®

ION EXCHANGE RESINS

C-100E
Strong Acid
Cation Exchange Resin
(For use in water softening applications)

Technical Data

PRODUCT DESCRIPTION PRODUCT DESCRIPTION

Purolite C-100E is a high purity premium grade bead Administration Code of Federal Regulations section 21,
form conventional gel polystyrene sulphonate cation paragraph 173.25; for use in the treatment of foods for
exchange resin designed expressly for the treatment of human consumption. Its high bead integrity, excellent
foodstuffs, beverages, potable waters, and water used in chemical and physical stability, and very low extractibles
the processing of food. Its specification is such that it content play a large part in its successful employment in
will exceed the relevant EEC requirements, and the these areas.
resin is in compliance with the U.S. Food & Drug

Typical Physical & Chemical Characteristics

Polymer Matrix Structure Crosslinked Polystyrene Divinylbenzene
Physical Form and Appearance Clear spherical beads
Whole Bead Count 90% min.
Functional Groups R-SO3-
Ionic Form, as shipped Na+
Shipping Weight (approx.) 850 g/l (53 lb/ft3)
Screen Size Range:
- U.S. Standard Screen 16 - 50 mesh, wet
Particle Size Range +1.2 mm <5%, -0.3 mm <1%
Moisture Retention, Na+ form 46 - 50%
Swelling Na+ ➔ H+ 5% max.
Ca++ ➔ Na+ 8% max.
Specific Gravity, moist Na+ Form 1.27
Total Exchange Capacity, Na+ form,
wet, volumetric 1.9 eq/l min.
dry, weight 4.5 eq/kg min.
Operating Temperature, Na+ Form 150ºC (300ºF) max.
pH Range, Stability, Na+ Form 0 - 14
pH Range Operating, Na+ Form 6 - 10

Page 1 of 6
 Standard Operating Conditions
(Co-current Softening of Water)
Operation Rate Solution Minutes Amount
Service 8 - 40 BV/h Influent water per design per design
1.0 - 5.0 gpm/ft3
Backwash Refer to Fig. 2 Influent water 5 - 20 1.5 - 4 BV
5º- 30ºC 10 - 20 gal/ft3
(40º - 80ºF)
Regeneration 2 - 7 BV/h 8 - 20% NaCl 15 - 60 60 - 320 g/l
0.25 - 0.90 gpm/ft3 4 -10 lb/ft3
Rinse, (slow) 2 - 7 BV/h Influent water 30 approx. 2 - 4 BV
0.25 - 0.90 gpm/ft3 15 - 30 gal/ft3
Rinse, (fast) 8 - 40 BV/h Influent water 30 approx. 3 - 10 BV
1.0 - 5.0 gpm/ft3 24 - 45 gal/ft3
Backwash Expansion 50% to 75%
Design Rising Space 100%
"Gallons" refer to U.S. Gallon = 3.785 liters

OPERATING PERFORMANCE

The operating performance of Purolite C-100E in the level of 70-80 kg salt per cubic meter (4.5 - 5 lb/ft3) of
sodium cycle depends on: resin. In ordinary domestic softening, residual hardness
at these comparatively low levels is not usually required,
a) The amount and concentration of regenerant used. and quite high flowrates are often in use with negligible
effect on the operating capacity. The most efficient use of
b) The total hardness of the water to be treated and regenerant can be achieved by using high concentrations
its sodium content. of salt, and giving adequate contact time; the subsequent
displacement of the spent regenerant from the bed should
c) The flowrate of the influent water through the bed. also be slow, but the final removal of excess salt should
be carried out at normal service flow rates.
Performance is usually assessed in terms of the residual
hardness in the treated water (traditionally expressed as Hardness leakage under the standard operating condi-
ppm of CaCO3, where 1 ppm CaCO3 corresponds to a tions is normally less than 1% of the total hardness of the
divalent cation concentration of 0.02 meq/l). In munici- influent water, and the operating capacities are not sig-
pal water softening, low regeneration levels and high nificantly affected unless the raw water contains more
efficiency of removal of the hardness is usually required, than about 25% of its exchangable cations as sodium (or
since acceptable water quality is usually obtained by a other univalent) ions.
split-stream operation in which a fully-softened stream is
blended with the raw water to give the final product. Both the operating capacity and the average leakage of
Under beverage manufacturing conditions, or in indus- hardness during the run may be calculated for a wide
trial use for food processing, a suitable treated water, range of conditions from the data given in Figs. 3
with less than 5 ppm of hardness, can be obtained with a through 6.

Page 2 of 6
 HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS

The pressure drop (headloss) across a properly classified ence of particulate matter filtered out by the bed, abnor-
bed of ion-exchange resin depends on the particle size mal compaction of the resin bed, or the incomplete clas-
distribution, bed depth, and void volume of the sification of the resin will have an adverse effect, and
exchanger; and on the flowrate and viscosity (and hence result in an increased headloss. Typical values of pres-
on the temperature) of the influent solution. Anything sure drop across a bed of Purolite C-100E are given for
affecting any of these parameters, for example the pres- a range of operating flow rates in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1 PRESSURE DROP VS FLOW RATE Fig. 2 BACKWASH EXPANSION

FLOW RATE, U.S. gpm/ft2 BACKWASH FLOW RATE, U.S. gpm/ft2

1.2 0 8 16 24 32 40 120 0 4 8 12 16 20
5

1°F)
PRESSURE DROP, kg/cm2/m of bed depth

F)
F)
PRESSURE DROP, psi/ft of bed depth

(68°
(50°
5°C (4
1.0 100

20°C
10°C

F)
77°
4

BED EXPANSION, Percent

C(
F)

25°
1°

0.8 80
(4
C
5°

3
F)
0°

0.6 60
(5
°C
10

2
0.4 40
)
°F
(68
°C
20 1
0.2 20
F)
(77°
25°C

0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 10 20 30 40 50
FLOW RATE, m/h FLOW RATE, m/h

During upflow backwash, the resin bed should be commenced gradually to avoid an initial surge with con-
expanded in volume by between 50 and 75%, in order to sequent carryover of resin particles. Bed expansion
free it from any particulate matter from the influent solu- increases with flow rate and decreases with temperature,
tion, to clear the bed of bubbles and voids, and to reclas- as shown in Fig. 2, above. Care should always be taken
sify the resin particles as much as possible, ensuring to avoid resin loss by accidental overexpansion of the
minimum resistance to flow. Backwash should be bed.

Conversion of Units
1 m/h (cubic meters per square meter per hour) = 0.341 gpm/ft2
= 0.409 U.S. gpm/ft2
1 kg/cm2/m (kilograms per square cm = 4.33 psi/ft
per meter of bed) = 1.03 atmos/m
= 10 ft H2O/ft

Page 3 of 6
 CHEMICAL AND THERMAL STABILITY

Purolite C-100E is insoluble in dilute or moderately extractable breakdown products. Like all conventional
concentrated acids, alkalies, and in all common solvents. polystyrene sulphonated resins, it is thermally stable to
However, exposure to significant amounts of free chlo- higher than 150°C (300°F) in the alkali (for instance,
rine, “hypochlorite” ions, or other strong oxidizing sodium) or alkaline earth (calcium and magnesium) salt
agents over long periods of time will eventually break forms. The free acid form tends to hydrolyse in water at
down the crosslinking. This will tend to increase the temperatures appreciably higher than 120°C (250°F)
moisture retention of the resin, decreasing its mechanical thereby losing capacity, as the functional groups are
strength, as well as generating small amounts of gradually replaced by hydroxyl groups.

OPERATING CAPACITY CALCULATION

If the regeneration level, influent water analysis, and capacity of the resin in the unit and the residual hardness
service flowrate are known, the capacity and leakage in the treated water. A specific example of the applica-
curves may be used directly to determine the operating tion of these curves is given below:

INFLUENT WATER

Cation analysis in: ppm CaCO3 meq/l gr/U.S. gal

Total hardness 400 8 23
Sodium (& univalents) 100 2 5.8
TDS (total dissolved solids) 500 10 28.8

TREATMENT

Regeneration with: 160 g/l [10 lb/ft3] of NaCl

Service Flowrate: 25 m/h [10 U.S. gpm/ft2]
Leakage endpoint: 5 ppm above permanent (kinetic) leakage figure.

CAPACITY is calculated as follows:

Fig. 3 ➔ Base Operating Capacity, CB, @ 160 g/l (10 lb/ft3) NaCl = 1.45 eq/1 (31.7 kgr/ft3)
Fig. 4 ➔ correction factor, C1 for 25 m/h & TDS 500 = 0.96
Hence calculated Operating Capacity, CB x C1 = 1.39 eq/1 (30.4 kgr/ft3).

After applying the conventional 90% "design factor" the value of 1.25 eq/1 may be quoted as a design
operating capacity. This corresponds to a figure of 27.3 kgr/ft3 (1.25 eq/1 x 21.85 kgr/ft3 per eq/l).

LEAKAGE is calculated as follows:

Fig. 5 ➔ Base Leakage @ 160 g/l NaCl [or 10 lb/ft3] = 2.3 ppm CaCO3
Fig. 6 ➔ correction factor, K1, for a TDS value of 500 = 1.1
Hence permanent (kinetic) leakage = 2.3 x 1.1 = 2.5 ppm CaCO3

NOTES:

i) The curves given are in fact based on an endpoint leakage of 5 ppm over and above the observed kinetic
leakage; operating capacities will differ somewhat if a different criterion is used.
ii) The curves given are applicable only to influent monovalent ion contents less than or equal to the hard-
ness content; if the water to be treated is atypical in this or other parameters, please contact your local
sales office for assistance.

Page 4 of 6
 PUROLITE C-100E
(SOFTENING)

Fig. 3 OPERATING CAPACITY, CB Fig. 4 EFFECT OF FLOW RATE & TDS

ON OPERATING CAPACITY
REGENERATION LEVEL NaCl, lb/ft3
FLOW RATE, U.S. gpm/ft2
0 5 10 15 20 25 0 10 20 30 40 50
1.8 1.0

TDS = 25
0
OPERATING CAPACITY, eq/l

0.95

OPERATING CAPACITY, Kgr/ft3

1.6 35

CORRECTION FACTOR, C1
1.4 0.9
30 TD
S
=5
00
1.2 0.85
25

TD
S
=
75
0
1.0 0.8

TD
20

S
=
10
00
0.8 0.75
0 80 160 240 320 400 0 25 50 75 100 125

REGENERATION LEVEL, NaCl, g/l FLOW RATE, m/h

Fig. 5 HARDNESS LEAKAGE Fig. 6 CORRECTION FOR TDS

REGENERATION LEVEL NaCl, lb/ft3 TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS, gr/gal

0 5 10 15 20 25 0 30 60 90 120 150
10 10
CORRECTION FACTOR, K1

8 8
LEAKAGE, ppm as CaCO3

6 6

4 4

2 2

0 0
0 80 160 240 320 400 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
REGENERATION LEVEL, NaCl, g/l TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS, ppm

Page 5 of 6
 ®

WORLDWIDE OFFICES
USA: [Link]
ION EXCHANGE RESINS International: [Link]

U.S.A. EGYPT ST. PETERSBURG

The Purolite Company Purolite International Middle East Purolite International Limited
150 Monument Road Cairo Liaison Office 12 Building A Tambovskaya St.
Bala Cynwyd, PA 19004 12 Obour Gardens St. Petersburg
Phone: (1) 610-668-9090 Fifth Floor, App. No. 55 192007 Russian Federation
Toll Free: 800-343-1500 Salah Salem Street Phone: (7) 812-327-8530
Telefax: (1) 610-668-8139 Nasr City, Cairo Telefax: (7) 812-327-9079
Email: sales@[Link] Phone: (20) 2-4021477
Telefax: (20) 2-4021478 KAZAKHSTAN
Purolite RH Limited
TEXAS
ITALY Office 205
The Purolite Company
Purolite International S.r.l. 240 Dostyk AV.
1700 West Loop South
Viale Coni Zugna 29 Almaty 480051
Suite 740 Phone: (7) 3272-641-234
Houston, TX 77027 20144 Milan
Telefax: (7) 3272-641-234
Toll Free: 800-562-6488 Phone: (39) 02-481-8145
Telefax: (1) 713-627-7890 Telefax: (39) 02-4801-2359
SINGAPORE
Purolite International (Singapore)
CANADA ROMANIA
PTE Limited
The Purolite Company Purolite Romania 32-04 The Concourse
625 Wabanaki Drive International Business Center Modern 300 Beach Road, 199555
Unit #2 B-dul Carol I No. 34-36 Phone: (65) 297-0889
Kitchener, Ontario N2C 2G3 5th Floor 297-1453
Bucharest, Sector 2 Telefax: (65) 297-1986
Toll Free: 800-461 -1500
Phone: (40) 1-250-5053/5028
or (1) 519-896-6674
Telefax: (40) 1-250-5999 CHINA
Telefax: (1) 519-896-6679
Head office
POLAND Purolite (China) Company, Ltd.
UNITED KINGDOM
Head Office Chengguan Town
Purolite International Limited
Radus Spolka z o.o. Deqing County
Kershaw House
ul Przebendowskich 33 Zhejiang Province 313200
Great West Road
81-543 Gdynia Phone: (86) 572-842-2908
Junction with Lampton Road
Phone/Fax (48) 58-6248118 Telefax: (86) 572-842-3954
Hounslow, TW5 OBU
Sales Phone: (44) 181 -570-4454 TAIWAN
GLIWICE
Telefax: (44) 181-572-7726 Purolite International
Radus Spolka z o.o.
ul Górnych Walów 25 16F-2, No. 191
European Marketing Fu-hsing N. Road,Taipei
44-100 Gliwice
Phone: (44) 181-577-1222 Phone: (886) 2-546-7078
Phone: (48) 32-315-931
Telefax (44) 181-577-1136 Telefax: (886) 2-546-7069
Telefax: (48) 32-315-931

GERMANY SLASK MEXICO

Purolite Deutschland GmbH Radus Spolka z o.o. Purolite International, S.A. De C.V.
Harkort Strasse 25 ul 3 Maja 3/33 World Trade Center
40880 Ratingen 32-600 Oswiecim Montecito 38, Piso 33,Oficina-19
Phone: (49) 2102-46033 Mexico D.F. 03810
Phone: (48) 33-425-603
Telefax: (49) 2102-443663 Phone: (52) 5-488-0904
Telefax: (48) 33-425-603
Telefax: (52) 5-488-0906
FRANCE CZECH & SLOVAK REPUBLICS
Purolite International SARL UKRAINE
Purolite International
34 Avenue Matignon Purolite International Limited
Nad Mazankou 17 2 Korolenko Street.
75008 Paris 182 00 Prague 8 Dnepropetrovsk 320070
Phone: (33) 1-4256-4563 Phone: (420) 2-688-1086 Phone: (38) 0562-320-065
Telex: 648856 Telefax: (420) 2-688-1086 0562-320-066
Telefax: (33) 1-4563-3826
Telefax: (38) 0562-320-067
RUSSIA
SPAIN Head Office KOREA
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Parc Tecnologic del Valles 10th Floor Dae Yeon Bldg., Suite 403
Centre Empreses Noves Tecnologies 36 Lyusinovskaya Street 943-30 Daechi-dong
08290 Cerdanyola del Valles (Barcelona) Moscow Kangnam-gu, Seoul
Phone: (34) 3-582-0266 Phone: (7) 095-564-8120 Phone: (82) 2-3453-7062/7063
Telefax: (34) 3-582-0268 Telefax: (7) 095-564-8121 Telefax: (82) 2-3453-7064

All suggestions and recommendations given above concerning the use of Purolite products are based on tests and data believed to be reliable. However, as Purolite cannot
control the use of its products by others, no guarantee is either expressed or implied by any such suggestion or recommendation by Purolite nor is any information contained
in this leaflet to be construed as a recommendation to infringe any patent currently valid.

C-100E/1299/SOP