1. What Is Geometry?
Geometry is the branch of math that studies shapes, sizes, positions, angles, and spaces. It
deals with everything from points and lines to complex figures like polygons and circles.
2. Basic Elements of Geometry
● A point is a location in space. It has no size.
● A line is a straight path that goes on forever in both directions.
● A line segment is a part of a line with two endpoints.
● A ray starts at one point and goes on forever in one direction.
● A plane is a flat surface that goes on forever in all directions.
3. Types of Angles
● An acute angle is less than 90 degrees.
● A right angle is exactly 90 degrees.
● An obtuse angle is greater than 90 but less than 180 degrees.
● A straight angle is exactly 180 degrees.
4. Triangles
A triangle has three sides and three angles.
Triangles can be classified by their sides:
● An equilateral triangle has all sides equal.
● An isosceles triangle has two sides equal.
● A scalene triangle has all sides different.
They can also be classified by their angles:
● An acute triangle has all angles less than 90 degrees.
● A right triangle has one right angle.
● An obtuse triangle has one angle greater than 90 degrees.
5. Quadrilaterals
A quadrilateral is a shape with four sides.
Examples include:
● Square: all sides equal and all angles 90 degrees.
● Rectangle: opposite sides equal, all angles 90 degrees.
● Rhombus: all sides equal, but angles are not necessarily 90 degrees.
● Parallelogram: opposite sides equal and parallel.
● Trapezoid: only one pair of sides is parallel.
6. Circles
A circle is a set of points in a plane that are all the same distance from a center point.
Important parts of a circle include:
● Radius: distance from center to edge.
● Diameter: a line that goes across the circle through the center (twice the radius).
● Circumference: the distance around the circle.
● Chord: a line connecting two points on the circle.
● Arc: a part of the circle’s edge.
7. Perimeter and Area
● Perimeter is the distance around a shape. You find it by adding all the sides.
● Area is the amount of space inside a shape.
Basic area formulas:
● For a rectangle: length × width
● For a triangle: base × height ÷ 2
● For a square: side × side
● For a circle: π × radius²
8. Volume and Surface Area
● Volume is how much space a 3D object takes up.
● Surface area is the total area of all the surfaces of a 3D object.
Basic volume examples:
● For a cube: side × side × side
● For a rectangular prism: length × width × height
● For a cylinder: π × radius² × height
9. Congruence and Similarity
● Congruent shapes are exactly the same size and shape.
● Similar shapes have the same shape but different sizes (their angles are equal, and their
sides are in proportion).
10. Pythagorean Theorem
In a right triangle, the square of the hypotenuse (the longest side) is equal to the sum of the
squares of the other two sides.
This is written as:
a² + b² = c²
