lue

erihg

ntes
ller
Particle Accelerators
6
e
\on

Deseribe the main features and

he working of Cockroft and Walton particle
machinc.
accelerating (H.P.U. 1997;P.U. 1992)
Ans. Cockroft
and Walton [Link] 1932, Cockroft and Walton designed an
Ne accelerator based upon the principle of voltage
electrostatic
particle multiplier.

S, C

D. D,
A D, D.
Pz S, C
Output

Fig. 6.1

Main features. The main features of the basic circuit are shown in Fig. 6.1. C,
C, Ca, CA ....
are canacitors all ofthe same capacitance, D1, D, D3, DA .... are half wave rectifiers behaving
as swiches. In the original machine of Cockroft and Walton, the rectifiers were vacuum tubes
hut now selenium or semi-conductor type diode rectifiers are used. The whole circuit is connected

to the secondarySS; of a step-up transformer with peak secondary voltage V, of the order of
25 KV to100 KV. The terminal S; of thesecondary is earthed so that it is always at zero potential
of the terminal S;oscillates between
and the potential Vo and + - Vo.
Working. Let us first consider that only capacitors C; and Cz and rectifiers D, and D, are
present. At the peak of the first half cycle suppose the end S of the transformer secondary is
negative and S, is positive i.e. the point A is positive so that the rectifier D,is forward biased
whereas the rectifier D, is reverse biased. Ideally, this charges C to the peak voltage Vo so that
voltage at B is + Vo.

At the peak of the second half cycle, S is positive and S, is negative. Therefore D, is reverse

biased and D, is forward biased. The current now flows through the rectifier D, with the result

that the capacitors C and C; share their charges equally if their capacitancesare equal.

During the third halfcycle the end A is again positive and therefore the capacitor C is again

charged to the peak voltage Vo. As no current flows through D,there is no change in the voltage
of
capacitor Cz.
During the fourth half cycle the capacitor C; againshares charge with capacitor C1 and its
voltage If few cycles the capacitor Cz also gets fully
increases. the process is repeated for a

charged to the peak value no leakage of charge either in the capacitors

Vo supposing there is

or in other parts of
the circuit.
Finally an equilibrium the point Cis 2 Vo with respect
condition is reached when the potential of

the point A (or as a voltage doubler.

earth). The arrangement up to this stage is known
also included
consider that the rectifiers D, and D, and the capacitors C; and C; are
Let usnow

inthe circuit, fully

The above process is again repeated so that the capacitors C, and C4 are

173
 174
be 2Vo with
Nudlear
N
of the point E will respect to
the final potential a number
of such he
In such a case by using
charged.
to A (éarth).
Thus arrangements
respect voltage can be
Cand 4lV, with cascade the multiplied
two rectifiers (ie doublers) in or (cascade
and as a voltage multiplier
capacitors is known wilI
multiple of Vo. This
arrangement
side the final out put voltage haverectifler,
the
on the out put
Ifthere are -capacitors of the machine is applied to maki
the terminals he
2nlo. The high voltage between tube. The cht
value accelerating source
to be accelerated by means of an evacuated of
Cha
particles tube containing hydrogen,
a hot filament
for electrons. A discharge deuterium
particles is
respectively.
deutrons or a-particles
helium can supply protons, to reach a voltage of about 4
employed
Cockroft and Walton circuit has been There are no MeV.1
of simplicity of
design and construction.
machine has the advantage compared with those
moving a
can be obtained are low as
The maximum energies which from o
ion currents at constant voltage.
large
accelerators but it provides fairly
large value, high
desirable to use capacitors of
To get a ripple free voltage it is freque
because ripple is inversely proportional to
of excitation and as few stages as possible frequ

of excitation, and capacitance of capacitors in the multiplier stack.

It is very useful for experimental work at moderateparticle energies and can operate with
as well as positive ions.
polarity so that it can be used to accelerate electrons
Q. 6.2. Give the principle, construction
working of a Van-de-Graaf generator.
(K.U. 1991; [Link]. 19y
Ans. Van-de-Graaf generator. A Van-de-C
+ generator is an electrostatic particle accelera
which can produce charged particles with an enen
of about 10 MeV.u
Steel Principle. Ifa charged conductor is brought n
Chamber
internal contact with a second hollow conducto,d
of its charge transfers to the hollow conductor
B B G matter how high the potential of the latter may
Construction and working, A schematt
diagram of a Van-de-Graaf generator operated
accelerate positive ions is shown in
Fig,
Source of
6.2.
Steady consists of a large, hollow, well
insulated spheria
Voltage conductor S. An endless conveyor belt
BB madeo
an insulating fabric like
reinforced rubber (or pap
rayon or some other
silk,
non-conducting mae
30cm or more in width
passes over tw0 well aligne

pulleys P,and P2. The made to run at a ty

belt is
speed of the order of about 100
km/hour by dn
the lower pulley P The up
by an electric motor.
pulley P2 is placed inside the hollow sphen
conductor. Near is
the lower pulley Pi there
metallic comb stead
Ci connected to a source of
voltage of 50 to 100 kV. Positive chais
of th
Vacuum continuously sprayed over the lower end
Pumps moving belt by the comb C, hunde
from a few
sharp pointed metal poit
called the corona,
wires
The large coro
electric field in
the gas near the
points produces positive
Fig. 6.2 jons.
and negative
 Accelerators
Particle 175
drifting along the lines of force
ions the belt and strike
An stick to it while
positive
bythe points. earthed inductor the negative
are collected plate P is usually
ions of the placed opposite the
other side belt. The belt
on the carries the positive corona
points charge sticking to it
hollow spherical conductor. This positive charge on inside the
insulated entering the sphere
charge on its inside and a S, induces an
negative corresponding positive charge
equivalent on its outside. The
S has
a comb C) connected to it which
also has a
sphere number of sharp corona
points of this comb spray back the points. The
sharp corona negative charge on to the
on it. The net result
belt thus
charge is that positive neutralising
the positive charges are in effect
belt to the outside of the sphere, The belt transferred from
the moving returning to the bottom
is charged
up the charge when inside thesphere, again
and delivers Charges are thus
of the sphere.
accumulated and
surface As the charge on the distribuied
on the sphere accumulates its
potential rises,
Except for
insulation difficulties the charge and hence the
potential of the hollow
conductor
raised to any desired value by successively adding charges to it by
can be internal contact. The
must be supported in some way and its maximum potential is
conductor limited tothat at which
go of leakage of charge from it through
its supports or through
the surrounding air equals
at which charge is delivered to
it
the rate
The be minimised and the maximum attainable voltage
leakage can
increased by enclosing
apparatus in a gas tight steel chamber and operating
he
at pressures upto 15 atmospheres, The
ns in the chamber,generally used is Nitrogen containing a small
percentage of CClhF (Freon).
The freon molecules capture the
electrons in collision process and this raises the
potential gradient
reauired toproduce corona discharge. Air is not
used as the high pressure gas, since due to the
presence of ox,/gen, there 1S FISk ef fire in the event of any spark-oyer gccurring,
Accelerating the eharged particles, The charged particles which are to be accelerated are
produced by a gas discharge i9n Surce / placed inside the hollow sphere S over the accelerating
tube G. of less than 10 cm of mercury using diffusion
This tune is evacuated to a Pressure

and mechanical pur ips and is protected by a liquid nitrogen trap from the back migration of
foreign material fron the pumps. The positive ions used are protons or deutrons. The ions are
accèlerated towardsthe earthed target Twhich is usually
housed in a room ene floor below the generator.
The accelerating tube contains a number of insulated
metal cylinders CC with short gaps bctween them as
shown in Fig. 6.3. The high voltage (H,T) is applied to
the topmost cylinder near the ion source i and the bottom
most cylinder is earthed. A pote atiai eradient exists

from the top to the bottom. The ions ars accelerated at

the gap between the cylinders where int nse electric

C
field exists. The highly accelerated ions are deviated by C Earth
a suitable and adjustable magnetic field M and are made
to strike the target T at the bottom of the tube.
n Floor

With the Van-de-Graaf generatoran adequatesupply

-ToPump
of charged particles with sufficient energy to penetrate
the nuclei in the form of a homogeneous and parallel

beam is available. It is also possibe to measure the M

energy of the particles
accurately.

By reversing the potential of the spray-voltage, Observation

Van-de-Graaf generator can also be used to accelerate Room
electrons supplied thermionic
by say a hot filament
Fig. 6.3
Source.
 accelerator Partic
176 of Linear
the principle and
length of
carefully of the particle cylinders i
Explain energy
0. 6.3. forthe succe
the expression charged particles (KU to
1.
Deduce
apparatus.
of the of nuclearreactions
theconstants For the study to generate direct haaving
voltages
accelerator. It is difficult
Ans. Linear required. To obtain liinear acceleration
volts are
electron difficulties.
of many
million
to insulation One of these is a linear
chiefly due
volts 'are used. ac
10 million methods
a number
of
of 10 indirect
MeV
potential
is applied of
in excess accelerating
particle
a moderate A simple form of the
times
line.
In a linear accelerator along a straight \inear
acce
are accelerated an apertureA
the charged
particles
particles or ions travel through and
The charged 2, 3, 4
etc. These move
electrode 1,
Fig. 6.4.
is shown in cylindrical
cylindrical
of coaxial to an A.C. source of very dleo
the axis of a series are connected high the
The drift tubes frea
as drift tubes.
are known tubes have potentials of opposite sign. str
so that alternate T
oscillator
say a high frequency be negative. After half
tubes I and 3
are positive, 2 and 4 will

cya
a th

one-half cycle if and and 4 positive.

2
are reversed i.e., 1 and 3
will be negative
polarities el

t
H.F. Oscillator

+ + To

lons Target

AT 2 3

Fig. 6.4

Supposea positive ion leaves A and is accelerated during the half cycle when the drift
No. 1 is negative with respect to A. If V is the potential of drift tube i with respect to 4,
velocity v, of the ion on reaching the drift tube is given by

or
V = V2e
m
where e isthe charge and m the mass of the
ion. It is
to c the velocity supposed that U, is small as co
sothat the change in
of light
ions are mass due to relativity effect
accelerated in the gap is negligible.
between thetubes but
free space within the travel with f
tubes themselves. constant velocity inthe
ions come out The length ofthe tube 1 is
of it, the so adiusted that asthe
tube has a positive po
potential, i.e., the potential and the next tube No. 2 has a negati
potentials change
between the tubes l sign. The
positive ion is
and 2 and on again acceleratedin the
reaching the tube 2
its velocity
mv =2 Ve
v, is given by

or

This shows that v2 is V2times

=V2
V,. in
e -2 v

order that this

tube 3 just negative and the ion on
tube 2 coming Cut of tube 2 nay
positive, it must
tube 2. As its velocity is v2 take the same
v the length of time to travel through
tube 2 must be 1.F
N2 times the tube
length of
 Accelerators
Particle 177
accelerations
in successive gapsthe
tubes 1,2,3,4
successive
etc., must have lengths
N4 etc., to a first approximation. proportional
1, v2,
to of theion. If n is the number of gaps that
Energy the ions travel in the accelerator and
acquired by it, then
, is the
final

of the
velocity

ion as it emerges out the nth tube

of
Velocity

V, =Vn

Kinetic cnergy of theion mv,=nVe

faal energy of the ions when they strike the target
depends upon the overall length
i.e., the total number of gaps and of
the accelerator on the
energy gained in each gap. The
he target consists of pulses of particles. The number of beam
pulses per second is equal to
he frequency the alternating voltage applied to the drift tubes.
of
th of the cylinder. As the ion
is accelerated in the gap
between two cylíndrical
Alectrodes. the time taken by the 1on to travel through the cylinder
should be cqual to half the
e neriod of the high frequency voltage so that each time the ion
comes out of the cylinder
the polarity changes.
Ey isthe velocity of the ion, the time of passage through the nth cylinder of length L,
Ln T
1=
2 2f
where f is the frequencyof the oscillating electric field.
1/2
2n
Ly = 2f m
Ve 1

2f
This equations shows that the length of the successive cylinders has to be increased in order
to get a resonance acceleration of the ion at each gap and the length L, n

The limitations of this accelerator are :

() The length of the becomes
accelerator inconveniently large and it is difficult tomaintain
vacuum in such a large chamber.
(ii) The ion current is availablein the form of pulses of short duration.
Q. (a) Describe the principle construction and working of a
6.4.
cyclotron. Derive
expression for the maximum kinetic energy achieved by a particle
of mass m in terms of
the applied magnetic field and dee radius. Aso
state the relation in terms of the frequency
of the applied electric field. Discuss its limitations.

(Pbi.U.1997;Bang. U. 1996, 1995,1992;

Magadh U. 1996; Luck U. 1993, Pat. U. 1993; Cal U. 1992, Vid. S. U. 1991, U. 1991)
P.
(6) Can we accelerateneutrons by a cyclotron? (G.N.D. U. 1997)
Ans. (a) Cyclotron. The a and B-particles given out by natural radioactive substances neither
posses sufficiently large speeds nor their speeds are under control.
t was, therefore, felt
necessary to accelerate charged particles to
Very high by the application of electric and
velocities
magnetic
Tields. Cockroft and Walton produced fast
moving protons by
electronic
was,
voltage multiplication device. The best arrangement
D,B D,
however, made
by Lawrence and Livingstonein 1934 and is
called a
cyclotron, This arrangement won the Nobel prize for
Lawrence.
Fig. 6.5
Construction.
metal
The cyclotron consists of two D-shaped hollow
segments D and D, (called the Dees) lying in a horizontal planee with a small gap separating
 Nucear
178
the paper and
to the plane D\
of

applied perpendicular
NS is shown in
them. A magnetie
field
alternating current as Fig. andb
etvogNigh frequeny ion 6.5.
a type pasitive accelerator.
connected to magetic resonanee
eyclotron is a The
Principle The
field
alternating electric
an alonga ch
rapidly passes through
accelerated, field is used to
article te be strong magnetic control theclosed
time. A

its energy
eing increased each of the accelerating
to the region electric
return them periodically
the particles and to electric field almost exactly when field
points of the alternating ihe
particle passes definite fie

thesame phase ie in resonane shown in

is generated at point B, as
in a

If a positive ion
Theory and working.
at a negative Fig6.6,w
D, is at a positive
potential and D, potential,
the gap at a time when
enter the hollow segment D; with a velocity
across the gap to D, and
accelerated
Ve =!
where Vis the applied voltage and e and m are
ch
and mass of the particle respectively. When it
isiy
the conductor, will not be acted upon by

it
the ele
field, but underthe influence of the applied
mage
field having a flux density B, it will
travelaling
circular path, the radius r of which is
given by

m
= Bev
Target
or
Be
and finally emerges at C in the direction indica
Defiecting
Plate The time taken by the positive
ion to travel

semi-circular path
Fig. 6.6

Be
where @ is the angular velocity of the ion in the circular
path and
Be
The value of is a constant being independent of the
which it travels. If the of the ion and the radius
velocity
frequency of the applied voltage
adjusted is
reversed as soon as the in such a manner
particle comes out of D, that i
gap to D, and will the particle at Cwill
describe
be accelerated across
a further
as speed of the circular path in D,.
The radius of this
particle will, now, be semi-circle as W
the time taken by greater than that in
the particle to travel the first case, but
the semi-circular as proved d
the particle path in D,will be
emerges outof the Dees, the same. Eyery
the dìrection of the
acceierated across the
gap. The path of the voltage is reversed
and the pari
of the Dees in particle with be a
the direction spiral and it
indicated, through will finally coue
Maximum kinetic energy the window W.
of particle.
by The final
energyE of the is g
charged particle

where Vmax isthe maximum

velocity gained by the
'may Now charged particle of radi
in its final orbit

mnax
Tmas =Bevnax
 179
Accelerators
Particle

= Be rmax
Vmax

E= mvmax =m Be max
Hence m?
I B'e2max
2 m
gives the maximum kinetic energy of the
relation charged particle in terms
This of applied
dee radius
field and
metic for optimal acceleration of the ion in the inter dee
The condition gap is that the time taken
travel the semi-circular path (/) is equal to half the time
ion to period (T) of
by the oscillation
electric field
the applied
high frequency i.e.,
of
T
t=

T
Be 2

or
T= 2Tm
Be
Iffis the frequencyof the oscillating electric field, then
Be
f== 2Tm
This is the basic cyclotron resonance equation.
Hence in terms off the maximum energy of the charged particle
E = 1Bermax

m
4n'm :
Be
rmax
41m
= 2n'm f rmax

The particles are ejected out of the cyclotron as pulse streams and not continuously.

With a comparativelysmall potential difference of the order of 50,000 volts, very fast moving
particles can be produced. For example, if the particle makes 200 revolutions before emerging
out it will gain a velocity equivalent to a total fall through a potential of

2x 50000 x 200 = 20 million - volts

If heavy hydrogen is used instead of ordinaryhydrogen, a beam of high energy deutrons is

obtained. As their mass is double they possess greater energy and are more useful as atomic
projectiles.

Limitations of the [Link] energy to which a particle can be accelerated a cyclotron

in

imited due to change in mass with velocity. The mass of a particle, when moving with a velocity
s
p is given by
mo
m =

where mo is the rest mass and c the velocity of light. As already proved,the time taken by a

article to travel the semi-circular path

TLM
=T
is Be 2
Be
Frequency
2Tm
 Nuclear

Hence the
frequeny of rotation
of
V
the charged
its
particle
decreases as the

path and the

semi-cincular
velocity
particle
in

a onger
time to complete till a
stage conin
potential ditterence
is
takes
As a resut
it
alternating reached
bhind the applied
ges on agging further
accelerated
it can
no onger be
by takino a
of the ion can be kept constant
(0Field variation. The
frequency

magnetie field
B should increase as
the veloci
the
purse the value of
For this
constant unchanged.
sothe protuct remains
that
the ion increases method, the frequency of the
lIn the altemative
() Frequency modulation.
equal to the frequency of rotation
of the ion. The machine
applied A
in
Varied so that it is alwavs
is varied
constant and magnetic field
is called
of eletric field is kent Synchr
the frequency
is kept constant and the frequency of the
whereas a machine in which magnetic field
cyclotron or
electric field is varied is known as a Frequeney
modulated
Synchro-cycla
(b) A neutron can not be accelerated by a cyclotron. A neutron carries no charge; it
be accelerated bv the electrice tield between the two Dee's. can also be not acted
It
upon bys
magnetic field so that its path within the dees cannot be regulated.

65 i
the
Q.

gap
(a) Show that the maximum radius of curvature of the path
the dees of a cyclotron is proportional to the square root of the number
between the dees.
of a particle
of times it e
(5) What are the prìmary functions of ()electric field and (i) magnetie field i
cyclotron?
([Link]
Ans. Maximum radius of curvature. If the
is average voltage applied between the
ofa cyclotron and the charged particle
crosses the gap between the dees n times to
orbit of maximum radius, then energy acquired by
reach
the ion having a charge e is
En = ne
given by

But

= ne

If the values
of B and are kept
the number of times constant, rax is
the particle directly
proportionalto the
(6)()Electric crosses the gap
between the dees. square ru
field. The
primary function
difference between the
dees of
of the electric
the cyclotron field is to
alternating electric to provide a polc
field having a accelerate the
through the frequency such
that the charged particle Thus
semi-circular path time taken by the
electric field. withinthe dees
is equal particle te
to half
(ii) the time
Magnetic field. The period of the altermati
into a primary
semi-circular path function ofthe
0. 6.6 (a) within the dees. magneticfield is
Can a to move the charged parti
cyclotron be
used to
(6) The pole pieces of
accelerateelectrons
([Link]. 1997;
?If not why "
a
cvclotron are 1.2 m in
PU. 1996,
1993; Magadh
diameter and provide fiel
a magnetic
 Aelerats
Partiole

What will be the energy of the

Wb m alphas. deutroms nd pirtis
I.6 be the range
Sucta
What should
of oscilator
of fregecy to coNer the aooeler f he
machine Mas ef the preton = L67x 1 kg and charge L6 x
10-C
particles
abeve
of clectrons A CVcloron
Ans
() Acceleration cannot
for the same is that there is
be sed to produce hig ame
ms The reason an appreciabie inorease in the mass a
elatron
at fairl low energies For example, a 10% increase in the rest maSs ot the
eliea
the eltr of S0 Ke onh. Electron being very hghtparticle theme is am
takes plaNe
at an ehergy
a
ageie
velocit at low energies which isnot the case with massvepurtcies ikethe g

thearticle
or

()Magnetie field B= L6Wbm

Radius of the pole pieces ax =06m
Mass of the proton
L67x 10- kg

Charge on the
prOton e= L6x 10-C
Energy of the proton E=
1 L6xl6xl6x 10-xl6x 10-8 xQ6x@6
L67x 10-2
= 7.065x 10
7.065 10-2
x

10-5
=4416MeV
L6x
Energy of deutron A deutron has the same chargeas protom but mary twice he mass
Hence for deutron that of proten. The energy of duton is henetfione

[Link] MeV

Energy ofa-partiche H. An a-particle has twice the charge and nearly fourtimes he mass

as that of a proton. Hencefora-particle= =lthat of theproton The emergy of the particle

is, theretore E= 44.16 MeV.

Oscillator frequency f= Be

.Oscillator frequency for proton

l.6x l.6x 10-9
2rxl67 x 10-2
= 24.40 x 10° eveles sec
Oscillator frequencyfordeutron. for =[Link] feuency
=2440 10 x

= 12.20 x 10° cycles sec

scilatorfrequeneyfor a-particle. for He that oftheproton Theree abr

frequency

= ;x24.40 x 10° = 12.20 x 10° eveles se

 eat

182

r the deutron. x 10° cyclessen

ie the same as
of oscillator
frequeney
= 12.20 x lO° to 24.40
device.
Explain. Does
Betatron
Range resonance
Cclotronis
a socalled (PU. 1995, 1992; [Link]
Qa7A of
cyclotron the value the magnetic
wpon resoaance a
SL.A
device. ln
applied between the
resonance
Ans Cyclotroa-a electric field

depemds upon
the frequency
of the oscillating

between the arrival ot the

charged particle
in the gap dees.
and
the
h
chesen as to give
resonance
by adjusting the time taken by the res
This is done
thedees charged p
of the votage between time period of oscillation of the
equal to half the path
o describe a semicircular applied

electrie field ie
fhequency

Be
The frequency 2rm

This gives the celotronresonance condition fora charged particle of a

given value

If this condition is not satisfied there will be no resonancebetween the arrival of

the ch
particle in the gap and the reversal of the voltage between the dees. The particle will
go ou
step and will not be accelerated. This is why it is said that a cyclotron is a resonance
Betatron is not a resonance device The action of a betatron is like that of a
transformet
which an alternating current applied to a primary coil induces a similar current in the second
windings
For further details See Q. 6.l6.
-Q.68A Cvclotron with dees of radius 90 cm has a transverse magnetic field 0.8 of T
Caleulate the energies to which ()a proton and (i)deutrons are
accelerated.
Given Mass of the proton = 1.67 x 10* kg. Mass of the
deutron=3.34 10 >x ke

Ans. ()Proton. Mass (H.P.U. 1996, 19%

of the proton m= l67 x 10 kg
Charge on the proton e = 1.6 x 10-1C.
Energy of the emergentproton
E=
0.8 x0.8x L.6 x 0- x 1.6 x 10-19x(
<0.9 x 0.9
2x 1.67x 10-27

=0.3973 x 10-!1 |0.3973 x 10-1

x 10-l3 MeV
=24.8 MeV. L.6

()Deutron. Mass of deutron

Charge on the deutron m=3.34x 10- kg
e = l6x 10- C
Energy of the emergent deutron 0.8x 0.8 x l.6 x
10-19 x 1.6 x 10-19x0.9 x 0.9

2x3.34x10-27
=0.1986 x 10-l J
Q. 6.9 Between the =12.4 MeV.
Dee's s
Ia
of
difference of 15 mega cyclotron 1.5 metre
cycles is in
out of the cyclotron. applied.
Caleulate the
diameter an potential
Mass of alternating
proton = energy in MeV of the
1.672x 10 protonsissuing
kg.
1991
(Vid.S.U,
 183
Accelerators
Particle
of the applied field and
of frequency radius of cyclotron Dee's,the energy is
In
terms
Ans.

given
by
E-2n' mf rmax

1,672 x 10-27 and f 15 × 106

of
proton
Mass 2 x 1.672 102 x
x 15 x 10° x 15 x 10° x .75x .75
E (in MeV) 1.6 x 1013
-26.11 MeV.
fieldd of 2 Wb/m² is
A uniform magnetic used in a cyclotron to accelerate protons.
0. 6.10.
is 0.32 metre.
how rapidly the electric field between Calculate (I)
fthe cyclotronof

Theradius reversed and(i)the

should be frequency of the accelerated proton. Mass of proton
the dees = 1.60 x 10- 19 c.
gm and charge
x 10-24
-L.67 field
Magnetic
2 Wb/m? B=
Ans.
the proton
m = 1.67 x 10-2? kg
Mass of
e =1.6x 10-19 c
Charge
r = 0.32m.
and
a The electric field between the Dee's should be reversed as soon as the proton completes
rney inthe semi-circular path of radius r with the velocity v. The time t after whích the

field should be reversed is given by

electric
TM
t= Be
TX 1.67 x 10-27
= 1.640x 10- sec.
2x 1.6x 10-19
Hence the electric field between the Dees should be reversed after every 1.640 x 10% sec.
Hence the number of times the proton comes out of the gap
108
n = 1

1.640
60.97 x 109

Ihe frequency of the accelerated proton is given by the number of complete revolutions made
by it per second.

The time taken by the proton to complete one revolution

. Frequency ef= 2Tr T

= 30.49 x 10° cycles/sec
Q. 6.11. A cyclotron with Dee's of diameter 1.8 m has a magnetic field of 0.8 tesla.

Caleulate the energy to which the doubly ionised helium ion Het* can be accelerated. Also
Calculate the number of revolutions the particle makes in attaining this energy. Mass of He*
=6.68 x 10-2 kg. (PU. 1995)
Ans. Mass of the a-particle (Hett) m = 6.68 x 102 kg.

Chaqge on Hett ion, e=2x 1.6 x 10l9c

Now E= Be
2m
B= 0.8 Tesla; r = 0.9 m

E= 0.8 x 0.8 x 2 x 1.6 x 10-19x 2 x 1.6x 10-19 x 0.9 x 0.9

2 x 6.68 x 10-27

= 0.397xx10-13 = 24.3MeV.
10-!1
-0.397 x 10-ll J

L.6
 184
field iß
given by
electrie
of the alternating
L6x I0 19 0.061x 10
X [Link] 10%
The tequency Be 0.8x2
out of the gap between
of timesthe He"ion comes the
This gives
the umber
path. in i attaining
undertak ing
a semi-cireular
made by He" ion the above
revolution
of comyplete
Number K6lX 103.05 x 10° s

a circle radius 0.32 m just of

deseribe
6.12 Deuterons
in a cyclotron
e.m.f. is 10 MH 1. Tindthe
of the applied
Q.
luy
out the Dee's. The frequency deutrons emerging out of the
the velocity ofthe
of
and
the magnetic field

10 kg and charge 1.6x 10 "C cyclotron,

is 3.32 x
deutron
electric field is given by (Bang0.
Ans. The frequency of the applied
Be B 2n mf
2n m

fu 10 MHZ 10× 10°

Here m= 3.32 x 1027 kg: Hz; e= l6xloN
2nx3.32 x 10 2 x 107
.304
B Testla
1.6 x 10-19
Radius of the circle just before deutrons emerge rmax0.32 m
m y
Now Bey
'max

Be Tmax 1.304 x 1.6 x 101x 0.32

3.32 x 10-27

= 2.01 x 10ms !
0. 6.13. What is a betatron ? Derive the betatron
of [Link]
condition for successfulaceelurd
describe its principle,
field in it.
construction and function of
alternating ma
(PU. 1997, 1996, 1995,
1993; G.N.D. U. 1997
Ans. Betatron. The [Link]. 995, 1993; Cal. U.
betatron is used to
are fast accelerate electrons
moving electrons the to high
energies. Since B-part
accelerator is known as
much more energetic Betatron. Itprovides
than B-particles electrons which
it has been emitted by
possible to obtain natural radioactive nuclides. With
electrons at 300 a betz
cannot be used to of energy. MeV
produce high energy Cyclotrons and
ofthe electron beams synchrocycl
electrons at fairly
low energies. For because of the
takes place at example, appreciable mass nct
an energy of a
50KeV increase in the rest 10%
only. mass ofthe elu
Betatron
condition. In a
with the betatron, the
help of an electrons are accele
electric field
field. The electrons are produced by
changing my
field and maintainedin a
at the circular orbit by
same timethese a i
induced emf electrons are given energy b
resulting
from an
principle can increase in this magnetic field
an
electron
fluxthrough
be
moving in an
the orbit
explained by
considering Fig. 6.7 which repres
orbit of
radius r where the total magh
.
Fig. 6.7 at
the orbit is and
the flux )
itself is B, density(magneticinduct
the lines of t
magnetic induction
 185
Aoveeats
Partole
ofthe orbit. Ifthe total magnetic flux
othe plane linked with the orbit is inereased
the induced em in the electron orbit

ahe rale
ofhen

on the electron in one revolution

done
Te wor

the electron. Now the force acting on the electron acts

charge on
e is the along the tangent
where path at any point
and if Fis this force, then
the
civular

the electron in one revolution

-F2nr
Ee = F. 2rr
=F.2nr

F=-e
2r dt

As the energy of the electron inereases, it will try to move in a larger orbit as the applied
ases If a stable orbit of constant radius is maintained, thìs tendency of the electron

As the flux density of the orbit is B, the force acting on the electron = Bev where v is the

lsiyefthe electron. This force acts inwardsalong the radius. Ifm is the mass of the electron,

then

Centripetal force
= Bev m

Momentum of the electron = y = Ber ...)

Hence the tangential force on the electron is equal to the rate of change of momentum
dB
= er

lfa stable orbit of constant radius is to be maintained, the net tangential force on the electron
must be zero

2rr dt dt
dB
dt

Integrating both sides between the linmits 0 and and 0 and B, wve have

= 2rB
B= ()
If B isthe the whole area of the orbit, then
average magnetic flux density over

B=

Thus forthe
B =B ..(i)

magnetic field
electron to be accelerated in a circular orbit of constant radius, the
should be just
non-uniform in such magnetic field at the orbit is
a way that atany instant the
 Nuclear
par
186 the orbit.
Equation (iii)
through
(or flux) in
field acceleration electronsreprese
magnetic to produce
average
one half the working of betatron
is obtained by using pole and i
for successful distribution pieces
condition
The desired
field than that at the of
is greater
betatron
condition.
centre of the orbit
at the circumterence
shape so that the field is
the
of the betatron ele
orbit. the working betatron
underlying orbit of constant radius
The principle in a circular Condia
Principle.
to be accelerated the
'For electrons the magnetic field at
at any instant magr
which states
uniform insuch a waythat the Orbit the
should be non through perin
field magneticfield
is just one
half the average is shown in
ef the orbit construction of the betatron Fig
and working. The
Construction electrons are accelerated in a highly 68.
Electro-Magnet tube DDcalled the dough-ut
P do-nut). This tube is made of
(pronou
glass
and of ceramicin large in
betatrons
betatrons.
placed between specially shaped pole
piess
an electromagnet energised by
from 50 cycle

Das
alternating current
P mains sug
P through a pair of coils P,P, and P
increasing magnetic flux in a given
direction fre
only obtained during the quarter
cycle in yh
AC. the current increasesjrom zero
to its mori
value. The electrons are thus accelerated fo

Fig. 6.8
time second at intervals of
200 50 Sec,

To introduce the electrons into the

stable orbit, an electron gun is used, It
consists ofa fian
F which gives out thermionic electrons, a
focusing grid G
and the positive plate P. The gun
given a potential difference from an injector unit so that
the electrons are introduced during t
quarter cycle the magnetic flux is
increasing.
The electrons injected in a Stable Orbit
plate close to the
stable orbit position will
be accelerated by Target
the magnetic field
and execute a
damped Injector
G
oscillatory motion in the beginning but
will
D Unit

finally settle in the orbit.

FHL
During sec.
200 Electron
when the magnetic Gun
field is
increasing the
electron will make
several hundred
thousand
revolutions in the
stable orbit
gaining energy
continuously. The Fig. 6.9
electrons must be
from the betatron ejected
when the
would slow magnetic field
down as the reaches its
maximum value, otherwisethe electrot
are magnetic flux decreases
deflected from
their stable and finally will
high energy orbit by reveres direction. The electros
electron beam can sending a pulse of
either be made current
an intense
X-ray beam
to strike through an auxiliary coil. Th
(more correctly a target
Twithin thetube,thus producig
window. The of the
y-rays) or
energy electron
y-rays
obtained from
beam can be removed through
possessed by natural a
y-rays, the order betatron is
very
much greater than
th
in nuclear being about
physics, deep 300 MeV.
X-ray
Main functions therapy and
for These y-rays for researd
of are used
alternating examination of
magneting field are: magnetic field. The metallurgical specimens.
main altermati!
functions of the
 Accelerators 187
Particle

or changing
field gives rise magnetic
alternating
()Thefield produces an e.m.f.
toan electric field The
impartsenergy to the which increasing
magnetic electrons.
magnetic the help of the field the electron is maintained
in a circular
(i)With (a) Calculate the average energy gained orbit.
6.14. per turn and the final
Q. energy of an
in a betatron.
electron has the following parameters
A betatron
(6) flux at the orbit = 4000 gauss
Maximum magnetic
frequency = 60 Hz
Operating
Stable orbit diameter = 1.68 m
energy gained per turn and also find the final
Find the average energy. (P.U.1992)
of the electron. Let us supposethat
Ans.
Ernergy magnetic flux in the
betatron is given by
the relation
= O0 sino t

As an increasing magnetic flux in a given direction is only obtained

during the quarter cycle
the current in the electrom agnet
in
which increases from zero to maximum value.
T 27
Time of acceleration = 1

4 4 2o
here T the time period of the changing magnetic
is
flux and o thecorresponding angular
frequency.

Energy gained by the electron per turn =Ee

=e ddt =ed (Oo sin o) = e d-(sin o

o )
As this energy is gained in a time
4 20
Average value of energy per turn
z2
eo d
(sin o)dt
/20 dt
2eo o
Substituting the value of ¢o = 2urB From Eq (i)Q. 6.13 we get
2eo
Average energy per turn x 2rr B = 4eorB
For most of the time the electrons travel with a velocity equal to the velocity of light -c
.. Total distance travelled during the acceleration process

T
20
Ifris the radius of the orbit, then
Number of revolutions made by the electron

N= 20 x 2nr
C
4or
:. Total
(final) energy = Number of revolutions made x Average energy per revolution

C
x4 eorB = cerB
The
4or
final for
energy of the electron can also be estimated by using the relativistic relation
energy.
 T88 Pate
[see Eq ()Q
cerB 6.13]
=
Energ
the orbit
& 0,4 T
flux at

(6) Maimum
magnetie
=084 m
60
=60 Hz @
2r x
radius
Sabile orbit
firequemcY
Operating
2n 60 x 0.84 x 0,84 x
04Joul
-4xl6 10 x
per turn x

2r x 60x (
x
Average energy
4x L.6 x 10x x 0.84

10- 19
x 0.84 x 0.4

L.6

= 425.7eV
=cerB 0.84 x 0.4 Joule
Final energy
=3x 10x l.6 x 10- x

x
3x 10x l.6 x 10 I9x 0.84 0.4
MeV
L.6 x
10-13

= 100.8 MeV
of 60 Hertz has a stable
working on an operating frequency
615 A betatron
also the:final energy if the
the energy gained per turn
as
Q.
of diameter 1.6 m. Find
(P.U. 1997,)
0.5 Tesla.
feld at the orbit is

Magnetic at the orbit B =0.5 T

Ans field

1.0 0.8 m
Stable orbit-radius
2
Operating frequency
= 60Hz
Q =2I X 60
Average energy per turn =4 e or B
4x 1.6 x 10-1 x 2 nX 60 x 0.8 x 0,8 x 0.5
eV
1.6 x 10-19

=482.6 eV

Final energy cerB= 3x 10 x 1.6 x 10-19 x 0.8 x 0.5

= 120 Mel

1.6 x 10-13
Q. 6.16 (a) Explain the concept that the working of a betatron is like that of a transtort

(b)A (PUM
betatron of 100 MeV energy has a stable radius of
0.84 m. Calculate ()the
of magnetic field intensity at the orbit for this
energy and (ii)thefrequency of the appl
electric
Ans.
field if average

(a) Betatron-like
energy gain per turn 420 eV = (PUIM
a transformer. The action of the betatron depends
principle as that the transformer in upon
of
which an alternating
induces a similar current applied to a pprimary
curent inthe secondary
windings. The primary oscillat
magnetic field which in turn induces current produces an
an oscillating
secondary coil. The
beta
is also like a transformer in e.m.f. in the
which a cloud of
electrons located inside vac
chambertakesthe place of a dough-nut shaped
the secondary pië
winding. The chamber
of an electro-magnet
energised by an is placed within the pole
alternating pulsed
current and the
a str
varying field in the central place magnet produces o
or hole of the
of constant [Link] electrons
move in a
radius within the circular
vacuum chamber and gain cha
with time of the magnetic flux energy byinduction because of the
linking the orbit. Thus the
of
role
primary coil.
electro-magnetplays the
 189
Accelerators
Particle

of the electron = 100 MeV

final
energy
The
(6) -100x L.6 x 10 13 J

energy
EcerB
Now final
E 100 x 1.6 x 10-13
field
Cer 3x 10* 101°x
() Magnetic x 1.6x 0.84

Average energy per turn

of
-0,397
4

the applied
eoR T (Say

field, then
0.4 T)

it is =4 e 2 nfr B
the frequency
If/is
Average energy per turn
() Prequency 8 erB
420 × 1.6x 10-19

8 nx 1.6 x 101 x 0.84 x 0.84 × 0.397

-59.65 (say 60 cycles/sec)

o 617 Deseribeanelectron synchrotron.

(PbiU. 1997; [Link]. 1994; Bang. U. 1994; P.U. 1991)
Electron synchrotron. The electron synchrotron is based on the principle
of the
Ans.

Rmbined working of betatron andcyclotron. In the electron synchrotronthe electrons are first
eceleratedby using the action of the betatron to an energy of about 2 MeV. Then they have

a velocity of 0.98 c. Subsequently the electrons travel at practically constant speed, but increase

imparted to them. For an electron travelling with an angularvelocity ao in

in mass as energy is

acircular orbit of radius r.

mo'r = Be or
Be
m
B magnetic flux density at the orbit. If o is to remain constant, B must increase
swhere is the
as m to increase the energy of the electron moving at relativistic speeds. To
in the same ratio

do-nut tube a magnet is used, as in the betatron

maintain the electrons in a stable orbit, inside a

but it is less massive as the acceleration of electrons

Filaments
2 MeV achieved by a
at energies beyond is

radio-frequency electric field. This R.E electric field

is provided between electrodes on the inner walls of Silver

are in the Electrode

the evacuated do-nut tube. These electrodes

lorm of silver coatingdeposited on the inner walls of

GAP
the do-nut extending round a short arc of the
circumference, This metallic coating has a short
accelerating gap in it across which is connected the
output from an RF,. oscillator. The period of the R.R Do Nut Tube
supply is adjusted to be equal to the time of one
Tevolution of the electron in the circular orbit. Thus Fig. 6.10
the electrons are accelerated each time they cross the
magnetic flux increasing
[Link] R.E supply is kept on while
the is
nd gain additional
attain the maximum required out put energy.
dis automatically cut off when the electrons
themaximum energy of electrons depends
upon
Maximum energy. In an electron-synchrotron
the radius r in a betatron) and is
of the orbit and on maximum magnetic field strength B (as
given by

E=cerB = 3x 10x 1.6 x 10-19 rB Joules

 190 x 10-19 rB = 300 rB MeV
3x 10 x L6 10-13
Particl

1.6x Th
charge.
e the clectronic acceleration
ofthisC
of light and
starts
the synchrotron As normal
cis the velocity field. of light, the frequencyis
where thís
of the
accelerating to the velocity Th
Frequency are very
close
108 47.7 106 x cycles/sec
given

of electrons 3x TH
the velocity
2nr
2nr equal to this relati
afrequency electron
field must have the fren
to induced [Link].
frequency
accelerating is equal hee in

The radio per turn required

per turn. The voltage
Voltage
(as in a betatron) dB
orbit - do or
dt
dt

2nr B is limitedl by radiation losses. An e effe

as can be accelerated
The energy upto which electrons and the rate of loss
increases as the
fourth
when it is accelerated
loses energy by radiation per revolution by radiation is
energy is attained
when energylost
of energy. The maximum Thus electrons can be accelerated
upto 1
wh
per revolution.
energy
accelerating fre
to maximum
(1BeV) its theory.
sec
and give
Q. 6.18. Describe a proton synchrotron
(PbiU. 1997; H.P.U. 1994;Bang. U

the c
of the proton synchrotron is essentially
Ans. Proton [Link] principle
Thus nre
A proton is much heavier than an electron. the
that of the electron synchrotron.
unlike the electrons, increase in speed as energy is imparted to them even up to energies

of
MeV. As the speed of protons time to complete the circular
increases they take less orbit

the frequency of the RF, supply across the gap cannot be kept constant
but must be consider:
varied. For the same reason, the protons are not initially accelerated by the betatron actit
are fed from a Van de Graaffaccelerator having energies up to 10 MeV. The do-nut shaped va

tube used in a proton synchrotron is generally of the 'race track' design as shown. It ism

of stainless steel, porcelain or plastic suppot

Magnet Magnet the gap of annular magnet. The annular may

consists of four quadrants separated by ga

allow straight sections free from magnetic iek
be used for injecting, accelerating and ejectig
[Link] the race track consists of four stl
Magnet
Magnet sections joined up by arc shaped segments.
protonsfrom the Van de inje
Graffgeneratorare
Race Track into one of the chang
straight sections. As the
Fig. 6.11 mass of the proton is slow the field
magnetic I
also avoidsthe proton-synchrotron rises slowly in about tl sec.
construction of the
huge magnet fromthin ele
field is also applied laminations. The high frequency
at one of the
straight sections.
This is achieved The accelerator used is of the induction
by making one of
the straight
of low sections of ferrite tube-
electrical a non-metallic
conductivity and a magnetic ofu
round this ferrite section carries permeability of about turm
the RE 1000. 2 A single
current form an
in such a way as to provide oscillator the frequency of which
synchronization in
stable
with the revolutions
orbits. The single turn wound on the
of
the accelerated protons
ferrite tube serves as
core and the protons as the secondary of the primary,the ferrite
itselfs"
a so
called
t0
protons every time they pass through 'transformer'thereby energy
the ferrite tube imparting
 Avlerats 191
Atle
fur setions surrounding the are shaped portions
has of the race track. It is made
Temiot
ihatins
and has a shaped cross-section. The vacuum tube is placed
hik an
within
of

provides the highest energY particles

this Synchrotron of allthe machines.
of revolution of an ion in a circular path
The fhequeney of radius r is given by the

relati
Theor

rBe eor

Be
Frequency .)
the alove relation we have neglected theincrease in mass of the ion due to relativity
n deriving
effects into consideration
efet
Taking relativistic

I BeIme Bee Bec?

Ns the rest
2r 2r (me +7)
mass energy andT the kinetic energy ofthe ion. The relation gives the
.()

fequency

sections
of revolution

each of length L, the frequency '

in the absence of the straight sections. In the

Bec
of
presence of four straight
circulation
2rr
of protons is given by

..(0)
2r (me+) (2rr+ 4L)
Dae to the action of the magnetic field the proton is always guided to travel in the equilibrium

Hence the relation between B and proton momentum is given by

p= O=mro = Ber
As T isthe kinetic energy ot the proton of momentum p, then

Total energy E T+mge = (pemetya

- (Ber+mcty2
+2T mye+mjet = Ber+mc
T(T+2 mye)

or B- TT+2
erc
myc)]l2
.(i)

Relation (i) gives how the magnetic field B at the equilibrium orbit should inerease with

erease in kinetic energy T of the proton as it circulates in the orbit. Inserting the value ofB
from Eq (i) in Eq. (iin),
we get
(T(T+ 2 mge)]l21 2r e
erc 2r (me+) (2rr+ 4L)
c[T(T+ 2mc)]2
Inthe
(me+T (2Rr+ 4L)
circulation
proton-synchrotron the accelerating voltage must be in phase with the
frequency of voltage
the proton inthe equilibrium orbit. Hence the radiofrequeney accelerating
must vary
in the same manner in which n varies with proton kinetic energy T:

Proton
synchrotron can accelerate not only protons but also deutrons and a-particles.
Q. 6.19
What radius is needed in of energy 10
proton-synchrotron to attain
particles
GeV a

assumingthat guide field 1.5 weber metre is available.

per square
(Bang. U. 1995)
 Nudear

192 energy T of the Partic

kinetic
between
the relation radius
r in a magnetic Bis
field chargedye

In a proton
synchrotron path of
gve Q.
Ans. in a circular
moving
rest mass
mno
2m,c)j2
of e,
B= [T(T+erc freg
and
under relativistic
canditions.
[T(T+2m,
c)z
Bec
Rest nss of the
proton = 938 x 10 ev
10! eV; 108 ms-! whe
Here T 10 GeV c=3x
T; e= 1.6 x 10-1" C,
B- 1.5 Wb/m² = 1.5
+2 x 938 x 10)]x 1.6x 1 0-19
[101° (10'0
1.6x 1019 x3x 108
1.5 x

109 x 108 =
[11876 x 10l6j1/2 24.2 m
1.5 x 3 x 108 4.5 x 108
per

Q. 6.20. Explain the working of a synchro-cyclotron. (P.U.

form of cyclotron. In a
is a modified
Synchro-cyclotron yda
Ans. Synchro-cyclotron.
field and the moving jon
resonance between the applied alternating electric is
the loss of

by the relativistic increase in mass the ion. Due to this the frequency of the ion
of
and is given by
w
Be
n=
2mo
Due to the loss of resonance the ion lags behind the electric field and as a result carra

accelerated. In a synchro-cyclotron the frequency of the applied alternating electric fec

gradually changed at such a rate that as the ion lags a little due to increasein mass by incea

'
in velocity, the electric frequency also automatically
field
decreases and the ion always ee
the dee' at the correct moment when it can experience the maximum acceleration.
Frequency Modulated A synchro-cyclotron consists of only one
Power Supply
placed in a vacuum chamber between the pole pi
of an electromagnetas shown in
Fig.6.12. Instead

the second dee' opposite the

there is a metal plate
opening of the e
Single connected to the eartn.
Dee alternating potential differenceapplied to the de
made to rise andfallperiodically instead remain
Vacuum
of
ION Chamber constant. The advantage of using one dee' istha
Source leaves sufficient
space in the vacuum chamber for
Magnetic ion source and the
Deflector target. The pole pieces of S
Electro-Static magnet are of suitable
shape such that the
Deflector decreases out wards
Emergent from the centre. This is essent
Beam for
proper focussing of the ions
accelerated
Fig, 6.12 The positive
be ions-protons, deutrons, a-particles
accelerated are made to move in circles
or leaves the'dee'. The beam increasing radius. The ion is when
nitent
is finally accelerated
deflectors.
taken out with the help of the and mag
electrostatic
The synchro-cyclotron
n at
university of
200MeV deutrons or 400 California is a
184-inch machine
MeV a-particles. capable of
prodas
 Accele
Particle
arein a synchro-cyclotron
accelerated
which has magnetic field of
Deutrons
and 1.431 T
at the periphery of the dee.
Q. 6.21. centre Calculate the maximum
at the If the dee voltage
frequency is modulated between this
L5 Teslayof dee voltage. maximum
calculate gain in energy of the deutron. Mass
of 10 Mc/sec, of deutron
frequency
a minimum -2.0141 a.m.u., 1a.m.u. = 1.67 x 10-27 kg.
and
Be
of the applied dee voltage n =
frequency
Maximum 2Tmo
Ans.
mass of the deutron and Bo the magnetic field at the centre.
rest the
is
where
mo
1.5 x 1.6 x 10-19
n =l1.44 x 10° cycles/sec
2 x 2.0141x 1.67x 10-27
= 11.44 Mc/sec

frequency
of the applied dee voltage is required when the deutron reaches the
Minimum the maximum velocity and hence possesses a relativistic mass
and has
periphery
m = 1/2

Be
n= 2Tm
B the magnetic field at the periphery.
where is

Be 1.431 x 1.6x 10-19

m= kg
2Tn 2T x 10x 106
1.431 x 1.6 x 10- 19

2T x 10 × 10 x L.67 x 10-27
= 2.199 a.m.u.
Gain in energy of the deutron = kinetic energy

= (2.199- 2.014 931.2 = 171.6MeV

1l)
Q. 6.22. Distinguish between a cyclotron synchrotron and synchro-cyclotron.
(PU. 1995, 1991)
the Dee's
Ans. Cyclotron. In a cyclotron the frequency of thealternating electric field between
and the strength of the magnetic field making the charged particle move along
a circular path
within the Dee 's are kept constant. The energy
to which a particle can be accelerated in a cyclotron

is limited due to the change of mass with velocity.

The frequency of the alternating electric field frelates to the magnetic field B by the relation

Be
f= 2 m
When the velocity v of the particle becomes very large, its mass
m
m where mo is the rest mass

increass and is
Hence the rotation of the charged particle decreases as velocity
frequency of
given by

Be
f' =
21 mo path.
Asa result of semi-circular
its
this, the
charged particle takes a larger time to complete
194
Nucear

the applied alternating

The particle continuously goes on lagging behind voltage
-be further.
reached when it can no longer
accelerated

Synchrotron. In a synchrotron the frequency of the applied alternating electric

altermating

constant by changing the value ofB

such that B V] is a constant. For this
purposethe
of magnetic field increases as v increases.

Snychro-cyclotron. frequency modulated cyclotron in which the

It is a
magnetic
kept constant and the frequency of the applied electric field issuch that it is alwav

Be
the frequency of rotation of the ion.
2T mo