ASLAMI HIGH-YIELD AHY8M Program Weekly Exam-1

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1. What is the basic structural and functional unit of A) Eosin B) Hematoxylin

the human body?
C) Acid fuchsin D) Orange G
A. Organ B. Tissue
9. Which of the following substances is stained by acid
C. Cell D. Extracellular matrix dyes?

2. Which ion is found in large quantities in the A) DNA B) Glycosaminoglycans

intracellular fluid?
C) Mitochondria D) RNA
A. Sodium B. Potassium
10. Sudan black is used to stain:
C. Chloride D. Bicarbonate
A) Proteins B) Lipids
3. Which organ system primarily maintains constant
C) DNA D) Carbohydrates
ion concentrations in the body?
11. Which type of microscopy is used to study
A. Lungs B. Kidneys
unstained transparent tissues?
C. Gastrointestinal system D. Liver
A) Bright-field microscopy
4. What happens when the potassium ion
B) Polarizing microscopy
concentration decreases to less than one-third
normal? C) Fluorescence microscopy
A) Increased nerve activity D) Phase-contrast microscopy
B) Heart muscle contraction 12. Lipids account for approximately what percentage
of the total cell mass?
C) Paralysis due to inability of nerves to carry signals
A) 10% B) 20% C) 2% D) 50%
D) Tetanic muscle contractions
13. What is the approximate thickness of the plasma
5. Which condition is most likely to occur when
membrane?
calcium ion concentration falls below one-half
normal? A) 1-2 nanometers B) 7.5 to 10 nanometers
A) Mental confusion C) 20-25 nanometers D) 30-50 nanometers
B) Tetanic contraction of muscles 14. What is the most abundant component of the
plasma membrane?
C) Heart failure D) Hypoglycemia
A) Carbohydrates B) Cholesterol
6. What is used for dehydration of fixed tissues during
the preparation process for microscopy? C) Proteins D) Phospholipids
A) Paraffin B) Formalin 15. Which of the following is not permeable through
the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane?
C) 100% ethanol D) Organic solvents
A) Oxygen B) Carbon dioxide
7. Which of the following is used to embed tissues for
light microscopy? C) Glucose D) Alcohol
A) Ethanol B) Paraffin 16. Which type of membrane protein spans the entire
plasma membrane?
C) Xylene D) Glutaraldehyde
A) Peripheral proteins B) Integral proteins
8. Which of the following is a basic dye used in
histological staining? C) Glycoproteins D) Lipoproteins

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ASLAMI HIGH-YIELD AHY8M Program Weekly Exam-1
Road Map of Residency

17. Which of the following substances can easily pass 25. Which of the following transmembrane proteins is
through the plasma membrane? associated with tight junctions?

A) Urea B) Sodium ions A) Connexin B) Integrins

C) Oxygen D) Glucose C) Occludins D) E-cadherin

18. Which of the following is NOT a function of the 26. Mutations in connexin genes have been linked to
plasma membrane? which of the following conditions?

A) Selective permeability B) Physical barrier A) Epidermolysis bullosa

C) Energy production D) Communication B) Deafness and peripheral neuropathy

19. Which process is defined as the ingestion of large C) Dysregulation of tight junctions
particles such as bacteria by a cell?
D) Reduced cell cohesion in the epidermis
A) Pinocytosis B) Phagocytosis
27. Autocrine signaling involves:
C) Receptor-mediated endocytosis D) Exocytosis
A. Signaling molecules secreted by a cell that affect
20. Pinocytosis is also known as: that same cell

A) "Cell eating" B) "Cell drinking" B. Signaling molecules that act on distant target cells

C) "Cell splitting" D) "Cell fusion" C. Neurotransmitters released at synapses

21. Which of the following molecules is involved in D. Molecules that only affect adjacent cells
receptor-mediated endocytosis and is commonly
28. Which organelle is primarily involved in protein
known as "bad cholesterol"?
synthesis?
A) Triglyceride
A. Golgi apparatus B. Ribosome
B) High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
C. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum D. Lysosome
C) Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
29. Which of the following diseases is caused by a
D) Phospholipid deficiency in α-L-iduronidase?

22. Which of the following types of transport does not A) McArdle syndrome B) Tay-Sachs disease
require metabolic energy?
C) Hurler syndrome D) Gaucher disease
A) Primary active transport
30. In Tay-Sachs disease, which enzyme is deficient?
B) Secondary active transport
A) Phosphotransferase B) Glucocerebrosidase
C) Facilitated diffusion D) Co-transport
C) GM2-gangliosidase D) Muscle phosphorylase
23. Aquaporins primarily facilitate the transport of:
31. Which of the following statements about the
A) Sodium B) Glucose proteasome is true?

C) Water D) Potassium A) It is associated with membranes.

24. The process of water movement through a semi- B) It degrades functional polypeptides.
permeable membrane due to a concentration
C) It is targeted by ubiquitin for protein destruction.
difference is called:
D) It is formed by self-replication.
A) Diffusion B) Osmosis

C) Facilitated transport D) Active transport

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ASLAMI HIGH-YIELD AHY8M Program Weekly Exam-1
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32. What is the main function of peroxisomes in the 40. In myelinated nerves, how does the action
liver? potential propagate?

A) ATP production B) Detoxification of alcohol A) Continuously along the axon

C) Protein degradation D) Fatty acid synthesis B) Through saltatory conduction

33. Mitochondria are often referred to as the C) Only at the nodes of Ranvier
"powerhouses" of the cell because they:
D) By diffusion through the membrane
A) Store genetic information
41. What are the two main groups into which
B) Produce ATP through aerobic respiration epithelia can be divided?

C) Degrade damaged proteins a) Simple and stratified b) Covering and secretory

D) Detoxify harmful substances c) Cuboidal and columnar d) Squamous and transitional

34. During which phase of cell cycle does DNA 42. Which type of epithelium is characterized by its
replication occur? ability to stretch and is found in the urinary bladder?

A) G1 phase B) G2 phase C) Mitosis D) S phase A) Simple squamous B) Transitional

35. What is the primary function of mitosis? C) Stratified cuboidal D) Pseudostratified

A) To produce energy B) To synthesize proteins 43. In which type of secretion do cells undergo
terminal differentiation and rupture, releasing their
C) To divide a cell into two diploid cells contents along with cellular debris?
D) To increase cell size A) Merocrine secretion B) Apocrine secretion
36. Which nitrogen base is replaced by uracil in RNA? C) Holocrine secretion D) Exocrine secretion
A) Adenine B) Thymine C) Cytosine D) Guanine 44. Which type of epithelium is present in the lining of
37. Which group of proteins in the ECM provides the intestine?
compressive resistance and lubrication? A) Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium
A) Fibrous structural proteins B) Water-hydrated gels B) Simple columnar epithelium
C) Adhesive glycoproteins D) Enzymatic proteins C) Transitional epithelium
38. What happens during the refractory period of a D) Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
neuron?
45. What type of epithelium is found in the
A) The neuron is completely depolarized. respiratory tract, such as the trachea?
B) The neuron can fire an action potential easily. A) Simple squamous epithelium
C) The neuron is resistant to another action potential. B) Stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium
D) The resting membrane potential is at its peak. C) Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
39. Which process is primarily responsible for the D) Simple cuboidal epithelium
repolarization phase of an action potential?

A) Influx of Na+ B) Efflux of K+

C) Influx of Ca²+ D) Efflux of Cl⁻

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ASLAMI HIGH-YIELD AHY8M Program Weekly Exam-1
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46. What is the primary pathologic change observed 52. What type of transport is performed by
in the small intestine of patients with celiac disease? membrane pumps?

A) Increased crypt depth A. Passive transport B. Facilitated diffusion

B) Loss of microvilli brush border C. Simple diffusion D. Active transport

C) Thickening of the muscularis layer 53. What are the three types of endocytosis?

D) Eosinophilic infiltration A. Pinocytosis, Exocytosis, Transcytosis

47. Which of the following is a primary cause of B. Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, Receptor-mediated

Kartagener syndrome? endocytosis

A) Deficiency of surfactant C. Facilitated diffusion, Osmosis, Phagocytosis

B) Genetic mutations in ciliary proteins D. Constitutive secretion, Regulated secretion,

Osmosis
C) Inflammation of the bronchial tubes
54. The approximate diameter of pinocytotic vesicles
D) Allergic reactions in the respiratory tract
is:
48. What is the primary function of the cohesin
A. 50 nm B. 80 nm
protein complex during cell division?
C. 100 nm D. 200 nm
A) To provide energy for spindle fiber formation
55. What are the two pathways for exocytosis?
B) To hold sister chromatids together
A. Passive and active
C) To facilitate the movement of chromosomes to
opposite poles B. Constitutive and regulated secretion

D) To break down the nuclear envelope C. Endocytosis and transcytosis

49. What is the most characteristic pathologic finding D. Diffusion and facilitated diffusion
in I-cell disease?
56. What happens when cytosol is hypotonic?
A) Lipid accumulation in the liver
A. Water moves out of the cell
B) Inclusions within the cytoplasm of cells
B. Water moves into the cell
C) Hypertrophy of cardiac muscle
C. No net water movement
D) Formation of amyloid deposits
D. Water becomes hypertonic
50. Which of the following organelles does NOT have
57. Diffusion is divided into:
a limiting membrane?
A. Passive and active diffusion
A) Mitochondria B) Golgi body
B. Simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion
C) Ribosome D) Lysosome
C. Osmosis and exocytosis
51. Which ion is found in high concentration in the
extracellular fluid? D. Endocytosis and transcytosis
A. Potassium B. Sodium C. Phosphate D. Proteins 58. How many types of aquaporins are found in
human cells?

A. 10 B. 12 C. 13 D. 15

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ASLAMI HIGH-YIELD AHY8M Program Weekly Exam-1
Road Map of Residency

59. The Na+-K+ pump has how many sodium binding C. Alzheimer’s disease and Huntington’s disease
sites inside the cell?
D. Stroke and traumatic brain injury
A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5 67. Which organelle contains hydrolytic enzymes that
60. What type of transport does the Na+-K+ pump function at an acidic pH?
perform? a) Proteasome b) Lysosome
A. Passive transport B. Secondary active transport c) Peroxisome d) Mitochondria
C. Primary active transport D. Facilitated diffusion 68. What is the primary function of proteasomes?
61. Glucose and most amino acids cross the a) Digest extracellular material
membrane through:
b) Break down dysfunctional polypeptides
A. Simple diffusion B. Facilitated diffusion
c) Produce ATP d) Synthesize proteins
C. Active transport D. Osmosis
69. What is the primary example of a Coiled Tubular
62. Acetylcholine channels are: gland?
A. Positively charged and ~0.3 nm in diameter A. Sebaceous glands of the skin
B. Negatively charged and ~0.65 nm in diameter B. Sweat glands
C. Positively charged and ~0.5 nm in diameter C. Small mucous glands along the urethra
D. Negatively charged and ~0.3 nm in diameter D. Glands in the uterus
63. In which type of signaling does a cell release 70. Which of the following glands has multiple saclike
molecules that affect itself? secretory parts entering the same duct?
a) Paracrine signaling b) Autocrine signaling A. Simple Tubular B. Branched Acinar
c) Juxtacrine signaling d) Synaptic signaling C. Compound Tubular D. Acinar (Alveolar)
64. What is the key characteristic of juxtacrine signaling? 71. Which type of necrosis is most often encountered
a) Signaling molecules diffuse short distances to adjacent cells. in tuberculous infections?
b) Molecules are secreted into the bloodstream to act on distant a) Liquefactive necrosis b) Coagulative necrosis
cells.
c) Caseous necrosis d) Fibrinoid necrosis
c) The signaling molecules are membrane-bound and require
direct cell-to-cell contact. 72. Fat necrosis is commonly associated with:
d) Neurotransmitters are secreted at synapses.
a) Brain infarction b) Pancreatic lipase release
65. Which of the following organelles is enclosed by a
c) Ischemia d) Tuberculosis
bilayer membrane?
73. Which of the following is a distinguishing feature
A) Proteasome B) Cytoskeleton
of apoptosis?
C) Mitochondria D) Nucleolus
a) Cell swelling b) Inflammatory response
66. Which of the following neurologic disorders is linked to
c) Fragmentation into nucleosome-sized pieces
the accumulation of protein aggregates due to defective
proteasomes or protein quality control mechanisms? d) Disruption of plasma membrane
A. Multiple sclerosis and epilepsy

B. Parkinson’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

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ASLAMI HIGH-YIELD AHY8M Program Weekly Exam-1
Road Map of Residency

74. Which of the following describes the nuclear

change in necrosis where the nucleus becomes
shrunken and more basophilic?

a) Karyolysis b) Pyknosis

c) Karyorrhexis d) Apoptoxis

75. Which type of necrosis is most commonly seen in

infarcts in solid organs except the brain?

a) Liquefactive necrosis b) Coagulative necrosis

c) Gangrenous necrosis d) Caseous necrosis

76. Which of the following is the most common cause

of cell injury?

a) Radiation b) Genetic abnormalities

c) Toxins d) Hypoxia and ischemia

77. Etiology refers to:

a) The underlying cause of disease

b) The mechanism of disease progression

c) The symptoms of disease

d) The tissue changes in a disease

78. Which of the following is NOT a hallmark of

irreversible cell injury?

a) Inability to restore mitochondrial function

b) Loss of plasma membrane structure

c) Cellular swelling

d) DNA and chromatin damage

79. Which organ is most likely to undergo liquefactive

necrosis due to ischemia?

a) Kidney b) Brain

c) Liver d) Spleen

80. Which of the following processes occurs during

apoptosis but NOT necrosis?

a) Inflammation b) Cell shrinkage

c) Plasma membrane rupture d) Cellular swelling