2oloilr0 AIT Aingle M bdulitron el Angle Modulation :- » His depined os modulation procers in which angle of the Canier ¢ignal is vaatying inactordance wrth Ampli bu- -de oF modula trng fig nal. x Vavtatton in the angle of Gomcer Can be obtarneel by - changing the frcquenty On Phede Phase Hence the Angle modulation Can Ue classified “nto two types o Farquinty modulabion uti Phase modulahion SS Prequeniy Modulator 1 In freguancy modulation the Canter freqpeney “ linearly Vannytng voith ample tude of mecage banal. db Phase Modulation In phase modula tion’ the Phase, Of Cerrien i Uncaily Vostied poith amphtude of message &q nal. x det us bontide a Corin fanel) Cli) = Me Coot fett p) when’ t=0 & Pro then clt) fe gun by Cty) 2 Ac When pele the ect) =- Ac Cle) Scanned with CamScanner@ The phase deviation wm a phase modulation Can te | © Aepsesenrtecl — Gs Ce bene 4. b- 4 Ave Gace — be Ae = 2p b+ 29%. + Aos & Fag vuney Modulation :- Sn fm dhe’ vartation of Cornied freqenyy is directly Proportional fo /nstanfanros ampl'tide of modula signal whe Ar & ML OF ky Met) Sn” fm moclul alton angle Oocy E equal to Bar fantige vat ules fp Aepsints fer pAF Cor yshai Soo ie O19 Fane Re PAP aslobae aereP Oke CS feilFerAP) Cede Frequency deviation %f Fm MModulatect Sg nok ; facquenyy dewlabion “Ap = - Cat - 0,t va font, dede fen Cher AF)E det. whne Ocp Qe " Scanned with CamScanner; ro | Ocit © fen (ect tg mat: dt ~ ; f. Oct = et | Oct = 2a Fe & tombe if med & = - AO = aft ane {acer dt —r9%feb Aoe rn ky fme-ctt Single fone Phase dijjuun akon Methed ne Fn Signal which i6 tet ces Consider a Single fo acpacsenfec! as met) (Act) = Am coset fn E DF z ky mtb \4.— 2 / whe OF = Fy Aratosr tft ae The time domain description of @ Fingle bone fm Kgnol Con Le acprcsen ted as att) = Ae cosh. nde + Kymco) ate 2) Pc tos (Beit) att) = Ae C08 ( -t4et + rary f mene) aU 2 Ae (eoeG-a-et sea Ky Am { cos? fad | cA tos (2 T4et + rah ky Am x inane MODS AC cos Come + Am Gina alent] FB ey Am = Frgay a Ti isdibabiol inden of Fn Agnal i PR od Be Fran Fim Scanned with CamScanner, 1 SL Peel , ™ then, il aeptesents Narrow Band For yong 4 Boz], then, if Acpausen’s woide Band fim Signal: Tre phase clew'ation of an ic directly Proportional fo futantanconr ampl'tude of modulating &ignal D gh & met) Ade Kpmee) The Single fore Pw Modulated Hqnal can Le Conbrole red by a time domain descrip fon of preese, Pay Signal whew 14) = Ac cos (2M ct +kp MC J MCE 2 Am bos 2THm F ney 2 Ae bes [rT fee 4 ep And dis 2 fet] Phe kp Are ne = Ae Gs (ot fet + p, cartrat J ; whine Bp mPrents modulation!) Index of Pon Signak, [+ Digpeunce — belwech phase modillatiols & frequiny modulation ; 1 3 —* t i \ phase modulation . _ peqnenty moolu lation D The phase ‘og dhe comtear 1) The, puquen eg Of the Comer vasriecl inattordance vith 'S varited tm actordance instantaneous ampk bude with \instantancous anplidude of, message Signals of pnetsage fg nal. md Scanned with CamScanner —Beets ett Seo a | 1) Te phase cevtahion lanhe %) The fuquenuy deviatrow supruea ted os Ag = kp mw AF = tyme 5) Tre fp demas deeenp her 2) Te time domain descnphion of Pra Signa KC) = is oy Fm signal e ade Ae Cola Met +Bpcos-MmD xe) 2 Aces mfel +f Hint fut) Frequency Modulation frequency modulation ¢e classified info two typu D Narrow band Fm Knol ) pltde Band Em Signal 1) Naxow Banal Fm signal i To obtain the time domain desenption of arrow band fon signal whet ad consda oo Anusoidal Fm fyral *O 9 act) = Ac cote adel + By SinrTfmt) | wt) = Ae [cs omfet ca (Bp Sin Maat) ~ Sin aTet n(A nm] 2, esCATB) = Lash CSB Sind KN® ince Nlamow Band Frm Kanal . Snatfme 20 i Pe c Ae [ Cosme fee — Sina THet dost Gino tf} cb) = Ac cso Tc ' [sng-e ine, Py Sin 2 That 2° ip 9 eaatl) Cosy aina tifa t) =| 8 Sin (By ben aT &) me Pp Sina Tifa Scanned with CamScannerMt) = Ac{ess 2Tfrb = sino-tHfct (By cinotfent) } WY 2 Ac tse Tefet Ac By Sin > TW frat Sinem fet J = (os Wet-Ac By (ces 27 (fro-de) t — Cos 27 Uoatted] ‘2. (5a Sind GinB = CosCA-B) - cescate) | XE) = Ac 27 fb ~ He By (is om fe-fen) b= (eso (fertte) tJ In | Consists! of 3 Spectral Components . Tre first) form tepruenk unmodulated Cautes Signal the abou equation tne nlamow Land Fm Signal Ae cosonfcb.’ * Tie Second term Aepatients dower fide ban Rhy Tre third term upruents upp Side Land fet fon « “The Spee ritien ep Namow bane Lon Signal. tun Le Upuntid as Caleulat” of total Powe oP A) narrow Pe = Pet Poca thse Band fm fgral 4 2 B “F & Ve NOES AR BE pet 2 ay se: “tt a) Scanned with CamScanner| an er tea) a Tat Nao baud in terms of Band . ue Band width Tre Lem in Naa phose fro signal is winiilar to Am fgnal width & Power Legurat ment Namow band Fra erg nal ow band Fm & Am We (60 out of ts 2 Fm 0 peo talicle Band Fm Signal . fox dhe Land + Tne theort tical for & wide Bw = 2” whe . The band width by using Corsor - According to the Thre pore the bi Land (Can Fm signal Py yz value Ff fand width of Fre signal be acprosen ted as At f a i) arpausen 6 no of Se bands of the Era Can be approvimated ys agprekimation tion RR =P tl fartons appr™ rma anol width (an be seproented on anh wie Dart Fm) band NO TEs #° For a) Namwow bi wll Can Le x eek wide Dand “Fo OAR SI then and Fm Signal AF 41 then Aeplosented os tem hand width pM taf pe ‘ nepaesen tech as 2 AF Scanned with CamScannerRela tion bekoeen Phase § Facquenty modulation : 7 dy yeuntiale’ (210, Modulalect odulatry op Te impuct signal Mi) is applied bo hue integrator Tre catput of the integrator is a integrated outpul tolucch is applied fo\ the phate modulator - Tee phase moduletoy Pioducee a cles perentval olp - Finally the dyprentia tor & integrator they Cancel each othr which produces a frequency modulated output a Pm Signal é t _Antegrated ne Pipetite | 01? phase Di > modulated os er _ . cl) ire taput Signal pact) fe appliect toca Divtteren tra tor ine output 3) the Piliden baton’ fa, Diffecentia tea olp whith is applied: A vie) ES. ‘Modul ation. The Passe moclula hor i pivduses, co -integrated ofp Finally ther dippesen bia for & integyater they get. Sante! ach .

ondary pequny f+ $h 7 The bottom Secondary Th is tuned to the frequeney F,- SF Scanned with CamScanner4 - Ine Secondary duned ChE ase. Connectecl to the Re Load 7 when the hyp frequiny Fo then the yoltage applied to the two diodes are fdentical ie, [m= Mal then the output voltage 7 Atian tnstantaneous frrguany Fe is tunel se ve Ftde . fim fmquenig ab d, will be large Compare to -frtguinuy at b, fe, Vor > Vor — bthen’ the fretantaneous frequiney is tuned to the Fe- SF then Voltage at Dp, wlll be mote Compare. to voltage at D ie, Vor > My Cross di, FM detection by uding Zero Gaute Micthod + —— — ce ere | | \ [deere ay LPE Detector | BPR ey ee LLL egaet LLU | | . Scanned with CamScannerx deb ws Conde & Pm fignal whtch % applied te the Jere Cross detector. Fy Tre Sen cris detector which tH Wed as frequency Counter measures the instantanious frequency Avy the no of ZAo CAroseng ¥ Tre Jer Cross detector output is applied to the pulse generator. Tar pulse gerrator ofp repacsents the Jerr Chosring ports with a pulse es Y Tre rate Of Ferm Crserng incicats 'utantaneous = “theguanay, sehe fee ot a4 pat.” » + 4 The Zero cross clelector depends on the following . ct ¢ be less pee must Highat rig Aig fey wo pee! 7 Highest msg nig fq 4 yy tobe ter than —! Hav VN Bn tMe m : Canin Fig fey ove 9 Ty > ak ‘ . Corie fig Prey’ Scanned with CamScanner P23RR _y Tu ofp of the putse gene ator is applied to ae dow pass rite. Tre how pars filter Aumoues Unwanted bignal ¥ Therefore, the o/p of the dow pass filter ts appired en the Clamp whith fe used fo Ape ae Up mewage Kgnat level lor) modulat ing signal evel: Trdtwet method op Po demodulator s- Phase docked loop +-(PLL) : Y debug Nee 44) 7 [Link]\lotted Loop ts a megatine FB” Seton 7 The PLL rs uted 4 tratk the phase G freguericg ' of the -Camtar Component of an Fncboming | fegned. The PLL Consists of the Vol toys ton tiv lled Oscillator (vee), : “phase de bet bor ory ymutesplce tow po \ filler: vor doop, fith 9) + Tw farquenty of Veo Can Le contrlled by external Voltage |.\ Se A) dae ad * The mulleplder ie” applied with modilated ve nol os one input 4 fe ip! 4 vo as Scanned with CamScannereae At f cad ; ae 4. j ano thes impact _y The phase detector produc the frum of fhe fo ip frrquenie dipper wy 2 ap ficquancees pile output produce a lowe Puqueney —7 fre lew paw output eignal ~7 The PLL Consus ts of v Free Aunning aange ” tap ture Aange “ lock hange Jy Face running Range: * obtained at dhe ofp ; tocthout any change in the Veo i, Caphur,, kange = when Sane! frput gnal is vamgring si witr a feedback the voltage cn the Veo Is Vaud ‘Yben the output obtar nel te nearer bo the ong'nal Tren this te Enown a+ Capbute - talhen the input aiqgnal ts without ang feed batic’ or |) * message Signet . Pange | Apter the taphure Aange the i/p hignal % the demon ~ dutatid Signal ore with Same phase whith Caw he pbtoine by vanying the veo which vs known Kock Aange ] Scanned with CamScannerPae-Emp haste & De- Erp haa t- Pee Em phaser ~The astigiccal boasting Of dhe ampli tude devel of Lhe high Frequency Component present fr moclulating freq uenty is known os pre-lmphawe ~- > = =o % Generally the pre- Emphanis process fs used, in the Fin dranimai tee ‘ \ 3\-5 Jo re + Tre Pree Emphamerts Cased prior’ to the fm moolula tor L# Phe- Emphasis “fer a high pass filter whe th ts ‘Wk to tmerease the ampli tuck, level of ‘de modula t & Joi g qral. 3 8 ans De-€mphasis t- "Witte st Agra), Jad Scanned with CamScannerMw a py The Der Emphatic process ts done Apter the fm modlu- ~ lation —7 The De- Emphatic ts a low pass filler which fe useet te keduce the Amplituwle OF Mmoming Hyna. —> The octput Can Le pr Acparsentecl O4 the orginal Modulating Bigral ~ Spectrabe Analy ss of Sinu Sytdal Fu &gnat using Besgel funckton t- : sg nal —» det vs onda a segle fone Em S97 act) 2 re(tose fe + ¥ P. gen? That cei) 9 -Je Cos = eee on) be jeentect ag pein? Mm 7 mut) = fe+ ve le a Sottfee | J Sine Jaraget : J Tren \ att) 2 Ae Re [ e ion ith a Nee ‘em dul is & periodic fanetio ~y —r when in c ce Tr ol parr . a ; wilh 4 J Lioalicc functror jp sine tml ts covap le parsodlic fame by a4 hich COM Le Aepres nanan “i Sefer where FUP Complen exponen tial Foust is ger Ly an vat pe 2 Fee, —7O Scanned with CamScannerTre Gy Can Le Reptesent ar a Cot foecten€ valug : which fs Used — to Acpsesent complex Exponentra ( fourter Sewey ott 7 , ake whe & “=f beat FI — bee When ge pe | = Gn Sppeenitok ny oS n\ cine oe | det ¢ To. yes 9 : me We FT pletion ont) oh in Yeah e .d ch Scanned with CamScanner@ ae a » p 2ULE S inp ehwme UO > Ac ee ( ja El & i) pe jnvont at)? Pe Re By gre = je ee J were jrafet jovsut HE) Ss fe Re ( & in’ (é uf oe )| - yee hao . 2 sofet Owe ).. ws ee Of [ao Aen ckatine tee) 2 Jenfee joann | mt = De. pe Re Tres) e oe 7 O78 Cuolinp [a= te Ee np ; ee sh) o jon Clot bot) Ut) = Ac a Re c. jn: wu Ae. Ze Posinp Het fr # Neo Aes ‘ . . $ignok so Saulhe aboue equation the, Anu foi det fo a bide Consists Of a Canter Component g pen ngrsi Bands F > Scanned with CamScannerF The theoa’ tical Band fwoidth of Angele Modulaka £ Casiter Agual fs infinity. By any the Carsong Approximation. the Bw anf be Aeprucnted as Bus 2n Fm tebe Comparision Of. Am G far — Aen on The Amplitude of the |. ca ono patel! oj the Comien Bignal ts varted Cater. Wgnal ts varied fn fn actordance yoth ampli Aterdance with ampli bud « ie oF meédula ting og message Ag nal C rrodaula bing ge Signal) ». Tne yrange of Am Agnal Ute bes ma range ofl Pina. Signet + 6a, bo isos KHY er) Mos thy 8AM Fignal is used for 2 Pe Signal 88 © lod MHg ts used for Short long distance communiatdon | distance Comnunatation: 4 Am Signal ts more eff- i FM Bgnal és lews effected - ected by Notse | by nlotse 5 The Sound qualéty im AM |5- Tre Sounel queliby én a a ae eu is Bette Ol Vehs192 sua asic b, Bandkooidlth, 50f., Ai arg nal 6 aS Bis by OF ap tithe Gum 3 oy my twice the modulating Sghal! Mop. He” frequency (highest) 4 BW SIEM highest modalorting | (Fignal PAqueney 8 [s44., deviation BW © 20 DF +O) Scanned with CamScannerPou a : 7 ra mitsage’ gnal 1S Tt The Tmemage Signal is. operated operatct at ISHS cotth | at ItHp wrth Bu Fas Bows 30Hy | pos 2C4T+ts) ; gw = (80 y Tre modulation (mden Of Bi Modulation fnden of Fre PM ey pete | is Fr py OD Mel G The demodulation o b q: The dento dulation of Fm AM Gignal is very Girl Bignal is digecaclt a The tinre ‘domain acprusent- 10. The me domain Aepresent- ~Ation ic -ahon is t , bu) = Ae (te ka Net cosrnfet) seo) 2 he Cos Gomfet tT Hf“ Scanned with CamScanner