UNITS & DIMENSIONS

SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
MEASUREMENT OF MASS & TIME
The digits in a measured quantity which are reliable and confidence
in our measurement + the digit which is uncertain.
MASS
•Unified atomic mass unit(amu) is used to measure ERRORS IN MEASUREMENT
mass of atoms & molecules RULES FOR SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
Dimensional Analysis
•1amu =(1/12) mass of th 1. All non-zero digits are significant. For example, 42.3 has three Difference between true value
one C12 atom significant figures; 243.4 has four significant figures; and 24.123 has & measured value of a quantity
five significant figures. Dimensions of a physical quantity are the powers to which units of base
•1amu = 1.66×10-27 kg
•Electron mass- 10-30 kg 2. A zero becomes significant figure if it appears between two quantity are raised. Eg: [M] a [L]b [T]c [A]d [K]e
non-zero digits. For example, 5.03 has three significant figures; Systematic Errors Random Errors
•Earth mass : 10 kg 25 5.604 has four significant figures; and 4.004 has four significant Errors which tend to occur Irregular and random

APPLICATIONS
only in one direction, in magnitude & direction
figures. either positive or negative
•Observable Universe 1055 kg
3. Leading zeros or the zeros placed to the left of the number are
TIME never significant. For example,0.543 has three significant figures;
Instrumental Personal
0.045 has two significant figures; and 0.006 has one significant figure. checking the correctness of conversion of one system Deducing relation
Experimental
•SI unit is second (based on caesium clock with an Due to inbuilt defect Limitations in Due to individual

uncertainity less than 1 part in 10-13 4. Trailing zeros or the zeros placed to the right of the number are
various formulae of unit into another among physical of measuring instrument experimental bias,Lack of proper
technique
ie,3μs loss every year) significant. For example, 4.330 has four significant figures; 433.00 Eg: If Z=A+B,[Z]=[A]=[B] n1u1=n2u2 quantity
setting of apparatus

has five significant figures; and 343.000 has six significant figures. Eg: n1[M1A L1B T1C] = n2[M2A L2B T2C] • Least count error is the smallest value that can be measured by
•Timespan of unstable particle: 10-24 s instrument (occurs with random & systematic errors)
•Age of universe: 10 s 17 5. In exponential notation, the numerical portion gives the number of M A L B T C
significant figures. For example,1.32 x 10-² has three significant n1= n2 [ 2 ] [ 2 ] [ 2 ] • Absolute Error :- Δa = ai-amean , amean= a1+a2+a3+ ....+an
figures and 1.32 x 104 has three significant figures. M1 L1 T1 n
Δamean Δa1 + Δa2 + Δa 3 + ....+Δan
• Relative Error:- Δamean=
amean n
MEASUREMENT OF LENGTH
RULES FOR ROUNDING OF A MEASUREMENT Δamean
•Large distance is measured by p DIMENSIONAL FORMULA INSTRUMENTS • Percentage Error:-
amean
x 100

parallax method 1. If the digit to be dropped is less than 5, then the preceding digit is
left unchanged. For example,x = 7.82 is rounded off to 7.8 and Least Count:
BASIS b
•Parallax angle= DISTANCE
=x x x
x = 3.94 is rounded off to 3.9.
1) Pressure=stress=Young‛s modulus=ML T -1 -2 Smallest quantity an instrument can
2. If the digit to be dropped is more than 5, then the preceding digit
measure COMBINATION OF ERRORS
•1 =1.745 x 10 rad -2
2) Work=Energy=Torque=M L2 T-2
O

is raised by one. For example, x = 6.87 is rounded off to 6.9 and

•1‛=2.91×104 rad. x = 12.78 is rounded off to 12.8.
3) Power P=M L2 T-3
b mm scale vernier scale screw gauge
•1"=4.85×106 rad. 3. If the digit to be dropped is 5 followed by digits other than zero, 4) Gravitational constant G=M-1 L3 T-2 ↓ ↓ ↓ Absolute
1mm
Relative Percentage error
•For very small sizes, optical microscope, then the preceding digit is raised by one. For example, x = 16.351 is 0.1mm 0.01mm
Operations Formula Z
error Δ Z error ΔZ/Z 100 x Δ Z / Z
rounded off to 16.4 and x = 6.758 is rounded off to 6.8. 5) Force constant=Spring constant=M T-2
tunneling microscope, electron microscope ΔA+ΔB ΔA+ΔB
ΔA+ ΔB
are used. 4. If the digit to be dropped is 5 or 5 followed by zeros, then the 6) Coefficient of viscosity=M L-1 T-1 Sum A+B
A+B A+B
x 100

•1 AU = 1.496×10 m 11 preceding digit, if it is even, is left unchanged. For example,

x = 3.250 becomes 3.2 on rounding off and x = 12.650 becomes 12.6
7) Latent heat = L 2 T-2 VERNIER CALIPERS Difference A-B ΔA+ ΔB ΔA+ΔB ΔA+ΔB
x 100
A-B A-B
•1 ly = 9.46 × 1015 m on rounding off. 8 Least Count = 1 MSD - 1VSD
I Multiplication AxB AΔB+ BΔA
ΔA
+
ΔB
( A + B ( x 100
ΔA ΔB

•1parsec= 3.08 x 1016 m 5. If the digit to be dropped is 5 or 5 followed by zeros, then the μ0 If n VSD Coincides with (n-1)
A B
A
9 =M L2 T-3 A-2 BΔA+ AΔB ΔA ΔB
( AA+ BB(x 100
ε
Δ Δ
preceding digit, if it is odd, is raised by one. For example, MSD, Division +
•Size of proton: 10-15 m x = 3.750 is rounded off to 3.8, again x = 16.150 is rounded off 0 then (n-1) MSD= n VSD
B
B2 A B
ΔA ΔA x 100
•Radius Of Earth: 107m to 16.2. Power An n A n - 1 ΔA n n
10) Capacitance=M-1 L-2 T 4 A2 1VSD = n-1 MSD
n
A A

11) Permittivity ε0=M-1 L-3 T4 A2

1 A 1n -1
•Distance to Boundary Of RULES FOR ROUNDING OF A MEASUREMENT Root A
1
n
ΔA 1 ΔA 1 ΔA x 100
n-1 n n A n A
Observable Universe : 1026 m 12) Angular momentum = planck‛s constant Least Count = 1MSD - n MSD = 1MSD
n
ADDITION & SUBTRACTION =M1 L2 T-1 Total Reading = Main Scale Reading + (coinciding General rule:
In addition or subtraction, the final result should be reported Vernier Scale division x least count) APBq
SI SYSTEM T=k hG
,Then the maximum fractional relative
to the same number of decimal places as that of the original
13) M= k hc
If Z =
L= k hG Cr error in Z will be:
number with minimum number of decimal places G c2 c5
ΔZ =p ΔA +q ΔB
In a vernier calipers, one main scale division is x cm +r ΔC
3.1421
7 Base units and 2 supplementary units l m R & n division of vernier scale coincide with n-1 divisions Z A B C
0.241 Tα g
α k
α g of the main scle. The least count (in cm) of the
Base Units +0.09 (has two decimal places)
NO. Quantity Unit Symbol (Answer should be reported to two decimal
Time period L
= RC = LC
calipers is;
3.4731 n-1 nx x x
places after rounding off) R a) ( n ) x b) c) d) n
1 Length meter m (n-1) (n-1)
2 Mass kilogram kg In an expirement four quantities a,b,c
Answer = 3.47
3 Time second s and d are measured with percentage
4 Temperature kelvin K
MULTIPLICATION & DIVISION DIMENSIONLESS SCREW GAUGE error1%, 2%, 3% and 4% respectievely.
5 Electric current ampere A Quantity P is calculated as shown below.
6 Luminous intensity candela cd When numbers are multiplied or divided, the number of QUANTITIES What is the percentage error in P?
7 Amount of
substance
mole mol significant figures in the answer equals the smallest number Main Scale Reading
of significant figures in any of the original numbers 1) Strain Pitch =
No.of rotations a2b2
Supplementary Units
51.028 2) Refractive index P=
cd
NO.
Quantity Unit Symbol
x 1.31 (Three significant figures)
1 Plane angle radian rad 3) Relative density pitch
sr 66.84668 (Answer should have three significant figures Least Count =
Solid angle steradian
4) Plane angle Total no.of divisions on
(a) 14% (b) 10%
2
after rounding off)
circlular scale
Answer = 66.8 5) Solid angle Total Reading = Linear Scale Reading + circular scale (c) 7% (d) 4%
reading x least count
What is the unit of permittivity
of free space ? ε0 If L=2.331cm, B= 2.1cm,then L+B = ?
In SI Units, the dimensions of ε 0

μ0
The least count of the main scale of a screw gauge
(a) coloumb/newton-metre is 1mm. The minimum no.of divisions on its circular
is:
(b) newton-metre2 /coloumb² (a) 4.431 cm (b) 4.43 cm a)A-1 T M L3 b)A T2 M-1L-1 scale required to measure 5μm diameter of wire is;
(c) coloumb²/newton-metre2 (c) 4.4 cm (d) 4 cm c)A T-3 M L3/2 d)A2 T3 M-1 L-2 a) 200 b) 50 c) 400 d) 100
(d) coloumb2/(newton-metre)2
 Motion with constant acceleration: Equations of motion

MOTION
(i) v=u+at Important points about graphical
1 at2 analysis of motion
(ii) S =ut+-
2
Instantaneous velocity is the slope of [ [
v=
dx
dt ALONG A
A Person travels from A to B covers unequal distances in equal
[∆ x=∫vdt[
Distance = Length of actual path position-time curve

STRAIGHT
interval of time with constant acceleration a
Displacement = Length of then Area of v-t curve gives displacement.
shortest path 3S1-S2
[a = dt [ LINE
S1 S2
initial velocity U= dv
Slope of velocity-time curve = instantaneous
Distance > |displacement| 2t t t acceleration
S2-S1
[ ∆ v =∫adt[
A B
Acceleration a = 0
t2 Area of a-t curve gives change in velocity.

A particle moves from A to B in a circular path of

U (iii) v2=u2+2a.s
radius R covering an angle θ with uniform speed U
U The number of planks required to stop the bullet u v

( θ
Distance=AB Rθ Displacement=AB= 2RSin
( u2
=
2 N= 2 2 A car accelerates from rest at a constant rate α for some time, after which it decelerates at
u -v
( θ2
( a constant rate β, to come to rest. If the total time elapsed is t, then
Ratio of Displacement to Distance = Sin
αβ
t
(
Time t =Rθ θ
The two ends of a train moving with constant acceleration pass a certain Vmax =
α+β Total Distance = 1
αβ
t2
( vmax A

( θ2 2 α+β
U 2USin
( 2
point with velocities u and v. The velocity with which the middle point of
Average Velocity = the train passes the same point is B
θ u v O
v
t1 t2 t
2 = u 2+v2
(
( Mid
Average Acceleration = U 2Sin θ 2
2
θ u2 u 0
R Calculation of stopping distance s= s MOTION UNDER GRAVITY
2 2a .........
Sign Convention
For uniform motion (iv) sn =u+ _
a (2n-1) a
2 (i) initial velocity
Displacement = velocity x time Ratio of distance travelled in equal interval of time in a uniformly +ve = upward motion
Average speed = |average velocity|=|instantaneous velocity| accelerated motion from rest -ve = downward motion
S1 S1 S2 S3

S1:S2:S3 = 1:3:5 (ii) Acceleration

t t t Always -ve
Time average speed A B
(iii) Displacement
s + s + s + ....+s n v 1t1 +v 2t 2 + v 3 t3 + ...... vavg u+v +ve = final position is above initial position
=
Total distance covered
= 1 2 3 = for uniform accelerated motion =
v av Total time elapsed t1 + t2 + t3 + ....+ tn t1 + t2 + t3 + ...... 2 -ve = final position is below initial position
Zero = final position & initial position are at same level
1
n

If t1 = t2 =t3 = .....= t n
u=0
then
v + v2 + v 3 +.....+V n Different Cases v-t graph s-t graph Object is dropped from top of a tower
v av = 1 h
n (i) Ratio of displacement in equal interval of time S1:S2:S3....=1:3:5....
for v1 & v2, v v=constant s
v +v vt
1. Uniform motion s= (ii) Ratio of time of covering equal distance
Vavg= 1 2 (Arithmetic mean of speeds)
2 t t t1:(t2-t1):(t3-t2):.......:(tn-tn-1)= 1: ( 2- 1):( 3- 2):...:( n- n-1
Distance average speed
Total distance covered s1 + s2 + s3 +.....+ sn v s =½ at (iii) Ratio of total distance covered at the end of time t:2t:3t:....=12:22:32....
2

s + s + s3 + .....+ s n 2. Uniformly accelerated motion a t s

v av = = = 1 2 v= H
Total time elapsed t1 + t2 +t3 + ....+ tn s1 s2 s3 s with u =0 at t=0 If a body is thrown vertically up with a velocity u in the uniform gravitational field (neglecting
+ + +....
.. + n t
If s1= s2= s 3= ...... sn v v v v t
air resistance) then
1 2 3 n
u
s u2
then
n
v s=ut+½at2 (i) Maximum height attained H =
for v1 & v2, 3. Uniformly accelerated with u+
at 2g
v av = 2V1V2 v= u
1 1 1 1 u = 0 at t=0 & s=0 at t=0 u (ii) Time of ascent = time of descent
+ + + ..... .+ Vavg=
V1+V2
(Harmonic mean of speeds)
t g
v1 v2 v 3 vn
(iii) Total time of flight = g
v
s
s=s0+ut+½at2 2u
4. Uniformly accelerated motion u+a
t
(iv) Velocity of fall at the point of projection = u (downwards)
dx with u=0 and s=s0 at t=0 v= t1
Instantaneous Velocity v = ∆ x =∫vdt u
H t2
dt t At any point on its path the body will have same speed for upward journey and
dv u h
Instantaneous Acceleration a = dt ∆ v =∫adt v
v=
s s=ut-½at2 downward journey. If a body thrown upwards crosses a point in time t1 & t2
5. Uniformly retarded motion till u u-
at respectively then
Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 velocity becomes zero 1
t0
t
t0 t height of point h=½ gt1t2 Maximum height H = g(t1 +t2) 2
v=f(t) or x=f(t) V= f(x) t=f(x) 8
dv d2x dV then v s
s=ut-½at2 Time of flight = t1+t2= 2u
g v1
a= V a=-(double diff. of t w.r.t. x) 6. Uniformly retarded then v3
a= = 2 X V 3
u v=
dt dt dx accelerated in opposite direction
u-
at A body is thrown upward, downward & horizontally with same speed v2
t t
Differentiation Differentiation
t0 t0 takes time t1, t2 & t3 respectively to reach the ground then h
Displacement Velocity Acceleration t3 = t t & height from where the particle was throw is h= ½ gt1 t2
Integration Integration 1 2
 VECTORS
ˆi Addition Of Vectors

ˆ ˆ ˆ Components of Vector
,1) r=i-j+k 
r (1,
- 1
 Y In two dimentions R= A2+B2+2A Bcos
Position Vector |r|= 12+12+12= 3 Displacement Vector

 ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
Particle displaces from position P1 to position P2
R=Rcos θ ˆi+Rsin θjˆ
r=xi+yj+zk i-j+k

nθ
ˆj ˆr= (x1y1z1) R Rmax=A+B


Rsi
3
(x2y2z2)
|r|= x2+y2+z2 P1
P2 
∆ r=(x2-x1 ˆ
)i+(y -y1) ˆ
j+(z -z1 ˆ
)k

)θ
ˆk 
2 2

 Rcos θ X tan = B sin θ

|∆r|= (x2-x1)2+(y2-y1)2+(z2-z1)2 A+B cos θ
Vertically
upward (Z axis) Y
a
Vector product 
ˆ
k 5m north
y  Parallel Vectors In three dimentions   
ˆ ˆ ˆ
r=xi+yj+zk ˆ
j 3m down 
C=A B
 
A B =AB sinθ
North a=a1ˆi+a2ˆj+a3ˆk
2m east

+
 ˆi+R
p |r|or r= x +y +z
2 2 2 
ˆ ˆ R = R cos cosβˆj + Rcos γ ˆk
 -ˆ
i ˆ ˆ
 b=b1ˆi+b2j+b k k ˆ
i ˆj ˆ
r  ˆ ˆ ˆ
xi+yj+zk = 5j-3k+2i b 3

=1
(x,y,z)

unit vector=ˆr= r =
  
cos + cos + cos
West   2 2β 2γ
ˆ
i East a a=mb β ˆ
A B= Ax Ay Az =i[A ˆ
B -ByAz]-j[A ˆ
B -AzBx]+k[A B -AyBx]
|r| x2+y2+z2 ˆ ˆ ˆ
= 2i+5j-3k γ

+
y z x z x y
o -ˆ a1 a2 a3 X
x j = = =m
South
b1 b2 b 3 sin2 + sin2β+ sin2 γ =2 Bx By Bz

z
-ˆ
kVertically downward (Z axis) Z
Dot product
 
x=A.B= AB cos θ

PROJECTILE MOTION
IN A PLANE

Projectile motion Equation of Velocity

Same range for θ and (90-θ)
R=4 H1.H2 KE at maximum height =Kcos θ 2
y
Horizontal component = Ucos θ
Vertical component = Usin θ θ and (90-θ) T2 Momentum Vnet= Vx2+Vy2
eg; H2
y (u cos θ)2 +(u sin θ-gt)2
Uy2 45+ θ,45- θ
=
H= U sin θ = (Usinθ) =
2 2 2 T1
u sin θ -gt
MOTION

2g 2g 2g θ
vnet

θ)
0
Pf=m(ucosθ ˆi+(usin θ-gt) ˆj) u cos θ
300 & 600 0- H1
2UxUy (9

R= U sin2
2
θ = 2Usin θ Ucosθ = ) )θ
0

g g g v= [ucos θ ˆi+(usin θ-gt) ˆj]

T1 H1
=tan θ =tan2θ u

T2 H2 x
shortcut
4H=Rtan θ =5T2 T+ T2= 2R H+ H2= R
2
Net displacement
1 g 1
16 θ
x x=Ucos θ t
4 R R
0
0 60
45
T1 +T2 = g max
2 2
H1+H2= max
ˆ
Pi=m(ucos θ )i+(usin θ ) jˆ
0
0 30
15

2 y=Usin θ t- 1 gt2
u Ucos θ
ˆ 2
Δ p=-mgt j
Maximum range From the relation,
=-mg+ u sinθ ˆj r= x2+y2
g
H 4H=Rtan θ =5T2
For θ = 45o =-mu sinθ ĵ
r y

θ R =tan-1(y/x)
4H=Rmax tan45= H = max
Rmax= U 4
2
g 4H=Rmax = H=
u2 x
R 4g

RELATIVE MOTION Minimum separation to avoid collision

Relative Motion
Relative Motion in one dimension (overtaking & chasing) urel=u1-u2 arel=-a1
Tree
VA VB 3)VA/Tree=VA-VTree=60-0=60
1) Velocity of A with 0= u 2
+2arelsrel
d+L1+L2 3) d+L1+L2=(u1-u2)t+ 1 (a1-a2)t2
VA=60km/hr VB=40km/hr
u1 u2
respect to B VAB=VA-VB -
V1 rel
(u -u )2
VB/Tree=VB-VTree= 40 1) t= L1 d
2 d
V1+V2 0=(u1-u2)2 - 2a1s S= 1 2
2) VA/B=VA-VB
V2 ,a2
2a1
V2 V1 ,a1
VA VB L2
L1
d L2 a1

d+L1+L2
V1 to avoid collision,
a1= retardation of car 1
=VA-(-VB)=VA+VB 2) t= L1
d s< d
V1-V2 V2 (u -u )2
= d> 1 2
L2
2a1
 RELATIVE MOTION
Man-river problem d Shortest Path
2) Down stream tcross= = d Shortest time
(No drift)
  VMRcos θ V T

1) VMR or VM/Still water= velocity due to

Xdrift=(VMRcos θ +VR)+ t VMR
effort of man, VMR Vm
Vm

OR velocity of man in still water VM/R VM=VM/R+VR VMRcos θ

θ
=VMRcos θ t + V Rt Escalator

+
2) VR= velocity of River VR VMRsin θ VR

VR Horizontal component of Vm becomes 0 d d tt

θ =90
t 3= = = 1 2
MOTION IN A PLANE - 02

 t= d
3) Vm= Resultant velocity of man VMRsin θ sin θ =1 = VMRsin θ = VR VMRcos θ =Vm VE+VM/E d + d t1+t2
Due to effort Additional t2 t1
with respect to ground tmin= d
Swimming across the river of man due to push of VMR Condition for no drifting
VR
river Xdrift=VR+ t = sin θ =
1) Upstream 1) V =VMRsin θ
T
VMR t1=Time taken by a man to move distance d
on a stationary escalator
Vm = (VMR)2+(VR)2 = tcross= d
VMRsin θ VMR Vm 2) Vll =VMRcos θ +VR VM t2=Time taken by a stationary man to move
VM/R VM=VM/R-VR = Vm = VMR2-VR2 distance d along with moving escalator
θ t3=Time taken by a man to move distance d
= Drift=0
VMRcosθ VR while walking along a moving escalator

VR VE=Velocity of escalator

VM/E=Velocity of man w.r.t escalator

w.r.t. A
MAN RAIN PROBLEM
Method
minimum distance
Case 1 Case 2 Case 3
Man-rain problem Terms Vm A
VR sinθ A
VRsin θ >Vm Vm>VRsin θ Vm=VRsin θ
V
v

VA VB VA VB VR = Velocity of rain w.r.t θ

VRsin θ -Vm Vm-VRsin θ vA/B
stationary man Vm u
VR VRsin θ
Vm = Velocity of man
VR/m d

A B VR cosθ VR/m
VB/A=VB-VA , VR/m= Velocity of Rain w.r.t man VRcosθ VR/m
VB w.r.t A VRcosθ VR
dmin
In order to find the u
VR/m = (VRcos θ)2+ (VRsinθ -Vm)2
relative velocity of B VA/B= VB-VA , VA w.r.t B VRcos θ B In frame of B
B
with respect to A VR/m=
Vm (VRcos θ)2+ (Vm-VRsin θ)2 d V
VRsin θ -Vm Vm=VRsin θ dmin =

x
we have to reverse 20 m/s
VB/A 20 m/s tan =
the direction of VRcos θ V2+U2
)
) Vm-VR sinθ VR/m=VRsin θ
vector A and add it =tan-1
VRsin θ -Vm
)
=tan-1
) VRcos θ d U
with vector B 10 m/s = 0 Time taken to reach
=

x
10 m/s VR/m= (VRsin θ -Vm)2 +(VRcos θ)2 VRcos θ minimum distance
A B V2+U2

CIRCULAR MOTION
= + t
1o= 180
o
rad Tangential acceleration Banking of Road
- = Constant
= o t +1/2 t2 Vmax = rg(tan + )
- ac = vr = r
2 T1 m1 T2 m2 T3 m3
v‛‛‛a 2
v ‛‛
1 - tan
2
= 2
+2 ( )
Angular velocity o
t
In direction of tangent
ac at
ac at= dv = r =d - at = 0
dt
Centripetal acceleration ac
dt l1 l2 l3
= =
2 (in uniform circular motion) , V= r Directed towards centre
at ac Tangential Force
Non-uniform Circular Motion Vopt = rg tan (for smooth road)
t T Ft= mat
v‛‛‛‛ v ‛
- Speed not Constant
V = x r Not a constant vector at is due to change in magnitude of velocity T1=m1l1 2
+m2(l1+l2) 2
+m3(l1+l2+l3) 2
- Velocity changes in direction
and magnitude Vmin = rg(tan - )
v v Resultant acceleration - ac = Centripetal acceleration 1 + tan
T2=m2(l1+l2) 2
+m3(l1+l2+l3) 2

ac - at = tangential acceleration
ac
Angular acceleration ar= ac2 + at2 dv T3=m3(l1+l2+l3) 2
gR At Bottom
ac =
at = r ac dt
a) Tmax =
mv2 + mg
d r
= - =d
dt at = x r v v Velocity is tangent dt
Flat circular track b) min velocity at bottom
to the circle - = Changes angular
• ac is due to change in the direction of velocity acceleration to complete circle = 5gR
Equation of angular motion 3gR
ac= v = ac= r Horizontal circular motion
2
2
At Top
1) Constant angular velocity : = constant R
→ R Vmax = Rg mv2
2) Constant angular acceleration ac →
v Circular Motion T
v s a) Tmin =
r
- mg

→ → m
b) min velocity at top to
s
l
Fc Uniform Circular Motion
complete the circle =
- Speed Constant T =
mv
= mr
2
2
= ml 2
gR
r 5gR
- Direction of velocity changes
INERTIA NEWTON‛S THIRD LAW Inclined Forces
A body cannot change its state of rest or -To every action, there is always an equal Fsin If, Fsinθ <Mg PULLEY-BLOCK SYSTEM
uniform motion along a straight line. This (in magnitude ) and opposite (in direction) reaction. a block remains in LIFT PROBLEMS
N
F contact with ground Ideal pulley
property is called inertia.Inertia has no - Forces in nature always occur in pairs. Apparent weight of body in a lift
& accelerates horizontally M1 > M2 T
unit and no dimension. - A single isolated force is not possible.
T
reaction
M Fcos M1- M2
a= F =
If, Fsinθ =Mg a a Reading of
- Counter force experienced by a body- reaction = force exerted b
INERTIA block just leaves g weighing machine
contact with ground M M1 + M2 T weighing machine
- Action and reaction never act on the same body Mg
2M1M2
M2
T Apparent weight ,(Wapparent) = Reaction
If, Fsinθ >Mg T = g M2g force (R)
Inertia Inertia Inertia of * Force exerted on body A by body B (action ) M1 + M2 M1
Case 1: Lift is at rest
the block leaves contact with ground and M1g
of Rest of Motion Direction * force exerted on body B by body A (reaction) R = mg , Wapparent = Wactual = mg
it begins to accelerate obliquily.
- Inertia of Rest Reaction (on A)
Inability to change state of rest by itself. FAction=-FReaction Case 2: Lift moving up or down with
A MOTION OF CONNECTED BODIES N
- Inertia of Motion a
a constant velocity
B F1 > F2 R = mg , W
Inability of a body to change its state of Some common forces Action (on B) T apparent
= Wactual = mg
1.Normal Reaction M2
uniform motion by itself. F1 - F2 = Ma Case 3: Accelerated upward at
- Occurs when two surfaces are in contact with
F2 M F1 M1g
- Inertia of Direction
each other
F1 -F2
a a= a rate of ‘a‛
a= M1 + M2
Inability of a body to change direction of Always perpendicular to the surface. M T R-mg=ma = R=m(g+a)=Wapp
M2g
motion by itself.
NBW M1 a M1M2 Wapparent > Wactual → Feels over weight
Newton‛s Second Law NBg=NgB NBg NBW=NWB T = g Accelerated upward at a rate of ‘g‛
Fnet= Rate of change of linear momentum.
(normal on
block by
NWB
NWg=NgW M1 + M2
ground)
NWg R -mg = mg , R = 2mg , W = 2 x W
M1g app act

Instantaneous Case 4: Accelerated downward at

(normal on
Average NgB ground by

Tension block)

a rate of ‘a‛
p pf-pi
NgW
dp
F= Fav= = mg - R = ma , R = m(g-a) = Wapp , W < W
dt t t app act
INCLINED PLANE + PULLEY
Restoring force developed Accelerated downward at a rate of ‘g‛ [ Freefall]
MOMENTUM T T F
when a longitudnal force is mg - R = mg , R = mg - mg =0 , W = 0
app
P=mv applied on a body
If a > g :
-It is a vector quantity having direction
body leaves contact from ground and begins free-fall
same as that of velocity
-Unit is kg m/s. Ideal Rope Lift moves from ground floor to first floor
T v=0, a=0 N=mg (true weight)
here,f, f1 and f2 are
C L
LIQUID JETS normal reactions
v decrease N=m(g-a2) first floor
*Massless T between blocks
When jet is stopped at wall *Tension is same everywhere a2 (retardation)
u
wall
*Opposes only elongation B
v Increase
Area=A m *On compression it becomes slack. F N=m(g+a1)
x *Tension always acts away from the object. MOTION OF BLOCKS CONNECTED BY MASSLESS STRING T=m2a
T=m1m2 sinθg a1
v=0 Ground floor
m1+m2 A L
Pf-Pi mx0-mu Rod v=0, a=0
Fjet= = N=mg (true weight)
Δt Δt Graph
T F T F
-mu
= =-ρAu (m=ρAΔx,2 Δx = u)
Δt B
Δt a=0

)
1
+a
Elongation Compressive

}
= ρAu2

(g
1
Fwall

+a

N2

N2
=m
lift moves

=m

=m
(g
can support both elongation and compression

=m
with constant

1
N
(g

(g
V V
THICK ROPE

-a 2

-a 2
speed

1
N
When liquid jet bounce back

)
C
Tension will be different at different points.
1 2 1 2

+ve A
Pf-Pi -2mu t t
Fjet= = x
Δt Δt u
F Acceleration,a1=tanθ1
Fjet = -2ρAu 2 u L Retardation,a2=tanθ2
-ve M
Fwall = 2ρAu 2 Mass per unit length= L
M
When liquid jet strikes obliquely Mass of x length of rope =
L
x FRAME OF REFERENCE & PSEUDO FORCE
SINGLE BLOCK
usin
Note : Frame of Reference
Horizontal Force total mass given
Mass of given length= x
u total length length A frame in which observer is situated
Acceleration is along x-axis only
ucos mass and makes his observation
Along y-axis ay=0, = constant
length x
N Inertial frame of Non-Inertial frame
arope = F
F
usin N - Mg = May a
M
L reference of reference
u
ay=0 M M
(L-x) = m2 x= m1
F
For(L-x) rope length, L L At rest or moving with
N = Mg

LAWS OF MOTION
ucos M F uniform velocity along
F=ma = T= m2 Accelerated frame
Along x-axis F M straight line. of reference.
Fjet = -2ρAu cosθ 2 Fwall = 2ρAu cosθ 2 a= i.e unaccelerated
F - 0 = Ma M Mg
Change in momentum=-2mu cos θ Newton‛s law of motion hold‛s Newton‛s law of motion not applicable.
Fnet + Fpseudo = ma
Fnet=ma
Fpseudo = -mao
 a RELATIVE SLIPPING ROD SLIDING ON A WALL HORIZONTAL TRUCK BOX
ANGLE OF FRICTION
Minimum force required to push the inclined plane Angle(θ) made by resultant of normal iv) When slipping has started, Case-1
m B
F such that “m” does not slip with respect to “M” vcos
vsin (N) & frictional force(fs) with normal f=fk Box does not slip.
M F = (m+M) gtan , a = gtan v fs < µs N
Rmax = N 1+µk2
F

= ma < µ mg
fs T s
u usin R
N
= aT < µsg
Minimum acceleration of Minimum mass Mo such that A u
x R = N2 + fs2 R is resultant
“M” such that there is no there is no relative slipping
a velocity of B towards A = vsin ucos θ = Angle of kinetic friction m (fs)max aT
relative slipping. fs
a velocity of A away from B = ucos
m2 these velocities should be equal,
tan θ = m F
m N
M = vsin = ucos f k= N
m1 = v = ucot When fs =(fs)max R = k

a = g Mo = M+m mg Case-2
m2
M
m1 cot - 1 tan θ = µs , µs is Coefficient of friction Box slips
F M0 FRICTION aT > µkg
M0g i) f = 0 ANGLE OF REPOSE
Static friction
tanθ=0 R
Angle made by inclined
- It is a self adjusting force. θ=0 N = mg plane such that a block kept N
(fs)max m fk aT
EQUILLIBRIUM & LAMI‛S PARALLELOGRAM LAW - The opposing force that comes into play, on it just begins to slide
THEOREM when object tends to slip over the surface Depends only on µs and m
F1 F2 F3 of other object, but slipping has not m
= = fs = 0 is independent of mass.
sin sin sin yet started.
F1 F - As applied force increases static friction tanθ0 = µs o mgcos o VERTICAL TRUCK BOX
F3 F2 mgsin
also increases. o
o
aT
- The body doesn‛t move until a maximum mg Variation of R mg
value of static friction is attained fs
,
ii) 0 < fs <
s k
- This value is called limiting friction or (fs)max (fs)max As angle of inclined plane increases, R remains
F1 M N
constant (=mg) and when sliding starts R starts
F2 R N decreasing. mg
F2 F = F1 + F2 , F = F12 + F22 , tan = F (fs)max = µsN
F1
N Variation of angle of friction.
m

MAN-CAGE PROBLEM IMPULSE fs F

As angle of inclined plane increases, angle of Case-1
Man holds the cage stationary If a large force acting for short period fs friction will also increase and as sliding Box does not slip.
of time, there will be a sudden change
mg starts its value becomes constant and tanθ=µk fs < µs N
in momentum = mg < µ ma
Kinetic friction Minimum & Maximum force (applied parallel to s T
µs > g
dp 0 < tanθ < µs
m+M Fimp = inclined plane) =
T = g dt If the applied force is increased further and N < R < N 1+µs2 aT

in
T 2

m
F
t
slipping between surfaces start, the friction a=0 Fmin = mg ( sinθ - µscosθ) Case-2
T m-M Pf-Pi = Fimp dt = area under F-t graph
N N =
2 g o t
opposing the slipping is called kinetic friction. iii) fs= (fs)max
(fs)max
Box slips
m
µk < g
• m<M
I = Impulse = Pf - Pi = Fimp dt = area of Fmin is the minimum force required to
keep the block stationary if the
M • if m>M
o
F-t graph (fs)max angle of inclined plane is aT

in
mg
Rmax = N 1+µs

gs
man cannot hold
=µ N greater than angle of repose

m
the cage stationary s

F fk = µN

LAWS OF
=
k

Mg N Rmax
fs N

tan θmax =µs

ax
m
F
a=0
u=0
Case-1
f
kinetic region
Fmax is the maximum force required to

MOTION
Static region max m F
keep the block stationary on the inclined
plane if the angle of inclined plane
v=0 Impulse Average impulsive (fs)max= N
s is greater than angle of repose
h1
I = Pf - Pi force

in
gs
h2 = mV2 -(-mV1) impulse P (fs)max

m
Favg= = t
v2 to
I = m (V1+V2)
o
PULLING FORCE & PUSHING FORCE Fmax = mg ( sinθ + µscosθ)
v2 = 2gh2 m(v1+v2)
= µsmg
v1 = 2gh1
v1
to Fsin F
Fcosθ ≥ µs(mg-Fsinθ) Fpulling = mg(sinθ - µscosθ) < F < mg (sinθ + µ cosθ) s
cosθ + µssinθ
µsmg
u=0 v=0 Case-2 F≥
Fcos
cosθ + µssinθ
Average impulsive M
Impulse fs
force
h h
m(v+v) = J P 2mv
s k
Fcos Fcosθ ≥ µs(mg+Fsinθ)
Favg= =
µsmg
µsmg
= m(2v) t to m
Fpushing =
Fsin
F≥
v
J = 2mv cosθ - µssinθ cosθ - µssinθ
fs
v
Fpushing > Fpulling
 WORK WORK DONE BY WORK DONE IN PULLING RELATION OF KINETIC
Work is said to be done CONSERVATIVE & NON THE CHAIN ENERGY WITH OTHER QUANTITIES STABLE UNSTABLE NUETRAL
when a force applied on the CONSERVATIVE FORCE
body displaces the body Linear momentum:- P= 2m K If particle displaced from If particle displaced from If particle is slightly
through a certain distance Conservative: work done doesnot equillibrium position, force equillibrium position, force displaced from equillibrium,
Variation of graph of kinetic Energy
depend on path followed acting will try to bring the acting on it tries to displace it then it does not experience
L/n K K
Non-conservative: work depends particle back to the further away from equillibrium a force or continues to be
on the path followed equilibrium position position in equillibrium
WORK DONE BY
CONSTANT FORCE Potential energy is minimum Potential energy is maximum Potential energy is
1
at stable equilibrium at unstable equilibrium constant
Fsin 2 L Total length
F V m constant, E p2 P
F= -dU =0 F= -dU =0
F= -dU =0
A B (1/n) th m constant, E v2
part of length hanging dx dx
Fcos 3 M
K K dx
Mass of chain
d 2U d 2U
Work done in pulling the hanging =positive =negative d2U
dx2 dx2 =0
S WA B
(Path 1)= WA B
(Path 2)= portion back on the table dx2
W=Fcos x S WA (Path 3) MgL
B
W= P
=FScos =F.S 2n2 m
(for conservative force) P constant,& E
1
P constant,& E P
m
WA (Path 1)= WA (Path 2)=
NATURE OF WORK DONE B B

WA (Path 3)
1) Positive work (0o< <90o)
B POTENTIAL ENERGY
(for non conservative force)
- Defined only for conservative force
F Direction
Note :
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY E (total
- Energy possessd by a body by energy)

WORK
of motion
S Work done for a complete cycle virtue of its position/configuration P.E=max
For an isolated system or body in the
P.E=max
for a conservative force is zero - Can either be positive, negative or K.E=min
K.E=min

presence of only conservative forces,the

ENERGY&
2) Negative work (90o< <180o P.E=min
zero according to point of reference P.E
F Direction - Force always acts from higher sum of kinetic and potential energies at K.E=max

of motion
any point remains constant throughout
POWER
S WORK DONE BY DIFFERENT potential to lower potential
FORCES Identifying forces with the help of the motion K.E
B B B potential energy
2) Zero work K.E+P.E=constant
Work done becomes 0 for h4 1) Force opposing the motion:-
three conditions h3 On increasing x, if U increases
l h
1.Force is perpendicular to h2 ENERGY dU
=positive
displacement
h1 Capacity of doing work dx POWER
2.if there is no displacement (BC portion of graph)
Scalar quantity Rate at which body does work work
3.if there is no force acting A A A A
on the body Dimension ML2T-2
2) Force supporting the motion:-
W tan θ = d W
W1=mgh = mgh On increasing x, if U decreases Average power(Pav)= dt
h Relation between different units t ) θ
=Pinst
W2=mgxl sin =mgxl dU
x
l 1eV=1.6 10-19Joules =negative Instanteneous power
WORK DONE BY VARIABLE dx
+

=mgh 1kWh=3.6 106Joules (AB portion of graph)  

FORCE  
(Pinst)= d W = F.ds = F.v
+

W3=mgh1+0+mgh2+0+mgh3+0+mgh4 1calorie= 4.18Joules 3) Zero force:-

dW=F.ds On increasing x, if U doesnot change
dt dt
Work done by spring force 1 Joule=107erg time
W= F.ds = Fds cos Relation between units:
magnitude of spring force, Fs=-kx Kinetic Energy
U(x) C Area under power-time graph
in terms of rectagular Energy possessed by virtue of 1 watt=1joule/sec =107 erg/sec
components gives work done
x=0 motion A 1 HP=746watt,1MW =106 watt
dU
F=Fx i+Fy j+FZ k K.E= 1 mv2 =0 1 KW=103 watt
2 dx
ds=dx i+dy j+dz k Always positive D P= d W
x>0 Fs B If work done by two bodies Power dt
W= Fxdx+ Fydy+ Fzdz Fext Depends on frame of reference is same then power 1
Work Energy Theorm x
time => dW=Pdt
Graphical representation of x<0 Fs s B,C points on the graph Unit of power multiplied by time t2
work done Fext Change in kinetic energy of a W= Pdt
dW=F.dx
Types of Potential Energy always gives work
body is equal to network done -Elastic Potential Energy
t1
xf
S on the body 1 KWh=3.6 106 Joules
force

-Electric Potential Energy time

+
xf t1 t2
W= dW dt
xi xf   -Gravitational Potential Energy Slope of work-time curve gives
= F.dx Ws= Fs.dx =- kxdx
xi
K2-K1= F.dr instanteneous power W=Area under P-t graph
xi •Types of equilibrium
=- 1 K xf2-xi2 If net force acting on a particle
xi
Displacement 2
dx xf is zero it is said to be in equillibrium
W= Area under F-x graph
Position and velocity in Collision is the event in which impulsive force acts
COLLISION
terms of power (P=constant) between two or more bodies which results in change Inelastic collision
of their velocities. If initial velocities of the bodies are not along the line
V2-V1 Relative velocity of seperation
1) Velocity,V=[2Pt
[ 1/2
Line of impact of impact. e =
m U1-U2 Relative velocity of approach
Line passing through common normal to surfaces V1
Oblique collision
2) Position,S= [ 8P
1/2
[ (1+e) m2U2 (m1-em2)U1
t3/2 in contact during impact m1 Velocity after collision V1 = +
9m B m1+m2 m1+m2
Line of motion
Power delivered by an elevator of ball B
(1+e) m1U1 (m2-em1)U2
U1 V2 = +
Ratio of velocities m1+m2 m1+m2
a=0, T=(M+m) g m1 b
m2 U2
   T V1 1-e
P=T.V = 1 m1m2
After collision V2 1+e Loss in kinetic energy K= (1-e2) (U1-U2)2
A Before collision 2 m1+m2
=TV V (constant)

Common normal
Power, P=(M+m)gV (Line of impact)
m2
Rebounding of ball
(M+m)g Line of motion of ball A V2
- Particle collision is glancing
Coefficient of restitution (e)
Power of a water drawing pump - Directions of motion after collision are not Height after 1st rebound
Velocity of separation along the line of impact along initial line of motion
e = h1 = e2ho
Power,P= d W = d m gh+ 2
V2
[
[ Velocity of approach along the line of impact - Impact parameter 0<b<(r1+r2) where r1,r2 are radii ho
dt dt of colliding bodies h1
h2
h=height of water level =
Relative velocity along the line of impact after collision
Perfectly elastic Head-on collission h3 h4
d m => mass flow rate of pump Relative velocity along the line of impact before collision Vo V1 V2 V3 V4 t
dt U1 U2 V1 V2
Conditions to 2t1 2t2 2t3 2t4
V velocity of the water outlet 1.For elastic collision: e=1
2. For inelastic collision: e<1 m1 m2 m1 m2
Power required to just lift 3. For perfectly inelastic collision: e=0 Total height covered by the ball before it stops bouncing
Before collision After collision
water, V=0 1+e2
Classification H =ho
(
dm
P=gh
( Velocity after collision 1-e2
dt
Based on direction of m1-m2 2m2U2 1+e 2ho
Efficiency of pump Based on conservation of V1= U1 + Total time taken by the ball until ot stops bouncing T = g
kinetic energy colliding bodies m1+m2 m1+m2 1-e
Output Power Perfectly inelastic collision
μ= m2-m1 2m1U1 Colliding bodies stick together
Input Power V2= U2 + After collision are moving in the same
Perfectly Inelastic Oblique Head-on/ m1+m2 m1+m2
Perfectly m1U1+m2U2
elastic inelastic one dimensional Special cases: m1 m2 m1 m2 V V =
U1 U2 m1+m2
1) Projectile and target having same mass m1=m2 ,then
v1=u2,v2=u1, the velocities get interchanged. m1m2
1
Loss in kinetic energy k= (U1-U2)2
2 m1+m2
Perfectly elastic collision 2) If massive projectile collides with a light target
K.E before and after collision is same i.e. m1>>>m2 ,then v1=u1,v2=-u2+2u1 Colliding bodies are moving in the opposite direction
m1U1-m2U2 m1m2
Inelastic collision V = , Change in kinetic enargy K= 1 (U1-U2)2
3) If a light projectile collides with a very heavy m1+m2 2 m1+m2

WORK
K.E before and after collision is not same target, m1<<m2 ,then v1=-u1+2u2,v2=u2
Head-on collision / One dimensional collision
Energy transfer from projectile to target
Initial velocities of the bodies are along the line of impact.

ENERGY&
1) Fractional decrease in kinetic energy of projectile
Before collision (If target is at rest)
K 4m1m2

POWER
U1 U2 =
K (m1-m2)2+4m1m2
m1 m2
Greater the difference in masses, less will be
transfer of K.E and vice versa
After collision
Transfer of K.E will be maximum when difference
V1 V2 in masses is maximum
m1 m2
If m2=nm1 K = 4n
Impact porameter b=0 K (1+n)2