Q). Define estimating and explain its significance.

Estimation: >>Estimate for any construction work may be defined as the process of calculating the quantities and
costs of the various items required in connection with the work.
>>It is prepared by calculating the quantities from the dimension on the drawings for the various items required to
complete the project and multiplied by unit cost of the item concerned
PURPOSE OF ESTIMATE OR SIGNIFICANCE OF ESTIMATE:
1. To ascertain the necessary amount of money required by the owner to complete the proposed work.
2. Requirements of controlled materials, such as cement and steel can be estimated for making applications to the
controlling authorities.
3. To assess the requirement of tools, plants and equipment required to complete the work according to the
programme.
4. To fix up the completion period from the volume of works involved in the estimation.
5. To draw up the construction schedule and programme and also to arrange the funds required according to the
programming. 6. To invite tenders and prepare bills for the payment.
7. An estimate for an existing property is required for valuation.
Q). Discuss types of estimates.
1. Preliminary or Approximate or Rough estimate [Link] estimate 3. Revised estimate 4. Supplementary
estimate 5. Maintenance Estimate
1. Preliminary or Approximate or Rough estimate: This is an approximate estimate to find out an approximate cost
in a short time and thus and thus enables the authority concerned to consider the financial aspect the scheme.
>>there are 2 types of preliminary or approximate estimate a. unit length method b. Plith area method.
2. Detailed estimate: >>>This includes the detailed particulars for the quantities rates and costs of all the items
involved for satisfactory completion of a project. >>>Quantities of all items of work are calculated from their
respective dimension on the drawing on a measurement sheet. Multiplying these quantities by their respective
rates in a separate sheet the cost of all items of work are worked out individually and summarized.
3. Revised Estimate: >>>A revised estimate is a detailed estimate for the revised quantities and rates of items of
works originally provided in the estimate without material deviation of structural nature from the design originally
approved for a project. >>>It is accompanied with a comparative statement abstract form showing the probable
variation for quantity, rate and amount for each item of work of the project as compared with the original estimate
side by side stating the reason of variation.
4. Supplementary Estimate: While work is in progress some changes or additional works due to material deviation
of structural nature from the design originally approved may be thought necessary for the development of a
project. An estimate is then prepared to include all such work
5. Maintenance Estimate: A maintenance estimate is a cost prediction for the maintenance, repair, and upkeep of
a property, machine, or equipment. It typically includes the materials, labor, and equipment necessary to keep the
item functioning properly over a specific period of time. The estimate is used to budget for maintenance expenses
and helps to ensure that resources are available to perform necessary maintenance tasks.
Q). Explain Administrative and technical sanctions.
Administrative approval: >>>For every work (excluding repairs) initiated by, or connected with, the requirements
of another department, it is first necessary to obtain the concurrence of the department concerned to the
proposals. The formal acceptance by the department concern is termed “administrative approval” of the work, and
is, in effect, an order to execute certain specified works at a stated sum to meet the administrative needs of the
department requiring the work. >>>Such approval should not, however, be accorded until the professional
authorities have intimated that the proposals are structurally sound and that the preliminary estimate is sufficiently
correct for the purpose. In the case of works required to meet the administrative needs of the Public Works
Department, the administrative approval should be accorded in that Department.
Technical sanction: >>>For every work proposed to be carried out, except petty repairs the cost of which is not
likely to exceed Rs. 2,500, and annual repairs for which a lump sum provision has been sanctioned by the
Superintending Engineer, a properly detailed estimate must be prepared for the sanction of competent authority;
this sanction is known as the technical sanction to the estimate. >>>Such sanction can only be accorded in respect
of works to be executed through the Public Works Department by Government in the Public Works Department, or,
where power has been delegated to them, by officers of that department.
Q). Illustrate center wall method of measurements
Centre-Line Method or canter wall method:
>>>As the name implies, the total canter line length of all the walls of same type having similar foundations is
worked out from the plan of the proposed structure and is then multiplied by the respective breadth (or width)
and depth (or height) to obtain the required quantities of the structure.
>>>The total length of the canter line remains same for the substructure and superstructure items except in cases
where there are cross walls ie. at the junctions of the walls. The method is simple and quick in computations for
symmetrical structures having no cross walls.
>>>However, if there are cross walls, then special care is to be taken in taking out dimensions at all such junction
points. The simple rule is to deduct half the width (or breadth) of the respective item for each junction point from
the total length of the centre line. e.g. in case of a plan of a building having one cross wall.
>>>In case of buildings having different types of walls, each set of wall is to be considered separately ie. first
determine the total length of the centre line of each type and make deductions for each junction as stated above
and then multiply it by the respective width (or breadth) and depth (or height) of that item to calculate its
quantity.
>>>The illustrative Example are solved by the canter-line
method:
>>>Referring to below fig, which is a plan of a building
having no re-entrant portion,
1). The total length of the centre line (of external walls)
=2 (a+ b) -8 (half the thickness of
the external walls)
=2(a + b)-8 (t/2)
2). total outside length. = 2 (a + b)
3). total inside length = 2 (a + b) - 8 ( thickness of the
external walls)
= 2 (a + b) - 8(t)

Q). Enlist various items of work and their units of measurement?

ITEAM Their UNIT
1. Site clearance square meter (m²) or hectare (ha)
2. Excavation for foundations cubic meter (m³) or cubic yard (yd³)
3. P.C.C. in foundations cubic meter (m³)
4. U.C.R. masonry in foundations cubic meter (m³)
5. C.R. masonry in plinth cubic meter (m³)
6. Damp proof course at plinth level square meter (m²)
7. Plinth filling with hard murum cubic meter (m³)
8. Brick Work (or stone masonry) in Superstructure cubic meter (m³) or square meter (m²)
9. Providing and fixing door and window frames per item or linear meter (lm)
10. Lintels over openings per item
11. External and internal plastering and pointing square meter (m²)
12. Providing and laying flooring square meter (m²)
13. Door and Window shutters per item
14. Water supply and sanitary arrangement per item or linear meter (lm)
15. Electrification point (p) or kilowatt hour (kWh)
16. Reinforcement steel kilogram (kg) or tonne (t)
17. Elevators/Lifts per unit or per floor
Q). Discuss various methods of calculating earthwork of canals.
1). Fully in Excavation: The E/W can be calculated exactly as in the case of roads and railway embankments using
all the three methods:(a) Mean area method (b) Mid area method (c) Prismoidal formula method
>>Area of x-section, A = Bd + sd^2 >> Quantity of Earth work, Q = A x L >> Width of permanent land (W) = B + 2sd
>> Area of permanent land = W x L >> Where, L = Length of the channel
2.1). Partially in excavation and partially in filling: The E/W in excavation (digging) and E/W in filling (banking)
are calculated separately using all the three methods:(a) Mean area method (b) Mid area method (c) Prismoidal
formula method
>> In this case, H = h + d >> Two separate tables are used.
2.2). Partially in excavation and partially in ……Contd:
Width of permanent land (W) = B + (b1+b2) + 2s1H +2s2h + E
Where; >> B = bed width of the canal >> b1 & b2 = top widths of both the banks
>> s1 = side slope of the bank on water side >> s2 = side slope of the bank on dry side of the bank
>> E = extra width of both sides >> H = height of the bank from the bed of the canal
3). Fully in filling (banking): The E/W in filling is calculated by calculating the E/W in filling considering the whole
section as solid and then subtracting the volume of the canal portion.
>>The volume of the whole solid portion can be calculated using all the three methods:
(a) Mean area method (b) Mid area method (c) Prismoidal formula method
>>Width of permanent land (W) = (b+ b1+b2) + 2s1 H + 2s 2 D + Extra
>> D=H+d
Area of permanent land = W x L
Q). Explain tendering and its types
**Tender: A Tender is the contractor’s bid in writing offering to execute the specified work of construction, supply
of materials etc., at the rates and amounts indicated, within the time limit and under conditions specified and
agreed to. **Tenderer: A person or a firm who tenders bid in response to invitation for tenders.
**Tendering: The process of inviting bids and accepting them is known as tendering.
**Tender form: It is a printed standard form of contract giving standard conditions of contract, general rules and
directions for guidance of contractors. There is also a memorandum for giving: general description of the work,
estimated cost, security deposit, time allowed for the work from the start date of written order of commence,
columns for signature of the contractor before submission of tender, signature of witness to contractor's
signature and signature of the officer by whom tender is accepted. This is a part of the tender document.
TYPES OF TENDERS:
1. Open or Public Tenders: Tenders should invariably be invited in open and public manner by giving an
advertisement in the local leading newspapers or by a notice in a regional language and also in English to be
displayed in public places. For a work costing more than Rs. 25,000 tender notice should be published in local
leading newspapers having large coverage.
2. Private or Limited or Selected Tenders: In this case, tenders are invited from the limited number of reputed
contractors for the execution of the work. This results into fair competition on the limited scale and eliminates a
new inexperienced contractor. This method is advantageous for the works of specialized nature which an ordinary
new contractor will not be able to complete it satisfactorily. Moreover, it leads to speedy and successful
completion of the work. This method is suitable for carrying out private works.
3. Negotiated or Single Tender: This is similar to limited tender but instead of inviting tenders from the limited
contractors, it is invited from a single well-known reputed contractor. This method is adopted in case of execution
of work of specialized nature or for the supply of articles of proprietary nature. As there is no fair competition, this
method may prove to be costly. * However, for the execution of work within the target time without sacrificing its
quality, the method is found to be of great advantage. The method is also followed for the purchase of articles or
materials (irrespective of its cost) included under the rate contract system.
Q). Describe process of competitive bidding in detail.
Competitive Bidding: Competitive bidding can be referred to as a formal process of solicitation through which
goods and services can be procured. The main purpose of such a system is to encourage transparency and provide
equal and fair participation to eligible parties. Another objective is to increase the competitiveness of the bids.
The process typically involve the following steps:
1. Identifying potential projects: The construction company will research and identify potential projects to bid
on, such as new construction, renovations, or additions to existing buildings.
2. Reviewing project plans and specifications: The company will carefully review the project plans and project
specifications provided by the owner to understand the scope of work, any special requirements, and any
potential challenges.
3. Submitting a pre-qualification questionnaire: Many owners require potential bidders to submit a pre-
qualification questionnaire before the bid proposal, or bid invitation formally opens. This questionnaire is used to
assess the contractor's experience, financial stability, and ability to complete the project.
4. Requesting clarification or additional information: If the company has any questions or concerns about the
project plans or specifications, they can request clarification or additional information from the owner.
5. Submitting a bid: The company will then prepare the bidding documents and submit them as a formal bid to
the owner. The bid primarily includes a detailed proposal for completing the project, a schedule for completing
the work, and a breakdown of the costs associated with the project.
6. Evaluating bids: Once the bid submission is complete, the owner will review all of the bids received and
evaluate them based on a variety of factors, such as the company's experience, the quality of their proposal, and
the overall cost of the project.
Q). Explain Contract and its types
Contracts: "A Contract is an agreement that arises out of the 'acceptance of a proposal or offer, and is enforceable
by law".
TYPES OF CONTRACTS:
1. Lump-Sum Contracts: The Public Works Manual defines lump-sum contract as one in which the contractor
agrees to execute the entire work with all its contingencies in accordance with the drawings and specifications for
a fixed sum. >>In this type of contract, the quantities of items do not form part of contract. The prescribed form C
is to be used for all such lump-sum contracts.
2. Schedule or Unit Price or Item Rate Contracts: >>Schedule contracts are those in which the tenderer or
contractor agrees to undertake the execution of work at the fixed rate, the amount to be paid to him being
dependent on the quantities and kind of work executed or material supplied. Thus, in this type of contract, the
quantities of items form part of the contract and the contractor has to execute the entire work as shown in
drawing and as per the description given in the bill of quantities, the rates of various items of work being agreed
upon.
>>The item-wise work executed by the contractor is accurately measured and priced as per the rates quoted in
the bill of quantities. For any extra work, the rate quoted by the contractor in the bill of quantities is binding on
him. The method is generally followed for most of the public works executed by the Government.
3. Lump-Sum and Schedule Contracts: >>This type of contract is similar in nature to the lump- sum contract. i.e.
the contractor will be paid fixed sum for the execution of the entire work as specified in the stipulated time and in
addition schedule of rates for various items of work is also provided to regulate the rates at which the contractor
will be paid for any additions or alterations that will be effected during the progress of the work.
>>At the time of making payment, it is not necessary to measure the items of original work but only the
measurement of extra items of work will be required and paid for as per the schedule of rate agreed upon.
>>This type of contract is not in common use but is followed in the organizations which are permitted to do so.
4. Cost Plus or Percentage Contracts:>>In this type of contract, the contractor agrees to execute the work for a
certain percentage over the actual cost of construction as fees for his expert services. This type of contract is
suitable where both quantity and quality of the work are unknown to start with and there are frequent
fluctuations in the market rates of labour and material and no contractor is willing to come forward to execute the
work either on lump-sum or item-rate basis. The method is not suitable for public works but can be adopted for
private works.>>In this method the owner maintains the complete record of expenditure incurred on construction
work and the contractor is paid at the certain percentage over it as his fees. According to the manner in which
such fees are paid to the contractor, this method is further classified as follows:
Q). Explain arbitration and function of arbitrator.
ARBITRATION: >>'Arbitration' is a procedure in which dispute between the contractor and the owner or
department is referred to a third impartial party known as an 'Arbitrator".
>>The arbitrator(s), after hearing both the parties in a judicial manner gives their decision and is known as
'Award", which is executed on the stamp paper in accordance with the 'Stamp Duty Act. The award (ie. decision of
the arbitrators) is binding on both the parties.
>>As per Arbitration Act 1940, the term 'arbitration agreement means a written agreement to refer present or
future differences to arbitration, irrespective of whether an arbitrator is named therein or not.
>>Arbitration is thus an alternative to regular 'Civil suits of settling disputes between the contracting parties and is
a quasi-judicial process of adjudication by a third person or persons acceptable to both the disputing parties. All
disputed matters except those of criminal nature can be referred to arbitration.
function of arbitrator:
1. Throughout the arbitration proceeding he has to be impartial and fair to both the disputed parties.
2. He should not yield to undue influence or pressurization from either parties.
3. During the process of arbitration he has to assume a role of third party and disinterested judge.
4. While collecting evidence he must give equal opportunities to both the disputing parties to plead their case and
should always talk to one party only in the presence of other party to prove his impartiality
5. It is private - there is no public record of any proceedings, although not necessarily confidential.
6. Speed, although this depends very much on the manner in which the arbitrator conducts the arbitration.
Q). Illustrate factors affecting valuation
The various factors affecting the value of a property are as follows:
1. Demand and Supply: The value of the property depends upon the demand and supply position in the market. If
the demand exceeds the supply (ie. availability), the value of the property will increase and vice-versa.
2. Replacement Cost: This is another important factor that affects the valuation of the built up property, for sale
having vacant possession. The owner is interested in knowing the present cost of construction of similar building
in the locality i.e. valuation of the building at present less the depreciation for the life of the building already over.
3. Annual Rent: The valuation of a property depends upon the net annual rent the prospective purchaser is likely
to get after the purchase of the property. The net rent is worked out after deducting all the annual outgoings from
the gross rent obtainable from the property.
4. Government Acts: Restrictions imposed on the property by certain Government Acts may considerable
decrease the occupation value.
5. Trade Conditions: the occupation value of business spaces such as factories, shops, hotels will be higher as such
units are bought by the purchase of their own business activities and fetch good profit margins. Hence, if the trade
conditions are good, the value of the property increases and vice versa
6. Future Development of the Area: If the property is situated in an area which is likely to be provided with all
amenities such as water supply, drainage, electricity roads etc. the value of the property is likely to increase a
considerably. 7. Unforeseen Circumstances: In case of communal riots civil wars, earthquakes etc.., the value of
the property in such areas is likely to fall down abruptly
Q). Describe various methods of depreciation
Methods of Computing Depreciation: The various method of determining the depreciation of the structure are as
follows: > 1. Straight Line Method: This is the simplest method of determining the depreciated cost of the
structure. The method assumes that the loss in the value of the property is same every year and at the end of its
useful life it is equal to its scrap value
2. Sinking Fund Method: The method assumes that the depreciation is equal to the annual sinking fund plus the
interest on the fund for that year which is supposed to be invested in the interest-bearing securities. For example,
if >>>125/136 >>>As = Annual sinking fund installment
3. Constant percentage method or Declining balance method: This method assumes that the property loses its
value by a constant percentage of its value at the beginning of each year.
4. Quantity Survey Method: In this method, the property is inspected in detail and the loss in the value due to
wear and tear, deterioration, age etc., is actually worked out. Each and every step is based on sound reasoning
without assuming any fixed percentage to the original cost of the property.
>>The method is based on logic and is therefore most realistic. Valuer with sufficient exp 125/136 r determine the
amount of depreciation an out the value of the property by this method.
Q). Explain Standard Schedule of Rate.
SCHEDULE OF RATES:
Definition: In order to determine the rate of a particular item, the factors affecting the rate of that item are
studied carefully and then finally a rate is decided for that item.
>>This process of determining the rates of an item is termed as analysis of rates or rate analysis.
>>The rate of particular item of work depends on the following:
1. Specifications of works and material about their quality, proportion and constructional Operation method.
2. Quantity of materials and their costs. 3. Cost of labours and their wages.
4. Location of site of work and the distances from source and conveyance charges.
5. Overhead and establishment charges 6. Profit
Q). Explain rate analysis of Item's of construction of civil engineering works.
>>>Rate analysis of Civil Works or Building Works is the determination of cost of each construction work per unit
quantity. >>>This cost includes the cost of materials, labours, machinery, contractors profit and other
miscellaneous petty expenses required for the particular work to be complete in unit quantity.
>>>For example, cost of 1 cubic meter of M20 RCC work in slab, Cost of 1 cubic meter of excavation in soft soil of
1.5m depth, cost of 1 square meter of plastering of 20mm, cost of 1 square meter of painting work with specified
paint in 2 layers or 3 layers as required. >>>The cost of materials in rate analysis is calculated as combination of
cost of material at origin, its transportation costs, taxes.
>>>The rate of labour is based on skill of the labour, such as skilled labour, semi-skilled and unskilled labour.
>>>The cost of materials and labours vary from place to place. Thus, the cost of each construction work varies
from place to place.
Q). Write short notes on types and preparation of tender.
TYPES OF TENDERS: 1. Tender 2. Tenderer: 3. Tendering: 4. Tender form:

Preparation of tenders:
The notice that includes various particulars of work is named as Tender Notice. It is essential that tenders be given
adequate publicity so that a sufficient number of contractors may bid and the most attractive offer may be
obtained. At the same time it is also necessary that bids be obtained from contractors who have the capability and
capacity to undertake the work Tenders are publicized by the issue of a notice inviting tenders, which indicates

(1) Name and description of the work >>(2) Estimated cost >>(3) Completion time >>(4) Earnest money payable
indicating the manner in which payment is to be made >>(5) Security deposit >>(6) Time and place where tender
documents may be inspected or obtained >>(7) Last date and place of obtaining tender papers and submission
thereof >>(8) Time and place of opening the tenders >>(9) Authority competent to accept tenders.

>>The tender notice may be advertised in newspapers and issued to registered contractors by post. Copies of the
tender notice are also put up on the notice boards of various offices of the organization. The sale of tender papers
starts and closes at the time notified in the tender notice.
Q).What are organizational set up of P.W.D., classification of works
ORGANISATIONAL SET-UP:
>>The Public Works department (PWD) as a whole is generally divided into three branches, namely >>(i) Buildings
and Roads >>(ii) Irrigation, and >>(iii) Public Health Engineering. >>Each branch has Chief Engineers to control the
activities of the branch. >>Each of the branches is generally sub-divided into Circles, which are in the charge of
Superintending Engineers. >>Circles are further subdivided into Division and Divisions into Sub-divisions.
>>Divisions are under the charge of Executive Engineers (also called Divisional Officers). >>Sub-divisions are under
the charge of sub-divisional officers (also called Assistant Executive Engineers).
Classification of Works:
1. The term 'Original Work' implies entirely new works or of additions and alterations to the existing works. It also
includes all repairs to newly acquired, purchased or previously abandoned properties which are to be brought into
reuse again.
2. The terms 'Repairs and Maintenance' include all works undertaken to maintain the existing building in ordinary
working condition.
Q). What are the principles of valuation and his duties.
Types of Accepted Valuation Principles:
1. Historical Cost 2. Current Cost3. Realizable Value 4. Present Value
1. Historical Cost: As the name suggests, Historical Cost is the same as the value of the asset bought. No matter
how many years pass by, the value remains the same. In short, the selling price is now cost price.
2. Current Value: Current Value means an asset is purchasable in the ongoing market price. That is, no matter
how old the asset is, it is sellable in current value. The only condition is- the specifications must be the same.
3. Present Value: Present Value is the price fixed by a seller to sell the asset immediately. The seller estimates the
future expected price. And therefore, sells the asset at some discount.
4. Interests and Valuation: With the passage of time, interests on assets add up. To sell an asset at Historical Cost,
interest becomes zero and is termed as ‘loss’. Whereas if the asset is sellable at Current Cost, there is no profit
and no loss. This means both the Cost Valuations provides a null profit.
The duties of valuation:
1. Collect data on the cost of materials, labor, and other resources needed to complete a project.
2. Use the principles of valuation to estimate the cost of each item in the project.
3. Prepare detailed cost estimates for each phase of the project.
4. Review and update cost estimates as necessary to reflect changes in market conditions and project
requirements. 5. Prepare cost reports for the client and project team, and participate in project budgeting and
cost management.
Q). Explain methods of valuation
Methods of valuation:
1). Land and Building methods: there are 3 types of method of land building method
(a) Book value method (based on original cost of the land):
(b) Present land value method. (c) Reproduction and replacement value method:
2). Rental method of valuation: The method is usually adopted if the building is used on rental basis or when the
probable rent from the building can be ascertained by local enquires.
3). Direct comparison of the capital value: The method is usually adopted when the rental value of the property is
not available but recent sale prices of similar properties are obtainable. The method consists in determining the
capitalized value of the property under consideration by direct comparison with the sale records of capitali sed
value of similar property situated in the same area.
4). Valuation on profit basis: The method is usually adopted for the valuation of properties such as hotels, cinema
houses, etc. for which the capitalized value depends solely on its profit from the business. The procedure in short
consists in estimating the 'gross profit from the business and from this 'gross profit' the usual outgoings, working
expenses (of running the business) and the interest on the capital (invested in the business) are all deducted to
arrive at the 'net profit' (which is similar to net income in method of valuation).
5). Development method: The method is suitable for the properties which are either in under developed or
developing stages: When a large area of the land is to be sub-divided into smaller plots after providing for roads,
open spaces, parks etc., the development method of valuation is usually adopted.
Q). Write explanatory notes on the following.
[Link] area cost estimate 2. plinth area (p.a) estimate [Link] contents estimate
4. Approximate quantity method estimate [Link] rate estimate [Link] estimate
1. Rough area cost estimate: A rough cost estimate of a construction project based on the total floor area of the
building. 2. Plinth area (p.a) estimate: An estimate of the area of the building at the level of the plinth or the floor
immediately above the ground. This area is used for calculating the cost of foundation work.
3. Cubic contents estimate: A method of estimating the cost of a construction project based on the total volume
of building elements, such as walls, roofs, and floors.
4. Approximate quantity method estimate: An estimate of the cost of a construction project that takes into
account the quantities of various building elements, but does not include detailed measurements or calculations.
5. Item rate estimate: An estimate of the cost of a construction project based on a set rate for each item or unit of
work. This method is often used for estimating the cost of specific building elements, such as plumbing or
electrical work.
6. Revised estimate: An updated estimate of the cost of a construction project, based on changes in the scope of
work or other factors that affect the cost. The revised estimate may be higher or lower than the original estimate.
Q). Explain the meaning of the following terms.1. Plinth area. [Link] area 3. F.S.I
1. Plinth Area: It is the maximum built up covered area which is measured from outside at the floor level or the
area of any storey or the basement whichever is more. The plinth area is inclusive of thickness of wall, covered
porches but exclusive of open balconies, lofts, sun breakers etc. The term 'plinth area' is synonymous to 'built up
area'. 2. Floor Area: It is defined as the usable covered area of the building at any floor level and is equal to the
total plinth area minus the area covered by the walls. The area covered by the walls is usually taken as 'one sixth
of the plinth area.
3. Floor Space Index (F.S.L.): It is equal to the total built up area on all floors divided by the total area of the open
plot. ie. If the area of an open plot is say 400 sq m and the total built up area of all the floors is say 500 sq m, then
F.5.1 500/400 = 1.25 >>> The term 'Floor Area Ratio' is synonyms with the 'Floor Space Index'. Generally for town
planning schemes, the permitted [Link] is 1.00 whereas for Gaothan areas it may be up to 1.5 (or even up to 2.00)
4. Carpet Area: It is defined as the net unstable area at any floor level. This is obtained by deducting the area of
passages, corridors, verandahs, bathroom, water closets, kitchen, stores and staircases from the floor area.
Q). Explain item work and measurement of work.
Items of work:
While preparing detailed estimate of a building it is necessary to split the entire building into different items
preferably in the order of its construction. >> The quantities of the above items of work are calculated from the
relevant drawings. (ie. plan, elevation, section and foundation details etc).
Measurement of work: >>The measurement of quantities of various items of building work forms an important
stage in the planning and its execution from the commencement of first estimate to its final completion and
settlement of the payments of the works. The procedure followed for taking out quantities of various items of
work differs from State to State and for different departments in the same State.
>>The task of bringing uniformity in the measurements was entrusted to the Indian Standard Institute (1S.L) The
procedure of measurement of building works as standardized by the LS. L is laid down in L S. 1200
Q). State the various modes of measurement of building work as specified in I. S 1200
>>All measurements shall be item wise for completed items of works and the description of each item should be
complete, self explanatory and unambiguous.
>>Taking out dimensions from the drawings and entering them in the measurement sheet shall be in the order of
length (L), breadth (B) and depth (if measured below the ground level) or height (H) (if measured above the
ground level) or thickness.
All measurements shall be carried as follows: a. All dimensions to be measured to the nearest 0.01 m.
b. All areas to be measured out nearest to 0.01 m².
c. All Cubic contents (i.e. volume) shall be worked out to the nearest 0.01 m³.
>>Similar type of work can be carried out under different conditions to be measured separately.
>>Different items having similar description can be clubbed together.
>>Minimum area defined for deduction of an opening or void shall be applicable to the opening or void' the
measured space only.
Q). Explain specification for common item of building work. Explain any five
1. Structural Steel: Specifies the quality and grade of steel to be used in construction, including the type of
coating, minimum yield strength, and dimensional tolerances.
2. Concrete: Specifies the type of concrete to be used, including the minimum compressive strength, maximum
water-cement ratio, and requirements for air entrainment and curing.
3. Masonry: Specifies the type of brick or block to be used, mortar mix, and requirements for reinforcement and
anchorage.
4. Roofing: Specifies the type of roofing system to be used, including the type of material, minimum slope, and
requirements for flashing, ventilation, and insulation.
5. Doors and Windows: Specifies the type, size, and performance requirements for doors and windows, including
the type of glazing, hardware, and weather-stripping.
Q). Explain types of specifications in brief
TYPES OF SPECIFICATIONS:
The specifications are broadly classified as follows: 1. Brief specifications and 2. Detailed specifications
1. Brief Specifications:>>As the name suggests these are the specifications that describe briefly the items of
construction and are useful to the quantity surveyor in preparing the estimate of the work. Such specifications do
not form part of the contract document.
>>These specifications are in the form of brief description of various items of work indicating the various
materials, their quantities, proportion and class of the work etc. and thus, furnish general idea about the work to
be executed.
>>The brief or general specifications of the first class, second class, third class and fourth class of building Works.
2. Detailed Specifications:
>>The detailed specifications furnish the complete description of the various items of construction as regards the
type and quality of materials and their workmanships, proportion of mix, mixing and laying etc. complete and the
mode of measurement of items. These specifications form essential part of contract document.
>>These specifications for various items of work are generally written in the order of execution of the works and
are prepared by the State Government Agencies such as P.W.D. etc. and are published in the form of booklet
named as 'Standard Specifications',
Q). Explain the terms 1. P. W. D method of quantities 2. measurements sheet
1. P.W.D method of quantities: P.W.D stands for Public Works Department. The P.W.D method of quantities is a
method used in construction cost estimating to determine the quantities of materials and labor required for a
project. In this method, the quantities are calculated by using detailed construction drawings, specifications, and
bills of quantities. This information is used to prepare a comprehensive estimate of the cost of the project,
including labor, materials, and any other associated costs.
2. measurement sheet:
Iteam Iteam No Length Breath Depth Qty Unit Remark
no description (m) (m) (m)
A measurements sheet is a document used in construction cost estimating to record the quantities of materials
and labor required for a project. It lists the materials and quantities needed for each item of work and is used to
calculate the total cost of the project. The measurements sheet is a crucial tool in the estimating process, as it
provides a detailed record of all the materials and labor required for a project, and helps ensure that the estimate
is accurate and complete.
Q). Illustration of components of length of long wall and short wall at various levels
with neat sketch.
the procedure of determining the length of long walls and short walls at various levels of work i.e. at foundation
level, U.C.R. and C.R. masonry levels etc. The common portion of the item of work is to be included in the lengths
of the long walls, Whereas the same is to be excluded from the corresponding lengths of short walls.
Q). Explain types of various items of work (in the order of their excavation).
1. Excavation: This involves the removal of earth and rock to form the foundation for a structure or to create an
excavation for a foundation or basement. Excavation may also be required for utilities such as water and sewer
lines.
2. Backfilling: This involves filling the excavation with materials such as soil, gravel, or sand to provide stability and
support for the structure.
3. Subgrade Preparation: This involves preparing the soil or aggregate base to receive the foundation or the base
course of a road. This may involve compaction, grading, and the addition of a layer of gravel or crushed stone.
4. Footings and Foundations: Footings are the concrete structures that provide support for the foundation walls,
while foundations are the concrete structures that transfer the weight of the building to the ground.
5. Slab-on-Grade: This involves pouring a concrete slab that serves as the floor of the building. The slab is typically
reinforced with steel to provide additional strength and stability.
6. Retaining Walls: Retaining walls are used to hold back soil and prevent erosion. They may be made of concrete,
masonry, or other materials and may be designed to resist the lateral pressure of the soil.
7. Basement Walls: Basement walls are typically made of concrete and are used to enclose the basement of a
building.
Q). Explain purpose of analysis of rates & factor affecting the rate analysis.
1. It enables the contractor in quoting the appropriate
2. rate for the various items of construction. It is useful for preparing detailed estimates of the proposed
project.
3. The analysis of rates also helps in the comparison of actual cost incurred with the estimated cost of the work.
4. It also enables in comparing the expenditure of the other similar works. 5. In Government Organizations, it
helps in checking or comparing the rates quoted by the contractor in the tenders.
Factors affecting the rate Analysis:
1. Material: For the completion of an item, the exact quantities of various materials required can be calculated
mathematically from the known specifications of the item. The rates or prices of various materials required,
however, varies from time to time and from place to place. The term cost of material implies cost of material at
the site and thus includes the cost of material at its origin (or source), cost of transport railway freight, octroi
taxes, etc. If the distance through which the material is to be transported is more than 8 kilometers, additional
transport charges are to be included to the cost of material.
2. Labour: In order to complete an item of construction different categories of labour (ie. skilled, semi-skilled and
unskilled) are to be employed. The number of labours required for the completion of an item is determined either
by past experience or by carrying out actual experiments on work site.
3. Tools and Plants: Separate provision is to be made for the cost of hiring ordinary tools and plants such as
concrete mixers, vibrators (inclusive of cost of fuel, electric charges and operators required etc.). For multi-
storeyed buildings, special concrete hoist, cranes etc. are to be used for concerting purposes.
Q). Write down the rates of following materials as per d. S. R
[Link] 2. white lime 3. stone aggregate. 4. Steel
1. brick: 1st class = 6.50 rupees (no) >> 2nd class = Rs- 6/-(no)
2. white lime: white lime powder/chunam = Rs-16 (in Kg)
3. stone aggregate: aggregate below 10mm = Rs-675/- (in m^3) >> aggregate 6mm-25mm = Rs-800/- (in m^3)
>> aggregate 25mm – 40mm = Rs 600/- (in m^3)
4. steel: mild steel Fe- 250 = 29010/- (in M.T) >> mild steel Fe-415 = Rs- 34010/- (in M.T)
>> TMT Fe-500 = 41200/- (in M.T)
Q). Explain with table Rates specified for Various categories of labours in building
industry by working 8hrs/day
no Description of labour catagory Wage no description category Wages(da
(day) y)
1 Bar bender skilled 512 9. Mixer operator skilled 539
2 welder skilled 539 10. carpenter skilled 539
3 Compressor operator skilled 539 11. mazdoor unskilled 493
4 electricians skilled 539 12. White washer Semi skill 512
5 Excavator (heavy) unskilled 493 13. plumber skilled 539
6 Fitter 2nd class skilled 512 14. polishman Semi skill 512
7 Grounting operator skilled 539 15. Skilled labour skilled 512
8 helper unskilled 512 16. Junior engineer skilled 1353

Q). What is Task work

>>>Task Work or Out Turn' is defined as the quantity, of a particular item of construction which an average
labourer of a particular trade can complete in a working day of eight cdock hours. The 'task work' varies from
individual to individual, place to place and depends upon various factors such as physical fitness and skill of the
labourer, type, nature and place of work, climatic conditions of the place, and amenities available to the labourer
etc...>>>The usual procedure of determining the task work for any item of construction is by keeping a record of
labour employed and the work carried out by him in a day of eight hours or it may be determined by past
experience. However, determination of exact task work of a labour for a particular type of work is a dificul job. It is
observed that the out turn (i.e., task work of labour in case of item rate contracts is much higher than if the same
work is executed by employing daily labour. Thus, determination of exact number of labourer for the completion
of a paticular item work is a very difficult task.

Q). Write short note on Overhead charges.

Overhead Charges: >>>These are unproductive and indirect expenses required for the completion of an item and
include establishment of office at the work-site, supervision charges etc. They are generally taken as 5% of the
total cost of material and labour required for completion of the item. Overheads are further sub-divided into:
1. General overhead and 2. job overhead
>>> Thus, overhead charges are the expenses to be incurred by the contractor for a particular work site but which
cannot be included under the basic cost of any item of construction e.g. say concreting work.
>>> The overhead charges can also be classified as 'one time' (i.e. fixed) and time related' (i.e. variable overheads).
Items such as establishment of an office at the worksite, hutments for labours, tea stall, approaches to the
worksite, electric and telephone connection etc. come under 'one time' over heads, whereas salaries of
supervisor, and clerical staff. watchman, office expenses, postage and telephone charges, repair and maintenance
charges pertaining to the work etc. are included under the 'Time Related Overheads."
Q). distinguish between general overhead and job overhead
General Overhead: Job Overhead:
1)is part of your overall operating expenses 1) It is the particular expense spent on and for a
particular job or project.
2)things like rent, utilities, insurance for premises and 2)Business meeting costs, taxi fares, air travel, local
employees, and similar things that you have to pay out travel, subsistence (meals), etc, that are specifically
whether your firm has work or not. related to that particular job or project
3)general overhead expenses are those spent on a 3)Job overhead are unique to a specific project and
regular basis — they are not specific and not change from project to project.
chargeable to one particular project
4) i.e. regular/indirect overhead 4) i.e disbursement, disbursements
5. Indirect costs that benefit the entire company 5. Indirect costs that are specific to a particular project
6. Allocated to each project based on a predetermined 6. Charged specifically to the project that incurred the
overhead rate costs

Q). Explain the terms of centage charge.

CENTAGE CHARGES:
>>>Sometimes an Engineering (Government) Department of one organization has to carry out certain work
belonging to another department. In such cases, >>>an additional amount of about 10 to 15 % of the estimated
cost is included in the estimate to provide for the expenditure incurred by the organizations (which is going to
execute the work) towards the salaries of engineers, supervisors, etc. >>>employed for the planning, designing,
and completion of such works and are known as 'Centage charges or Departmental charges. >>>Centage charges
are also included on the 'contributory' and 'deposit works' of local bodies or private organizations etc.
>>>carried out by the State. Public Works Department. Sometimes Central Government may also allot their work
in a particular region to the State Government of that region. >>>In such cases, the concerned State Government
may add 10 to 15 % centage charges over the estimated amount towards the supervisor charges etc. of the works
during its execution.
Q). Explain the basic point respect to which any tender is scruntilinized by the client
>>Open or Public Tenders Tenders should invariably be invited in open and public manner by giving an
advertisement in the local leading newspapers or by a notice in a regional language and also in English to be
displayed in public places. For a work costing more than Rs. 25,000 tender notice should be published in local
leading news papers having large coverage.
>>All public works are invariably to be advertised in the local newspaper by giving a public tender notice so that
any eligible new contractor can submit his tender as all contractors are given equal opportunity. Thus, there are
chances of getting the work executed at the cheapest rate. However, there is possibility of entrusting the work to
an unknown, inexperienced and less qualified contractor which may lead to dispute, sub-standard quality of work
etc. The method is suitable for public works.
Q). Before working out tender and before submitting it, what information and data
which need to be collected and certained elaborate.
1. Project specifications: A clear understanding of the project scope, requirements, and objectives is essential for
preparing an accurate estimate.
2. Site information: Information on the location, access, and availability of utilities, labor, and materials is crucial
for estimating the cost of the project.
3. Market rates: Knowledge of current market rates for materials, labor, and equipment is essential for preparing
a competitive tender.
4. Availability of resources: Availability of materials, labor, and equipment must be taken into account when
preparing the estimate. 5. Previous projects: Information about similar projects that have been completed can
provide valuable insights into the cost and time required for a project.
6. Codes and regulations: The tender must comply with all relevant building codes, regulations, and standards.
Q). Discuss merits and demerits of open tender as against negotiate tender.
Merits of open tender: 1. This form of construction tendering process decreases the danger of failure.
2. Special circumstances, like emergencies or security concerns, are the best alternatives for the employer to
consider. 3. Work on the job site will begin as soon as possible. It shortens the time required to select a contractor
for any tendering work. 4. During the design stage, the contractor might offer his knowledge.
5. Transparency: The open tender process is transparent and fair, as all eligible bidders have equal access to the
tender documents and the opportunity to submit a bid.
6. Competition: Open tenders encourage competition among bidders, which can lead to lower prices and
improved quality.
Demerits:
1. There may be a large tender list if there are too many contractors bidding for the task.
2. The tendering process consumes additional time. 3. The source is being used inefficiently.
4. If the lowest bid is not taken, public accountability may be called into doubt.
5. Can choose a contractor with no prior experience 6. Untrustworthy competition.
Q). Explain the terms contract and write a note on essential of legally valid contract.
Contracts: "A Contract is an agreement that arises out of the 'acceptance of a proposal or offer, and is enforceable
by law".
VALID CONTRACT: As stated earlier a 'contract' is an agreement which is enforceable by law, as such there will be
no contract which will be 'void'. An 'agreement' may be 'void' but the 'contracts' are all 'valid' (i.e. can be enforced
by either party) or 'voidable' (i.e., enforceable by any one of the parties, at its option).
>>The following agreements are contracts, as per Section 10 of Indian Contract Act which reads as follows:
>>All agreements are contracts if they are made:
>>by the free consent of the parties. >>who are competent to contract.
>>for a lawful consideration and with a lawful object and >>are not expressly declared as void.
Q). Explain valid, voidable and void contracts with an example of each discuss essential
requirement of forming a valid contract
1. Valid: A valid contract is an agreement, which is binding and enforceable. In a valid contract, all the parties are
legally bound to perform the contract. The Indian Contract Act, 1872 defines and lists the essentials of a valid
contract through interpretation through various judgments of the Indian judiciary.
Example of valid: Suppose a person A agrees to pay a sum of Rs. 10,0000 to a person B for an antique chair. This
contract would be valid, the only problem is that person B is a minor and can’t legally enter a contract. So this
contract is a valid contract from the point of view of A and a “voidable” contract from the point of view of B.
2. Voidable Contract: As agreement that can be enforced by law at the option of one or more parties to the
agreement but not at the option of others (not concerned with the agreement) is called as a 'voidable contract'.
Example of voidable contract: Minors who have signed a contract can walk away at any time because they did not
have the legal ability to enter this agreement. If one party was tricked or forced into signing, the contract is
voidable. It is also voidable if one or more parties was under the influence of drugs or alcohol when signing.
3. Void Contract: A contract which cannot be enforced by law is said to be void contract'. Such a contract cannot
be enforced by law due to presence of technical flaw into it of which any of the parties may take advantage of it.
Example: agreement forced by coercion, fraud etc. amounts to 'voidable contract. If the objects or considerations
of the contract are against law, the contract is said to be 'void'.
Q). Explain the method of getting administrative approval in P. W. D.
Administrative Approval: PWD carry out the work proposed by Government department to meet the
administrative needs. The steps followed are as follows:
>>Preliminary report in the form of proposal is prepared by Office of the Divisional engineer. The report includes
following. >1 Preliminary drawings. >2. Approximate estimate. >3. Outline specifications, etc.
>>>The proposals are reviewed and then approved by the competent authorities of the concerned department
and recommends if found sound and preliminary estimates are reasonable.
>>>This formal acceptance which is in effect an order to the PWD to execute the specified work, is called
administrative approval. >>>For the approval of large projects, instead of preliminary plans and approximate
estimates, detailed drawings and estimates are required to be submitted.
>>>In case there are modifications in the proposal which is originally approved, eventual submission with revised
estimate should be done and administrative approval is to be taken if the estimate is likely to be exceeded by 5%.
Q). What is meant by arbitration. state its necessity in civil engineering contract
(Arbiration definition page no 5)
Necessity in civil engineering:
1. Quicker Resolution: Arbitration can provide a quicker resolution to disputes than going through the court
system, which can be slow and cumbersome.
2. Cost-effective: Arbitration is typically less expensive than going to court, as it avoids the costs associated with
lengthy legal proceedings.
3. Confidentiality: Arbitration proceedings are often more confidential than court proceedings, which can be open
to the public.
4. Expertise: Arbitrators are often subject matter experts in the field of construction and engineering, and
therefore, are well equipped to make informed decisions on disputes that may arise in the context of a civil
engineering contract. 5. Binding and Enforceable: The decision made by the arbitrator is legally binding and
enforceable, which means that the parties are obligated to abide by it.
Q). State the advantage and disadvantages of post qualification of contractor.
Advantages of post-qualification of contractors:
1. Improved quality of work: Contractors who go through post-qualification process are often better equipped to
deliver high-quality work, as they are required to demonstrate their experience, expertise, and financial stability.
2. Increased competition: post-qualification encourages competition among contractors, which leads to more
competitive bidding and lower construction costs.
3. Enhanced transparency: By requiring contractors to disclose information about their financial stability, work
history, and experience, post-qualification enhances the transparency of the bidding process.
4. Better selection of contractors: post-qualification helps project owners select contractors that are best suited
for the job, based on their demonstrated experience, expertise, and financial stability.
Disadvantages of post-qualification of contractors:
1. Time-consuming: The post-qualification process can be time-consuming, especially for contractors who have to
provide detailed information and documentation.
2. Costly: Post-qualification can be expensive, both for contractors and project owners, as it requires significant
effort and resources to conduct.
3. Burden on small contractors: smaller contractors may find it challenging to meet the requirements of post-
qualification, as they may have limited resources or lack the experience needed to demonstrate their capability.
4. Potential for bias: There is a risk that the post-qualification process may be biased towards larger, more
established contractors, which could discourage smaller, innovative companies from bidding on projects
Q). State the advantage and disadvantages of pre-qualification of contractor.
Advantages of Pre-Qualifications:1. The selected contractors (usually lowest) are capable of executing the work
as they are qualified to do the job. 2. Fair Competition: As only eligible and qualified contractors can submit their
tenders, there will be fair competition amongst the qualified contractors.
3. Elimination of Unqualified Contractor: The contractors unqualified for work cannot apply thus their time,
energy etc. in filling the tender form is saved.
Disadvantages of Pre-Qualifications: >>>1. No Open Competition: As only qualified contractors have to apply
(i.e., submit their tender) for the work, there is no open competition. >>>2. Mal Practices in Classification: There
is every possibility of malpractice at the time of pre- qualification of contractors. >>>3. Complicated Application
Form: Any ordinary contractor may not be able to fill the complicated application form correctly.
Q). What is depreciation? Distinguish between depreciation method & depreciation
>>>Depreciation is defined as the loss in the value of the property due to its wear and tear, structural
deterioration, obsolescence etc. The usefulness of the property gradually decreases due to its age thus reducing
its value. >>It is usual practice to allow certain percentage of the total cost of the building as 'depreciation' to
calculate its present value. 'Annual depreciation' is the term used to denote the gradual annual decrease in the
value of the property.
Depreciation method Depreciation
1. It is a systematic method for allocating the cost of a 1. It is a decrease in the value of an asset over time
fixed asset over its useful life. due to usage, wear and tear, or obsolescence.
2. There are several commonly used methods, 2. It is an accounting concept used to allocate the cost
including Straight Line, Declining Balance, Sum of the of a fixed asset over its useful life.
Years Digits, and Units of Production.
3. The choice of method depends on various factors 3. It is calculated using a chosen depreciation method
such as the type of asset, its expected usage, and and is used to reflect the decrease in value of an asset
accounting principles. on a company's financial statements.
4. Depreciation method helps in determining the 4. Depreciation is recorded as an expense on the
amount of depreciation expense to be recognized in income statement and reduces the value of an asset
each accounting period. on the balance sheet.
5. The method should be consistent and appropriate 5. Depreciation helps in matching the cost of an asset
for the type of asset being depreciated. to the period when it is used to generate revenue.
Q). Explain the situation where the following method of valuation will be used.
1. Rental method. [Link] based 3. Profit based method. [Link] method
1. Rental method of valuation: The method is usually adopted if the building is used on rental basis or when the
probable rent from the building can be ascertained by local enquires.
2. Cost based: It is the simplest method of valuation usually adopted for properties which do not fetch any rent
such as property occupied by the owner, school or college buildings etc. The method is particularly suitable for
recording valuation of the assets in the balance sheet of companies or government office records etc.
3. profit-based method: The method is usually adopted for the valuation of properties such as hotels, cinema
houses, etc. for which the capitalized value depends solely on its profit from the business.
4. Development method: The method is suitable for the properties which are either in under developed or
developing stages: When a large area of the land is to be sub-divided into smaller plots after providing for roads,
open spaces, parks etc., the development method of valuation is usually adopted.
Q). Explain purpose of valuation & attributes value.
Purpose of valuation:
1. When a person wants to sell or buy a property. For the determination of municipal tax, property tax etc.
2. For advancing loans against security of property. its valuation is required.
3. In order to pay compensation for the property acquired by the government, its valuation is to be carried out.
4. For the fixation of rent of a property, its valuation is required. 5. Valuation of the property is necessary for the
insurance purposes. 6. In case of disputed property, its valuation is required to determine the court fees etc.
(attribute value answer on page no 5: Q). Illustrate factors affecting valuation);
Q). Explain ownership of the property & return form of priority.
OWNERSHIP OF THE PROPERTY:
The ownership of the property (also called as tenure) is divided into: 1. Free-hold and 2. Lease-hold.
1. Free-hold Property: A property is said to be free hold when it is in absolute possession of the owner for
indefinite period and he can deal with such property according to his will. i.e. he can develop, gift, or sell or lease
to any body for a certain period. After the expiry of lease period, the owner repossesses the property again.
2. Lease-hold Property: As already state above the owner of the free-hold property may permit some other
person to use his property for specified number of years and then the property is said to be leased for which the
lessee' (ie. the person who accepts the property on lease) has to make some annual payment to the lessor (ie. the
original owner). "After the expiry of the lease period, the property again belongs to its original owner (i.e. lessor).
Usually, the lease period is sufficiently long (e.g. 99 years etc.) so as to enable the lessee' to recover his
investment on the development of the property
RETURNS FROM THE PROPERTY: 1. Gross Income: It is the total income or receipts from various sources from the
property without any deductions for operational and collection charges.
2. Net Income: It is the income from the property obtained after deducting all operational and collection charges
from the gross income. Such operational and collection charges are termed as 'outgoings'. Thus Net income or
return = Gross income - Outgoings.
3. Outgoings: These are the expenses which are to be incurred by the owner for maintaining the revenue (i.e.
income) from the building.
Q). Explain different nomenclature of value. OR Q). Explain types of value
1. Scrap Value: Scrap Value is defined as the Value of dismantled materials. For a building when the life is over at
the end of its utility period, the dismantled materials like steel, timber, bricks, etc will fetch certain value which is
called as the Scrap Value of that building.
2. Salvage Value: It is the value of the building at the end of the utility period without being dismantled. For
example, A machine after the completion of its usual span of life or when it becomes uneconomical to use, it may
be sold and the same machine may be purchased by the other person for use for some other purpose. The price at
which he purchased that machine is called as Salvage Value and which is called as Sale Value.
3. Market Value: The market value of the property is the amount which can be obtained at any particular time
from open market if property is put on for sale. Market Value may differ from time to time according to demand
and supply. The Market Value also changes from time to time for various miscellaneous reasons such as change in
industry, change of fashion, cost of labours and materials, cost of transportation etc.
4. Potential Value: When the property is capable of fetching more return due to its alternative use or by
advantageous planning or providing development works then that value of property is called as Potential Value.
Q). Draw a tender Notice for the Kolhapur municipal corporation for Road project of 26
km in and around the city for Rs 30 crores. Assume suitable data.
Tender Notice
Kolhapur Municipal Corporation
Road Project of 26 km in and around the city;

The Kolhapur Municipal Corporation invites tenders for the construction of a 26 km road project in and around
the city. The estimated cost of the project is Rs 30 crores.

Eligibility Criteria:
1. The bidding company should be registered and have experience in executing similar projects.
2. The company should have a minimum turnover of Rs 50 crores in the last three financial years.
Tender Documents: The tender document can be obtained from the office of the Kolhapur Municipal Corporation
on payment of a non-refundable fee of Rs 10,000.
Submission of Tenders: Tenders must be submitted in a sealed envelope, clearly marked as "Tender for Road
Project of 26 km in and around the City" to the office of the Kolhapur Municipal Corporation on or before [07-02-
2023].
Opening of Tenders: The tenders will be opened on [insert date and time] in the presence of the bidders or their
authorized representatives.
For further details, please contact [Municipal Corporation of Kolhapur District].
Q). State the rules of deductions as per IS 1200 for [Link] [Link] work in
superstructure
Plastering: 1. Thickness of plastering should be uniform and as per specifications.
2. Plastering should be done in a uniform manner, free from cracks and holes. 3. Corners should be neatly finished
and true to the line. 4. The surface of the plaster should be smooth, free from undulations, honeycombs, and
other defects. 5. The joints between two successive plastering coats should be raked out to a minimum depth of
12 mm and should be filled with a rich mortar mix.
Masonry work in superstructure:1. The masonry work should be done with good quality bricks/blocks and
mortar. 2. The mortar used for laying the bricks/blocks should be uniform in color and consistency.
3. The bond of masonry work should be in accordance with the approved construction drawings.
4. The mortar joint should be uniform in thickness and should not be more than 10 mm in width.
5. The vertical and horizontal alignment of the masonry should be maintained as per the approved construction
drawings.
Q). Explain the terms: 1) Lead. 2) Lift. 3)Task work. 4)Work charge establishment
1. Lead: In construction, lead refers to the distance covered by workers, material, or equipment from the source
to the site of construction. 2. Lift: In construction, lift refers to a vertical movement or elevation of materials,
equipment, or workers from one level to another, usually with the help of cranes or hoists.
3. Task work: In construction, task work refers to a specific job or operation that is executed to complete a
construction project. It is the work done to accomplish a particular task or job and is usually measured in terms of
the amount of labor, materials, and equipment required.
4. Work charge establishment: Work charge establishment refers to the process of determining the cost of a
specific task or job in a construction project. It involves calculating the cost of labor, materials, and equipment
required to complete the task work and determining the overall cost of the project. This is an important step in
the estimation and costing process and helps to determine the feasibility and budget of a construction project.
Q). Describe long wall and short wall method for calculating quantities of itemsof work
Long wall – short wall method: ➢ In this method, the wall along the length of room is considered to be long wall
while the wall perpendicular to long wall is said to be short wall. ➢ To get the length of long wall or short wall,
calculate first the centre line lengths of individual walls. Then the length of long wall, (out to out) may be
calculated after adding half breadth at each end to its centre line length. ➢ Thus, the length of short wall
measured into in and may be found by deducting half breadth from its center line length at each end.
➢ The length of long wall usually decreases from earth work to brick work in super structure while the short wall
increases. These lengths are multiplied by breadth and depth to get quantities.
Q). Write down in detailed about the following ❖ Contract conditions ❖ Formation of
contract
❖ CONDITIONS OF CONTRACTS:
➢ Rates inclusive of materials, labour, etc. ➢ Amount of security money ➢ Time for completion of work
➢ Progress to be maintained ➢ Penalty for bad work 10 ➢ Mode of payment
➢ Extension of time limit for delay ➢ Termination of contract➢ Compensation to labour, minimum wages, etc.
Types of conditions: A. General Conditions: ✓ This is a contract document defining obligations in regards to
project execution and the rights of each party. ✓ It includes all overhead costs, what someone can claim, and
entitlements.
B. Special Conditions: ✓ This is an amend and an extension of the general conditions.
✓ It needs to specify general conditions and clauses pertaining to every project or job.
✓ It has special instructions and requirements on how each job should be performed.
❖ FORMATION OF CONTRACT:
Goals: ✓ To understand how a contract is formed. ✓ To understand each core concept of a contract.
✓ To understand the relationship between each core concept of a contract.
Objectives: ✓ To be able to understand the key terminology that relates to the formation of the contract.
✓ To be able to identify when a contract has been formed.
Offer: ✓ It is a promise to enter into a contract on certain terms.
✓ It must be specific, complete, capable of acceptance, and intended to be bound by acceptance.
✓ It can be express or implied by conduct.
Acceptance: ✓ An offer must be accepted to create a contract.
✓ It must be final and unqualified with no variation to the proposed terms.
Q). Explain in detail about the preparation of Contract document with all content
CONTRACTS DOCUMENTS:
✓ Contract Document is the written documents.
✓ It describes clearly about the work and defines the right and obligations of parties. ( i.e.,Owner and contractor).
✓ Its define the basis of the contract including both parties’ roles, responsibilities, and detailed description of the
work or service such as drawings, specifications, procedures, any other conditions, etc.
✓ It should include sufficient information to be able to complete the work or service.
✓ Construction contract documents include the Agreement, the Conditions of Contract, the Drawings, and the
Specifications.
✓ Because of the legal implications, owners produce the Agreement and the Conditions.
✓ Architects are responsible for producing the Drawings and the Specifications.
Q). Difference between (Capitalized value and year’s purchase) &(Freehold property and leasehold property)
Capitalized value Years purchased
1. The capitalized value of a property is the amount of 1. Year’s purchase is defined as the capital sum
a money whose annual interest at required to be invested in order to receive
2. Used to estimate the value of a property or 2. Used to determine the present value of an annuity
investment
3. Calculated by dividing the expected net income by a 3. Can be used in various financial calculations, such as
capitalization rate determining the depreciation of an asset or the cost of
leasing a property.
4. Helps investors determine the feasibility of a 4. Helps in comparing the cost of a loan or investment
potential investment with the amount of money received over time

Freehold property and leasehold property) next page pe hai answer

 Free hold property Leasehold Property:
1. Ownership: The owner has full and permanent 1. Ownership: The owner holds a lease for a set period
ownership of the property and the land it is built on. of time, typically 99 or 125 years, after which the
property and land returns to the original owner
2. Duration: There is no time limit to the ownership of 2. Duration: The leasehold period is set for a specific
the property. duration and is not permanent.
3. Transfer of ownership: The property can be sold or 3. Transfer of ownership: The leasehold can be sold or
passed on to future generations as inheritance. passed on to someone else during the leasehold period,
but the property returns to the original owner after the
lease period expires.
4. Responsibility: The owner is responsible for 4. Responsibility: The leasehold owner is responsible
maintaining and repairing the property and land. for maintaining the property, but the landlord is
responsible for maintaining and repairing the common
areas.
5. Ground Rent: Not applicable in freehold ownership. 5. Ground Rent: The leasehold owner must pay an
annual ground rent to the landlord.
Q). What are the principles in selecting the unit of measurement?
PRINCIPALS OF SELECTING UNITS OF MEASUREMENT:
➢ The units of different works depend on their nature, size and shape. In general, the units of different items of
works are based on the following principle.
➢ Massive or volumetric items of work such as earth work, concrete for foundations, R.R Masonry, Brick Masonry
etc. The measurements of length, breadth, height or depth shall be taken to compute the volume or cubical
contents.
➢ Shallow, thin and surface work shall be taken in square unit or in area. The measurements of length and
breadth or height shall be taken to compute the area, Ex. Plastering, white washing etc.
➢ Long and Thin work shall be taken in linear or running units and linear measurement shall, be taken.
Ex: Fencing, Rainwater pipes, ornamental borders etc.
➢ Single units of work are expressed in numbers. Ex. Doors, Windows, Rafters, Trusses etc.
Q). What is D.S.R. Name at least four main heads of items covered in D.S.R?
D.S.R stands for "District Schedule Rate".
The four main heads of items covered in D.S.R are:
1. Materials: This includes the cost of all the raw materials required for construction, such as cement, steel, sand,
aggregate, bricks, etc.
2. Labor: This includes the cost of labor required for construction, including wages, allowances, and benefits for
skilled, semi-skilled, and unskilled workers.
3. Plant & Equipment: This includes the cost of any machinery, tools, and equipment required for construction,
such as cranes, bulldozers, scaffolding, etc.
4. Overheads: This includes the indirect costs associated with construction, such as insurance, taxes, rent, utilities,
and administrative expenses.
Q). Illustrate various items of inclusions and their specifications
>>while preparing detailed estimate of a buildings it necessary to the split the entir building into the different
items preferably in the order to its construction Therefore following items are needed.
✓ Site clearance ✓ Excavation for foundation ✓ PCC in foundation ✓ UCR masonry in foundation
✓ CR masonry ✓ DPC ✓ Plith filling with hard murum ✓ Brick work in superstructure
✓ Providing & fixing doore and windows frame ✓ Lintel over opening flat and internal plastering
✓ Providing and layering hooring ✓ Door and window shutters ✓ Water supply and sanitary arrangement
✓ Electrification
>>The quantities of the above items are calculated from the relevant drawing (plan, elevation, section and
foundation details)