Topic 2.

1 Current, potential difference and resistance

Course AQA GCSE Physics

Module 2 Electricity – Study and Revise
Topic 2 Electricity
Subtopic 01 – Current, potential difference and resistance

Learning Objectives:
Current, potential difference and resistance

1. Identify standard circuit symbols.

2. Define a cell in terms of electrical energy.
3. Differentiate between a cell and a battery.
4. Describe the function of a switch in a circuit.
5. Explain what a lamp lighting in a circuit tells us about the current in the circuit.
6. Explain the effect of a fixed resistor on current.
7. Describe the purpose of an ammeter.
8. Describe the purpose of a voltmeter.
9. Explain the purpose of a variable resistor.
10. Explain the function of a fuse in a circuit.
11. Explain how a diode directs current flow.
12. Explain the function of an LED.
13. Describe how light intensity affects an LDR.
14. Explain how temperature affects a thermistor's resistance.

Electrical charge and current

15. Define electrical charge

16. Define current in terms of electrical flow.
17. Describe what a simple circuit is.
18. Explain potential difference as electrical work done to drive current.
19. Summarise how current is measured.
20. Calculate charge, current, or time using the equation Q = It.
21. Identify the units for measuring charge, current, and time.

Current, resistance and potential difference

22. Define current. Explain how resistance and potential difference affect the current through a
component.
23. Define resistance.
24. Define potential difference.
25. Recall and calculate with the equation linking potential difference, current, and resistance.
26. Convert kilohms to ohms.
27. Convert megohms to ohms.
28. Describe how an ammeter is connected in a circuit.
29. Describe how a voltmeter is connected in a circuit.
30. Summarise how the resistance of a wire changes with its length.
31. Describe the setup of a circuit to investigate wire resistance.
 32. Define Describe ohmic conductors.
33. Define Describe non-ohmic conductors.
34. Summarise how the resistance of an ohmic conductor relates to current and potential
difference.
35. Identify examples of non-ohmic conductors.
36. Explain why the resistance of non-ohmic conductors changes with current.
37. Describe how a filament lamp works.
38. Explain the relationship between temperature and resistance in a filament lamp.
39. Define a diode.
40. Explain how current flows through a diode.
41. Describe the resistance of a diode in the reverse direction.
42. Describe a light-dependent resistor (LDR).
43. Summarise how light intensity affects an LDR's resistance.
44. Describe how the resistance of a thermistor changes with temperature.
45. Describe an experimental set-up to investigate the I-V characteristic graphs for a filament
lamp, a diode, and a resistance at constant temperature.
46. Summarise the procedure for altering the current in the experimental set-up.
47. Plot an I-V graph using data from the experiment.

Series and parallel circuits

48. Define series circuits.

49. Define parallel circuits. Identify the two types of circuit connections:
50. Summarise how current behaves in series circuits.
51. Explain how potential difference is shared in series circuits.
52. Calculate the total resistance in series circuits.
53. Describe parallel circuits.
54. Summarise the characteristics of components connected in parallel.
55. Explain the potential difference in parallel circuits.
56. Summarise how total current is calculated in parallel circuits.
57. Explain how total resistance is calculated for two resistors in parallel.
58. Summarise rules about series and parallel circuits to solve circuit problems.

Domestic use and safety

59. Define direct potential difference.

60. Define alternating potential difference.
61. Explain how a direct current flows through a resistor.
62. Describe how an alternating current flows through a resistor.
63. Summarise the characteristics of alternating current.
64. Recall the frequency of the UK mains electricity supply.
65. Recall the potential difference of the UK mains electricity supply.
66. Describe what a frequency of 50 Hz signifies in relation to the mains supply.
Mains electricity

67. Identify the colour coding of wires in a three- cable.

68. Describe the function of the live wire in mains electricity.
69. Describe the function of the neutral wire in mains electricity.
70. Explain the potential difference between the live wire and earth.
71. Summarise the risk of touching a live wire.
72. Describe the function and potential of the earth wire in mains electricity.
73. Define earthing.
74. Explain why electrical appliances with metal cases should be earthed.
75. Describe the potential danger of contact between the live wire and earth.

Slideshow
[Learning objective]
1. Identify standard circuit symbols
[Coach Text] [Title] Standard Circuit Symbols
Here are the standard circuit symbols you
need to know. [Sub-title] Standard Circuit Symbols

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Alt Text: Figure showing the standard circuit symbols

Probe(s) Review Comments

Slideshow
[Learning objective]
2. Define a cell.
[Coach Text] [Title] What is a Cell?
A cell is a device that stores chemical energy.
In this circuit symbol of a cell, the longer line [Sub-title] Cell
represents the positive terminal, and the
shorter line represents the negative terminal. [On screen Text]

. A cell is a device that stores chemical energy.

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Alt text: Circuit symbol of a cell. A diagram showing a vertical long line followed by a shorter vertical line,
representing the positive and negative terminals, respectively.
Probe(s) Review Comments

Slideshow
[Learning objective]
3. Differentiate between a cell and a battery
[Coach Text] [Title] What is the Difference Between a Cell and a Battery?
Flip the cards to understand the
difference between a cell and a battery. [Sub-title] Cells and Batteries in Circuits

[Flip Card Content]

Card Front:
Cell
(Use cell symbol)
Card Back:
A cell is a device that stores chemical energy.

Its circuit symbol consists of one long line (positive terminal) and
one short line (negative terminal).

Card 2 Front:
 Battery
(Use battery symbol)
Card Back:
A battery is two or more cells in series.
Its circuit symbol consists of multiple pairs of alternating long
and short lines.

[Image - Alt-text for images – mandatory if images are included]

Alt Text: Circuit symbol of a cell – a single pair of vertical lines, with the longer line as the positive terminal.

Alt text (Battery): Circuit symbol of a battery – multiple pairs of connected vertical lines, alternating long and
short.
Probe(s) Review Comments

Slideshow
[Learning objective]
4. Describe the function of a switch in a circuit
[Coach Text] [Title] An electric switch
A switch controls the flow of electric current
in a circuit. [Sub-title] Controlling the Flow of Current
Look at the symbols for an open and closed
switch. [On screen Text]

 A switch breaks or rejoins the circuit, turning the

current off or on.
 Image A: The switch is open so no current flows.
 Image B: The switch is closed, so current can flow.

[Image - Alt-text for images – mandatory if images are included]

(A)
Alt Text: An open switch symbol with a gap, indicating no current flow.

(B)
Alt Text: A closed switch symbol with no gap, indicating current can flow.
Probe(s) Review Comments
Slideshow
[Learning objective]
5. Explain what a lamp lighting in a circuit tells us about the current in the circuit.
[Coach Text] [Title] A Lamp in a Circuit

[Sub-title] A lamp
When the lamp is on, it indicates
that electricity is flowing through [On screen Text]
the circuit. If the lamp stays off, it
shows that no current is flowing.  When a lamp lights, it shows that current is flowing through
This can occur if the circuit is the circuit.
broken or incomplete.  When the lamp is off, it shows that no current is flowing in the
circuit.

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Alt Text: A circle containing an "X," representing a lamp in a circuit .

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Slideshow
[Learning objective]
6. Explain the effect of a fixed resistor on current
[Coach Text] [Title] A Fixed Resistor in a Circuit

The value of the resistor affects the size of the [Sub-title] How Resistor Value Affects Current
current. A fixed resistor reduces the amount of  A fixed resistor limits the flow of current in a
current flowing in a circuit. The larger the circuit.
resistance, the smaller the current.  The value of the resistor determines
affectshow much current can pass through.

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Alt Text: Circuit symbol of a fixed resistor – a blank rectangle with a wire connected to each end two lines on
eithera line coming out of each end side, representing a resistor in a circuit..

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Slideshow
[Learning objective]
7. Describe the purpose of an ammeter
[Coach Text] [Title] An Ammeter
An ammeter measures the current flowing
through a circuit. [Sub-title] Purpose of an Ammeter
 An ammeter measures the current in a circuit.

[Image - Alt-text for images – mandatory if images are included]

Alt Text: Circuit symbol of an ammeter – a circle with the letter "A" inside, representing an ammeter in a
circuit..

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Slideshow
[Learning objective]
8. Describe the purpose of a voltmeter
[Coach Text] [Title] A Voltmeter

A voltmeter measures the potential difference [Sub-title] Purpose of a voltmeter

(voltage) across a component. The reading shows
how much electrical energy is used or gained by A voltmeter measures the size of the potential
the component. difference.

[Image - Alt-text for images – mandatory if images are included]

Alt Text: Alt Text: Circuit symbol of a voltmeter – a circle with the letter "V" inside, representing a voltmeter
in a circuit..
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Slideshow
[Learning objective]
9. Explain the purpose of a variable resistor
[Coach Text] [Title] A variable resistor

A variable resistor is used to control the [Sub-title] Purpose of a variable resistor

amount of current flowing in a circuit. By
adjusting its resistance, you can increase or A variable resistor allows the current to be varied.
decrease the current.

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Alt Text: Circuit symbol of a variable resistor – a rectangle with an arrow through it, representing a variable
resistor in a circuit..
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Slideshow
[Learning objective]
10. Explain the function of a fuse in a circuit
[Coach Text] [Title] A fuse
A fuse is a protective component in a circuit. It
melts or blows when the current exceeds its [Sub-title] Function of fuse in a circuit
rated value, preventing damage to the circuit.  A fuse melts (blows) when the current is greater
than the fuse’s current rating.

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Alt Text: Circuit symbol of a fuse – a rectangle with a horizontal line wire running through it, representing a
fuse in a circuit..
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Slideshow
[Learning objective]
11. Explain how a diode directs current flow
[Coach Text] [Title] A diode

A diode only allows the current to flow in one [Sub-title] Purpose of a diode in the circuit
direction–the direction of the arrowhead. This
makes it useful for controlling the direction of A diode allows current to flow in one direction only.

current in circuits. The current flows in the direction of the

arrowhead.
 This prevents current from flowing in the opposite
direction.
[Image - Alt-text for images – mandatory if images are included]

Alt Text: Circuit symbol of a diode – a triangle with a line at the point, representing a diode in a circuit..
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Slideshow
[Learning objective]
12. Explain the function of an LED
[Coach Text] [Title] An LED

An LED[L E D], light-emitting diode, is a type of [Sub-title] Function of an LED

diode that lights up when current flows through it.  A light-emitting diode (LED) emits light when
It is often used as a visual indicator to show that current flows through it.
an appliance is switched on.  LEDs are used as indicators to show when an
appliance is switched on.

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Alt Text: Circuit symbol of an LED – a diode symbol with two parallel arrows pointing outwards, representing
an LED in a circuit..
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Slideshow
[Learning objective]
13. Describe how light intensity affects an LDR
[Coach Text] [Title] Light-emitting resistor (LDR)

An LDR [L D R] has low resistance in bright light and high [Sub-title] How Light Intensity Affects
resistance in low light. This change in resistance affects the Resistance
current flowing through the circuit.
 A light-dependent resistor (LDR) has
low resistance in bright light.
 The resistance of an LDR increases as
light intensity decreases.

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Alt Text: Circuit symbol of an LDR – a resistor symbol, inside a circle, with two parallel arrows pointing in
towards the circle.
Probe(s) Review Comments
Slideshow
[Learning objective]
14. Explain how temperature affects a thermistor's resistance
[Coach Text] [Title] Thermistor
[Sub-title] Effect of Temperature on Thermistor’s
The resistance of a thermistor changes with Resistance
temperature. The resistance of a thermistor is
low at high temperatures and high at low The resistance of a thermistor is:
temperatures. o low at a high temperature
o high at a lower temperature.

[Image - Alt-text for images – mandatory if images are included]

Alt Text: Circuit symbol of a thermistor – a rectangle with twoa diagonal lines through it, slightly bent at one
end. representing a thermistor in a circuit.
Probe(s) Review Comments
Slideshow
[Learning objective]
15. Define electrical charge Describe charge and current in a circuit.
[Coach Text] [Title] Charge and Current in a Circuit
Electrical charge is a property of
matter that causes it to experience a [Sub-title] Understanding Charge and Current in a Circuit
force when placed in an electric or
magnetic field. The current is a  The cCharge is measured in coulombs (C).
measure of the rate at which  The cCurrent is a measure of the rate at which
charge flows round the charge flows through the circuit.
circuit.  Current (I) is measured in amperes (A).
The charge is measured in coulombs
(C).
[Image - Alt-text for images – mandatory if images are included]

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Slideshow
[Learning objective]
16. Define current in terms of electrical flow
[Coach Text] [Title] Understanding Current
The current is a measure of the rate at which
charge flows round the circuit. By [Sub-title] Current as Electrical Flow
convention, it flows from positive to the
negative terminal of the cell. But when  Current is the rate at which electrical charge flows
electrons flow, they travel from the negative through a circuit.
to the positive terminal of the cell.  It is measured in amperes (A).
  Conventionally flows from the positive to the
negative terminal.
 Electrons flow from the negative to the positive
terminal.

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Slideshow
[Learning objective]
17. Describe what a simple circuit is
[Coach Text] [Title] What is a Simple Circuit?

A simple circuit includes a cell, an ammeter, a [Sub-title] Understanding the Basic Components of a
connecting wire and a lamp connected in series. In Circuit
this simple circuit, tThe cell provides a potential  It This simple circuit consists of a cell, wires
difference of 1.5 Volt to drive a current of 0.1 and a lamp.
Amperes. The current flows from the positive to the  A cell provides 1.5V of potential difference.
negative terminal of the cell.  Ammeter shows a current of 0.1A.
 Copper wire carries electrons.
 Lamp lights up, showing current flow.
[Image - Alt-text for images – mandatory if images are included]

Alt Text: Diagram of a simple circuit with a cell, ammeter, copper wire, and lamp.

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Slideshow
[Learning objective]
18. Explain potential difference as electrical work done to drive current
[Coach Text] [Title] Potential Difference

The potential difference is a measure of the [Sub-title] Potential difference and electrical work
electrical work done by the cell to drive the done:
current round the circuit.  Potential difference drives current in a circuit.
 It represents the work done to move charges.
 It is measured in volts (V).
[Image - Alt-text for images – mandatory if images are included]

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Slideshow
[Learning objective]
19. Summarise how current is measured
[Coach Text] [Title] Measuring Current

[Sub-title] Using an Ammeter

Current is measured using an ammeter
connected in series with the circuit. It  Current (I) is measured in amperes (A).
indicates measure of the rate at which charge  An ammeter is connected in series to measure
flows round the circuit. current.
[Image - Alt-text for images – mandatory if images are included]

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Slideshow
[Learning objective]
20. Calculate charge, current, or time using the equation Q = It
[Coach Text] [Title] Calculating Charge, Current, and
Charge, current and time are linked by this equation: Time

Charge (Q) can be calculated using the equation: Q equals [I t]. [Sub-title]

Charge, current and time are linked by this

equation:

charge flow ¿ current × time

Q ¿ I t

where:
Q is the charge in coulombs (C)
I is the current in amperes (A)
t is the time in seconds (s)
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Slideshow
[Learning objective]
21. Identify the units for measuring charge, current, and time
[Coach Text] [Title] Charge, Current and Time

Charge is measured in coulombs, current in [Sub-title] Units of Measurement

amperes, and time in seconds. These standard units  Charge flow (Q) is measured in in coulombs (C)
help quantify circuit behaviour effectively.  Current (I) is measured in amperes (A)
 Time (t) is measured in in seconds (s).

[Image - Alt-text for images – mandatory if images are included]

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Slideshow
[Learning objective]
22. Define current Explain how resistance and potential difference affect the current through a component.
[Coach Text] [Title] How Resistance and Potential Difference Affect
Current
The current through a component depends both
on the resistance of the component and the [Sub-title] Relationship Between Resistance, Potential
potential difference across the component. Difference, and Current
For a given potential difference, greater
resistance results in a smaller current.  Current (I) depends on resistance (R) and potential
difference (V).
 A greater resistance reduces current flow for the
same potential difference.
 Higher potential difference increases current, for
the same resistance.
[Image - Alt-text for images – mandatory if images are included]

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23. Define resistance

Slideshow
[Learning objective]
25. Recall and calculate with the equation linking potential difference, current, and resistance
[Coach Text] [Title] Relationship Between Potential Difference,
Current, and Resistance

The potential difference across a component is equal [Sub-title]

to the current through it multiplied by its resistance. The current, potential difference and resistance are
linked by the equation:

potential difference ¿ current × resistance

V ¿ I R
where
potential difference, V, is in volts
current, I, is in amperes (or amps)
resistance, R, is in ohms, Ω
[Image - Alt-text for images – mandatory if images are included]

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Slideshow
[Learning objective]
26. Convert kilohms to ohms
[Coach Text] [Title] kilohms to ohms conversion

Large resistances may be measured in kilohms. To [Sub-title] Understanding Kilohms

convert kilohms to ohms, multiply the value by 1000.
 Kilohms (kΩ) are a unit of resistance
For example, 2 kilohms is equivalent to 2000 Ω  1 kΩ = 1000 Ω.
 Multiply by 1000 to convert kilohms to
ohms.
 Example: 2 kΩ × 1000 = 2000 Ω.

[Image - Alt-text for images – mandatory if images are included]

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Slideshow
[Learning objective]
27. Convert megohms to ohms
[Coach Text] [Title] Megohms to ohms conversion

Large resistances may be measured in [Sub-title] Understanding Megohms

megohms. To convert megohms to ohms,
multiply the value by one million.  Megohms (MΩ) are a unit of resistance
 1 MΩ = 1000000 Ω.
 Multiply by 1000000 to convert kilohms to ohms.
 Example: 2 kΩ × 1000000 = 2000000 Ω.

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Slideshow
[Learning objective]
28. Describe how an ammeter is connected in a circuit
[Coach Text] [Title] How an Ammeter is Connected in a
Circuit
In this circuit, observe how the ammeter is [Sub-title] An Ammeter Connection iIn aA
connected to measure resistance. Circuit

 An ammeter measures the current

flowing through a component.
 It must be connected in series with
the resistorcomponent.

[Image - Alt-text for images – mandatory if images are included]

Alt Text: Ammeter connected in series with resistor

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Slideshow
[Learning objective]
29. Describe how a voltmeter is connected in a circuit.
[Coach Text]
[Title] How an Voltmeter is Connected in a Circuit
In this circuit, observe how the
voltmeter is connected to measure [Sub-title] An Voltmeter Connection iIn Aa Circuit
resistance.
 A voltmeter measures potential difference
(voltage) across a component.
 It must be connected in parallel with the
resistor.

[Image - Alt-text for images – mandatory if images are included]

Alt Text: Voltmeter connected parallel to the resistor

Probe(s) Review Comments

Slideshow
[Learning objective]
30. Summarise how the resistance of a wire changes with its length.
[Coach Text] [Title] How the Resistance of a Wire Changes with Its
Length
You should have set up a circuit to investigate how
the resistance of a given wire depends on its [Sub-title] Relationship between wire length and
length. This diagram shows the circuit you will use resistance
to make the necessary measurements.
 The resistance of a wire is proportional to its
length.
 As the length of the wire increases, the
resistance also increases.
 Example: A wire of 40 cm has a resistance of
7.5 Ω, while a wire of 80 cm has a resistance
of 15.0 Ω.

[Image - Alt-text for images – mandatory if images are included]

Alt Text: A circuit diagram showing a 6V battery connected to a wire secured along a metre rule with
insulating tape. The circuit includes an ammeter and voltmeter connected across the wire using crocodile
clip connections. Moving one crocodile clip along the ruler changes the length of wire that’s included in the
circuit.
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Slideshow
[Learning objective]
31. Describe the setup of a circuit to investigate wire resistance
[Coach Text] [Title] Setup Of A Circuit To Investigate Wire
You should have set up a circuit to Resistance
investigate how the resistance of a given
wire depends on its length. [Sub-title] Understanding the Arrangement of
Components
To set up the circuit, you will need:

 Wire (Click to expand)

Fix along a metre rule with insulating tape.
 Power Supply(Click to expand)
Connect a 6V source using crocodile clips.
 Ammeter(Click to expand)
Place in series to measure current.
 Voltmeter(Click to expand)
Connect across the wire to measure voltage.
 Crocodile Clips (Click to expand)
 Use to adjust wire length for
measurements.

[Image - Alt-text for images – mandatory if images are included]

Alt Text: A circuit diagram showing a 6V battery connected to a wire secured along a metre rule
with insulating tape. The circuit includes an ammeter and voltmeter connected across the wire
using crocodile clip connections.
Probe(s) Review Comments
Slideshow
[Learning objective]
32. Define Describe ohmic conductors
[Coach Text] [Title] Ohmic Conductors

The current through an ohmic conductor is directly [Sub-title] Relationship Between Current, Potential
proportional to the potential difference across it, Difference, and Resistance
provided the temperature remains constant. This
means the resistance does not change as the current  Current increases proportionally with
changes. A graph of current against potential potential difference.
difference for an ohmic conductor is a straight line.  Resistance remains constant.
 It produces a straight-line graph.

[Image - Alt-text for images – mandatory if images are included]

Alt Text: A straight-line graph showing current on the y-axis and potential difference on the x-axis for an
ohmic conductor at constant temperature.
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[Learning objective]
33. Define Describe non-ohmic conductors
[Coach Text] [Title] Non-Ohmic Conductors

The resistances of components such as lamps, diodes, [Sub-title] Non-Linear Relationship Between
thermistors and light dependent resistors are not Current and Potential Difference
constant; the resistance changes with the current
through the component. These are non-ohmic  Resistance varies with current.
conductors.  No proportional relationship.
 Examples: lamps, diodes, thermistors,
LDRs.

[Image - Alt-text for images – mandatory if images are included]

Alt Text: A graph with potential difference on the horizontal axis and current on the
vertical axis, showing a curved line that starts in the third quadrant and slopes
upward into the first quadrant, indicating a nonlinear relationship.

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Slideshow
[Learning objective]
34. Summarise how the resistance of an ohmic conductor relates to the current and potential difference
[Coach Text] [Title] Resistance in Ohmic Conductors
In ohmic conductors, resistance remains
constant as current and potential difference [Sub-title] Constant Resistance with Changing
change. This means the ratio of potential Current and Voltage
difference to current stays the same. On a
graph, the slope of the current versus potential  In ohmic conductors, rResistance remains
difference line represents the constant constant as current changes.
resistance.  Resistance can be calculated using the
V
equation: R=
I
Click to expand
potential difference, V, in volts
current, I, in amperes (or amps)
resistance, R, in ohms, Ω
 The I-V graph shows a constant slope..
[Image - Alt-text for images – mandatory if images are included]

Alt Text: A straight-line graph showing current on the y-axis and potential difference on the x-axis for an
ohmic conductor at constant temperature

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Slideshow
[Learning objective]
35. Identify examples of non-ohmic conductors
[Coach Text] [Title] Examples of Non-Ohmic Conductors
Non-ohmic conductors include
filament lamps, diodes, [Sub-title] Common Components with Variable Resistance
thermistors, and light-
dependent resistors. The  Filament lamps (Click to expand)
resistances of these Resistance increases as the filament heats up.
components are not constant;  Diodes (Click to expand)
the resistance changes with Allow current to flow only in one direction.
the current through the  Thermistors (Click to expand)
component. Resistance decreases as temperature increases.
 Light-dependent resistors (LDRs) (Click to expand)
Resistance decreases as light intensity increases.

[Image - Alt-text for images – mandatory if images are included]

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Slideshow
[Learning objective]
36. Explain why the resistance of non-ohmic conductors changes with the current
[Coach Text] [Title] Why Resistance Changes in Non-
Ohmic Conductors
Non-ohmic conductors have resistances that change with the
current flowing through them. This happens because the [Sub-title] Resistance of Non-Ohmic
physical properties of these components, like temperature or Conductors
light intensity, affect their resistance.  Non-Ohmic Conductors:
Resistance changes with current.
 Temperature and light intensity
affect resistance.
 Components: Examples include
filament lamps, diodes, LDRs, and
thermistors.

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[Learning objective]
37. Describe how a filament lamp works
[Coach Text] [Title] Filament Lamp
When a current flows through the filament of a lamp, it
heats up and emits light. The heat generated increases [Sub-title] How a Filament Lamp Works
the resistance of the filament. This change affects the  Current heats up the filament.
current flow through the lamp.  Heat produces light.
 Resistance increases with
temperature.

[Image - Alt-text for images – mandatory if images are included]

Alt Text: A graph with potential difference on the horizontal axis and current on the
vertical axis, showing a curved line that starts in the third quadrant and slopes
upward into the first quadrant, indicating a nonlinear relationship.
Probe(s) Review Comments
Slideshow
[Learning objective]
38. Explain the relationship between temperature and resistance in a filament lamp
[Coach Text] [Title] Resistance and temperature of filament lamp

When a current flows through a [Sub-title] Effect of Temperature on Resistance

filament lamp, the filament heats
up.  Resistance increases as temperature increases
The resistance of a filament lamp  Current flow reduces as resistance rises.
increases as the temperature
increases.
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Alt Text: A graph with potential difference on the horizontal axis and current on the vertical axis, showing
a curved line that starts in the third quadrant and slopes upward into the first quadrant, indicating a
nonlinear relationship.
Probe(s) Review Comments

Slideshow
[Learning objective]
39. Define a diode
[Coach Text] [Title] Diode

A diode is a component that allows current [Sub-title] Definition

to flow in only one direction. It blocks the
reverse flow of current, making it useful for A diode is a component that allows
controlling electrical circuits. current to flow only one way.
 It has a very high resistance in the
reverse direction.
[Image - Alt-text for images – mandatory if images are included]
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Slideshow
[Learning objective]
40. Explain how current flows through a diode.
[Coach Text] [Title] Current Flow in a Diode
A diode is a component that allows current to flow
only one way. It has a very high resistance in the [Sub-title] Direction of Current
reverse direction.
 Current flows in one
direction.
 High resistance stops
reverse current.
  Used for controlling
current flow.

[Image - Alt-text for images – mandatory if images are included]

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Slideshow
[Learning objective]
41. Describe the resistance of a diode in the reverse direction
[Coach Text] [Title] Resistance of a Diode in the Reverse
In the reverse direction, a diode has very high resistance, Direction
preventing current flow. This characteristic is essential
for circuits requiring controlled current flow. [Sub-title] Reverse Direction Resistance

A diode has a very high resistance in the

reverse direction
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Alt Text: I–V graph for a diode illustrating that no current flows in the reverse direction due to high resistance in
a diode.
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Slideshow
[Learning objective]
42. Describe a light-dependent resistor (LDR)
[Coach Text] [Title] Light-Dependent Resistor (LDR)

A Light-Dependent Resistor (LDR) is a component whose [Sub-title] Light-Dependent Resistor (LDR)

resistance changes with light intensity. The resistance  The resistance decreases as
decreases as the light intensity increases, making it the light intensity increases.
useful for light-sensitive circuits.  Used in light-sensitive devices.

[Image - Alt-text for images – mandatory if images are included]

Probe(s) Review Comments

Slideshow
[Learning objective]
43. Summarise how light intensity affects an LDR's resistance
[Coach Text] [Title] Light Intensity and LDR
As light intensity increases, the resistance of an LDR Resistance
decreases. In brighter conditions, more current flows
through the LDR, making it highly responsive in light- [Sub-title] Relationship with Light
sensitive applications. Intensity
 Resistance decreases with
more light.
 Current flow increases in
bright light.
 Current flow decreases in dim
light.
[Image - Alt-text for images – mandatory if images are included]

Alt Text: I–V graphs representing resistance for an LDR in bright and dim light.

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Slideshow
[Learning objective]
44. Describe how the resistance of a thermistor changes with temperature
[Coach Text] [Title] Thermistor Resistance and
The resistance of a thermistor decreases as its Temperature
temperature rises. This property makes thermistors ideal
for temperature sensors in circuits. [Sub-title] Temperature-Dependent
The resistance of a thermistor decreases as the Resistance
temperature rises  High temperature = low resistance
 Low temperature = high resistance.
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Alt Text: The resistance of a thermistor changes with the temperature.

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Slideshow
[Learning objective]
45. Describe an experimental set-up to investigate the I-V characteristic graphs for a filament
lamp, a diode, and a resistance at constant temperature
[Coach Text] [Title] Investigating I-V
Characteristics of lamp, diode and
The experimental setup consists of a circuit with essential resistance
components. This arrangement iscircuit can be used to [Sub-title] Experimental setup
investigate the I–V characteristic graphs of different Power source: Three batteries
components. The component in the setup can be a filament connected in series.
lamp, a diode, or a resistor. All measurements are taken at Ammeter: Placed in series to
a constant temperature. measure current.
Component: Positioned in parallel
with the voltmeter.
Voltmeter: Connected across the
 unknown component.
Resistor: Integrated in series to
regulate current.
[Image - Alt-text for images – mandatory if images are included]

Alt Text: An electrical circuit diagram showing batteries, an ammeter, a voltmeter, and an
unknown component connected to measure current and voltage.
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Slideshow
[Learning objective]
46. Summarise the procedure for altering the current in the experimental set-up
[Coach Text] [Title] Altering Current in an
To gather useful data, you need to adjust the current Experimental Set-Up
flowing through the circuit. The current can be altered by
changing the number of cells or by changing the variable [Sub-title]
resistor. The current and potential difference values are Procedure to Adjust Current
recorded by reading the ammeter and voltmeter.  By changing the number of
cells
 By changing the variable
resistor.
[Image - Alt-text for images – mandatory if images are included]

Alt Text: Experimental setup to plot I-V graph. An electrical circuit diagram showing batteries, an
ammeter, a voltmeter, and an unknown component connected to measure current and voltage.

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47. Plot an I-V graph using data from the experiment

48. Define series circuits.

49. Define parallel circuits

Slideshow
[Learning objective]
49. Identify the two types of circuit connections
[Coach Text] [Title] Types of Circuit Connections
There are two ways to connect electrical components in a
circuit: in series and in parallel. Understanding these [Sub-title] Two Types of Circuit
connections is key to analysing how circuits work. Connection
 Series
 Parallel
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Alt Text: Series connection of two resistors (5ohm and 10ohm)

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Slideshow
[Learning objective]
50. Summarise how current behaves in series circuits
[Coach Text] [Title] Current in series circuit
In a series circuit, electrical components are
connected one after another in a single loop. [Sub-title] How current flows in series
The same current flows through each
component.  The current remains the same through
each component.
 It flows through each component
sequentially.

[Image - Alt-text for images – mandatory if images are included]

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Slideshow
[Learning objective]
51. Explain how potential difference is shared in series circuits
[Coach Text] [Title] Potential Difference in Series Circuits
In a series circuit, electrical components are
connected one after another in a single loop.
The potential difference of the [Sub-title] Sharing of Potential Difference
power supply is shared between the in Series Circuits
components.  The total voltage equals the sum of
voltages across each component.
 If there are just two components with
voltages V1 and V2 then:

V Supply =V 1+V 2

[Image - Alt-text for images – mandatory if images are included]

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Slideshow
[Learning objective]
52. Calculate the total resistance in series circuits
[Coach Text] [Title] Total Resistance in Series Circuits
In series circuits, the total resistance is
the sum of the individual resistances. [Sub-title] Calculation of Total Resistance
Adding more resistors increases the  The total resistance of two components is the
total resistance, which reduces the sum of the resistance of each component.
overall current.
 If there are just two components with
resistances R1 and R2 then:
 Rtotal=R 1+ R 2

 Example:
The total resistance between A and B
with R1 = 5 Ω and R2 = 10 Ω is
Rtotal=5 Ω+10 Ω=15 Ω
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Slideshow
[Learning objective]
53. Describe parallel circuits
[Coach Text] [Title] Parallel Circuits
The circuit components are connected in
parallel. In this circuit, components such [Sub-title] Parallel Circuits
as cells, lamp 1, and lamp 2 are
connected in parallel. The potential  Components are connected in parallel.
difference across each  The potential difference (voltage) is the same
component is the same. across each component.

[Image - Alt-text for images – mandatory if images are included]

Alt-Text:
A diagram of a parallel circuit showing cells as the power source and two branches with lamp 1
and lamp 2.
Probe(s) Review Comments

Slideshow
[Learning objective]
54. Summarise the characteristics of components connected in parallelhow voltage is distributed
in parallel circuits
[Coach Text] [Title] Characteristics of Parallel Circuits
The circuit components are connected in
parallel. The potential difference [Sub-title] Key Features of Parallel Circuits
across each component is the
same. The total current through
the whole circuit is the sum of the  The potential difference (voltage) is the
currents through the separate same across each component.
components. The total resistance  The total current is the sum of the currents
of two resistors in parallel is less through the separate components.
than the resistance of the smaller  The total resistance is less than the
individual resistor. resistance of the smallest resistor.

[Image - Alt-text for images – mandatory if images are included]

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LO55. Explain the potential difference in parallel circuits

Slideshow
[Learning objective]
56. Summarise howCalculate total current is calculated in parallel circuits
[Coach Text] [Title] Total Current in Parallel Circuits
The circuit components are connected in parallel.
The total current through the whole [Sub-title]
circuit is the sum of the currents  The total current is the sum of the
through the separate currents through the separate
componentsbranches. componentsbracnches.
 If there are just two components
branches with current I1 and I2 then:
 I total=I 1+ I 2

[Image - Alt-text for images – mandatory if images are included]

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Slideshow
[Learning objective]
57. Explain howCalculate total resistance is calculated for two resistors in parallel
[Coach Text] [Title] Total Resistance in Parallel Circuits
In parallel circuits, the total resistance is
less than the smallest resistor. You can [Sub-title] Calculating total resistance
use this equation to calculate the total  Total resistance is less than the smallest
resistance. resistor.

 If there are just two components with

resistances R1 and R2 then:
 1 1 1
= +
R Total R1 R2

[Image - Alt-text for images – mandatory if images are included]

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Slideshow
[Learning objective]
58. Summarise rules about series and parallel circuits to solve circuit problems
[Coach Text] [Title] Rules for Solving Circuit Problems

Here are the rules for [Sub-title] Series and Parallel Circuit rules
series and parallel
circuits. Click on the tabs Tab 1: Series Circuits
to see them.  Current: The same current flows through all components.
 Voltage: The total voltage of the power supply is shared between the
components.
Formula: V Supply =V 1+V 2
Rules about series and  Resistance:
parallel circuits help in Total resistance is the sum of individual resistances.
solving circuit problems. Formula: Rtotal=R 1+ R 2
Use these rules to
calculate current,
voltage, and resistance in Tab 2: Parallel Circuits
different circuits.  Voltage: The potential difference is the same across each component.
 Current: The total current equals the sum of the currents through each
component.
Formula: I total=I 1+ I 2

 Resistance:
Total resistance is less than the smallest individual resistor.
Formula:
1 1 1
= +
R Total R1 R2

[Image - Alt-text for images – mandatory if images are included]

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Slideshow
[Learning objective]
59. Define direct potential difference
[Coach Text] [Title] Direct Potential Difference
Direct potential difference [d c] maintains a constant voltage in [Sub-title]
one direction. This causes a steady current to flow through a Direct potential difference causes a direct
resistor without changing direction. current (d.c.) to flow in one direction
through a circuit.

[Image - Alt-text for images – mandatory if images are included]

Alt Text: A graph of direct potential difference with a flat blue line at 6 V, indicating constant voltage.
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Slideshow
[Learning objective]
60. Define alternating potential difference
[Coach Text] [Title] Alternating Potential Difference
Alternating potential difference [a c] is when
the potential difference changes direction [Sub-title]
periodically. This causes the current through  Voltage changes direction periodically.
a resistor to reverse its direction as the  It causes current to reverse direction.
voltage alternates.
[Image - Alt-text for images – mandatory if images are included]

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Slideshow
[Learning objective]
61. Explain how a direct current flows through a resistor
[Coach Text] [Title] Direct Current (D.C) Flow Through a
In a circuit with direct potential difference, the current Resistor
flows in one direction through the resistor. This produces a
constant current, as the voltage does not vary. [Sub-title] Behaviour of d.c. in a resistor
 Current flows in one direction.
 Produces a steady, constant
current.
.

[Image - Alt-text for images – mandatory if images are included]

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Slideshow
[Learning objective]
62. Describe how an alternating current flows through a resistor
[Coach Text] [Title] Alternating Current Flow Through a
When alternating potential difference is Resistor
applied, the current alternates direction
through the resistor. The peak voltage exceeds [Sub-title] Behaviour of a.c. in a resistor
the stated value to make up for the time when
the potential difference is close to zero.  An alternating current (a.c.) flows first
one way, then the other through a
resistor.
 Peak voltage exceeds stated value.

[Image - Alt-text for images – mandatory if images are included]

 Alt Text: A graph with time in seconds on the horizontal axis and potential difference in volts on
the vertical axis. It shows a blue horizontal line labelled “d.c. supply" at 6 volts and a red sinusoidal
wave labelled "a.c. supply" with a peak value above 6 volts and a corresponding negative trough.
The red wave crosses zero volts at regular intervals, illustrating alternating current. The peak
voltage is marked as Vp.
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63. Summarise the characteristics of alternating current

Slideshow
[Learning objective]
64. Recall the frequency of the UK mains electricity supply
[Coach Text] [Title] Frequency of UK Mains Electricity
The mains supply in the
United Kingdom has a [Sub-title] UK Mains Supply
frequency of 50 Hertz and
a potential difference of  The frequency of the UK mains supply is 50 Hertz.
about 230 V. A frequency  The potential difference is about 230 V.
of 50 Hertz means that  One cycle takes one-fiftieth of a second.
one cycle – as shown by  The red curve on the graph represents one cycle.
the red curve in this
graph, takes one-fiftieth
of a second.
[Image - Alt-text for images – mandatory if images are included]

Alt Text: A graph with time in seconds on the horizontal axis and potential difference in volts on
the vertical axis. It shows a blue horizontal line labelled “d.c. supply" at 6 volts and a red sinusoidal
wave labelled "a.c. supply" with a peak value above 6 volts and a corresponding negative trough.
The red wave crosses zero volts at regular intervals, illustrating alternating current. The peak
voltage is marked as Vp.
Probe(s) Review Comments
Slideshow
[Learning objective]
65. Recall the potential difference of the UK mains electricity supply
[Coach Text] [Title] UK Mains Electricity Supply
The mains electricity supply in the UK operates at
a potential difference of about 230 V. It has a [Sub-title] Potential difference and frequency
frequency of 50 Hz, meaning one complete cycle  Potential difference: 230 V
takes one-fiftieth of a second.  Frequency: 50 Hz
 One cycle takes one-fiftieth of a
second.

[Image - Alt-text for images – mandatory if images are included]

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Slideshow
[Learning objective]
66. Describe what a frequency of 50 Hz signifies in relation to the mains supply
[Coach Text] [Title]
A frequency of 50 Hz means that the Frequency of UK Mains Electricity
alternating current (AC) completes 50
cycles every second. In the UK, the mains [Sub-title] Understanding 50 Hz Frequency
electricity supply has a frequency of 50
Hz., meaning the current changes  50 cycles of alternating current occur each
direction 50 times per second. second.
 Each cycle represents a full change in current
direction.
 In the UK, the mains supply alternates 50
times per second.
 One cycle takes one-fiftieth of a second.

[Image - Alt-text for images – mandatory if images are included]

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Slideshow
[Learning objective]
67. Identify the colour coding of wires in a three-core cable
[Coach Text] [Title] Colour Coding of Wires
The three-core cable in mains electricity
contains wires with standard colour [Sub-title] Three-core cable wiring
coding for easy identification. These are
brown for the live wire, blue for the  Live wire: brown
neutral wire, and green and yellow  Neutral wire: blue
stripes for the earth wire.  Earth wire: green and yellow stripes

[Image - Alt-text for images – mandatory if images are included]

Alt Text: A three-core cable with wires labelled as live (brown), neutral (blue), and earth (green
and yellow stripes).
Probe(s) Review Comments

Slideshow
[Learning objective]
68. Describe the function of the live wire in mains electricity
[Coach Text] [Title] Function of the Live Wire
The live wire carries the alternating potential
difference from the mains supply to the [Sub-title] Role of the Live Wire
appliance. It is essential for powering electrical
devices.  It carries alternating potential difference.
 It provides power to appliances.
[Image - Alt-text for images – mandatory if images are included]

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Slideshow
[Learning objective]
69. Describe the function of the neutral wire in mains electricity
[Coach Text] [Title] Function of the Neutral Wire
The neutral wire completes the circuit
by carrying current back to the mains [Sub-title] Role of the Neutral Wire
supply. It is close to earth potential,  It completes the circuit.
making it safer to handle.  It carries current back to the mains supply.
 It is close to earth potential (0 V), making
it safer to handle.
[Image - Alt-text for images – mandatory if images are included]

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Slideshow
[Learning objective]
70. Explain the potential difference between the live wire and earth
[Coach Text] [Title] Potential Difference Between Live Wire and
The live wire has a potential difference of Earth
about 230 V relative to the earth, which is
at 0 V. This voltage can cause a strong [Sub-title] Voltage in mains electricity
current to flow if a connection to earth is  The live wire has a potential difference of
made. about 230 V.
 The earth is at 0 V.
 There is a large potential difference between
the live wire and earth.

[Image - Alt-text for images – mandatory if images are included]

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Slideshow
[Learning objective]
71. Summarise the risk of touching a live wire
[Coach Text] [Title]
Even though an appliance is Risk of Touching a Live Wire
off and there is no current in
the mains circuit, a live wire [Sub-title] Safety concerns
is dangerous. If you touch a
live wire, current passes  A live wire is dangerous even when the appliance
through you to earth, giving is off.
you a painful shock.  Current can flow through you to earth if you touch
a live wire.
 Touching a live wire can cause a painful or fatal
shock.

[Image - Alt-text for images – mandatory if images are included]

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Slideshow
[Learning objective]
72. Describe the function and potential of the earth wire in mains electricity
[Coach Text] [Title]
The earth wire is a safety feature in Function and Potential of the Earth Wire
mains electricity. It is at 0 V and only
carries a current if there is a fault, [Sub-title] Safety Role of the Earth Wire
directing excess current away to  The earth wire provides safety during faults.
prevent harm.  Its potential is 0 V.
 It carries current only during faults.

[Image - Alt-text for images – mandatory if images are included]

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Slideshow
[Learning objective]
73. Define earthing
[Coach Text] [Title] Earthing
Earthing is a safety mechanism that connects
the metal parts of an appliance to the earth [Sub-title] Earthing in Electrical Safety
through the earth wire. It prevents electric
shocks by allowing excess current to flow safely  Earthing connects the metal parts of an
to the ground. appliance to the earth.
 It prevents electric shocks by directing
excess current to the ground.

[Image - Alt-text for images – mandatory if images are included]

Alt Text: Earthing in a toaster, showing the connection of metal parts to the earth wire for safety.
Probe(s) Review Comments
Slideshow
[Learning objective]
74. Explain why electrical appliances with metal cases should be earthed
[Coach Text] [Title] Why Metal-Cased Appliances Are Earthed

Appliances with metal cases must be [Sub-title] Role of earthing in safety

earthed to protect users from electric
shocks. If the live wire touches the metal  Earthing protects against electric shocks.
case, the earth wire carries the current safely  It prevents danger from live wire contact
to the ground. with the metal case.
 The earth wire directs the current safely to
the ground.

[Image - Alt-text for images – mandatory if images are included]

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Slideshow
[Learning objective]
75. Describe the potential danger of contact between the live wire and earth
[Coach Text] [Title]
Any contact between the live wire and Danger of Contact Between Live Wire and Earth
earth is potentially dangerous. It
allows a large current to flow to earth, [Sub-title] Risks of Contacting the Live Wire and Earth
which could start a fire.
 A large current flows to the earth.
 There is a risk of fire or severe damage.
 It poses a significant safety hazard.

[Image - Alt-text for images – mandatory if images are included]

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