongying Sag,
Bohai Bay Basin, using a combination of well-log analysis, core observations, thin-section
analysis, and laboratory measurements. The research results indicate that: There are three
types of gravity-flow.: Slumping deposits, debris flow deposits and turbidity current
deposits, with turbidity current deposits being the most common in this region. Based on
sedimentary particle size and sedimentary structures, 10 lithofacies and 5 lithofacies
associations are identified. The lithology is mainly sandstone, mudstone, and transitional
lithology from mudstone to sandstone. Structures including blocky, parallel lamination,
deformation and normal grading are developed. (2) There are two mechanisms for the
formation of gravity flows: slope failure triggered gravity flows and flood sustained turbidity
currents. At the base of the delta front slope, debris flows are formed ahead of slump
deposits. During the forward movement, the debris flows are diluted and gradually
transform into turbidity currents. The flood sustained turbidity currents are controlled by
the sediment supply from the source area and the intensity of flood energy. Various types of
gravity flow fluids are developed, including debris flows, turbidity currents. (3) The
depositional patterns are divided into two types based on the formation mechanisms: For
the slope failure triggered mechanism, the typical combination of depositional elements
includes the delta front collapse zone, mixed deposits, lobes and tongue-shaped deposits in
sequence. For the flood sustained mechanism, the typical combination includes gravity flow
channels-levees, channel-lobe transition zone, and lobe deposits in [Link] the
perspective of core observation, correct understanding of gravity flow deposition types and
clear depositional pattern of deep-water gravity flows can provide theoretical guidance for
deep-water gravity flow deposition in Boxing Sag and deep-water lacustrine gravity flow
deposition.
 Kraft, Ronaldo 168
Paulo
Miraj, 548
Muhammad
Armaghan Faisa
Erban, Yulia 523 Pufahl, Peir 521
A
Abeuov, Alibek 623 Amoussou, Jean 53
Acquafredda, Pasquale 125 Amy, Lawrence 573
Agbetsoamedo, Jennifer 127 Anani, Chris 127
Aich, Sreetama 511 Anderskouv, Kresten 322
Ajdanlijsky, George 296 Anderskouv, Kresten 618
Akakpo, Omonde Sitou 593 Andò, Sergio 119
Alessandretti, Luciano 644 Andrei, Briceag 166
Al-Fakih, Abdulrahman 30 Andreucci, Stefano 326
Alfaro, Lorena 168 Andrianov, Nikolai 618
Al-Ghamdi , Faisal 182 Anlıak, Güneş 84
Ali, Mubashir 590 Apotrosoaei, Vlad 166, 478
Ali, Syed Haroon 377, 387 Apotrosoaiei, Vlad 334
Allport, Hamilton 421 Aquino, Carolina Danielski 465
Almeida, Renato Paes de 392 Aranburu, Arantza 289
Al-Ramadan, Khalid A. H. 182 Araujo, A.L.N. 633
Al-Shaik, Ismail 521 Argüello Scotti, Agustín 454
Alsuwaidi, Mohammad 121 Arregui, Carlos 519
Altenhofen, Sabrina 389, 471, 450, Aščić, Šimun 591
449, 262, 428
Altenhofen, Sabrina D 380 Asiedu, Daniel 127
Althaus, Camila 392 Atul Kumar, Singh 119
Amao, Abduljamiu O. 182 Aurell, Marcos 327
Amorosi, Alessandro 144 Ávila, Sérgio 360
Ayala, Gabriel 400
Azmy, Karem 649
B
B. Bállico, Manoela 598 Benkó, Zsolt 523
Baas, Jaco 573 Beranoaguirre, Aratz 115
Babechuk, Michael G. 660 Bernaola, Gilen 252
Bábek , Ondřej 372 Berton, Andrea 382
Baceta, Juan Ignacio 68 Bi, Xiaolong 531, 562
Bain, Olivier 220 Biaggi, Roberto E. 105
Baize, Stéphane 605 Bian, Congsheng 14
Baldassari, Arnault 645 Bie, Kang 204
Banak, Adriano 591 Bishop, James 558
Banoeng-Yakubo , Bruce 127 Björn Weisenberger , Tobias 616
Bao, Changjia 508 Blum, Mike 205, 339
Bao, Lei 171, 33 Bodego, Arantxa 289
Barbagallo, Viviana 436 Boggiani, Paulo César 635
Barbieri, Tommaso 429 Bolat, Yerlibek 623
Barbosa, Catia 423, 463 Borghi, Leonardo 389
Barham, Milo 153 Bosellini, Francesca 590
Barilaro, Federica 638 Bostock, Helen 457
Barili, Anderson 471 Bovet, Nico 618
Barili, Anderson J M 380 Bowden, Stephen Alan 391
Barili, Rosalia 450, 449, Boyden, Patrick 110
262, 428
Barili da Cunha, Rosalia 380 Bozetti, Guilherme 629
Barnes, Philip 457 Bozhenok, Angelina 263
Barutçu, Eylül 84 Brackenridge, Rachel 11
Basilici, Giorgio 173 Brandano, Marco 347, 352, 436, 579
Basso, Mateus 380, 471 Brandano , Marco 485
Bastos, Albano 630 Brandão, R.P.C.S. 633
Batezelli, Alessandro 488, 37 Brasier, Alex 106
Bayramov, Emil 558 Brasier, Alex 219
Bechis , Florencia 258 Brettle, Matthew 644
Becker, Anna 652 Brettle, Matthew 640, 641
Beilinson, Elisa 134 Briceag, Andrei 478
Bekeshov, Dias 558 Brigland, David 406
Belić, Nikola 605 Budai, Soma 210
Bello, Abdulwahab M. 182 BULLING, MARK 456
Bello, Guillermo 654 Buratto Rebelo, Taynah 488
Benavente, Cecilia 544, 258 Butarbutar, Elrey Fernando 8
Benito, M. Isabel 131, 133 Butler, Richard 298
Button, Oliver 227
C
Cabello, Patricia 654 Chen, Shuping 671, 527, 525, 275
Cagliari, Joice 465 Chen, Si 213
Cai, Jingong 6 Chen, zhaozhou 67
Cai , Quansheng 546 Cheng, Changling 91
Caline, Bruno 401 Cheng, Dawei 324
Camargo, Marilia M 380 Cheng, Xin 534, 535
Campos, Marta 360 Cheng, Yuan 185
Campos-Soto, Sonia 131, 133 Cheng, Yuting 534
Cao, Jian 505 Chiarella, Domenico 524, 599, 675
Cao, Shuo 559 Chinelatto, Guilherme 471
Cao, Tianyu 121 Chinelatto, Guilherme F 380
Cao, Yingchang 683, 684, Cho, Seoyeong 586
27
Čáp, Pavel 523 Christine dos Santos, Thisiane 380
Capaldi, Tomas 141 Clog, Matthieu 289
Cardoso Lucas, Vinícius 635 Cnudde, Veerle 452
Carey, Rebec 551 Coelho, Raphael 630
Carlini, Gianluca 144 Coimbra, Rute 360, 440
Carrizo, Daniel 606 Coletti, Giovanni 590
Cartigny, Matthieu 551 Collins, Daniel 110
Castellani, Gastone 144 Colombera, Luca 171, 210, 50
Celis, Sergio A. 462 Colombera, Luca 173
Cembrani, Elias 450, 449 Conte, Karoliny 630
Chang, Shaoying 157, 152 Corlett, Hilary J. 429
Chang, Tae Soo 586, 354, Cornacchia, Irene 436
208
Changkuan, Ni 185 Cornacchia , Irene 485
Chanvry, Emmanuelle 623 Correa Mora, Francisco 558
Chapman, Mark R. 678 Cosgrove, Grace 173
Chen, Hehe 42 Costa, F.O. 633
Chen, Hui 355 Costa, Fernanda 423
Chen, Jianhua 122, 621 Costa, G.C.M. 633
Chen, Lei 503, 505 Cui, Gaixia 313
Chen, Qi 31 Cui, Hang 96
Chen, Ruiqian 64 Cuitiño, José I. 583
Chen, Shaoyun 63, 184 Cunha, Rosalia 471
Chen, Sheng 50
D
Dahl Holmslykke, Hanne 618 Di Martino, Andrea 144
Dalla Vecchia, Felipe 450, 449, Di Stefano, Agata 436
428
Damas-Mollá, Laura 289 Dias, B.S.S. 633
Dario, Erik 400 Diaz, Mara 45
Dasgupta, Sudipta 511 Dickson, Alexander J. 678
da Silva Reis Assis, Vanessa 168 Dideriksen, Knud 618
David, Wisdom 616 Dillinger, Antoine 179
Davies, Neil 421, 219 Dillinger, Antoine 623
Davies, Neil 106 Dinarès Turell, Jaume 287
De Boever, Eva 611, 610 Dinarès-Turell, Jaume 252
de Luca, Alessia 125 Dinarès-Turell, Jaume 140
De Ros, Luiz 471, 449, 262 Djudjuwanto, 8
De Ros, Luiz Fernando 389, 450, Dong, Chunmei 508, 538, 507,
468, 428 649, 500
De Ros, Luiz Fernando 380 Döpp, Lea 616
De Souza, Ezequiel 519, 598 Dorrell, Robert 573
De Souza, Márcio 428 dos Santos, Alisson 519
de Souza Filho, Carlos Roberto 173 Dos Santos, Thisiane 450, 449, 428, 471
De Vleeschouwer, David 113 Dou, Luxing 531, 479
Dela Pierre , Francesco 112 Doublet, Stefan 234
Delgado Blanco, Leidy Alexandra 488 Dougman, Ehab 477
D'Elia, Leandro 403 Dragoș, Andrei Gabriel 141
Della Porta, Giovanna 112 Dröllner, Maximilian 153
Della Vedova, Micaela 606 Droxler, André W. 568
den Brok, Sebastianus Duarte, Debora 411
Deng, Guanghong 288 Ducea, Mihai 141
Deng, Qingjie 546 Dykmans, Samantha 595
Dennis , Paul F. 678
Deplazes, Gaudenz 291
Des Roches, Mathieu 645
Di Capua, Andrea 638

E
Eckel , Anna-Maria 616 Escarcena, Luis 630
Eiler, John 521 Esperante, Raúl 105
El Kati, Imad 174 Ezquerro, Lope 440
Elgushti, Omar 477
F
Fadi Al-Masri, Wael 618 Flint, Stephen 302
Fairweather, Luke 169 Fontanelli, Laurent 220
Fälber, Runa 489 Foresi, Luca Maria 436
Fan, Guozhang 218, 243 Formiga, Klebber 466, 646
Fan, Haifeng 4 Foubert, Anneleen 291
Fan, Tailiang 276 Fournillon, Arnaud 234
Fan, Wentian 181 Fragoso, Daniel 519
Fan, Yan 108 Franceschetti, Gloria 287
Fan, Yunpeng 515 Francisco Savian, Jairo 641
Fanciellu, Dario 326 Francisco Savian, Jairo 640
Fantini, Giovanni 326 François, Daniel 423
Farias Vesely, Fernando 169, 168 Frank, Tracy 465
Fauth, Gerson 640 Franke, Svea 110
Faÿ, Ophélie 401 Frechen, Manfred 617, 605
Febbo, María Belén 616 Frederick, Bruce 205
Felletti, Fabrizio 112, 174, 53 Freitas, William 449, 262, 428
Feng, Zihao 342 Frey, Shannon 550, 551
Ferreira Mesquita, Aquila 173 Frykman, Peter 618
Ferry, Nick 339 Fu, Chao 501
Fielding, Christopher 465 Fu, Qilong 14
Fietz, Susanne 281 Fustic, Milovan 179, 623, 558
Finotello, Alvise 382
G
Gagnon, Dean 680 Gischler, Eberhard 426
Gang, Wenzhe 359 GISCHLER, EBERHARD 568
Gao, Gang 87, 344 Gluyas, Jon 406
Gao, Jianhu 41 Gomes, Pedro Victor Oliveira 392
Gao, Ruohan 494 Gomes Tabarelli, Carlos Henrique 173
Gao, Xiaoyang 479, 510, 673 Gomez Rivas, Enrique 391
Gao, Yu 542 Gonçalves, Thauana 463
García-García, Fernando 462 Gong, Qingshun 509
García-Martín, Martín 131, 133 González-Acebrón, Laura 131
García-Penas, Alvaro 327 Gorchev, Ivan 296
Garzanti, Eduardo 107 Griffiths, Joshua 619
Gavidia, Jean 471 Groppelli, Gianluca 638
Ge, Jiawang 42 Grundvåg, Sten-Andreas 322
Gegg, Johann 100 Gu, Mingfeng 34
Gegg, Lukas 100 Guadagnin, Felipe 400, 519, 644
Geng, feng 83 Guangliang, Gao 80
Ghazi, Shahid 377, 387, 415 Gugliotta, Marcello 110, 113
Ghinassi, Massimiliano 382 Gui, Jinyong 41
Gibert Beotas, Luis 391 Guo, Chaojie 422
Gifford, Jennifer Noelle 593 Guo, Jingliang 355
Giraldo-Villegas, Carlos A. 462 Guo, Jinrui 483
H
H. Blinkenberg, Kasper 618 Holt, Robert 593
Habulashenmu, Yerejiepu 63, 548 Hong, Haitao 324
Han, Changcheng 510, 673 Hoogakker, Babette 463
Han, Fengli 518, 552, 303 Horta, Luis R. 606
Han, Yu 683, 684 Hou, dongmei 35
Han, Zongyan 129 Hou, jiagen 31
Hao, Yi 246 Hou, Jiagen 171, 33
Hartley, Adrian J 442 Hou, Mingcai 122
Hartmann, Tim 489 Houghton, James 619
Haubert, Thiago 450, 449 Houghton, Thomas 11
Haubert, Thiago 262 Howell, John 227, 302
Haug Eide, Christian 658 Hren, Michael 465
Haughton, Peter 536 Hu, Ming-Yi 546
Hazlett, Randy 558 Hu, Xin 91
He, Xinyang 237, 303 Hu, Xiumian 122
He, Xunyun 142 Hu, Yong 479
He, Zhibin 513 Huang, Cheng 91
Heinelt, Manfred 115 Huang, Daowu 338
Helland-Hansen, William 322 Huang, Derong 59, 51
Henke, Sven 115 Huang, Lili 142, 155
Heredia, Arturo 258 Huang, Xiaojie 93
Herlambang, Adhipa 182 Huang, Yuyue 233, 228
Heubeck, Christoph 113 Huang, Zhilong 216, 202, 359
Hodgson, David 302, 536 Hudson, Harold 426
Hoffmann, René 440 Humam Haryputra, Adhyasa 8
Hoffmann, René 45 Hurst, Andrew 311, 641, 626, 644
Holbrook, John 654, 179 Hurst, Andrew 640
Holbrook, John M 315 Hürtgen, Jochen 605
Holden, Daniel 644 Husic, Admin 339
I
Iacopini, David 442 Invernizzi, Daniele 174, 53
Ibezim, Onyekachi 240 Ion, Gabriel 478, 334
Igizgali, Alisher 558 Iqbal , Mahmood 590
Illueca, Natalia 396 Irfan, Muhammad 548
Iltaf, Khawaja Hasnain 476 Iriarte, Eneko 289
Immenhauser, Adrian 360, 115 Ishfaque, Muhammad 476
Immenhauser, Adrian 45 Islas-Dominguez, Eduardo 426
J
Jackson, Christopher A.L. 599 Jiao, Yangquan 198, 149, 212
James, Noel 521 Jie, Dai 682
Janikian, Liliane 392 Jin, Xiaohui 542
Janjuhah, Hammad Tariq 476 Jin, Xuling 91
Janŏcko, Juraj 173 Jobe, Zane 558
Jautzy, Josue 645 Jones, Stuart 631
Jelby, Mads Engholm 322 Willem Josef 558
Jianan, Wu 356 Jovane, Luigi 463
jiang, Chao 580 JU, Juncheng 108
Jiang, Fujie 648 Jung, Heechae 586
Jiang, Rui 70 Jureczka, Janusz 357
Jiang, Zhenxue 484 Jutzeler, Martin 550, 551
JIANG, FUJIE 647

K
Kabir, Sm Mainul 442 Kitchen, Nami 521
Kadlecová, Eva 523 Kneller, Ben 169, 168
Kaka, S. 30 Kneller, Benjamin 629
Kakemem, Umid 618 Kochhann, Karlos 465
Kane, Ian 302 Kocjančič, Anja 591
Kane, Oumar Ibrahima 547, 546 KOESHIDAYATULLAH, A. 30
Kędzior, Artur 249, 357 Koeshidayatullah , Ardiansyah I. 182
Keep, Myra 595 Kong, Fanjun 483
Kele, Sándor 284 Kooij, Rinde 610
Kerr, Lucy 106 Kordić, Branko 605
Khalid, Muhammad Jamil 377 Koubová, Magdaléna 249
Khan, Danish 4 Kovačić, Marijan 192
Khan, Danish 548 Kovács, János 284
Khanolkar, Sonal 511 Kozhagulova, Ashirgul 179
Kharyba, Elena 260, 301 Krahl, Guilherme 640
Kietzmann, Diego 258 Kroth, Mateus 611, 610
Kilhams, Ben 227 Kukoč, Duje 591
Kim, Chaon 354 Kuligiewicz, Artur 249
Kim, Gi-Bom 638 Kummerow, Juliane 616
KIM, Solin 586 Kurečić, Tomislav 192
Kingdon, Andrew 524 Kutterolf, Steffen 550
Kirkland, Christopher L. 153 Kvale, Erik 213
L
Ladron de Guevara, Martin 289 Lin, Xingyue 92
Lai, Jin 233, 269, 204, Lin, Zongqi 122
230, 229, 270,
239, 228
Lan, Shuqi 535 Lisco, Stefania 125
Lang, Jörg 489 Lisson, Kamill 452
Lang, Simon 595 Liu, Yuming 31
Larena, Zuriñe 68, 544 Liu, Bingyang 41
Larmagnat, Stephanie 645 Liu, Chenglin 338
Lasseur, Eric 401 Liu, Chuangxin 338
Lauer, Tobias 489 Liu, Dadong 484
Laura, Sánchez-García 606 Liu, Guangdi 95
Lavrnja, Borislav 263, 260, 301 Liu, Hanqing 507
Lazar, Constantin 334 Liu, Hong 369
Lazar, Iuliana 383 Liu, Hua 15
Lazic, Tamara 125 liu, Lingli 157, 152
Lee Foon, Jewel 302 Liu, Jingjing 621
LEES, KIRSTEN 456 Liu, Ming 507
Legler, Berit 309 Liu, Peipei 33
Lehmkuhl, Frank 617 Liu, Quanyou 542
Lenz, Rafaela 450, 428 Liu, Shiju 87, 344
Lezcano, M. A. 606 Liu, Shuning 71
Li, Chang 177 Liu, Wei 14
Li, Chenxi 342 Liu, Yifeng 246
Li, Dong 204, 129 Liu, Ying 189, 191
Li, Fei 182 Liu, Yong 88
Li, Guan 510, 673 Liu, Yuming 495, 33
Li, Hailiang 41 Liu, Yuxi 222
Li, Hang 88 Liu, Zhanguo 527
Li, Hongbin 230, 229 Liu, zhen 67
Li, Hongtao 15 Liu, Zhen 342, 70, 66
Li, Jun 483 LIU, HAOYU 555
Li, Li 243 Loggia, Didier 220
Li, Mengying 222 Lojka, Richard 249
Li, Pei 288 Lokier, Stephen 45
Li, Pengpeng 542 LOKIER, STEPHEN 456
Li, Shengjun 41 Long, Hui 83
Li, Shengli 88 Longhitano, Sergio 110, 675
Li, Yalin 122 Longhitano, Sergio G. 599
Li, Yaohua 663 Longo, Caterina 125
Li, Yifan 276 Longwei, Qiu 548
Li, Yongxin 14 Longwei, Qiu 584
Li, Zhiyuan 216, 202 Lopes De Paula;, Rafaela Maciel 656
Lian, Lixia 507 López, Manuel 403
Liang, Chao 683, 684 Lortie, Thibaud 583
Liang, Jintong 546 Lothari, Lucas 544
Liang, Zhuang 31, 495 Louis, Kim Josephine 605
Liang , Jintong 547 Lozano, Joel 631
Liao, ChongJie 505 Lu, Chaojin 182
Liesa, Carlos Luis 396 Luan, Guoqiang 649
Lim, Dhong Il 208 Luo, Cui 621
Lim, Jaesoo 208 Luo, Keyong 288
Lima, Flavia 309 Luz, Marta 466
Lin, Chengyan 508, 580, Lužar-Oberiter, Borna 591
538, 507,
649, 47,
500
Lin, Jianli 538, 500 Luzinski, Wiktor 311, 626

M
M. S. Scherer, Claiton 598 Medeiros, Renato 380
Ma, Di 324 Medici, Giacomo 485
Ma, Dongmin 288 Melinte-Dobrinescu, Mihaela 166
Ma, pengjie 508 Melinte-Dobrinescu, Mihaela 141
Ma, Xinruo 66 Melinte-Dobrinescu, Mihaela 478
Carmen
Macario, Valquíria 400 Mendes, Luiza de C 380
Mai, Hongtao 355 Mendes, Thiago 466
Maibam, Bidyananda 119 Menezes Santos, M.R.F. 633
Maidment, Susannah 298 Meng, Lingzan 621
Malik, Muhammad Bilal 415 Meng, Luying 562
Malik, Muhammad H. 182 Meng, Qingqiang 542
Malik, Muhammad Tallal 415 Mennerich, Claas 309
Mancini, Alessandro 347, 579 Mercedes-Martín, Ramon 606, 643
Mann, Thomas 346, 291 Mezga, Aleksandar 591
Manoccio, Lara 134 Midtkandal, Ivar 654, 315
Mansurbeg, Howri 372 Milana, Juan Pablo 169
Mantovani, Matteo 382 Milana, Juan Pablo 168
Manzoor, Muhammad Wajid 63, 548 Millington, John 680
Maraschin, Anderson 450, 449, Mingjun, Su 185
262, 428
Marca, Alina D. 678 Miocic, Johannes 160
Marianelli, Diego 347, 436, Miramontes, Elda 411
485
Mariani, Luca 590 Mohammadkhani, Samira 618
Marini, Mattia 112, 174 Moiriat, Denis 605
Marini, Mattia 53 Molka Júnior, Reginaldo 37
Marsaglia, Kathleen 457 Monechi, Simonetta 287
Marsden, Marie 298 MONTAGNA, PAOLO 568
Martinez, Candela 599 Moore, PJ 521
Martinez, Guilherme 449 Moreno-Azanza, Miguel 440
Martinez Braceras, Naroa 287 Moretti, Massimo 125
Martínez-Braceras, Naroa 140 Moro, Alan 591
Martín-González, Fidel 131 Morris, Jo 409, 406
Martins, Marina 630 Morton, Andrew 311
Maselli, Vittorio 442 Mountney, Nigel 171, 559, 50, 173
Maslač, Josipa 605 Mu, Rui 35
Matějů, Jan 523 Mueller, Mathias 115
Mateu-Vicens, Guillem 352 Mulder, Sebastian 160
Matheus, Gabriela F 380 Munawar, Muhammad Jawad 548
MBACHU, CYRIL 456 Mungall, James E. 660
McArthur, Adam 171, 210, Munteanu, Ioan 383
50, 174, 53,
536
McAuley, Cian 219 Murelaga, Xabier 68
McLoughlin-Coleman, Thomas 660 Muto, Francesco 599
R.
McMahon, William 421 Mynbayeva, Togzhan 558
McMillan, Samuel 644
N
NAAR, DAVID F. 568 Németh, Károly 403
Nadirkhanova, Dinara 558 Nepotu, Idris 383
Nadłonek, Weronika 249, 357 Neves, Igor 630
Naglik, Beata 249, 357 Nichols, Gary 298
Natalia, Fortunatti 258 Nichols, Thomas 619
Natalicchio, Marcello 112 Nicholson, Uisdean 411, 240
Neilson, Joyce 11, 219 Nick, Kevin E. 105
Nemanjic, Nemanja 301 Norini, Gianluca 638
O
Ogle, Neil 106 Olić, Iva 591
Olabarrieta, Unai 287, 252, 140 Oms, Josep Oriol 643
Olariu, Cornel 213, 141 Oms, Oriol 654
Olaussen, Snorre 322 Oppo, Davide 442
P
Paim, Paulo 465 Pérez Mayoral, Joaquín 454
Palladino, Giuseppe 644 Petrash, Daniel 523
Pan, Yongshuai 359 Petrinjak, Krešimir 591
Pancrazzi, Leo 583 Philipp, Ruy Paulo 644
Pang, Xiaojiao 228 Pierri, Cataldo 125
Pankaj, Kumar 119 Pilz , Peter 616
Pantopoulos, George 53 Pimentel, Lourenço 360
Pantopoulos, Georgios 174 Piscitelli, Arcangelo 125
Pardo-Trujillo, Andrés 462 Pizzutto, Moreno 53
Parize, Olivier 220 Pojar Vintila, Iulian 141
Parizek Silva, Y. M. 633 Polanco, Sara 205
Park, Yechan 208 Polivakho, Artem 263, 260, 301
Pascucci, Vincenzo 326 PONS-BRANCHU, EDWIGE 568
Pasquier, Louis-César 645 Pontel, Caroline Azzolini 640, 641
Patacci, Patacci 573 Popa, Adrian 334
Patel, Suresh Chandra 119 Porter, Richard 227
Paulo Philipp, Ruy 640, 641 Powers, Dennis 593
Paumard, Victorien 595 Poyatos-More, Miquel 536
Payros, Aitor 287, 252, Poyatos-Moré, Miquel 654, 643, 315
140, 284
Payton, Ryan 524 Privat, Aurelia 302, 536
Pedentchouk, Nikolai 678 Puértolas-Pascual, Eduardo 440
Pereira da Luz, Marta 646 Puyalte, Victoriano 284
Q
Qi, Chen 495 Qiu, Shengbo 297
Qiao, Juncheng 71 Qiu, Xinglei 191
Qiao, Zhanfeng 164 Qu, Yiqian 534, 535
Qiu, Xinglei 189 Quijada, I. Emma 131, 133
Qiu, Longwei 63, 506
R
Rădan, Silviu 566 Richiano, Sebastián M. 583
Raffi, Isabella 347 Riechelmann, Sylvia 115, 440
Rahimzadeh, Neda 617 Riera, Rosine 595
Rahn, David 205 Roban, Relu Dumitru 141
Raigemborn, Maria Sol 134 Roban, Relu-Dumitru 383
Rainbird, Robert H. 660 Rocha, Fernando 360
Rainoldi, Ana Laura 258 Rodovská, Zuzana 523
Raiz, Muhammad 415 Rodrigues, Amanda 389, 450, 449,
262, 468, 428
Raja Gabaglia, Guilherme Raja 519 Rodrigues, Fernanda Costa 392
Gabaglia Gonçalves
Rapprich, Vladislav 523 Rodríguez-Tovar, Francisco J. 462
Rehberg, Kay 309 Roemers, Eduardo 519
Rehman, Saif Ur 548 Rohais, Sébastien 220
Reis, Guilherme 466, 646 Rong, Hui 149
Relu-Dumitru, Roban 166 Ronghu, Zhang 512
Remondini, Daniel 144 Rossi, Valentina M. 382
Ren, Lihua 508, 538, Rožič, Boštjan 569
500
Ren, Xincheng 91 Ruiz, Francisco Javier 68
Reynaud, Jean-Yves 583 Russell, Catherine 298
Ribeiro Cardoso, Alexandre 173
S
S. C. Feitosa, Amanda 598 Silva, Jan 104
Sá Valle, Luiz Gustavo 423 Silva Filho, Emmanoel 463
Sagatbekov, Chingiz 623 Silveira, Deise Marli 168
Sajan, Samuel 387 Silveira, Miguel 519
Sakala, Jakub 523 Simpson, Carys 536
Salerno, Alberto 436 Singh, Kumar Hemant 511
Sales, Mauricio 466 Singh, Shobhit 690
Sanjuan, Josep 68 Singh , Mrityunjay 616
Santonja, Camila 258 Siqi, Xiao 682
Santos, Kamila 466, 646 Slapnik, Lucija 569
Santos, Thais 630 Slootman, Arnoud 675, 558
Santos, Thisiane dos 262 Smagabektov, Bekzhan 623
Sass, Ingo 616 Smolen, Jonathan 465
Sawakuchi, André 392 Sohn, Young Kwan 638
Scarselli, Nicola 599 Song, Wendan 81
Scasso , Roberto A. 583 Song, Xinmin 181, 59, 51
Scheffler, Janne 550 Song, Zezhang 95
Scherer, Claiton 400 Soria, Ana Rosa 396
Schieber, Juergen 624 Souza, Ezequiel 400
Schito, Andrea 391 Souza, Márcio 449, 262
Schmidt, Jaques 449 Staitis, Matthew 678
Schmidt-Hattenberger , 616 Stankovic, Stefan 260
Cornelia
Schmitz, Birger 284 Stankovich, Stefan 301
Schrank, Argos 450, 449, Steel, Ronald 213
262, 428
Schrank, Argos 471 Stemmerik, Lars 322
Schrank, Argos B S 380 Storms, Joep E. A. 658
Schreiber, Dennis 611, 113 Stow, Dorik 411
Secchi, Daniele 326 Stow, Dorrik 240
Seghedi, Antoneta 566 Strachan, Lorna 457
Sengupta, Meghna 346 Strikis, Nicolás 463
Seoane, José Carlos 423 Stulov, Leonid 260, 301
Seoane, José Carlos 463 Su, Ming 355
Sequero, Cristina 440 Su, Yiqing 222
Shah, Sajjad Ahmad 476 Suarez-Gonzalez, Pablo 131, 133
Shahabi Far, Maryam 660 Sudiro, Paolo 325
Shahrokhizadeh, Salaheddin 372 Sulpizio, Roberto 638
Shahzad, Syed Muzyan 623, 476 Sultan, Gamal 477
Shao, Guanming 164 Sun, Haitao 93
Shawwa, Nabil 660 Sun, Mingliang 95
Shen, Anjiang 142 Sun, Panke 514
Shestoboyev, Evgeniy 263 Sun, Xiaowei 164
Shorrock, Anthony 457 Sunjay, Sunjay 272
Shuai, Li 682 Suriano, Julieta 544
Shukla, Monika 657 Suriano, Julieta 258
Shumail , Muhammad 590 Suseno, Pambudi 8
Sierra Ramirez, Nuria 391
T
Tan, Lei 369 Tian, Hongxun 218
Tan, Mingxuan 42 Tian, Naxin 483
Tan, Xuequn 15 Tian, Weichao 515
Tang, Xianglu 484 Tian, Yinhong 230, 229, 129
Tang, Yipeng 621 Tian, Ziye 338
Tao, Zhenpeng 198 Tien-Sun Lin, Andrew 411
Tavasoli, Reihane 115 Ting, King King 429
Tedesco, Júlia 465 Tomás, Sara 643
Tejedor, Francesc 654 Toullec, Renaud 220
Teng, Jiayi 506 Trabucho Alexandre, João P. 611, 610
Tentori, Daniel 457 Trani, Roberta 125
Tessier, Bernadette 583 Travers, Judith Helen 655
Thajamanbi Devi, Akham 119 Trentin, Franciele 465
Tian, Anqi 338 Trombetta, Mariane 450, 449, 262,
468, 428
Tian, Hanyun 422
U
Udovč, Jan 569 Ünal, Seçil 84
Újvári, Gábor 284 Underhill, John 11
Umralin, Amir 179, 558 Usman, Muhammad 590

V
Vakalas, Ioannis 187 Veiga, Gonzalo D. 454
Valdez Buso, Victoria 169, 168 Ventur, Nejc 569
Valiullin, Artur 263 Vidal, Alexandre 471
Valle, Luiz Gustavo 463 Vidal, Alexandre C 380
Van Daele , Maarten 452 Vilesov, Alexander 263
van der Meer, Douwe 681, 680 Villacreses, Juan F. 380
Van Dijk, Clemens 460 Villafañe, Patricio 606
van Loon, Tom 683 Vinther, Jakob 106
Van Yperen, Anna 654 Vis, Geert-Jan 611, 610
Van Yperen, Anna Elisabeth 315
Vecchia, Felipe 262
W
Wacha, Lara 605 Waqas, Muhamad 387
Walter, Benjamin F. 115 Waqas, Muhammad 377
Waltham, Robert 626, 644 Wei, Qinlian 313
Wang, Guiwen 513 Wei, Xiaojie 276
Wang, Boran 216 Wei, Zede 88
wang, Chaofeng 343 Wen, Huaguo 122
Wang, Chengshan 559, 122 Wen, Zhigang 515
Wang, Dong 369 Westphal, Hildegard 352
Wang, Dongxiao 355 Westphal, Hildegard 346
Wang, Fan 275 Wheeley, James 298
Wang, Guiwen 233, 269, 204, Whitaker, Fiona F. 429
230, 229, 270,
239, 129, 228
Wang, Jian 507, 27, 183 Wichern, Nina M.A. 113
Wang, Licheng 107 Wilkinson, Kent 681
Wang, Mengxiu 157, 152 Winsemann, Jutta 489
Wang, Pengwan 159 Wohlwend, Stephan 291
Wang, Qianyou 663 Wójtowicz, Patrycja 249
Wang, Song 233, 239 Wolf, Dennis 617
Wang, Xia 122, 621 Woodhouse, Adam 457
Wang, Xiang 95 Worden, Richard 619, 658
Wang, Xiaojuan 184 Worden, Richard H. 663
Wang, Xiaolin 92 Wu, Bing 27
Wang, Xiaoyue 658 Wu, Gaokui 483
Wang, Xirong 648, 647 Wu, Jianan 218, 243
Wang, Xueying 203, 303 Wu, Jing 683, 684
Wang, Yelei 506 Wu, Liqun 198, 149, 212
Wang, Youjing 59, 51 Wu, Shenhe 297
Wang, Zhao 465 Wu, Xia 64
Wang, Zhizhang 181 Wu, Xinsong 422
Wang, Zhongyu 671 WU, JINXU 555
WANG, Hui 501
WANG, RUI 359
X
Xia, Xiaowei 531 Xiong, Rongkun 189
Xiang, Caifu 108 Xiu, Jinlei 91
Xianguo, ZHANG 80 Xu, Huaimin 514
Xiao, Lu 239 Xu, HuaiMin 81
Xie, Like 507 Xu, Shidong 527, 525
Xie, Xinong 355 Xu, Shouyu 313
XIE, Yuhong 501 Xu, Yunjun 159
Xin, Chen 529 Xu, Zhaohui 14, 81
Xinhang, Wang 682 Xu, Zhengyu 159
Xiong, Qicong 297 Xu, Zhenhua 297
Xiong, Ran 142 Xue, Haoyang 621
Xiong, Rongkun 191
Y
Yalin, Li 682 Yin, Xingjia 355
Yan, Na 171 Yin, zhijun 35
YAN, DETIAN 528 Yiqian, Qu 529
Yanan, Wang 491 YOKOYAMA, YUSUKE 568
Yang, Jiaqui 485 Yong, Wang 93
Yang, Qinchao 531, 562 Yonggang, Zhang 118, 356
Yang, Yongqiang 63, 506 Yongqiang, Yang 548
Yang, Zhili 243 Yoon, Sol 586
YANG, Minghui 108 You, Xiangling 342
Yao, Qianying 246 Yousif, Ruqaiya 521
Yao, Xiqiang 275 Yuan, Duoen 528
Yao, Zongquan 88 Yuan, Haowei 274, 275
Yawar, Zalmai 624 Yuan, Xuejiao 303
Yildirim, Tugba 568
Z
Zaggia, Luca 382 Zhang, Zhijie 324
Zametzer, Andreas 153 Zhang, Zhonghao 624
Zamora, Samuel 327 Zhang, Zhongmin 483
Zananiri, Irene 187 ZHANG, YUXIU 555
Zeng, Hongliu 14 Zhao, Fei 228
Zeng, jianhui 83 Zhao, Huaibo 274, 275
Zeng, Jianhui 71 Zhao, Xing 129
Zeng, Xiang 6 Zhao, Xinyu 494
Zeng, Yuhan 621 Zhao, Yuan 189, 191
Zhalgasbayeva, Assel 643 Zhao, Ziru 538, 500
Zhang, Baojin 668 Zhen, Zhou 529
Zhang, Chaoqian 514 Zheng, Dan 91
Zhang, Fan 149, 212 Zheng, Jianfeng 155
Zhang, Haowei 495, 183 Zheng, Xingping 215
Zhang, Huanmeng 522 Zheng, Yuhang 198, 212
Zhang, Huodai 668 Zhong, Dakang 93
Zhang, Jian 107 Zhong, Guangfa 668
Zhang, Jiehui 159 Zhong, Hanting 122, 621
Zhang, Jinyu 213 Zhong, Weihui 198, 212
Zhang, Kexin 514 Zhong, Yisi 45
Zhang, kun 203 Zhongpeng, Han 682
Zhang, Kun 518, 552, 237, Zhu, Dongya 542
303
Zhang, Laiming 559 Zhu, ShIfa 96
Zhang, Lei 621 Zhu, Sicheng 514
Zhang, Li 531, 562 Zhu, Xiaomin 91, 92, 42
Zhang, Mengjie 422 Zhu, Yixiu 191
Zhang, Qin 422 Zhu, YiXiu 189
Zhang, Ruiwei 668 Zhu, Yongjin 155
Zhang, Tao 48, 47 Zhukovskaya, Elena 260, 301
Zhang, Tianfu 142 Zimmerli, Géraldine 291
Zhang, Tong 88 Zou, Chen 159
Zhang, Weiqing 531 Zuo, Rusi 6
Zhang, Xianguo 48, 47 Žvab Rožič, Petra 569
Zhang, You 215 Zvirtes, Gustavo 640, 641, 644

杨
杨, 勇强 584