Nigeria

Nigeria,[a] officially the Federal Republic of

Federal Republic of Nigeria
Nigeria, is a country in West Africa.[9] It is situated
between the Sahel to the north and the Gulf of Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya (Hausa)
Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean to the south. It covers Ọ̀hàńjíkọ̀ Ọ̀hànézè Naìjíríyà (Igbo)
an area of 923,769 square kilometres Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìniira Àpapọ̀ Nàìjíríà (Yoruba)
(356,669 sq mi). With a population of more than 230
million, it is the most populous country in Africa,
and the world's sixth-most populous country.
Nigeria borders Niger in the north, Chad in the
northeast, Cameroon in the east, and Benin in the Flag Coat of arms
west. Nigeria is a federal republic comprising 36
Motto: "Unity and Faith, Peace and Progress"
states and the Federal Capital Territory, where its
capital, Abuja, is located. The largest city in Nigeria Anthem: "Nigeria, We Hail Thee"
by population is Lagos, one of the largest
0:25
metropolitan areas in the world and the largest in
Africa.

Nigeria has been home to several indigenous

material cultures, pre-colonial states and kingdoms
since the second millennium BC. The Nok culture,
c. 1500 BC, marks one of the earliest known
civilizations in the region.[10] The Hausa Kingdoms
inhabited the north, with the Edo Kingdom of Benin
in the south and Igbo Kingdom of Nri in the
southeast. In the southwest, the Yoruba Ife Empire
was succeeded by the Oyo Empire. The present day
territory of Nigeria was home to a vast array of city-
states.[11]: 136 In the early 19th century the Fula
Show globe
jihads culminated in the Sokoto Caliphate. The
Show map of Africa
modern state originated with British colonialization
Show all
in the 19th century, taking its present territorial
shape with the merging of the Southern Nigeria Capital Abuja
9°4′N 7°29′E
Protectorate and the Northern Nigeria Protectorate
Largest city Lagos
in 1914. The British set up administrative and legal
structures and incorporated traditional monarchs Official languages English
as a form of indirect rule.[12] Nigeria became a National languages Hausa · Igbo ·
formally independent federation on 1 October 1960. Yoruba
It experienced a civil war from 1967 to 1970,
Regional languages[1] Over 525
languages[2]
followed by a succession of military dictatorships Ethnic groups 30% Hausa
and democratically elected civilian governments (2018) [3]
15.5% Yoruba
until achieving a stable government in the 1999 15.2% Igbo
Nigerian presidential election. 6% Fulani
2.4% Tiv
Nigeria is a multinational state inhabited by more
2.4% Kanuri
than 250 ethnic groups speaking 500 distinct 1.8% Ibibio
languages, all identifying with a wide variety of 1.8% Ijaw
cultures.[13][14][15] The three largest ethnic groups 19.9% other
are the Hausa in the north, Yoruba in the west, and
Igbo in the east, together constituting over 60% of Demonym(s) Nigerian

the total population.[16] The official language is Government Federal presidential

English, chosen to facilitate linguistic unity at the republic
national level.[17] Nigeria's constitution ensures de • President Bola Tinubu
jure freedom of religion,[18] and it is home to some • Vice President Kashim Shettima
of the world's largest Muslim and Christian • Senate President Godswill Akpabio
populations.[19] Nigeria is divided roughly in half • House Speaker Tajudeen Abbas
between Muslims, who live mostly in the north part • Chief Justice Kudirat Kekere-Ekun

of the country, and Christians, who live mostly in Legislature National Assembly
the south; indigenous religions, such as those native • Upper house Senate
to the Igbo and Yoruba ethnicities, are in the • Lower house House of
minority.[20] Representatives

Independence from the United Kingdom

Nigeria is a regional power in Africa and a middle
• Northern Nigeria 1 January 1900
power in international affairs. Nigeria's economy is Protectorate
the fourth-largest in Africa, the 53rd-largest in the • Southern Nigeria 1 January 1900
world by nominal GDP, and 27th-largest by PPP. Protectorate
Nigeria is often referred to as the Giant of Africa by • Unification of 1 January 1914
Nigeria
its citizens due to its large population and
• Declared 1 October 1960
economy,[21] and is considered to be an emerging
independent as a
market by the World Bank. Nigeria is a founding sovereign state
member of the African Union and a member of • Became a republic 1 October 1963
many international organizations, including the • Current constitution 29 May 1999
United Nations, the Commonwealth of Nations, Area
NAM,[22] the Economic Community of West African • Total 923,769 km2
States, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and (356,669 sq mi)
OPEC. It is also a member of the informal MINT (31st)
group of countries and is one of the Next Eleven • Water (%) 1.4

economies. Population
• 2023 estimate 236,747,130[4]
(6th)
Etymology • Density 249.8/km2
(647.0/sq mi) (42nd)
The name Nigeria derives from the Niger River GDP (PPP) 2024 estimate
running through the country. This name was coined • Total $1.443 trillion[5]
on 8 January 1897, by the British journalist Flora (27th)
Shaw. The neighboring Republic of Niger takes its • Per capita $6,340[5] (142nd)
name from the same river. The origin of the name GDP (nominal) 2024 estimate
Niger, which originally applied to only the middle • Total $252.738 billion[5]
reaches of the Niger River, is uncertain. The word is (53rd)
likely an alteration of the Tuareg name egerew n- • Per capita $1,110[5] (167th)
igerewen used by inhabitants along the middle
Gini (2020) 35.1[6]
reaches of the river around Timbuktu before 19th-
medium inequality
century European colonialism.[23][24] Before Flora
Shaw suggested the name Nigeria, other proposed HDI (2023) 0.560[7]
names included Royal Niger Company Territories, medium (164th)

Central Sudan, Niger Empire, Niger Sudan, and Currency Naira (₦) (NGN)
Hausa Territories.[25]
Time zone UTC+01:00 (WAT)

Date format dd/mm/yyyy

History Calling code +234

ISO 3166 code NG

Prehistory Internet TLD .ng

Kainji Dam excavations showed ironworking by the

2nd century BC. The transition from Neolithic times to the Iron Age was accomplished without
intermediate bronze production. Some have suggested the technology moved west from the
Nile Valley. But the Iron Age in the Niger River valley and the forest region appears to predate
the introduction of metallurgy in the upper savanna by more than 800 years, as well as
predating it in the Nile Valley. More recent research suggests that iron metallurgy was
developed independently in Africa.[26][27][28][29]

The Nok civilization thrived between 1,500 BC and AD 200. It produced life-sized terracotta
figures that are some of the earliest known sculptures in Africa[30][31][32][33][34] and smelted
iron by about 550 BC and possibly a few centuries earlier.[26][27][28] Evidence of iron smelting
has also been excavated at sites in the Nsukka region of southeast Nigeria: dating to 2000 BC at
the site of Lejja[35] and to 750 BC at the site of Opi.

Early history
The Kano Chronicle highlights an ancient history dating to around 999 AD of the Hausa
Sahelian city-state of Kano, with other major Hausa cities (or Hausa Bakwai) of Daura,
Hadeija, Kano, Katsina, Zazzau, Rano, and Gobir all having recorded histories dating back to
the 10th century. With the spread of Islam from the 7th century AD, the area became known
as Sudan or as Bilad Al Sudan (English: Land of the Blacks). Since the populations were
partially affiliated with the Arab Muslim culture of North Africa, they began trans-Saharan
trade and were referred to by the Arabic speakers as Al-Sudan (meaning "The Blacks") as they
were considered an extended part of the Muslim world. There are early historical references
by medieval Arab and Muslim historians and geographers which refer to the Kanem–Bornu
Empire as the region's major centre for Islamic civilization.
The Kingdom of Nri of the Igbo people consolidated in the
10th century and continued until it lost its sovereignty to
the British in 1911.[36][37] Nri was ruled by the Eze Nri,
and the city of Nri is considered to be the foundation of
Igbo culture. Nri and Aguleri, where the Igbo creation
myth originates, are in the territory of the Umeuri clan.
Members of the clan trace their lineages back to the
patriarchal king-figure Eri.[38] In West Africa, the oldest
bronzes made using the lost wax process were from Igbo-
Ukwu, a city under Nri influence.[36]

The Yoruba kingdoms of Ife and Oyo in southwestern

Nigeria became prominent in the 12th[39][40] and 14th[41]
centuries, respectively. The oldest signs of human
settlement at Ife's current site date back to the 9th
century,[39] and its material culture includes terracotta
and bronze figures.

Pre-colonial era Nok sculpture, terracotta

In the 16th century, Portuguese explorers were the first

Europeans to begin important, direct trade with the
peoples of southern Nigeria, at the port they named
Lagos (formerly Eko) and in Calabar along the region
Slave Coast. Europeans traded goods with peoples at the
coast; coastal trade with Europeans also marked the
beginnings of the Atlantic slave trade.[42] The port of
Calabar on the historical Bight of Biafra (now commonly
referred to as the Bight of Bonny) became one of the
largest slave-trading posts in West Africa in this era.
Other major slaving ports were located in Badagry, Lagos
on the Bight of Benin, and Bonny Island on the Bight of
Biafra.[42][43] The majority of those taken to these ports
were captured in raids and wars.[44] Usually, the captives
were taken back to the conquerors' territory as forced
labour; they were sometimes gradually acculturated and
absorbed into the conquerors' society. Slave routes were
established throughout Nigeria linking the hinterland Royal Benin ivory mask, one of Nigeria's
areas with the major coastal ports. Some of the more most recognized artifacts. Benin Empire,
prolific slave-trading kingdoms who participated in the 16th century.
Atlantic slave trade were linked with the Edo's Benin
Empire in the south, Oyo Empire in the southwest, and
the Aro Confederacy in the southeast.[42][43] Benin's power lasted between the 15th and 19th
centuries.[45] Oyo, at its territorial zenith in the late 17th to early 18th centuries, extended its
influence from western Nigeria to modern-day Togo.
In the north, the incessant fighting amongst the Hausa
city-states and the decline of the Bornu Empire allowed
the Fulani people to gain headway into the region. Until
this point, the Fulani, a nomadic ethnic group, primarily
traversed the semi-desert Sahelian region north of Sudan
with cattle and avoided trade and intermingling with the
Sudanic peoples. At the beginning of the 19th century,
Usman dan Fodio led a successful jihad against the Hausa
Kingdoms, founding the centralised Sokoto Caliphate.
This empire, with Arabic as its official language, grew
Depiction of Benin City by a Dutch
rapidly under his rule and that of his descendants, who
illustrator in 1668. The wall-like structure
sent out invading armies in every direction. The vast
in the centre probably represents the
landlocked empire connected the east with the western walls of Benin, housing the Benin bronze
Sudan region and made inroads down south conquering decorated historic Benin City Palace.
parts of the Oyo Empire (modern-day Kwara), and
advanced towards the Yoruba heartland of Ibadan, to
reach the Atlantic Ocean. The territory controlled by the empire included much of modern-
day northern and central Nigeria. The sultan sent out emirs to establish suzerainty over the
conquered territories and promote Islamic civilization; the emirs in turn became increasingly
rich and powerful through trade and slavery. By the 1890s, the largest slave population in the
world, about two million, was concentrated in the territories of the Sokoto Caliphate. The use
of slave labour was extensive, especially in agriculture.[46] By the time of its break-up in 1903
into various European colonies, the Sokoto Caliphate was one of the largest pre-colonial
African states.[47]

A changing legal imperative (the outlawing of the Atlantic slave trade in 1807) and economic
imperative (a desire for political and social stability) led most European powers to support the
widespread cultivation of agricultural products, such as the palm, for use in European
industry. The slave trade continued after the ban, as illegal smugglers purchased slaves along
the coast from native slavers. Britain's West Africa Squadron sought to intercept the smugglers
at sea. The rescued slaves were taken to Freetown, a colony in West Africa originally
established by Lieutenant John Clarkson for the resettlement of slaves freed by Britain in
North America after the American Revolutionary War.

British colonization
Britain intervened in the Lagos kingship power struggle by bombarding Lagos in 1851,
deposing the slave-trade-friendly Oba Kosoko, helping to install the amenable Oba Akitoye and
signing the Treaty between Great Britain and Lagos on 1 January 1852. Britain annexed Lagos
as a crown colony in August 1861 with the Lagos Treaty of Cession. British missionaries
expanded their operations and travelled further inland. In 1864, Samuel Ajayi Crowther
became the first African bishop of the Anglican Church.[48]

In 1885, British claims to a West African sphere of influence received recognition from other
European nations at the Berlin Conference. The following year, it chartered the Royal Niger
Company under the leadership of Sir George Taubman Goldie. By the late 19th and early 20th
centuries, the company had vastly succeeded in subjugating the
independent southern kingdoms along the Niger River, the British
conquered Benin in 1897, and, in the Anglo-Aro War (1901–1902),
defeated other opponents. The defeat of these states opened up the
Niger area to British rule. In 1900, the company's territory came under Flag of the Lagos
the direct control of the British government and established the Colony
Southern Nigeria Protectorate as a British protectorate and part of the
British Empire.

By 1902, the British had begun plans to move north into the
Sokoto Caliphate. British General Lord Frederick Lugard was
tasked by the Colonial Office to implement the agenda. Lugard
used rivalries between many of the emirs in the southern reach
of the caliphate and the central Sokoto administration to prevent
any defence as he worked towards the capital. As the British
approached the city of Sokoto, Sultan Muhammadu Attahiru I
organized a quick defence of the city and fought the advancing
British-led forces. The British force quickly won, sending Attahiru
I and thousands of followers on a Mahdist hijra. In the northeast,
the decline of the Bornu Empire gave rise to the British-
controlled Borno Emirate which established Abubakar Garbai of
Borno as ruler.
The Lord and Lady Lugard,
1908
In 1903, the British victory in the Battle of Kano gave them a
logistical edge in pacifying the heartland of the Sokoto
Caliphate and parts of the former Bornu Empire. On 13
March 1903, at the grand market square of Sokoto, the
last vizier of the caliphate officially conceded to British
rule. The British appointed Muhammadu Attahiru II as
the new caliph. Lugard abolished the caliphate but
retained the title sultan as a symbolic position in the
newly organized Northern Nigeria Protectorate. This
remnant became known as "Sokoto Sultanate Council". In
Emir of Kano with cavalry, 1911
June 1903, the British defeated the remaining northern
forces of Attahiru. By 1906, all resistance to British rule
had ended.

On 1 January 1914, the British formally united the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and the
Northern Nigeria Protectorate into the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria. Administratively,
Nigeria remained divided into the Northern and Southern Protectorates and Lagos Colony.
Inhabitants of the southern region sustained more interaction, economic and cultural, with
the British and other Europeans owing to the coastal economy.[49] Christian missions
established Western educational institutions in the protectorates. Under Britain's policy of
indirect rule and validation of Islamic legitimist tradition, the Crown did not encourage the
operation of Christian missions in the northern, Islamic part of the country.[50]
By the mid-20th century following World War II, a wave for independence was sweeping
across Africa, in response to the growth of Nigerian nationalism and demands for
independence, successive constitutions legislated by the British government moved Nigeria
toward self-government on a representative and increasingly federal basis. By the eve of
independence in 1960, regional differences in modern educational access were marked. The
legacy, though less pronounced, continues to the present day. The balance between north and
south was also expressed in Nigeria's political life. For instance, northern Nigeria did not
outlaw slavery until 1936 whilst in other parts of Nigeria, slavery was abolished soon after
colonialism.[51][43]

Independence and the Federal Republic

Nigeria gained a degree of self-rule in 1954, and full
independence from the United Kingdom on 1 October
1960, as the Federation of Nigeria with Abubakar Tafawa
Balewa as its Prime Minister, while retaining the British
monarch, Elizabeth II, as nominal head of state and
Queen of Nigeria. Nnamdi Azikiwe replaced the colonial
governor-general in November 1960. At independence, 1953 postage stamp with portrait of
the cultural and political differences were sharp among Queen Elizabeth II
Nigeria's dominant ethnic groups: the Hausa in the north,
Igbo in the east, and Yoruba in the west.[52] The
Westminster system of government was retained, and thus the
President's powers were generally ceremonial.[53] The parliamentary
system of government had Abubakar Tafawa Balewa as Prime
Minister and Nnamdi Azikiwe as the ceremonial president. The
founding government was a coalition of conservative parties: the
Northern People's Congress led by Sir Ahmadu Bello, a party
dominated by Muslim northerners, and the Igbo and Christian-
dominated National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons led by
Nnamdi Azikiwe. The opposition consisted of the comparatively
liberal Action Group, which was largely dominated by the Yoruba and
Nnamdi Azikiwe, first
led by Obafemi Awolowo. An imbalance was created in the polity as a
President of Nigeria
result of the 1961 plebiscite. Southern Cameroons opted to join the (1963–1966)
Republic of Cameroon while Northern Cameroons chose to join
Nigeria. The northern part of the country became larger than the
southern part.

Fall of the First Republic and Civil War

The disequilibrium and perceived corruption of the electoral and political process led to two
military coups in 1966. The first coup was in January 1966 and was led mostly by soldiers
under Majors Emmanuel Ifeajuna (of the Igbo tribe), Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu
(Northerner of Eastern extraction) and Adewale Ademoyega (a Yoruba from the West). The
coup plotters succeeded in assassinating Sir Ahmadu Bello and Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa
alongside prominent leaders of the Northern Region and Premier Samuel Akintola of the
Western Region, but the plotters struggled to form a central
government. Senate President Nwafor Orizu handed over government
control to the Army, under the command of another Igbo officer,
Major General[54] Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi. Later, the counter-coup of
1966, supported primarily by Northern military officers, facilitated
the rise of Yakubu Gowon as military head of state. Tension rose
between north and south; Igbos in northern cities suffered
persecution and many fled to the Eastern Region.[55]

In May 1967, Governor of the Eastern Region Lt. Colonel Emeka

Ojukwu declared the region independent from the federation as a
state called the Republic of Biafra, as a result of the continuous and Abubakar Tafawa
systematically planned attacks against Igbos and those of Eastern Balewa, Nigeria's first
extraction popularly known as 1966 pogroms. [56][57] This declaration Prime Minister during the
precipitated the Nigerian Civil War, which began as the official 1st Republic.

Nigerian government side attacked Biafra on 6 July 1967, at Garkem.

The 30-month war, with a long blockade of Biafra and its
isolation from trade and international relief, ended in
January 1970.[58] Estimates of the number of dead in the
former Eastern Region during the 30-month civil war
range from one to three million.[59] Britain and the Soviet
Union were the main military backers of the Nigerian
government, with Nigeria utilizing air support from
Egyptian pilots provided by Gamal Abdel Nasser,[60][61]
while France and Israel aided the Biafrans. The Congolese
government, under President Joseph-Désiré Mobutu, took
The Republic of Biafra in June 1967,
an early stand on the Biafran secession, voicing strong
when it declared its independence from
support for the Nigerian federal government[62] and
the rest of Nigeria
deploying thousands of troops to fight against the
secessionists.[63][64]

Following the war, Nigeria enjoyed an oil boom in the 1970s, during which the country joined
OPEC and received huge oil revenues. Despite these revenues, the military government did
little to improve the standard of living, help small and medium businesses, or invest in
infrastructure. As oil revenues fueled the rise of federal subsidies to states, the federal
government became the centre of political struggle and the threshold of power in the country.
As oil production and revenue rose, the Nigerian government became increasingly dependent
on oil revenues and international commodity markets for budgetary and economic
concerns.[65] The coup in July 1975, led by Generals Shehu Musa Yar'Adua and Joseph Garba,
ousted Gowon,[66] who fled to Britain.[67] The coup plotters wanted to replace Gowon's
autocratic rule with a triumvirate of three brigadier generals whose decisions could be vetoed
by a Supreme Military Council. For this triumvirate, they convinced General Murtala
Muhammed to become military head of state, with General Olusegun Obasanjo as his second-
in-command, and General Theophilus Danjuma as the third.[68] Together, the triumvirate
introduced austerity measures to stem inflation, established a Corrupt Practices Investigation
Bureau, replaced all military governors with new officers, and launched "Operation
Deadwood" through which they fired 11,000 officials from the civil service.[69]

Colonel Buka Suka Dimka launched a February 1976 coup attempt,[70] during which General
Murtala Muhammed was assassinated. Dimka lacked widespread support among the military,
and his coup failed, forcing him to flee.[71] After the coup attempt, General Olusegun Obasanjo
was appointed military head of state.[72] Obasanjo vowed to continue Murtala's policies.[73]
Aware of the danger of alienating northern Nigerians, Obasanjo brought General Shehu
Yar'Adua as his replacement and second-in-command as Chief of Staff, Supreme Headquarters
completing the military triumvirate, with Obasanjo as head of state and General Theophilus
Danjuma as Chief of Army Staff, the three went on to re-establish control over the military
regime and organized the military's transfer of power programme: states creation and
national delimitation, local government reforms and the constitutional drafting committee for
a new republic.[74]

Military dictatorship and Second Republic

The military carefully planned the return to civilian rule putting in place measures to ensure
that political parties had broader support than witnessed during the first republic. In 1979,
five political parties competed in a series of elections in which Alhaji Shehu Shagari of the
National Party of Nigeria (NPN) was elected president. All five parties won representation in
the National Assembly. On 1 October 1979, Shehu Shagari was sworn in as the first President
and Commander-in-Chief of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Obasanjo peacefully transferred
power to Shagari, becoming the first head of state in Nigerian history to willingly step down.

The Shagari government became viewed as corrupt by virtually

all sectors of Nigerian society. In 1983, the inspectors of the state-
owned Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation began to notice
"the slow poisoning of the waters of this country".[75] In August
1983, Shagari and the NPN were returned to power in a landslide
victory, with a majority of seats in the National Assembly and
control of 12 state governments. But the elections were marred
by violence, and allegations of widespread vote-rigging and
electoral malfeasance led to legal battles over the results. There
were also uncertainties, such as in the first republic, that political
leaders may be unable to govern properly.

The 1983 military coup d'état was coordinated by key officers of Shehu Shagari was the first
elected President of Nigeria
the Nigerian military and led to the overthrow of the government
from 1979 to 1983.
and the installation of Major General Muhammadu Buhari as
head of state. The military coup of Muhammadu Buhari shortly
after the regime's re-election in 1984 was generally viewed as a positive development.[76] In
1985, Ibrahim Babangida overthrew Buhari in a coup d'état. In 1986, Babangida established
the Nigerian Political Bureau which made recommendations for the transition to the Third
Nigerian Republic. In 1989, Babangida started making plans for the transition to the Third
Nigerian Republic. Babangida survived the 1990 Nigerian coup d'état attempt, then postponed
a promised return to democracy to 1992.[77]

12 June and the crisis of the Third Republic

Babangida legalized the formation of political parties and formed
the two-party system with the Social Democratic Party and
National Republican Convention ahead of the 1992 general
elections. He urged all Nigerians to join either of the parties,
which Chief Bola Ige referred to as "two leper hands". The 1993
presidential election held on 12 June was the first since the
military coup of 1983. The results, though not officially declared
by the National Electoral Commission, showed the duo of
Moshood Abiola and Baba Gana Kingibe of the Social Democratic
Party defeated Bashir Tofa and Sylvester Ugoh of the National
Republican Convention by over 2.3 million votes. However,
Babangida annulled the elections, leading to massive civilian
Abdulsalami Abubakar, military
protests that effectively shut down the country for weeks. In
ruler in 1998 saw the return to
August 1993, Babangida finally kept his promise to relinquish
democracy in 1999
power to a civilian government but not before appointing Ernest
Shonekan head of an interim national government.[78]
Babangida's regime has been considered the most corrupt and responsible for creating a
culture of corruption in Nigeria.[79]

Shonekan's interim government, the shortest in the political history of the country, was
overthrown in a coup d'état of 1993 led by General Sani Abacha, who used military force on a
wide scale to suppress the continuing civilian unrest. In 1995, the government hanged
environmentalist Ken Saro-Wiwa on trumped-up charges in the deaths of four Ogoni elders,
which caused Nigerian's suspension from the Commonwealth. Lawsuits under the American
Alien Tort Statute against Royal Dutch Shell and Brian Anderson, the head of Shell's Nigerian
operation, settled out of court with Shell continuing to deny liability.[80] Several hundred
million dollars in accounts traced to Abacha were discovered in 1999.[81] The regime came to
an end in 1998 when the dictator died in the villa. He looted money to offshore accounts in
Western European banks and defeated coup plots by arresting and bribing generals and
politicians. His successor, General Abdulsalami Abubakar, adopted a new constitution on 5
May 1999, which provided for multiparty elections.

Return to democracy (1999–present)

On 29 May 1999, Abubakar handed over power to the winner of the 1999 presidential election,
former military ruler General Olusegun Obasanjo, as President of Nigeria. Obasanjo had been
in prison under the dictatorship of Abacha. Obasanjo's inauguration heralded the beginning of
the Fourth Nigerian Republic,[82] ending a 39-year period of short-lived democracies, civil war
 and military dictatorship. Although the elections that brought
Obasanjo to power and allowed him to run for a second term in
the 2003 presidential elections were condemned as unfree and
unfair, Nigeria made significant progress in democratization
under Obasanjo.[83]

In the 2007 general elections, Umaru Yar'Adua of the People's

Democratic Party came to power. The international community,
which had observed the Nigerian elections to promote a free and
fair process, condemned these elections as seriously flawed.[84]
Yar'Adua died on 5 May 2010, and Vice President Goodluck
Jonathan had been sworn in by the Senate three months earlier
as acting president to succeed Yar'Adua.[85][86] Jonathan won the
Olusegun Obasanjo served as 2011 presidential election; the polls went smoothly and with
president of Nigeria from 1999 relatively little violence or electoral fraud.[87] Jonathan's tenure
to 2007.
saw an economic recovery that made Nigeria the leading
economic power in Africa.[88][89] The Jonathan administration
also saw an increase in unparalleled corruption, with as many as
20 billion US dollars said to have been lost to the Nigerian state through the national oil
company. Above all, however, Jonathan's tenure saw the emergence of a wave of terror by the
Boko Haram insurgency, such as the Gwoza massacre and Chibok schoolgirls kidnapping in
2014.[90]

Ahead of the general election of 2015, a merger of the biggest

opposition parties in Nigeria – the Action Congress of Nigeria, the
Congress for Progressive Change, the All Nigeria Peoples Party, a
faction of the All Progressives Grand Alliance and the new PDP (a
faction of serving governors of the ruling People's Democratic
Party) – formed the All Progressives Congress led by current
president Bola Ahmed Tinubu. At the time, it was the most
expensive election ever to be held on the African continent
(being surpassed only by the elections of 2019 and 2023). The
new mega-opposition party chose as their candidate for the
election former military dictator Muhammadu Buhari. Buhari's
campaign in 2015 was popular and built around his image as a
Chief Bola Tinubu is currently
staunch anti-corruption fighter—he won the election by over two
serving as President of Nigeria
million votes. Observers generally praised the election as being
since 29 May 2023.
fair.[91][92][93][94] The election marked the first time an incumbent
president had lost re-election in Nigeria. In the 2019 presidential
election, Buhari was re-elected.[95]

Four major candidates, amongst other less popular candidates, vied for the presidency in the
2023 presidential election. For the first time since the return of democracy, no former military
ruler ran for president, marking a strengthening of democracy and faith in the multiparty
constitution. The election also saw the rise of metonymic supporters of the new candidates,
the Obidient movement of Peter Obi, previously governor of Anambra State, widely appealed
to young, urban voters and has his core base in the Southeast;[96] and the Kwankwassiya of
Rabiu Kwankwaso, former governor of Kano State in the Northwest.[97]

Bola Tinubu, of the ruling party, won the disputed election with 36.61% of the vote,[98] but
both runners-up claimed victory and litigation is ongoing in an election tribunal.[99] Bola
Tinubu's inauguration was held on 29 May 2023.[100] Problems with widespread kidnapping in
Nigeria continued.[101] On 29 May 2024, Tinubu signed into law an act readopting Nigeria, We
Hail Thee, which was the country's national anthem from 1960 to 1978, as its national anthem,
replacing Arise, O Compatriots.

Geography
Nigeria is located in western Africa on the Gulf of Guinea
and has a total area of 923,768 km2 (356,669 sq mi),[102]
making it the world's 32nd-largest country. Its borders
span 4,047 kilometres (2,515 mi), and it shares borders
with Benin (773 km or 480 mi), Niger (1,497 km or
930 mi), Chad (87 km or 54 mi), and Cameroon (including
the separatist Ambazonia) 1,690 km or 1,050 mi. Its
coastline is at least 853 km (530 mi).[103] Nigeria lies
between latitudes 4° and 14°N, and longitudes 2° and
15°E. The highest point in Nigeria is Chappal Waddi at
2,419 m (7,936 ft). The main rivers are the Niger and the
Benue, which converge and empty into the Niger Delta. Topography of Nigeria
This is one of the world's largest river deltas and the
location of a large area of Central African mangroves.

Nigeria's most expansive topographical region is that of the valleys of the Niger and Benue
river valleys (which merge and form a Y-shape).[104] To the southwest of the Niger is a
"rugged" highland. To the southeast of the Benue are hills and mountains, which form the
Mambilla Plateau, the highest plateau in Nigeria. This plateau extends through the border
with Cameroon, where the montane land is part of the Bamenda Highlands of Cameroon.

The far south is defined by its tropical rainforest climate,

where annual rainfall is 1,500 to 2,000 millimetres (60 to
80 in) per year.[105] In the southeast stands the Obudu
Plateau. Coastal plains are found in both the southwest
and the southeast.[104] Mangrove swamps are found
along the coast.[106]

The area near the border with Cameroon close to the

coast is rich rainforest and part of the Cross-Sanaga-Bioko Climate map of Nigeria

coastal forests ecoregion, an important centre for

biodiversity. It is a habitat for the drill primate, which is
found in the wild only in this area and across the border in Cameroon. The areas surrounding
Calabar, Cross River State, also in this forest, are believed to contain the world's largest
diversity of butterflies. The area of southern Nigeria between the Niger and the Cross Rivers
has lost most of its forest because of development and harvesting by increased population and
has been replaced by grassland.

Everything in between the far south and the far north is savannah (insignificant tree cover,
with grasses and flowers located between trees). Rainfall is more limited to between 500 and
1,500 millimetres (20 and 60 in) per year.[105] The savannah zone's three categories are
Guinean forest-savanna mosaic, Sudan savannah, and Sahel savannah. Guinean forest-
savanna mosaic is plains of tall grass interrupted by trees. Sudan savannah is similar but with
shorter grasses and shorter trees. Sahel savannah consists of patches of grass and sand, found
in the northeast.[106]

Hydrology
Nigeria is divided into two main catchment areas – that
of Lake Chad and that of the Niger. The Niger catchment
area covers about 63% of the country. The main tributary
of the Niger is the Benue, whose tributaries extend
beyond Cameroon into Cameroon into Chad and the
Sharie catchment area. In the Sahel region, rain is less
than 500 millimetres (20 in) per year, and the Sahara
Desert is encroaching.[105] In the dry northeast corner of
the country lies Lake Chad, on a shared water boundary
delimitation with Niger, Chad and Cameroon.

The Chad Basin is fed from the north-eastern quarter of

Nigeria. The Bauchi Plateau forms the watershed
between the Niger/Benue and Komadugu Yobe river
Shrinking of Lake Chad in north-eastern
systems. The flat plains of north-eastern Nigeria are Nigeria, with the outline of the British
geographically part of the Chad Basin, where the course Isles for size comparison
of the El Beid River forms the border with Cameroon,
from the Mandara Mountains to Lake Chad. The
Komadugu Yobe river system gives rise to the internationally important Hadejia-Nguru
wetlands and Ox-bow lakes around Lake Nguru in the rainy season.[107][108] Other rivers of
the northeast include the Ngadda and the Yedseram, both of which flow through the Sambisa
swamps, thus forming a river system. The river system of the northeast is also a major river
system.[109] In addition, Nigeria has numerous coastal rivers.

Over the last million years, Lake Chad in the far north-east of Nigeria has dried up several
times for a few thousand years and just as often growing to many times its current size. In
recent decades its surface area has been reduced considerably, which may also be due to
humans taking water from the inlets to irrigate agricultural land.
Vegetation
Nigeria is covered by three types of vegetation: forests
(where there is significant tree cover), savannahs
(insignificant tree cover, with grasses and flowers located
between trees), and montane land (least common and
mainly found in the mountains near the Cameroon
border). Both the forest zone and the savannah zone are
divided into three parts.[110]

Some of the forest zone's most southerly portion, Photo of Lake Chad from Apollo 7, 1968
especially around the Niger River and Cross River deltas,
is mangrove swamp. North of this is a freshwater swamp,
containing different vegetation from the saltwater mangrove swamps, and north of that is a
rainforest.[110]

The savannah zone's three categories are divided into Guinean forest-savanna mosaic, made
up of plains of tall grass which are interrupted by trees, the most common across the country;
Sudan savannah, with short grasses and short trees; and Sahel savannah patches of grass and
sand, found in the northeast.[110]

Environmental issues
Waste management including sewage treatment, the
linked processes of deforestation and soil degradation,
and climate change are the major environmental
problems in Nigeria.

Climate change The Mambilla Plateau in the North-

Eastern region of Nigeria
Climate Change in Nigeria has caused increasing
temperatures and rainfall variability (increasing in
coastal areas and declining in continental areas) resulting in drought, desertification, rising
sea levels, erosion, floods, thunderstorms, bush fires, landslides, land degradation and more
frequent, extreme weather conditions.[112] Climate change is leading to biodiversity loss,
reduced food and water security, increasing poverty, conflict, displacement, economic
instability and negative health outcomes in Nigeria.[113] Nigeria is highly vulnerable to and
not well prepared to deal with the effects of climate change.[114] The agricultural sector is
particularly vulnerable.[115]

Nigeria is in the top 25 highest greenhouse gas emitters, contributing 0.8% of the global total
emissions.[116] Nigeria has committed to cut greenhouse gas emissions by 20% on its own, and
by 47% if it receives international support, by 2030. The country has also committed to net
zero by 2060.[117][118] Nigeria's climate change mitigation and adaptation plans focus on
agriculture and food security (through e.g.: climate-smart agriculture), forests and
biodiversity, water resources, energy and infrastructure (e.g.: transitioning to renewable
energies like solar), health, human settlement, industry and commerce, transportation and
communication.[119][120] While there is some discussion about necessary capacity building at
the individual, group and community level to engage in
climate change responses, there is less attention given to
higher levels of capacity building at the state and
national level.[121]
Deforestation
In 2005, Nigeria had the highest rate of deforestation in
the world, according to the Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations.[122] That year, 12.2%,
the equivalent of 11,089,000 hectares, had been forested
in the country. Between 1990 and 2000, Nigeria lost an
average of 409,700 hectares of forest every year equal to
an average annual deforestation rate of 2.4%. Between
1990 and 2005, in total Nigeria lost 35.7% of its forest
cover or around 6,145,000 hectares.[123] Nigeria had a
2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of
6.2/10, ranking it 82nd globally out of 172 countries.[124]

Pollution Deforestation in Nigeria 1981–2020[111]

Waste management presents problems in a megacity like

Lagos and other major Nigerian cities which are linked
with economic development, population growth and the
inability of municipal councils to manage the resulting
rise in industrial and domestic waste. This waste
management problem is also attributable to
unsustainable environmental management lifestyles of
Kubwa community in the Federal Capital Territory,
where there are habits of indiscriminate disposal of
waste, dumping of waste along or into the canals,
sewerage systems that are channels for water flows, and
the like. Haphazard industrial planning, increased
urbanisation, poverty and lack of competence of the
municipal government are seen as the major reasons for Satellite image of Lake Chad, showing it
shrinking between 1984 and 2018.
high levels of waste pollution in major cities of the
country. Some of the solutions have been disastrous to
the environment, resulting in untreated waste being dumped in places where it can pollute
waterways and groundwater.[125]

Nigeria's Delta region is one of the most polluted regions in the world due to serious oil spills
and other environmental problems caused by its oil industry.[126][127] The heavy
contamination of the air, ground and water with toxic pollutants is often used as an example
of ecocide.[128][129][130][131][132] In additional to the environmental damage it has caused
conflict in the Delta region.
Illegal oil refineries, in which local operators convert
stolen crude oil into petrol and diesel, are considered
particularly "dirty, dangerous and lucrative".[133] Safety
and environmental aspects are usually ignored. Refining
petroleum also inevitably produces heavy oil, which is
"cracked" into lighter fuel components in regular plants
at great technical expense. Illegal refineries do not have
these technical possibilities and "dispose" of the heavy oil Temperature change in Nigeria, each bar
where it accumulates. The lighter components of crude represents the average temperature over
oil (methane to butane, isobutane) create a certain risk of that year.
explosion, which often leads to disasters at illegal
plants.[134] In 2022, Nigeria suffered 125 deaths from
explosions at local, illegal refineries.[135]

In 2010, thousands of people were inadvertently exposed

to lead-containing soil from informal gold mining within
the northern state of Zamfara. While estimates vary, it is
thought that upwards of 400 children died of acute lead
poisoning, making this perhaps the largest lead poisoning
fatality outbreak ever encountered.[136]

Climate and weather in Nigeria

Politics

Government
Nigeria is a federal republic modelled after the United
States,[137] with 36 states and capital Abuja as an
independent unit. The executive power is exercised by
the President. The president is both head of state and
head of the federal government; the president is elected
by popular vote to a maximum of two four-year
terms.[138] State governors, like the president, are elected
for four years and may serve a maximum of two terms.
The president's power is checked by a Senate and a
House of Representatives, which are combined in a
bicameral body called the National Assembly. The Senate Coat of arms of Nigeria in current use
is a 109-seat body with three members from each state
and one from the capital region of Abuja; members are
elected by popular vote to four-year terms. The House contains 360 seats, with the number of
seats per state determined by population.[138]

The Nigerian president is elected in a modified two-round system. To be elected in the first
round, a candidate must receive a relative majority of the votes and more than 25% of the
votes in at least 24 of the 36 states.[139] If no candidate reaches this hurdle, a second round of
voting takes place between the leading candidate and the next candidate who received the
majority of votes in the highest number of states. By convention, presidential candidates take
a running mate (candidate for the vice presidency) who is both ethnically and religiously the
opposite of themselves. There is no law prescribing this, yet all presidential candidates since
the existence of the Fourth Republic until 2023 adhered to this rule.

However, this principle of religious and ethnic diversity in leadership was ignored in the 2023
General Elections, where the candidate for the All Progressives Congress, Bola Ahmed Tinubu,
a Muslim, selected another Muslim, Senator Kashim Shettima, as running mate.

Administrative divisions
Nigeria is divided into thirty-six states and
one Federal Capital Territory, which are
further sub-divided into 774 local
government areas. In some contexts, the
states are aggregated into six geopolitical
zones: North West, North East, North
Central, South West, South East, and South
South.[140][141]

Nigeria has five cities with a population of

over a million (from largest to smallest):
Lagos, Kano, Ibadan, Benin City and Port
Harcourt. Lagos is the largest city in Africa,
with a population of over 12 million in its Map of Nigeria with administrative divisions
urban area.[142]

The south of the country in particular is characterised by very strong urbanisation and a
relatively large number of cities. According to an estimate from 2015,[143] there are 20 cities in
Nigeria with more than 500,000 inhabitants, including ten cities with a population of one
million.

Law
The Constitution of Nigeria is the supreme law of the country. There are four distinct legal
systems in Nigeria, which include English law, common law, customary law, and Sharia law:

English law in Nigeria consists of the collection of British laws from colonial times.
Common law is the collection of authoritative judicial decisions in the field of civil law (so-called
precedents) that have been handed down in the country concerned – in this case Nigeria. (This
system is mainly found in Anglo-Saxon countries; in continental Europe, on the other hand,
codified and, as far as possible, abstracted civil law predominates, as in the Napoleonic Code in
France).[144]
Customary law is derived from indigenous traditional norms and practices, including the dispute
resolution meetings of pre-colonial Yoruba land secret societies and the Èkpè and Okónkò of
Igboland and Ibibioland.[145]
 Sharia law (also known as Islamic Law) used to be used only in Northern Nigeria, where Islam is
the predominant religion. It is also being used in Lagos State, Oyo State, Kwara State, Ogun State,
and Osun State by Muslims. Muslim penal codes are not the same in every state and they
differentiate in punishment and offences according to religious affiliation (for example, alcohol
consumption and distribution).
The country has a judicial branch, the highest court of which is the Supreme Court of
Nigeria.[146]

Foreign relations
Upon gaining independence in 1960, Nigeria made
African unity the centrepiece of its foreign policy.[147]
One exception to the African focus was Nigeria's close
relationship with Israel throughout the 1960s. Israel
sponsored and oversaw the construction of Nigeria's
parliament buildings.[148]

Nigeria's foreign policy was put to the test in the 1970s The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Abuja
after the country emerged united from its civil war. It
supported movements against white minority
governments in Southern Africa. Nigeria backed the African National Congress by taking a
committed tough line about the South African government. Nigeria was a founding member of
the Organisation for African Unity (now the African Union) and had tremendous influence in
West Africa and Africa on the whole. Nigeria founded regional cooperative efforts in West
Africa, functioning as the standard-bearer for the Economic Community of West African States
(ECOWAS) and ECOMOG (especially during the Liberia and Sierra Leone civil wars).

With this Africa-centred stance, Nigeria readily sent troops to the Congo at the behest of the
United Nations shortly after independence (and has maintained membership since that time).
Nigeria also supported several Pan-African and pro-self-government causes in the 1970s,
including garnering support for Angola's MPLA, SWAPO in Namibia, and aiding opposition to
the minority governments of Portuguese Mozambique, and Rhodesia. Nigeria retains
membership in the Non-Aligned Movement. In late November 2006, it organized an Africa-
South America Summit in Abuja to promote what some attendees termed "South-South"
linkages on a variety of fronts.[149] Nigeria is also a member of the International Criminal
Court and the Commonwealth of Nations. It was temporarily expelled from the latter in 1995
when ruled by the Abacha regime.

Nigeria has remained a key player in the international oil industry since the 1970s and
maintains membership in OPEC, which it joined in July 1971. Its status as a major petroleum
producer figures prominently in its sometimes volatile international relations with developed
countries, notably the United States, and with developing countries.[150]

Since 2000, Chinese–Nigerian trade relations have risen exponentially. There has been an
increase in total trade of over 10.3 billion dollars between the two nations from 2000 to
2016.[151] However, the structure of the Chinese–Nigerian trade relationship has become a
major political issue for the Nigerian state. Chinese exports account for around 80 per cent of
total bilateral trade volumes.[152] This has resulted in a serious trade imbalance, with Nigeria
importing ten times more than it exports to China.[153] Subsequently, Nigeria's economy is
becoming over-reliant on cheap imports to sustain itself, resulting in a clear decline in
Nigerian industry under such arrangements.[154]

Continuing its Africa-centred foreign policy, Nigeria introduced the idea of a single currency
for West Africa known as the Eco under the presumption that it would be led by the naira. But
on 21 December 2019, Ivorian President Alassane Ouattara, Emmanuel Macron, and multiple
other UEMOA states announced that they would merely rename the CFA franc instead of
replacing the currency as originally intended.[155] As of 2021, the Eco currency has been
delayed to 2027.[156]

Military
The Nigerian Armed Forces are the combined military
forces of Nigeria. It consists of three uniformed service
branches: the Nigerian Army, Nigerian Navy, and
Nigerian Air Force. The President of Nigeria functions as
the commander-in-chief of the armed forces, exercising
his constitutional authority through the Ministry of
Defence, which is responsible for the management of the
military and its personnel. The operational head of the
AFN is the Chief of the Defence Staff, who is subordinate Nigerian Army self-propelled anti-aircraft
gun
to the Nigerian Defence Minister. With a force of more
than 223,000 active personnel, the Nigerian military is
one of the largest uniformed combat services in Africa.[157]

Nigeria has 143,000 troops in the armed forces (army

100,000, navy 25,000, air force 18,000) and another 80,000
personnel for "gendarmerie & paramilitary" in 2020,
according to the International Institute for Strategic
Studies.[158] Nigeria spent just under 0.4 per cent of its
economic output, or US$1.6 billion, on its armed forces in
2017.[159][160] For 2022, US$2.26 billion has been budgeted
for the Nigerian armed forces, which is just over a third
of Belgium's defence budget (US$5.99 billion).[158] Nigerian Air Force Mi-24 attack helicopter

Communal conflicts
Boko Haram and the bandit conflict have been responsible for numerous serious attacks with
thousands of casualties since mid-2010. Since then, according to the Council on Foreign
Relations' Nigeria Security Tracker, over 41,600 lives have been lost to this conflict (as of
October 2022).[161] The United Nations refugee agency UNHCR counts about 1.8 million
internally displaced persons and about 200,000 Nigerian refugees in neighbouring countries.
The Boko Haram-affected states agreed in February 2015
to establish an 8,700-strong Multinational Joint Task
Force to jointly fight Boko Haram. By October 2015, Boko
Haram had been driven out of all the cities it controlled
and almost all the counties in northeastern Nigeria. In
2016, Boko Haram split and in 2022, 40,000 fighters
surrendered.[162] The splinter group ISWAP (Islamic State
in West Africa) remains active.

The fight against Boko Haram, other sectarians and

criminals has been accompanied by increasing police
Attacks by Boko Haram, 2011 to October
attacks. The Council on Foreign Relations' Nigeria
2022. Each figure represents 1,000
Security Tracker counted 1,086 deaths from Boko Haram
deaths.[161]
attacks and 290 deaths from police violence in the first 12
months of its establishment in May 2011. In the 12
months after October 2021, 2,193 people died from police violence and 498 from Boko Haram
and ISWAP,[161] according to the NST. The Nigerian police are notorious for vigilante
justice.[161]

The Niger Delta saw intense attacks on oil infrastructure in 2016 by militant groups such as
the Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND), the Niger Delta People's
Volunteer Force (NDPVF), the Ijaw National Congress (INC) and the Pan Niger Delta Forum
(PANDEF). In response, the new Buhari government pursued a dual strategy of repression and
negotiation.

In late 2016, the Nigerian federal government resorted to the gambit of offering the militant
groups a 4.5 billion naira (US$144 million) contract to guard oil infrastructure. Most accepted.
The contract was renewed in August 2022, but led to fierce disputes among the above-
mentioned groups over the distribution of the funds. Representatives speak of "war"[163] –
against each other. The high propensity for violence and the pettiness of the leaders, as well as
the complete absence of social and environmental arguments in this dispute[163] give rise to
fears that the militant groups, despite their lofty names, have discarded responsibility for
their region and ethnic groups and have moved into the realm of protection rackets and self-
enrichment. In any case, the pipelines in the Niger Delta are not very effectively "guarded" –
the pollution of the Niger Delta with stolen crude oil and illegally produced heavy fuel oil
continued unhindered after 2016.[164]

In central Nigeria, conflicts between Muslim Hausa-Fulani herders and indigenous Christian
farmers flared up again, especially in Kaduna, Plateau, Taraba and Benue states. In individual
cases, these clashes have claimed several hundred lives. Conflict over land and resources is
increasing due to the ongoing desertification in northern Nigeria, population growth and the
generally tense economic situation.

In June 2022, a massacre took place in the St. Francis Xavier Church, in Owo. The Government
blamed ISWAP for the murder of over 50 parishioners, but locals suspect Fulani herdsmen's
involvement.[165]
Economy
Nigeria's economy is the fourth largest in Africa, the 31st-largest in the world by nominal GDP,
and 30th-largest by PPP. In 2022, its GDP (PPP) per capita was US$9,148,[166] which is less than
South Africa, Egypt and Morocco, but slightly higher than Ghana and Ivory Coast. As of 2023,
Nigeria's economy is classified as lower-middle-income.[167]

Before 1999, economic development was hindered by years of military rule, corruption, and
mismanagement. In the decades thereafter, the restoration of democracy and subsequent
economic reforms led to rapid growth. In 2011, Citigroup projected that Nigeria would have
the highest average GDP growth in the world between 2010 and 2050.[168]

Nigeria is an economic leader in Africa in several industries, including energy, financial

markets, pharmaceuticals, and entertainment. Its financial services sector is well-developed,
with a mix of local and international banks, asset management companies, brokerage houses,
insurance companies and brokers, private equity funds, and investment banks.[169] After
petroleum, the largest source of foreign exchange earnings for Nigeria are remittances sent
home by Nigerians living abroad.[170]

Nigeria also has an abundant supply of under-exploited natural resources, including coal,
bauxite, tantalite, gold, tin, iron ore, limestone, niobium, lead and zinc.[171] The country's gold
production in 2015 was 8 metric tons.[172] Despite huge deposits of these natural resources, the
mining industry in Nigeria is still in its infancy.

Agriculture
In 2021, about 23.4% of Nigeria's GDP is contributed by
agriculture, forestry and fishing combined.[173] Nigeria is
the world's largest producer of cassava.[174] Further
major crops include maize, rice, millet, yam beans, and
guinea corn (sorghum).[175] Cocoa is the principal
agricultural export, and one of the country's most
significant non-petroleum products.[176][177] Nigeria is
also one of the world's top twenty exporters of natural Nigerian palm nuts put out to dry
rubber, generating $20.9 million in 2019.[178]

Before the Nigerian Civil War and the oil boom, Nigeria was self-sufficient in food.[179][180][181]
Agriculture used to be the principal foreign exchange earner of Nigeria.[182] Agriculture has
failed to keep pace with Nigeria's rapid population growth, and Nigeria now relies upon food
imports to sustain itself.[180][183] It spends US$6.7 billion yearly for food imports, four times
more than revenues from food export.[174] The Nigerian government promoted the use of
inorganic fertilizers in the 1970s.[184]

Nigeria's rice production increased by 10% from 2017/18 to 2021/22 to 5 million tonnes a
year,[185] but could hardly keep up with the increased demand. Rice imports therefore
remained constant at 2 million tonnes per year. In August 2019, Nigeria closed its border with
Benin and other neighbouring countries to stop rice smuggling into the country as part of
efforts to boost local production.[186]

Until now, Nigeria exported unhusked rice but had to import husked rice, the country's staple
food. – The rice mill in Imota, near Lagos, is intended to handle the corresponding processing
at home, improve the balance of trade and the labour market, and save unnecessary costs for
transport and middlemen. When fully operational at the end of 2022, the plant, the largest
south of the Sahara, is expected to employ 250,000 people and produce 2.5 million 50-kg bags
of rice annually.[187]

Oil and natural gas

Nigeria is the 15th largest producer of petroleum in the world, the 6th largest exporter, and
has the 9th largest proven reserves. Petroleum plays a large role in the Nigerian economy and
politics, accounting for about 80% of government earnings. Nigeria also has the 9th largest
proven natural gas reserves estimated by OPEC; the government's value of its about 206.53
trillion cubic feet has been valued at $803.4 trillion.[188] Natural gas is seen as having the
potential to unlock an economic miracle on the Niger River.[189] Nigeria each year loses to gas
flaring an estimate of US$2.5 billion,[190] and over 120,000 barrels of oil per day to crude theft
in the Niger Delta, its main oil-producing region.[191][192] This has led to piracy and conflict for
control in the region and has led to disruptions in production preventing the country from
meeting its OPEC quota and exporting petroleum at full capability.[193]

Nigeria has a total of 159 oil fields and 1,481 wells in

operation according to the Department of Petroleum
Resources.[194] The most productive region of the nation
is the coastal Niger Delta Basin in the Niger Delta or
"south-south" region which encompasses 78 of the 159 oil
fields. Most of Nigeria's oil fields are small and scattered,
and as of 1990, these small fields accounted for 62.1% of
all Nigerian production. This contrasts with the sixteen
largest fields which produced 37.9% of Nigeria's
petroleum at that time.[195] Petrol was Nigeria's main
import commodity until 2021, accounting for 24% of
import volume.[196]

The Niger Delta Nembe Creek oil field was discovered in Overflight photo of the creeks of the
Niger Delta
1973 and produces from the middle Miocene deltaic
sandstone-shale in an anticline structural trap at a depth
of 2 to 4 kilometres (7,000 to 13,000 feet).[197] In June
2013, Shell announced a strategic review of its operations in Nigeria, hinting that assets could
be divested. While many international oil companies have operated there for decades, by 2014
most were making moves to divest their interests, citing a range of issues including oil theft. In
August 2014, Shell said it was finalising its interests in four Nigerian oil fields.[198]
The supply of natural gas to Europe, threatened by the Russian invasion of Ukraine, is pushing
projects to transport Nigerian natural gas via pipelines to Morocco or Algeria.[199][200][201] As
of May 2022, however, there are no results on this yet.

Energy
Nigeria's energy consumption is much more than its
generation capacity. Most of the energy comes from
traditional fossil fuels, which account for 73% of total
primary production. The rest is from hydropower (27%).
Since independence, Nigeria has tried to develop a
domestic nuclear industry for energy. Nigeria opened
2004 a Chinese-origin research reactor at Ahmadu Bello
University and has sought the support of the
International Atomic Energy Agency to develop plans for Kainji Dam on the Niger River, built in the
up to 4,000 MWe of nuclear capacity by 2027 according to 1960s

the National Program for the Deployment of Nuclear

Power for Generation of Electricity. In 2007, President
Umaru Yar'Adua urged the country to embrace nuclear power to meet its growing energy
needs. In 2017, Nigeria signed the UN Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.[202] In
April 2015, Nigeria began talks with Russia's state-owned Rosatom to collaborate on the
design, construction and operation of four nuclear power plants by 2035, the first of which
will be in operation by 2025. In June 2015, Nigeria selected two sites for the planned
construction of the nuclear plants. Neither the Nigerian government nor Rosatom would
disclose the specific locations of the sites, but it is believed that the nuclear plants will be sited
in Akwa Ibom State and Kogi State. The sites are planned to house two plants each. In 2017
agreements were signed for the construction of the Itu nuclear power plant.

Electricity
According to the survey, 94% of Nigerians are connected to the national grid, but only 57%
have their electricity consumption recorded by an electricity meter.[203] Only 1% of Nigerians
surveyed reported having electricity 24 hours a day. 68% have electricity 1 to 9 hours a day,
according to the NIO. Two-thirds of Nigerians, or 66%, pay up to 10,000 Naira (US$13) a month
for electricity, which is almost 3% of the average income in Nigeria.[203] Over two-thirds of
respondents, or 67%, were willing to pay more for uninterrupted electricity supply. Power
generators are owned by 21% of Nigerians, while 14% use solar energy.[203]

Manufacturing and technology

Nigeria has a manufacturing industry that includes leather and textiles (centred in Kano,
Abeokuta, Onitsha, and Lagos), plastics and processed food. Ogun is considered to be Nigeria's
current industrial hub, as most factories are located in Ogun and more companies are moving
there, followed by Lagos.[204][205][206] The city of Aba in the south-eastern part of the country is
well known for handicrafts and shoes, known as "Aba made".[207] Nigeria has a market of
720,000 cars per year, but less than 20% of these are produced domestically.[208]
In 2016, Nigeria was the leading cement producer south
of the Sahara, ahead of South Africa.[209] Aliko Dangote,
Nigeria's richest inhabitant, based his wealth on cement
production, as well as agricultural commodities.[210]
According to its own information, the Ajaokuta Steel
Company Limited produces 1.3 million tonnes of steel per
year.[211] However, steel plants in Katsina, Jos and
Osogbo no longer appear to be active.[212]

In June 2019, Nigeria EduSat-1 was deployed from the

International Space Station. It is the first satellite that was
built in Nigeria, which followed many other Nigerian
satellites that were built by other countries.[b][213] In
Nigeria EduSat-1, the first satellite built by
2021, Nigeria hosts about 60 percent of the
Nigeria by the Federal University of
pharmaceutical production capacity in Africa,[214] the Technology Akure
larger pharmaceutical companies are located in
Lagos.[215] The pharmaceutical producer with the most
employees in Nigeria is Emzor Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.[216] Nigeria has a few electronic
manufacturers like Zinox, the first branded Nigerian computer, and manufacturers of
electronic gadgets such as tablet PCs.[217] As of January 2022, Nigeria is the host to 5 out of the
7 unicorn companies in Africa.[218]

Internet and telecommunications

The Nigerian telecommunications market is one of the
fastest-growing in the world, with major emerging
market operators (like MTN, 9mobile, Airtel and
Globacom) basing their largest and most profitable
centres in the country.[219] Nigeria's ICT sector has
experienced much growth, representing 10% of the
nation's GDP in 2018 as compared to just 1% in 2001.[220]
Lagos is regarded as one of the largest technology hubs in
Africa with its thriving tech ecosystem.[221] According to Nigerian librarians editing the Wikidata
a survey by the GSM Association, 92% of adult Nigerian database
[222]
men and 88% of women owned a mobile phone.
Using various measures including but not limited to
illegal arrest, taking down of websites, passport seizures, and restricted access to bank
accounts, the Nigerian government is punishing citizens for expressing themselves on the
internet and working to stifle internet freedom.[223]

Tourism
Tourism in Nigeria centres largely on events, because of the country's ample amount of ethnic
groups, but also includes rain forests, savannahs, waterfalls, and other natural attractions.[224]
Abuja is home to several parks and green areas. The largest, Millennium Park, was designed
by architect Manfredi Nicoletti and officially opened in December 2003. After the re-
modernization project achieved by the administration of
Governor Raji Babatunde Fashola, Lagos is gradually
becoming a major tourist destination. Lagos is currently
taking steps to become a global city. The 2009 Eyo
carnival (a yearly festival originating from Iperu Remo,
Ogun State) was a step toward world city status.
Currently, Lagos is primarily known as a business-
oriented and fast-paced community.[225] Lagos has
become an important location for African and black
cultural identity.[226]
Owu waterfalls, visited by Nigerian
undergraduates
Lagos has sandy beaches by the Atlantic Ocean, including
Elegushi Beach and Alpha Beach. Lagos also has many
private beach resorts including Inagbe Grand Beach Resort and several others in the outskirts.
Lagos has a variety of hotels ranging from three-star to five-star hotels, with a mixture of local
hotels such as Eko Hotels and Suites, Federal Palace Hotel and franchises of multinational
chains such as Intercontinental Hotel, Sheraton, and Four Points by Sheraton. Other places of
interest include the Tafawa Balewa Square, Festac town, The Nike Art Gallery, Freedom Park,
and the Cathedral Church of Christ.

Transport
Due to Nigeria's location in the center of West Africa, transport plays a major role in the
national service sector. Government investments have seen an increase in extensive road
repairs and new construction has been carried out gradually as states in particular spend
their share of increased government allocations. Representative of these improvements is the
Second Niger Bridge near Onitsha, which was largely completed in 2022.[227] A 2017 World
Bank report on logistics hubs in Africa placed the country in fourth place, behind Côte
d'Ivoire, Senegal, and Sao Tome,[228] but in 2021, Nigeria joined the World Logistics Passport, a
private sector group working to increase the effiency of global trade.[229]

Roads
Four trans-African
automobile routes
pass through
Nigeria:

Lagos-Mombasa
Highway
Algiers-Lagos Third Mainland bridge across the Lagos
Highway lagoon
Dakar-Lagos
Highway
Dakar-Ndjamena Highway
Nigeria has the largest road network in West Africa. It covers about 200,000 km, of which
60,000 km are asphalted. Nigeria's roads and highways handle 90% of all passenger and
freight traffic. It contributes N2.4trn ($6.4bn) to GDP in 2020. The federal government is
responsible for 35,000 km of the road network. The motorway links of important economic
centers such as Lagos-Ibadan, Lagos-Badagry and Enugu-Onitsha have been renovated.[230]

The rest of the road network is a state matter and therefore in very different shape, depending
on which state you are in. Economically strong states such as Lagos, Anambra and Rivers
receive particularly poor evaluations.[231] Most roads were built in the 1980s and early 1990s.
Poor maintenance and inferior materials have worsened the condition of the roads. Travelling
is very difficult. Especially during the rainy season, the use of secondary roads is sometimes
almost impossible due to potholes.[232] Road bandits often take advantage of this situation for
their criminal purposes.[233][234]

Rail transport
Railways have undergone a massive revamping with
projects such as the Lagos-Kano Standard Gauge Railway
being completed connecting northern cities of Kano,
Kaduna, Abuja, Ibadan and Lagos.

Air transport Abuja Light Rail in Idu Station

The Nigerian aviation industry generated 198.62 billion

naira (€400 million) in 2019, representing a contribution
of 0.14% to GDP. It was the fastest-growing sector of the
Nigerian economy in 2019. Passenger traffic increased
from 9,358,166 in 2020 to 15,886,955 in 2021, a significant
increase of over 69%. Aircraft movements increased by
more than 46% from 2020 to 2021. Total freight volumes
were 191 tonnes in 2020 but increased to 391 tonnes in
2021.[235] In December 2021, the Anambra International
Cargo Airport started its operation.[236] In April 2022, the An A340-500 of Arik Air
second terminal of the Murtala Muhammed International
Airport has been inaugurated. It will increase the
capacity of the airport to 14 million passengers per year.[237]

There are 54 airports in Nigeria, The principal airports are:

Murtala Muhammed International Airport in Lagos,

Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport in Abuja,
Mallam Aminu Kano International Airport in Kano,
Akanu Ibiam International Airport in Enugu and
Port Harcourt International Airport in Port Harcourt.
Nigeria had in the past operated a state-owned airline
Nigeria Airways which was over-indebted in 2003 and
was bought by the British Virgin Group; since 28 June
2005, it has flown under the name Virgin Nigeria
Airways. At the end of 2008, the Virgin Group announced
its withdrawal from the airline; since September 2009 the
airline has been operating as Nigerian Eagle Airlines. The
largest airline in Nigeria is privately owned Air Peace,
founded in 2012.
B737-300 of Air Peace

Demographics
The United Nations estimates that the
population of Nigeria in 2021 was at
213,401,323[238][239], distributed as 51.7%
rural and 48.3% urban, and with a
population density of 167.5 people per
square kilometre. Around 42.5% of the
population were 14 years or younger, 19.6%
were aged 15–24, 30.7% were aged 25–54,
4.0% were aged 55–64, and 3.1% were aged
65 years or older. The median age in 2017
was 18.4 years.[240] Nigeria is the world's
sixth-most populous country. The birth rate
is 35.2-births/1,000 population and the death
rate is 9.6 deaths/1,000 population as of Population density (persons per square kilometre) in
2017, while the total fertility rate is 5.07 Nigeria
children born/woman.[240] Nigeria's
population increased by 57 million from
1990 to 2008, a 60% growth rate in less than two decades.[241] Nigeria is the most populous
country in Africa[242] and accounts for about 17% of the continent's total population as of
2017; however, exactly how populous is a subject of speculation.[243]

Millions of Nigerians have emigrated during times of economic hardship, primarily to Europe,
North America and Australia. It is estimated that over a million Nigerians have emigrated to
the United States and constitute the Nigerian American populace. Individuals in many such
Diasporic communities have joined the "Egbe Omo Yoruba" society, a national association of
Yoruba descendants in North America.[244][245] Nigeria's largest city is Lagos. Lagos has grown
from about 300,000 in 1950[246] to an estimated 13.4 million in 2017.[247]

Nigeria has more than 250 ethnic groups, with varying languages and customs, creating a
country of rich ethnic diversity. The three largest ethnic groups are the Hausa, Yoruba and
Igbo, together accounting for more than 60% of the population, while the Edo, Ijaw, Fulɓe,
Kanuri, Urhobo-Isoko, Ibibio, Ebira, Nupe, Gbagyi, Jukun, Igala, Idoma, Ogoni and Tiv account
for between 35 and 40%; other minorities make up the remaining 5%.[248] The Middle Belt of
Nigeria is known for its diversity of ethnic groups, including the Atyap, Berom, Goemai, Igala,
Kofyar, Pyem, and Tiv.[142][249][250] There are small minorities of British, American, Indian,
Chinese (est. 50,000),[251] white Zimbabwean,[252] Japanese, Greek, Syrian and Lebanese
immigrants. Immigrants also include those from other West African or East African nations.

Languages
Five hundred and twenty-five languages
have been spoken in Nigeria; out of these
525 languages, eight are now extinct.[253]
In some areas of Nigeria, ethnic groups
speak more than one language. The official
language of Nigeria, English, was chosen to
facilitate the cultural and linguistic unity
of the country, owing to the influence of
British colonisation which ended in 1960.
Nigerian Pidgin English, first used by
British and African slavers to facilitate the
Atlantic slave trade in the late 17th
century,[254] has replaced the native
language for many Nigerians. Many French Map of Nigeria's linguistic groups
speakers from surrounding countries have
influenced the English spoken in the
border regions of Nigeria and some Nigerian citizens have become fluent enough in French to
work in the surrounding countries. The French spoken in Nigeria may be mixed with some
native languages and English.

The major languages spoken in Nigeria represent three major families of languages of Africa:
the majority are Niger-Congo languages, such as Igbo, Yoruba, Ibibio, Ijaw, Fulfulde, Ogoni,
and Edo. Kanuri, spoken in the northeast, primarily in Borno and Yobe State, is part of the
Nilo-Saharan family, and Hausa is an Afroasiatic language. Even though most ethnic groups
prefer to communicate in their languages, English as the official language is widely used for
education, business transactions and official purposes. English as a first language is used by
only a small minority of the country's urban elite, and it is not spoken at all in some rural
areas. Hausa is the most widely spoken of the three main languages spoken in Nigeria.

With the majority of Nigeria's populace in rural areas, the major languages of communication
in the country remain indigenous languages. Some of the largest of these, notably Yoruba and
Igbo, have derived standardised languages from several different dialects and are widely
spoken by those ethnic groups. Nigerian Pidgin English, often known simply as "Pidgin" or
"Broken" (Broken English), is also a popular lingua franca, though with varying regional
influences on dialect and slang. The pidgin English or Nigerian English is widely spoken
within the Niger Delta Region.[255]
Religion
Nigeria is a religiously diverse society,
with Nigerians nearly equally divided
into Muslims and Christians, with a
tiny minority of adherents of
traditional African religions and other
religions.[257] The Christian share of
Nigeria's population is in decline
because of the lower fertility rate
compared to Muslims in the
[258]
country. As in other parts of Africa
where Islam and Christianity are
Religion in Nigeria (2018 estimate in The World Factbook of CIA)[256]
dominant, religious syncretism with
the traditional African religions is Islam (53.5%)
common.[259] Protestant (35.3%)

A 2012 report on religion and public Roman Catholic (10.6%)

life by the Pew Research Center stated Other (0.6%)
that in 2010, 49.3% of Nigeria's
population was Christian, 48.8% was
Muslim, and 1.9% were followers of indigenous and
other religions (such as the Bori in the North) or
unaffiliated.[260] However, in a report released by
Pew Research Center in 2015, the Muslim
population was estimated to be 50%, and by 2060,
according to the report, Muslims will account for
about 60% of the country.[261] The 2010 census of Abuja National Mosque National Church
Association of Religion Data Archives has also of Nigeria, Abuja
reported that 48.8% of the total population was
Christian, slightly larger than the Muslim
population of 43.4%, while 7.5% were members of other religions.[262] However, these
estimates should be taken with caution because sample data is mostly collected from major
urban areas in the south, which are predominantly Christian.[263][264][265] According to a 2018
estimate in The World Factbook by the CIA, the population is estimated to be 53.5% Muslim,
45.9% Christian (10.6% Roman Catholic and 35.3% Protestant and other Christian), and 0.6% as
other.[266]

Islam dominates northwestern Nigeria and northeastern Nigeria (Kanuri, Fulani and other
groups). In the west, the Yoruba people are predominantly Christian with a significant Muslim
minority in addition to a few adherents of traditional religions.[267] Protestant and locally
cultivated Christianity are widely practised in Western areas, while Roman Catholicism is a
more prominent Christian feature of southeastern Nigeria. Both Roman Catholicism and
Protestantism are observed in the Ibibio, Efik, Ijo and Ogoni lands of the south. The Igbos
(predominant in the east) and the Ibibio (south) are 98% Christian, with 2% practising
traditional religions.[268] The middle belt of Nigeria contains the largest number of minority
ethnic groups in Nigeria, who were found to be majority Christians and members of
traditional religions, with a significant Muslim minority.[269]

Health
Health care delivery in Nigeria is a concurrent
responsibility of the three tiers of government in the
country, and the private sector.[270] Nigeria has been
reorganising its health system since the Bamako Initiative
of 1987, which formally promoted community-based
methods of increasing accessibility of drugs and health
care services to the population, in part by implementing
user fees.[271] The new strategy dramatically increased
accessibility through community-based health care Paediatric ward, General hospital, Ilorin
reform, resulting in more efficient and equitable
provision of services. A comprehensive approach strategy
was extended to all areas of health care, with subsequent improvement in the health care
indicators and improvement in health care efficiency and cost.[272]

Almost half of Nigerians, or 48%, report that they or a household member has fallen ill in the
last three months. Malaria had been diagnosed in 88% of the cases and typhoid fever in
32%.[273] High blood pressure was in third place with 8%. For symptoms of malaria, 41% of
Nigerians turn to a hospital, 22% to a chemist's shop, 21% to a pharmacy and 11% seek cure
through herbs.[273]

The HIV/AIDS rate in Nigeria is much lower than in other African nations such as Botswana or
South Africa whose prevalence (percentage) rates are in the double digits. As of 2019, the HIV
prevalence rate among adults of ages 15–49 was 1.5 per cent.[274] Life expectancy in Nigeria is
54.7 years on average,[274] and 71% and 39% of the population have access to improved water
sources and improved sanitation, respectively.[275] As of 2019, the infant mortality is 74.2
deaths per 1,000 live births.[276]

In 2012, a new bone marrow donor program was launched by the University of Nigeria to help
people with leukaemia, lymphoma, or sickle cell disease to find a compatible donor for a life-
saving bone marrow transplant, which cures them of their conditions. Nigeria became the
second African country to have successfully carried out this surgery.[277] In the 2014 Ebola
outbreak, Nigeria was the first country to effectively contain and eliminate the Ebola threat
that was ravaging three other countries in the West African region; the unique method of
contact tracing employed by Nigeria became an effective method later used by countries such
as the United States when Ebola threats were discovered.[278][279][280]

The Nigerian health care system is continuously faced with a shortage of doctors known as
"brain drain", because of emigration by skilled Nigerian doctors to North America and Europe.
In 1995, an estimated 21,000 Nigerian doctors were practising in the United States alone,
which is about the same as the number of doctors working in the Nigerian public service.
Retaining these expensively trained professionals has been identified as one of the goals of the
government.[281]

Education
Education in Nigeria is overseen by the Ministry of
Education. Local authorities take responsibility for
implementing policy for state-controlled public education
and state schools at a regional level. The education
system is divided into kindergarten, primary education,
secondary education and tertiary education. After the
1970s oil boom, tertiary education was improved so it
would reach every subregion of Nigeria. 68% of the
Nigerian population is literate, and the rate for men
(75.7%) is higher than that for women (60.6%).[282] Abisogun Leigh Science Building, for the
Lagos State University's Faculty of
Nigeria provides free, government-supported education, Science
but attendance is not compulsory at any level, and
certain groups, such as nomads and the handicapped, are
under-served. Nearly 10.5 million Nigerian children aged 5–14 years are not in school. Only
61% of 6–11 year-olds regularly attend primary school.[283] The education system consists of
six years of primary school, three years of junior secondary school, three years of senior
secondary school, and four, five or six years of university education leading to a bachelor's
degree.[282] The government has majority control of university education. Tertiary education
in Nigeria consists of universities (public and private), polytechnics, monotechnics, and
colleges of education. The country has a total of 138 universities, with 40 federally owned, 39
state-owned, and 59 privately owned. Nigeria was ranked 113th in the Global Innovation
Index in 2024.[284]

Crime
The security situation in Nigeria is considered inadequate
despite political stability. 68% of Nigerians feel "not safe"
in their country. 77% do not know of an alarm number
("helpline") for emergencies.[285] Nigerians, according to
the above survey, fear being robbed (24%) or kidnapped
(also 24%), being victims of armed bandits or of petty
theft (both 8%), or being harmed in the herdsmen-
farmers conflict (also 8%).[285] This is followed by "ritual
killings" (4%) and "Boko Haram" (3.5%). Respondents see A Nigerian police officer at the Eyo
"more security personnel and better training" (37%), festival in Lagos
"reduction of unemployment" (13%) and "prayers / divine
intervention" (8%) as promising countermeasures.[285]
The number of homicides in Nigeria varies greatly
depending on the state. Metropoles such as Lagos, Kano
and Ibadan seem much safer than rural areas. Kano has
better statistics than the UK, with one and one-half
homicides per year and one million inhabitants – which
can be explained by the fact that the region's religious
and morality police not only monitor the morality of the
inhabitants and crack down on drug users, but also have
a curbing effect on murder and manslaughter.[286] This
contrasts with other cities that are also Islamic, such as
Maiduguri and Kaduna, which have worrying statistics
Homicides by Nigerian state per year and
on homicides.
per 1 million inhabitants, comparing the
UK and Turkey (Source: Nigeria Security
There is some piracy in the Gulf of Guinea, with attacks
Tracker 1/2020-6/2023)
directed at all types of vessels. However, security
measures on board of mentioned vessels have recently
meant that pirates are now more likely to attack fishing villages.[287]

Internationally, Nigeria is infamous for a type of advance-fee scam along with a form of
confidence trick. The victim is talked into sending money or bank account information to the
scammer on the premise that a larger amount of money will be transferred to them. In reality,
the scammer collects money from the victim with no payout occurring.[288] In 2003, the
Nigerian Economic and Financial Crimes Commission was created to combat this and other
forms of organised financial crime.[289] The EFCC is quite active.[290][291][292]

Poverty
According to the International Monetary Fund, 32% of
Nigeria's population lives in extreme poverty (as of 2017),
living on less than US$2.15 a day.[293] The World Bank
stated in March 2022 that the number of poor Nigerians
had increased by 5 million to 95.1 million during the
Covid period.[294] Accordingly, 40% of Nigerians live
below the poverty line of US$1.90 as handled by the
World Bank.[295]
The total expenditure of food and non-
The threshold amounts used internationally by the IMF food produce a poverty incidence of 60.2
and the World Bank do not take into account the local percent or 89,096,000 Nigerians living in
purchasing power of a US dollar. The methodology is poverty. This measure is used for poverty
therefore not without controversy.[296][297] Despite the headcount comparison across countries.
undoubted existence of slums in Nigeria, for example, the Poverty Line is N54,401.16.

fact that 92% of men and 88% of women in Nigeria own a

mobile phone[298] is difficult to reconcile with the poverty
percentages published by the IMF and the World Bank.
Human rights
Nigeria's human rights record remains poor.[299]
According to the U.S. Department of State,[299] the most
significant human rights problems are the use of
excessive force by security forces, impunity for abuses by
security forces, arbitrary arrests, prolonged pretrial
detention, judicial corruption and executive influence on
the judiciary, rape, torture and other cruel, inhuman or
degrading treatment of prisoners, detainees and suspects;
‑
harsh and life threatening prison and detention centre End SARS is a decentralised social
conditions; human trafficking for prostitution and forced movement and series of mass protests
labour, societal violence and vigilante killings, child against police brutality in Nigeria.

labour, child abuse and child sexual exploitation,

domestic violence, discrimination based on ethnicity,
region and religion.

Nigeria is a state party of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination
Against Women[300] It also has signed the Maputo Protocol, an international treaty on
women's rights, and the African Union Women's Rights Framework.[301] Discrimination based
on sex is a significant human rights issue. Forced marriages are common.[302] Child marriage
remains common in Northern Nigeria;[303] 39% of girls are married before age 15, although
the Marriage Rights Act banning marriage of girls under 18 was introduced on a federal level
in 2008.[304] There is rampant polygamy in Northern Nigeria.[305] Domestic violence is
common. Women have fewer land rights.[306] Maternal mortality was at 814 per 100,000 live
births in 2015.[307] Female genital mutilation is common, although a ban was implemented in
2015.[308] At least half a million suffer from vaginal fistula, largely as a result of lack of
medical care.[309][310]

Women face a large amount of inequality Politically in Nigeria, being subjugated to a bias that
is sexist and reinforced by socio-cultural, economic and oppressive ways.[311] Women
throughout the country were only politically emancipated in 1979.[312] Yet husbands continue
to dictate the votes for many women, which upholds the patriarchal system.[313] Most workers
in the informal sector are women.[314] Women's representation in government since
independence from Britain is very poor. Women have been reduced to sideline roles in
appointive posts throughout all levels of government and still make up a tiny minority of
elected officials.[313] But nowadays with more education available to the public, Nigerian
women are taking steps to have more active roles in the public, and with the help of different
initiatives, more businesses are being started by women.

Under the Shari'a penal code that applies to Muslims in twelve northern states, offences such
as alcohol consumption, homosexuality,[315] infidelity and theft carry harsh sentences,
including amputation, lashing, stoning and long prison terms.[316] Nigeria is considered to be
one of the most homophobic countries in the world.[317][318][319]
Culture

Literature
Most Nigerian literature is written in English, partly because this
language is understood by most Nigerians. Literature in the
Yoruba, Hausa and Igbo languages (the three most populous
language groups in Nigeria) does exist, however, and in the case
of the Hausa, for example, can look back on a centuries-old
tradition. With Wole Soyinka, Nigeria can present a Nobel Prize
winner for literature. Ben Okri won the prestigious Booker Prize
in 1991; Chinua Achebe did the same in 2007. Achebe also won
the Peace Award of the German Book Trade in 2002. Lola
Shoneyin has won several awards for her book The Secret Lives
of Baba Segi's Wives.

Chinua Achebe, winner Booker

Music
Prize 2007 and Peace Award of
The earliest known form of popular music in Nigeria was the the German book trade 2002
palm-wine music which dominated the music landscape in the
1920s. Tunde King was a prominent name in the genre.[320][321]

The 1930s saw the emergence of Onitsha Native Orchestra. They explored various social
themes and trends in their native singing style.[320][321]

In the 1950s and 1960s, Highlife music became a popular staple in the country with regional
genres such as the Igbo Highlife. A notable exponent of the genre were the genre's first
Nigerian boy band Oriental Brothers International, Bobby Benson, Osita Osadebe, Victor
Olaiya, Rex Lawson, Dr Sir Warrior and Oliver De Coque.[320][321]

The 1970s was the era of Fela Kuti, the pioneer of Afrobeat genre – fused from Highlife, Jazz
and Yoruba Music. Fela later evolved into social activism and black consciousness.[320][321]

In the 1980s, King Sunny Ade achieved success with Juju Music. Prominent singer of the era is
William Onyeabor who is known for his fusion of Funk Music and Disco.[320][322]

By the 1990s, reggae music transitioned into the music scene. Prominent reggae artiste of the
era was Majek Fashek. By the mid-1990s, Hip hop Music began to gain popularity, led by acts
such as Remedies, Trybes Men, JJC, etc. Throughout the years, highlife music retained its
popularity in the country.

At the turn of the century, famous 2000s acts like P-Square, 2face, and Dbanj were credited to
have made tremendous impact in the evolution of Afrobeats and its popularization on the
international stage.[323][324][325]
In November 2008, Nigeria's music scene (and that of Africa) received international attention
when MTV hosted the continent's first African music awards show in Abuja.[326] Over a decade
later, the Afrobeat genre has widely taken over, with artist like Davido, Wizkid and Burna Boy.

Cinema
The Nigerian film industry is known
Top five highest grossing Nigerian films as at 2024:
as Nollywood (a blend of "Nigeria"
and "Hollywood")[328] and is now the
Everybody Loves Jenifa (₦1.7 billion) - 2024 film
second-largest producer of movies in
A Tribe Called Judah (₦1.4 billion) - 2023 film
the world, having surpassed
Battle on Buka Street (₦668 million) - 2022 film
Hollywood. Only India's Bollywood is
Omo Ghetto: The Saga (₦636 million) - 2020 film[327]
larger. Nigerian film studios are
based in Lagos, Kano, and Enugu, Alakada: Bad and Boujee (₦460 million) - 2024 film
and form a major portion of the local
economy of these cities. Nigerian cinema is Africa's largest movie industry in terms of both
value and the number of movies produced per year. Although Nigerian films have been
produced since the 1960s, the country's film industry has been aided by the rise of affordable
digital filming and editing technologies. The 2009 thriller film The Figurine heightened the
media attention towards the New Nigerian Cinema revolution. The film was a critical and
commercial success in Nigeria, and it was also screened in international film festivals.[329] The
2010 film Ijé by Chineze Anyaene, overtook The Figurine to become the highest-grossing
Nigerian film; a record it held for four years until it was overtaken in 2014 by Half of a Yellow
Sun (2013).[330][331] By 2016, this record was held by The Wedding Party by Kemi Adetiba.
By the end of 2013, the film industry reportedly hit a record-breaking revenue of ₦1.72 trillion
(US$4.1 billion). As of 2014, the industry was worth ₦853.9 billion (US$5.1 billion), making it
the third most valuable film industry in the world behind the United States and India. It
contributed about 1.4% to Nigeria's economy; this was attributed to the increase in the
number of quality films produced and more formal distribution methods.[332][333]

T.B. Joshua's Emmanuel TV, originating from Nigeria, is one of the most viewed television
stations across Africa.[334]

Festival
There are many
festivals in Nigeria,
some of which date
to the period before
the arrival of the
major religions in
Annual Sallah Durbar procession in this ethnically and
Bauchi culturally diverse
society. The main Ofala Festival of Onitsha People
Muslim and
Christian festivals are often celebrated in ways that are unique to Nigeria or unique to the
people of a locality.[335] The Nigerian Tourism Development Corporation has been working
with the states to upgrade the traditional festivals, which may become important sources of
tourism revenue.[336]

Cuisine
Nigerian cuisine, like West African cuisine in general, is known
for its richness and variety. Many different spices, herbs, and
flavourings are used in conjunction with palm oil or groundnut
oil to create deeply flavoured sauces and soups often made very
hot with chilli peppers. Nigerian feasts are colourful and lavish,
while aromatic market and roadside snacks cooked on barbecues
or fried in oil are plentiful and varied. Suya is usually sold in
urban areas especially during night-time.[337] Masa

Fashion
The fashion industry in Nigeria contributes significantly to the
country's economics. Casual attire is commonly worn but formal
and traditional styles are also worn depending on the occasion.
Nigeria is known not only for its fashionable textiles and
garments, but also for its fashion designers who have
increasingly gained international recognition. Euromonitor
estimates the Sub-Saharan fashion market to be worth $31
billion, with Nigeria accounting for 15% of these $31 billion.[338]
Nigeria is not only known for their many fashion textiles and
garment pieces that are secret to their culture. They also
outputted many fashion designers who have developed many
techniques and businesses along the way. Suya With Pepper Sauce

Sports
Football is largely considered Nigeria's national sport, and the
country has its own professional football league. Nigeria's
national football team, known as the "Super Eagles", has played
in the FIFA World Cup on six occasions (1994, 1998, 2002, 2010,
2014, and 2018). In April 1994, the Super Eagles ranked fifth in
the FIFA World Rankings, the highest ranking achieved by an
Akara
African team. They won the Africa Cup of Nations in 1980, 1994,
and 2013, and have also hosted both the U17 and U20 FIFA World
Cup. They won the gold medal for football in the 1996 Summer Olympics (in which they beat
Argentina) becoming the first African football team to win gold in Olympic football.
Nigeria is also involved in other sports such as basketball, cricket
and track and field.[339] Nigeria's national basketball team made
the headlines internationally when it became the first African
team to beat the United States men's national team.[340] In earlier
years, Nigeria qualified for the 2012 Summer Olympics as it beat
heavily favoured world elite teams such as Greece and
Lithuania.[341] Nigeria has been home to numerous
internationally recognised basketball players in the world's top
leagues in America, Europe and Asia. These players include
Basketball Hall of Famer Hakeem Olajuwon, and later players in
the NBA. The Nigerian Premier League has become one of the
biggest and most-watched basketball competitions in Africa. The
games have aired on Kwese TV and have averaged a viewership
Nkwobi
of over a million people.[342]

Nigeria made history by qualifying the first bobsled team

for the Winter Olympics from Africa when their women's
two-person team qualified for the bobsled competition at
the XXIII Olympic Winter Games.[343] In the early 1990s,
Scrabble was made an official sport in Nigeria; by the end
of 2017, there were around 4,000 players in more than
100 clubs in the country.[344] In 2018, the Nigerian Curling
Federation was established to introduce a new sport to
the country in order to make the game part of the
curriculum at the elementary, high school, and university
levels. At the 2019 World Mixed Doubles Curling
Championship in Norway, Nigeria won their first
international match beating France 8–5.[345]
Jollof rice with fried fish and plantain,
garnished with cucumber and tomatoes
Nigeria's women's and men's national teams in beach
volleyball competed at the 2018–2020 CAVB Beach
Volleyball Continental Cup.[346] The country's U21
national teams qualified for the 2019 FIVB Beach
Volleyball U21 World Championships.[347]

Nigeria is the birthplace of the sport loofball.[348]

See also
Puff-puff
Index of Nigeria-related articles
Outline of Nigeria
Notes
a. /naɪˈdʒɪəriə/ ⓘ ny-JEER-ee-ə; Hausa: Najeriya Hausa
pronunciation: [nàː.(d)ʒéː.rí.jàː] listenⓘ, Igbo: Naìjíríyà,
Yoruba: Nàìjíríà, Nigerian Pidgin: Naijá [ˈnaɪ.dʒə], Fula:
Naajeeriya, Tyap: Naijeriya
b. NigeriaSat-1, NigeriaSat-2, NigeriaSat-X, NigComSat-1, and
NigComSat-1R Pounded yam

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Bibliography

Derfler, Leslie (2011). The Fall and Rise of Political Leaders: Olof Palme, Olusegun Obasanjo, and
Indira Gandhi. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1349290512.
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Further reading
Hill, Sam (15 January 2020). "Black China: Africa's First Superpower Is Coming Sooner Than You
Think" ([Link]
sooner-than-you-think/ar-BBYYOwW?ocid=spartanntp). Newsweek. Archived ([Link]
org/web/20200115191214/[Link]
perpower-is-coming-sooner-than-you-think/ar-BBYYOwW%3Focid%3Dspartanntp) from the
original on 15 January 2020. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
Dibua, Jeremiah I. Modernization and the Crisis of Development in Africa: The Nigerian Experience
(Routledge, 2017)
Ekundare, Olufemi R. An Economic History of Nigeria 1860–1960 (Methuen & Co Ltd, 1973)
Falola, Toyin; and Adam Paddock. Environment and Economics in Nigeria (2012)
Falola, Toyin, Ann Genova, and Matthew M. Heaton. Historical Dictionary of Nigeria (Rowman &
Littlefield, 2018) online ([Link]
333178c9595d2/[Link]) Archived ([Link]
g/web/20220401062344/[Link]
3333178c9595d2/[Link]) 1 April 2022 at the Wayback
Machine
Falola, Toyin, and Matthew M. Heaton. A History of Nigeria (2008)
Shillington, Kevin. Encyclopedia of African History. (University of Michigan Press, 2005) p. 1401.
Metz, Helen Chapin, ed. Nigeria: a country study (U.S. Library of Congress. Federal Research
Division, 1992) online free ([Link] Archived ([Link]
g/web/20201105154039/[Link] 5 November 2020 at the
Wayback Machine, comprehensive historical and current coverage; not copyright.
Jones, Cunliffe-Peter. My Nigeria: Five Decades of Independence (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010)
Achebe, Chinua. The Trouble with Nigeria (Fourth Dimension, 1983)

External links
Official website ([Link] Government of Federal Republic of Nigeria
Wikimedia Atlas of Nigeria
Geographic data related to Nigeria ([Link] at
OpenStreetMap
Foreign Affairs of Nigeria ([Link]
Nigeria ([Link] profile from ECOWAS
News headline links ([Link] from Al Jazeera.
Nigeria ([Link] Democracy Now!
Nigeria profile ([Link] from the BBC News

Retrieved from "[Link]