AoPS Community 2013 Balkan MO Shortlist
Balkan MO Shortlist 2013
[Link]/community/c1085161
by parmenides51, mavropnevma
– Algebra
A1 Positive real numbers a, b, c satisfy ab + bc + ca = 3. Prove the inequality
1 1 1 3
2
+ 2
+ 2
≤
4 + (a + b) 4 + (b + c) 4 + (c + a) 8
A2 Let a, b, c and d are positive real numbers so that abcd = 41 . Prove that holds
a 16c 4 b d 1 81
16ac + 2 + 2 + bd + 2
+ 2 + ≥
c b a d ac 256d c b a 64bd 4
When does the equality hold?
A3 Prove that the polynomial P (x) = (x2 − 8x + 25)(x2 − 16x + 100)...(x2 − 8nx + 25n2 ) − 1, n ∈ N ∗ ,
cannot be written as the product of two polynomials with integer coefficients of degree greater
or equal to 1.
A4 Find all positive integers n such that there exist non-constant polynomials with integer coef-
ficients f1 (x), ..., fn (x) (not necessarily distinct) and g(x) such that
n
Y
fk2 (x) − 1 = (x2 + 2013)2 g 2 (x)
1+
k=1
A5 Determine all positive integersn such that fn (x, y, z) = x2n + y 2n + z 2n − xy − yz − zx divides
gn (x, y, z) = (x − y)5n + (y − z)5n + (z − x)5n , as polynomials in x, y, z with integer coefficients.
A6 Let S be the set of positive real numbers. Find all functions f : S 3 → S such that, for all positive
real numbers x, y, z and k, the following three conditions are satisfied:
(a) xf (x, y, z) = zf (z, y, x),
(b) f (x, ky, k 2 z) = kf (x, y, z),
(c) f (1, k, k + 1) = k + 1.
(United Kingdom)
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AoPS Community 2013 Balkan MO Shortlist
A7 Suppose that k is a positive integer. A bijective map f : Z → Z is said to be k-jumpy if
|f (z) − z| ≤ k for all integers z.
Is it that case that for every k, each k-jumpy map is a composition of 1-jumpy maps?
It is well known that this is the case when the support of the map is finite.
– Combinatorics
C1 In a mathematical competition, some competitors are friends; friendship is mutual, that is,
when A is a friend of B, then B is also a friend of A.
We say that n ≥ 3 different competitors A1 , A2 , . . . , An form a weakly-friendly cycle if Ai is not
a friend of Ai+1 for 1 ≤ i ≤ n (where An+1 = A1 ), and there are no other pairs of non-friends
among the components of the cycle.
The following property is satisfied:
”for every competitor C and every weakly-friendly cycle S of competitors not including C, the
set of competitors D in S which are not friends of C has at most one element”
Prove that all competitors of this mathematical competition can be arranged into three rooms,
such that every two competitors in the same room are friends.
(Serbia)
C2 Some squares of an n × n chessboard have been marked (n ∈ N ). Prove that if the number of
∗
√
marked squares is at least n n + 2 , then there exists a rectangle whose vertices are centers
1
of marked squares.
C3 The square ABCD is divided into n2 equal small (elementary) squares by parallel lines to its
sides, (see the figure for the case n = 4). A spider starts from pointA and moving only to the
right and up tries to arrive at point C. Every movement of the spider consists of: k steps to
the right and m steps up or m steps to the right and k steps up (which can be performed in
any way). The spider first makes l movements and in then, moves to the right or up without
any restriction. If n = m · l, find all possible ways the spider can approach the point C, where
n, m, k, l are positive integers with k < m.
[Link]
png
C4 A closed, non-self-intersecting broken line L is drawn over a (2n + 1) × (2n + 1) chessboard
in such a way that the set of L’s vertices coincides with the set of the vertices of the boards
squares and every edge in L is a side of some board square. All board squares lying in the
interior of L are coloured in red. Prove that the number of neighbouring pairs of red squares in
every row of the board is even.
C5 The cells of an n×n chessboard are coloured in several colours so that no 2×2 square contains
four cells of the same colour. A proper path of length m is a sequence a1 , a2 , ..., am of distinct
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AoPS Community 2013 Balkan MO Shortlist
cells in which the cells ai and ai+1 have a common side and are coloured in different colours
for all 1 ≤ i < m. Show that there exists a proper path of length n.
– Geometry
G1 In a triangle ABC, the excircle ωa opposite A touches AB at P and AC at Q, while the excircle
ωb opposite B touches BA at M and BC at N . Let K be the projection of C onto M N and let
L be the projection of C onto P Q. Show that the quadrilateral M KLP is cyclic.
(Bulgaria)
G2 Let ABCD be a quadrilateral, let O be the intersection point of diagonals AC and BD, and
let P be the intersection point of sides AB and CD. Consider the parallelograms AODE and
BOCF . Prove that E, F and P are collinear.
G3 Two circles Γ1 and Γ2 intersect at points M, N . A line ` is tangent to Γ1 , Γ2 at A and B, respec-
tively. The lines passing through A and B and perpendicular to ` intersects M N at C and D
respectively. Prove that ABCD is a parallelogram.
G4 Let c(O, R) be a circle, AB a diameter and C an arbitrary point on the circle different than A and
B such that ∠AOC > 90o . On the radius OC we consider point K and the circle c1 (K, KC).
The extension of the segment KB meets the circle (c) at point E. From E we consider the
tangents ES and ET to the circle (c1 ). Prove that the lines BE, ST and AC are concurrent.
G5 Let ABC be an acute triangle with AB < AC < BC inscribed in a circle (c) and let E be an
arbitrary point on its altitude CD. The circle (c1 ) with diameter EC, intersects the circle (c) at
point K (different than C), the line AC at point L and the line BC at point M . Finally the line
KE intersects AB at point N . Prove that the quadrilateral DLM N is cyclic.
– Number Theory
N1 Let p be a prime number. Determine all triples (a, b, c) of positive integers such that a + b + c <
√
2p p and a1 + 1b + 1c = p1
N2 Determine all positive integers x, y and z such that x5 + 4y = 2013z .
(Serbia)
N3 Determine all quadruplets (x, y, z, t) of positive integers, such that 12x + 13y − 14z = 2013t .
N4 Let p be a prime number greater than 3. Prove that the sum 1p+2 + 2p+2 + ... + (p − 1)p+2 is
divisible by p2 .
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N5 Prove that there do not exist distinct prime numbers p and q and a positive integer n satisfying
the equation pq−1 − q p−1 = 4n2
N6 Prove that there do not exist distinct prime numbers p and q and a positive integer n satisfying
the equation pq−1 − q p−1 = 4n3
N7 Two distinct positive integers are called close if their greatest common divisor equals their
difference. Show that for any n, there exists a set S of n elements such that any two elements
of S are close.
N8 Suppose that a and b are integers. Prove that there are integers c and d such that a+b+c+d = 0
and ac + bd = 0, if and only if a − b divides 2ab.
N9 Let n ≥ 2 be a given integer. Determine all sequences x1 , ..., xn of positive rational numbers
such that xx1 2 = xx2 3 = ... = xxn−1
n
= xxn1
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