International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research (IJFMR)

E-ISSN: 2582-2160 ● Website: [Link] ● Email: editor@[Link]

An Assessment of Criminal Investigation

Competencies in Caloocan City Police Station:
Basis for An Innovative Professional
Development Plan
Nelson C. Dizon1, Donald B. Narra2
1
Assistant Section Chief, IDMS-N, CCPS, Philippine National Police
2
Dean of University of the Visayas

ABSTRACT
The study assessed the level of criminal investigation competencies in the Caloocan City Police Station to
develop an innovative professional development plan. The study is a quantitative approach to research
measuring the level of criminal investigation competencies, the degree of seriousness of the challenges
encountered, and the necessity of the suggestions offered to enhance the criminal investigation
competencies of police personnel. The respondents of the study were the PNP personnel assigned to the
investigation, first responders and force multipliers. The assessment revealed that the police personnel
demonstrated high competency in areas such as the proper preparation of investigative reports and
observing the chain of custody. However, there were areas for improvement, including the need to
strengthen control over crime scenes, enhance investigation strategies, and improve the taking of sworn
statements. The assessment also highlighted the challenges encountered by police investigators, including
the reluctance of witnesses to provide information and the inadequate budget and resources hindering
thorough investigations. Furthermore, the study emphasized the necessity of training, the incorporation of
the latest techniques and technologies, and continuous learning and development in legal knowledge, oral
and written communication skills, and critical thinking. Based on these findings, the study proposed
tailored training programs, comprehensive strategies to address investigative challenges, and ongoing
professional development to enhance the competencies of police personnel at Caloocan City Police
Station. The recommendations aim to address the identified competency gaps, challenges, and areas for
improvement, ultimately contributing to the enhancement of criminal investigation competencies within
the Caloocan City Police Station.

Keywords: Criminal Investigation, Competencies, Innovative Professional Development Plan

INTRODUCTION
Criminal investigation is an essential part of the criminal justice system. It signifies that the system
performs appropriately and that criminals are properly prosecuted while preserving the values of justice,
fairness, and the protection of individual rights. As one of the police's primary functions is criminal
investigation, it could be assumed that people in positions of leadership, administration, and supervision
place a high value on their investigative skills and competencies. However, this kind of competency is

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seldom examined in the promotion process, and what little information is available indicates that people
in these roles are frequently held accountable for criminal investigative failures. For police managers,
investigative proficiency is crucial for two reasons. Initially, the police force remains a strictly
bureaucratic institution wherein individuals in higher positions have direct control over operational results.
Second, police leaders determine criteria for service delivery as well as the technical competence of
investigators, in contrast to other occupations where employers define (and frequently restrict) technical
competency.
Investigative proficiency is crucial for police managers for two reasons. First, high ranks have direct
influence over operational outcomes because the police force is still a technically bureaucratic institution.
Second, police leaders set both the technical competence of investigators and service delivery standards,
in contrast to other occupations where technical competence is defined (and frequently controlled)
independently of employers. As a result, they are in a unique position of influence over how investigations
are conducted as well as how well the agency can look into crimes.
A criminal investigation is a methodical and comprehensive process used by law enforcement to look into
and professionally handle any alleged criminal conduct while preserving the public's trust in the police
agency. The main goals of a criminal investigation are to identify and gather evidence of criminal activity,
as well as to help law enforcement locate, detain, and convict the offender. The investigation's secondary
objectives are to recover stolen property, prevent and clear more crimes, acquire intelligence, and train
police officers (Nusura, 2022).
Criminal investigation is a complex problem-solving endeavor. When an officer responds to a crime scene,
they frequently have to act quickly to make life-saving judgments in a dynamic setting where events are
constantly changing. Their decisions are generally made with little information. Following a criminal
incident, the investigator's duties include documenting the crime scene, gathering evidence, and creating
a plan of investigation that will enable reasonable suspicion to be raised against the perpetrator(s) and
result in their identification and arrest (Gehl & Plecas, 2016). Police investigators are trained and
experienced to establish investigative strategies and prioritize replies by learning investigative processes,
which equips them to tackle these issues.
Research is limited concerning criminal investigation, particularly the competency of police stations
towards an effective and efficient crime solution. Thus, the researcher is interested in conducting a study
about the criminal investigation competency of the Caloocan City Police Station toward an effective and
efficient crime solution.

Literature Review
Criminal investigation is taught in the field of criminal justice education as the gathering of data to fulfill
three objectives: to locate the guilty party, to identify the guilty party, and to present proof of guilt. It is
expected to be completed by a criminal investigator, who is a public safety officer assigned to investigate
all criminal matters as specified by the Criminal Laws and Special Laws that are criminal, as well as the
Revised Penal Code. A professional with extensive training, discipline, and experience in criminal
investigative duties and obligations is an investigator (PNP Manual, 2011).
In the PNP Criminal Investigation Manual (2011) they enumerated 14 Protocol in Investigation, as
enumerated below: Protocol 1: Jurisdictional Investigation by the Territorial Unit Concerned; Protocol 2:
Official Police Blotter; Protocol 3: Investigation Team: Organization and Equipment; Protocol 4: Duties
of the First Responder; Protocol 5: Duties and responsibilities of the Investigating Team; Protocol 6:

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Investigation of Suspects; Protocol 7: Taking of Sworn Statements of Suspects; Protocol 8: Taking of

Sworn Statement/s of the Witnesses; Protocol 9: Preparation of Reports and Filing of Charges; Protocol
10: Procedure in the Release of Crime Scene; Protocol 11: Follow-up of Case; Protocol 12: Preparation
of Case Investigation Plan (CIPLAN); Protocol 13: Attendance to Court Duties; and Protocol 14: Uniform
of the Investigator.
The same manual enumerates the standard methods of recording investigative data, such as a.
Photographs; b. Sketching crime scenes; c. Written notes (what you have seen or observed); d. Developing
and lifting fingerprints found at the crime scene, e.g., gathering physical evidence; f. Plaster cast; g. Tape
recording of sounds; h. Videotape recording of objects; and i. Written statements of the subject(s) and
witnesses.
According to Gundhus, Talberg, and Wathne (2022), the following qualities are required of an investigator
in the Philippines: the ability to observe, the capacity for rational thought, the knowledge of crime laws,
evidence, arrest procedures, investigative concepts, techniques, scientific aids, laboratory services, and
information about criminals and their methods of operation; the capacity for cooperation and the ability to
work with others; the observance of professional ethics; the capacity for leadership; and the capacity for
dependability; sincerity, as well as psychologically and physically well.
According to DIDM Investigative Directive Number 2017-16, the following are some of the shortcomings
of the investigation units and offices, including unit commanders: frequent reassignment of investigators,
inadequate documentation and record-keeping, improper turnover of the case and case folder between the
outgoing and incoming investigators, and no investigator assigned to the case that has been handed over
and left by previous investigators. Since 2011, the PNP-wide conduct of investigation competency training
has been implemented by the DIDM to raise the caliber of the effectiveness of police investigators' work
as well as raise public trust in their abilities.
Erwinwijaya et al. (2022), a study on competency development in investigation performance through work
creativity, responsibilities, and HR capacity aims to discover and elaborate on new models in investigative
performance that are influenced by development by creating the work, responsibility, and human resources
capacity of police members (POLRI) at the West Sulawesi Daerah Level Police (POLDA). Their research
was carried out at the West Sulawesi Regional Police, lasting for two months, namely June to July 2021.
The population of the study is West Sulawesi Police investigators. Data collection techniques are carried
out through observation, interviews, questionnaires, and documentation, while data analysis uses path
analysis. The results showed that the performance of the West Sulawesi Regional Police investigation
could be positively and significantly affected by the development of competence, work creativity,
responsibility, and human resources capacity. The variable of responsibility contributes the most to
improving the performance of the investigation as an investigator. There is a value of integrity and
responsibility in the self that can fairly provide evidence so that the parties do not feel aggrieved that they
increasingly believe that the investigator is very professional in expanding his duties and responsibilities.
In addition, work creativity is also able to affect the performance of the investigation with the critical
thinking power of the investigator in facing diverse situations, as well as the capacity of human resources,
where investigators with appropriate educational qualifications contribute well to the performance of the
investigation.
In another study by Maureen Malone (2016), Skills and Qualities Necessary to be an Effective
Investigator, during an investigation, they will gather information from physical evidence and witnesses
and analyze the evidence to solve the crime or problem, such as communication and interview skills,

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control of emotions, honesty, and ethics, technical skills and knowledge, knowledge of the law, critical
thinking and problem-solving, research skills, and report writing.
The Department of Interior Office of the United States (2020) conducted a revalidation study on the
criminal investigation competency model. The goal of this study was to identify the critical competencies
and tasks for the successful performance of law enforcement work across the department. The occupations
included in the study were: GS-1811 Criminal Investigation. They measure the following: general
competencies for assessment and selection; required proficiency levels for competencies; behavioral
examples for competencies; and competencies by assessment tool. The results of this study establish a
common set of criminal investigation tasks and competencies across the department, which can be used
to create assessment and selection techniques and tools and establish common practices and terminology
for recruitment, performance management, workforce planning, training, and employee development.
This work provides DOI with current, validated information that can be used to ensure its workforce has
the tools to meet future challenges.
Donque (2023), based on the conclusions of his study on the mediating effect of investigators’ competence
on the relationship between efficiency and accomplishments of police investigators, says: First, criminal
justice education may provide opportunities for police investigators to maintain their excellent
accomplishments by providing merits and incentives for those police officers doing their job efficiently
and excellently. The Police City Director may provide benchmarking of the Philippine National Police
programs, needs, and problems regarding the quality of police performance from different police stations
in the region. The study's results will provide some insights and information in the course of carrying out
the functions of leaders as key players in the operation of the police station. It would help them understand
the impact of efficiency and accomplishment to make the institution competent.
In the study by Pascua (2019), entitled “The Criminal Investigation Procedures of Piat Police Station: The
Level of Awareness and Compliance,” he assessed the investigation procedures at the police station. The
informants were members of the investigating team of the said station. This study used a descriptive
research design to determine and describe the level of awareness of the respondents about the investigative
procedures. Moreover, the actual investigative procedures were inquired about by the investigators and
compared to the prescribed procedures indicated in the PNP Criminal Investigation Manual to determine
their compliance. Information on the problems that arise in each step of the procedure was also described.
Findings revealed that the respondents are extremely aware of the procedures in criminal investigation
and further revealed that the investigating team follows almost all of the provisions of the PNP Criminal
Investigation Manual. All steps are compiled by the investigating team in each of the stages of the
investigation. Moreover, the problems being encountered in the criminal investigation procedure are
limited to the knowledge or expertise of the officer-in-charge and uncooperative or reluctant witnesses.
Furthermore, the investigators conduct follow-up investigations that are not expressly prescribed in the
manual as part of the procedure. It is therefore proper that investigators undergo continuous training and
attend school to enrich their knowledge and expertise, and regular monitoring of the conduct of these
procedures must be ensured to confirm their strict implementation.
Bragado (2017) cited other features of a good investigator: perseverance, endurance, incorruptibility,
honesty, and integrity; the intelligence and wisdom of Solomon; the knowledge of psychology and other
natural sciences; acting ability; mastery of oral and written communication; the keen power of observation
and description; courage; working knowledge; a sense of justice and fair play; the power to “read between
the lines"; and proficiency in martial arts and firearms. Furthermore, he stated that training is one of the

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fundamentals of investigation, is a vital ingredient in the creation of a total investigator. “Training is the
road to freedom from the bondage of ignorance.” Ignorance, therefore, is unwanted merchandise in the
field of investigation.

Theoretical Framework
Performance theory serves as an appropriate guide in this study. The Theory of Performance defines the
core components of performance as identity, learning skills, knowledge, context, personal factors, and
fixed factors. This theory provides the basis for analyzing performance, defining performance criteria, and
developing meaningful performance measures. The Theory of Performance was also integral in the
development of Learning to Learn: Becoming a Self-Growth, with a primary focus on the growth and
development of key areas of performance: (as a) self-grower, master learner, self-assessor, time manager,
problem solver, team player, reader, reflective practitioner, mentee, risk-taker and self-challenger, public
performer, and self-motivated professional (Performance Model, 2007).
Likewise, this study relies on an investigation plan based on the Criminal Investigation Manual (revised
2011) and the Field Manual on Investigation of Crimes of Violence and Other Crimes (2011) that promotes
a strategic plan that requires a proper format that includes tools to be used in managing investigations by
applying the basic “SMECAC” (situation, mission, execution, contingency administration, logistic cost,
command, and communication). This strategy is an extremely important tool for an investigator. It
identifies the objectives of the investigation and what processes, procedures, and policies will be used to
measure the alleged conduct.
To better comprehend the SMECAC, the situation includes a general description of what incident
occurred, an outline of offenses, the details of the offender(s), the resources available, and other agencies
involved in the conduct of the investigation. The mission is the action or method to be taken to get the best
solution and decision for the matter being investigated. Execution is the proper strategic action to be taken
in order to attain the specific mission during the conduct of the investigation by determining the proper
time and taking the proper action by setting coordination in handling the case to be investigated. The
contingency must identify the hindrances or troubles that may occur during the conduct of the investigation
that must be considered and find an immediate and precise solution. Administration and logistics are the
proper designation of personnel for a particular task assigned by determining their capabilities and
limitations, as well as considering the available resources to be used during the operation and investigation
in order to attain the objective. While command and communications are the proper coordination of
personnel by considering all the available communication resources as well as the proper channeling of
the information gathered that is useful and material to the case or crime being investigated, each
component must work together effectively to exercise the investigating function.

Significance of the Study

Department of Interior and Local Government. The research will direct the department regarding the
important roles that police investigations play in arresting criminals and providing justice to those harmed
by unlawful activities, therefore bolstering the application of current anti-criminality statutes.
National Police Commission. The study's findings and conclusions will be beneficial to the Commission
since they will help them understand the current responsibilities of police officers in managing crime
scenes and carrying out efficient investigations to provide victims of crimes with justice.

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Philippine National Police. The results of this study will help the PNP as a whole understand its role in
carrying out an effective and efficient criminal investigation to deliver justice to the victims.
Caloocan City Police Station. It is the PNP's responsibility to serve the populace, ensuring their comfort
and safety as they live in a modest and peaceful society. Several PNP initiatives have been created to meet
the requirements and expectations of the populace to carry out this objective.
Investigation Unit of Caloocan CPS. The personnel may be able to evaluate their competencies in terms
of criminal investigation in the conduct of their duties and responsibilities.
Policymakers. This study will contribute to these initiatives through the action plan or innovative program
to be proposed based on the findings of the study.
Community. They will be beneficial as the end users of this study. Through this research, they can gain a
wider range of understanding and appreciation for the issues and concerns being studied. Further, they can
be assured that the investigation will become comprehensive before referring the complaint to the proper
authority.
Future Researchers. The findings of this investigation will motivate future researchers into in-depth
interpretation and appreciation, and comparable studies may be conducted with factors other than those
employed by the researcher.
Researcher Himself. Through this study, the researcher helped him explore further the competencies as
well as the innovative professional development plan to be a more competent investigator.

Statement of the Problem

This study assessed the level of criminal investigation competencies in the Caloocan City Police Station
as the basis for an innovative professional development plan.
Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:
1. What is the level of criminal investigation competencies of the police personnel in terms of:
1.1 Investigative Procedure;
1.2 Legal Knowledge;
1.3 Oral and written communication;
1.4 Training and equipment; and
1.5 Critical thinking and decision-making?
2. Is there a significant difference in the perceptions of the three (3) groups of respondents regarding the
different aspects of criminal investigation competencies?
3. What is the degree of seriousness of the challenges encountered by the police investigators in terms of:
3.1 Gathering of information
3.2 Interview and interrogation;
3.3 Instrumentation;
3.4 Crime scene process;
3.5 Court duty; and
3.6 Financial and logistical requirements?
4. Is there a significant difference in the degree of seriousness of the challenges encountered by the three
(3) groups of respondents in terms of the identified variable?
5. What is the degree of necessity of the suggestions offered to enhance the criminal investigation
competencies of police personnel in terms of:
5.1 Investigative procedure;

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5.2 Legal Knowledge

5.3 Oral and written communication;
5.4 Training and equipment; and
5.5 Critical thinking and decision-making?
6. Is there a significant difference in the degree of necessity of the suggestions offered by the three (3)
groups of respondents in terms of the identified variables?
7. Based on the findings of the study, what innovative professional development plan can be developed to
enhance the criminal investigation competencies of police personnel at Caloocan City Police Station?

METHODOLOGY
In this area, the research design used in this study and the total number of respondents involved, including
the population and sampling techniques. It described the research instruments and how these instruments
were executed and validated. It also discusses the procedures and methods for gathering the data and the
different statistical treatments.

Research Design
The researcher utilized a quantitative approach to the research design. According to Bhandari (2020),
quantitative research is the process of collecting and analyzing numerical data. It was used to find patterns
and averages, make predictions, test causal relationships, and generalize results to wider populations. In
this study, the competencies of the criminal investigation at Caloocan City Police Station were assessed
as the basis for an innovative professional development plan.

Research Method
A descriptive-evaluative research method was used in this study. It was a methodological approach that
aimed to gather information about prevailing conditions or situations for description and interpretation
([Link]). Descriptive evaluative research was used to describe the assessment of the competencies of
criminal investigators at the Caloocan City Police Station in terms of investigative procedure, legal
knowledge, oral and written communication, training and equipment, and critical thinking and decision-
making.

Population of the Study

The respondents for this study were composed of three (3) groups of respondents; the first group was
personnel assigned and supervised directly to the investigation. The second group was the first responders,
which included the patrollers, desk officers, crime registrars, barangay officials, and employees. The third
group was the force multipliers, composed of non-government organizations and security guards.
The researcher utilized universal sampling techniques for the 1st group (PNP personnel assigned to the
investigation) and the 2nd group (1st responders: desk officers, crime registrars, and patrollers). While the
researcher utilized the stratified random sampling technique, Julia Simkus (2023) defined stratified
random sampling as a method of selecting a sample in which researchers first divide a population into
smaller subgroups, or strata, based on shared characteristics of the members and then randomly select
members from each stratum to form the final sample. In this study, from the three 2nd groups (barangay
officials) and the 3rd group (force multiplier). The same was applied to the third group, specifically the

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force multipliers, because non-government organizations (NGOs) and security guards have large
populations.

Table 1
Respondents & Population
No. of
Group of
Population Population Percentage Respondents
Respondents
N

Police Officers
1st group of Supervising in 30 100% 30
respondents investigation
(PNP personnel
assigned in Investigators assigned in 40 100% 40
investigation) IDMS

Investigators assigned in
45 100% 45
Substation 1 to 15

Subtotal respondents & population 125 100% 125

Desk Officers 30 100% 30

2nd group of
respondents Crime Registrar 20 100% 20
(First Patrollers 450 10% 45
responders)
No. of
Sample Size
Population Percentage
n
N

Barangay Officials &

4,000 2.63% 105
Tanods

Subtotal respondents & population 4,500 4.44% 200

3rd group of NGOs, 3,500 5% 175

respondents
(Force Security guards
1,000 5% 50
Multipliers)

Subtotal respondents & population 4,500 10% 225

GRAND TOTAL RESPONDENTS 9,125 6.03% 550

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Locale of the Study

Map of Metro Manila

The study was conducted in Caloocan City. The researchers chose this locale since it has the third largest
population of 16 cities and one (1) municipality in Metro Manila (the first is Quezon City, followed by
Manila City, and the next is Caloocan City) and is the second largest city when it comes to land area (the
first is Quezon City, followed by Caloocan City). Further, Caloocan City is unique among all cities and
municipalities in Metro Manila; it is divided into two geographic locations: South Caloocan, with an area
of 1,362.50 hectares, and North Caloocan, with an area of 3,970.90 hectares.

Caloocan City

Caloocan South

Caloocan North

Caloocan City, aside from having a huge population, has a large number of PNP personnel in terms of
police-to-population ratio and a large crime rate. That is why it is best to assess criminal investigation
competencies as the basis for an innovative professional development plan.

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Data Gathering Tools

The primary research instrument for this study was a self-made survey questionnaire. The questionnaire’s
content was meticulously designed and structured based on the statement of the problem from the study.
To ensure the validity, reliability, and relevance of the questionnaire, it underwent a rigorous two-step
validation process: face validation. This initial validation step involved experts and professionals in the
field to assess the questionnaire’s overall structure, clarity, and alignment with the study’s objectives.
Feedback from this process was used to make necessary adjustments to the questionnaire. Content
Validation: In this phase, experts in the field thoroughly examined the questionnaire’s content to verify its
alignment with the study’s objectives. The aim was to confirm that the questions effectively captured the
data required for the research.
Additionally, the questionnaire’s reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha, with a score of.948, a
statistical measure that evaluates the internal consistency of the questionnaire. This test determined how
well the questions included in the survey collectively measured variables of interest. The goal was to
achieve a high level of reliability, ensuring that the questionnaire consistently measured what it was
intended to. Before the actual data-gathering procedure, the survey questionnaire was pilot-tested with 30
respondents. This pilot test ensures the reliability of identifying and rectifying any ambiguities or issues
that may arise during the data collection process. The gathered data was processed and analyzed using
JASP (Jeffrey’s Amazing Statistical Program) v0.18.3, an open-source project supported by the University
of Amsterdam.

Data Gathering Procedures

By employing a combination of survey questionnaires and unstructured interviews, coupled with stringent
validation, reliability testing, and pilot testing, this research aimed to ensure the collection of
comprehensive and dependable data, thus upholding the quality of the information gathered for analysis.
Prior to the distribution of the questionnaire, the researcher sought approval from the dean, and once
approved, the researcher asked permission from the Chief of Police of Caloocan City Police Station to
allow him to administer the instrument of the study. Upon approval of the request, he administered the
questionnaire to the respondents. The researcher also personally retrieved the questionnaire to ensure a
high percentage of return.
Subsequently, the processed data was scrutinized to extract valuable insights and findings, which were
presented in a detailed report or presentation.

Statistical Treatment of Data

After the questionnaires were gathered, the responses were tallied, tabulated, and statistically treated for
analysis and interpretation using the following tool:

Weighted mean and descriptive rating were used to answer specific problem numbers 1, 3, and 5 to
analyze the assessments on competencies, challenges encountered, and solutions in criminal investigation.
Part I of the questionnaire, for the assessment of the competency of the investigation at Caloocan City
Police Station, used the following scale:

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Rating Range Values Descriptive Rating

4 3.26 - 4.00 Very competent (VC)
3 2.51 - 3.25 Moderately competent (MC)
2 1.76 - 2.50 Slightly competent (SC)
1 1.00 - 1.75 Not competent (NC)
Part II of the questionnaire, for the challenges encountered by the respondents at Caloocan City Police
Station, the following scale was used:

Mean scale Range value Descriptive rating

4 3.26 - 4.00 Very serious (VS)
3 2.51 - 3.25 Moderately serious (MS)
2 1.76 - 2.50 Slightly serious (SS)
1 1.00 - 1.75 Not serious (NS)
Part III of 3 the questionnaire, for the degree of necessity of the suggestion offered, the following scale
was used:

Mean Scale Range value Descriptive Rating

4 3.26 - 4.00 Very necessary (VN)
3 2.51 - 3.25 Moderately necessary (MN)
2 1.76 - 2.50 Slightly necessary (SN)
1 1.00 - 1.75 Not necessary (NN)
Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA: This inferential statistical tool was used to test the significant
differences among the three groups of respondents in terms of competencies, challenges encountered, and
suggestions on criminal investigation.

Ethical Considerations
The informed consent process for the dissertation “An Assessment of Criminal Investigation
Competencies in Caloocan City Police Station: A Basis for an Innovative Professional Development Plan”
is a vital part of the research process. The informed consent process should include full explanations of
the research project, the purpose of the research, the explanations of the research participants, and the
procedures they were required to follow.
In addition, the researcher ensured that participants were aware of their right to privacy and confidentiality
and that any information obtained from them was kept confidential and secured. The answers of the
respondents were collected voluntarily and executed with no use of force, deceit, or fraud. Any
uncomfortable question was skipped, and the respondents did not receive any form of reward. Respondents
are expected to answer questions about their personal information and opinions through a survey
questionnaire. The researcher honored the respondents’ wishes regarding processing the information they
provided; the data acquired was kept private. Moreover, the research must be conducted ethically.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Level of Criminal Investigation Competencies of the Police Personnel
The level of criminal investigation competence plays a crucial role in ensuring effective law enforcement
and crime prevention. In the context of an assessment of criminal investigation competencies in Caloocan

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City Police Station, it is essential to evaluate the proficiency of law enforcement officers in various aspects
such as investigative procedure, legal knowledge, oral and written communication, training and
equipment, and critical thinking and decision-making.

Table 2
n=550
PNP
personnel First Force AW Descripti
Indicator assigned in DR Respond DR Multipl DR M ve
Investigati er ier Rating
on
[Link] 3.53 VC 3.62 VC 2.94 MC 3.40 Very
Procedure Compete
nt
2. Legal Knowledge 3.55 VC 3.43 VC 3.31 VC 3.43 Very
Compete
nt
3. Oral and written 3.46 VC 3.08 MC 2.53 SC 3.02
communication Moderat
ely
Compete
nt
4. Training and 3.47 VC 2.73 MC 1.66 NC 2.62 Moderat
equipment ely
Compete
nt
[Link] thinking 3.62 VC 3.38 VC 2.34 SC 3.11 Moderat
and decision ely
making Compete
nt
Average Weighted 3.53 VC 3.25 MC 2.55 NC 3.11 Moderat
Mean ely
Compete
nt

The assessment of criminal investigation competencies among the police personnel at Caloocan City
Police Station revealed several important findings. Overall, the police personnel demonstrated a high level
of competency in areas such as the proper preparation of investigative reports, observing the chain of
custody, and being well-versed in assessing crime scenes.
These competencies are essential for ensuring thorough and accurate investigative procedures. However,
there are areas for improvement, including the need to strengthen personnel's ability to assume full control
over crime scenes, enhance the understanding and implementation of investigation strategies, and improve
the proper taking of sworn statements. In terms of legal knowledge, the personnel showed high levels of

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competence, but there were specific aspects, such as knowledge of different laws and the application of
legal knowledge throughout the investigative process, that could benefit from further focus and training.
Additionally, the assessment revealed varying levels of competency in oral and written communication,
indicating the need for targeted training in specific areas. Furthermore, the assessment highlighted the
need for significant improvement in training, possession of complete equipment, and availability of office
supplies. Finally, there were identified competency gaps in critical thinking, decision-making, and ethical
conduct, emphasizing the need for tailored training programs to enhance these skills among the personnel.

Table 3 Significant difference in the perceptions of the three (3) groups of respondents along the
different aspects of Criminal Investigation Competencies

Based on the Kruskal-Wallis test results, the obtained p-value of 0.062 is greater than the significance
level of 0.05. Therefore, there is not enough evidence to conclude that there is a significant difference in
the perception of the three groups of respondents (PNP personnel assigned to the investigation, first
responder, and force multiplier) along the different aspects of criminal investigation competencies. This
suggests that the three groups may have similar perceptions regarding criminal investigation
competencies, and further analysis may be needed to explore any potential nuances or similarities in their
perceptions. The average weighted mean scores for various indicators across the three groups demonstrate
a high level of consensus on the degree of necessity of the suggestions offered to enhance criminal
investigation competencies. While there may be slight variations in the ratings for specific indicators, the
overall trend indicates a shared recognition of the importance of training, legal knowledge, communication
skills, and specialized training programs across the three groups.

Degree of Seriousness of the Challenges Encountered by the police investigators

As part of the assessment of criminal investigation competencies in Caloocan City Police Station, it is
essential to consider the current practices, training programs, and skill levels of the investigators. This
assessment provides valuable insights into the strengths and weaknesses of the gathering of information,
interview and interrogation, instrumentation, crime scene process, court duty, and financial and logistical
requirements. Based on this assessment, an innovative professional development plan can be formulated

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to address any identified areas for improvement and to enhance the overall competencies of the
investigative team.

Table 4
n=550
PNP
personnel First Force AW Descripti
D D
Indicator assigned in Respond DR Multipl M ve
R R
Investigati er ier Rating
on
1. Gathering of 3.33 VS 3.35 VS 3.27 VS 3.28 Very
information Serious
2. Interview and 3.30 VS 3.25 MS 3.27 VS 3.28 Very
interrogation Serious
3. Instrumentation 3.18 M 3.43 VS 3.59 VS 3.40
S Very
Serious
4. Crime scene 3.08 M 3.32 VS 3.37 VS 3.26 Very
process S Serious
[Link] duty 3.54 VS 3.55 VS 2.67 M 3.25 Moderat
S ely
Serious
[Link] and 3.54 VS 3.39 VS 3.55 VS 3.54 Very
logistical Serious
requirement
Average Weighted 3.32 V 3.38 VC 3.38 V 3.36 Very
Mean C C Serious

The assessment of criminal investigation competencies at Caloocan City Police Station revealed a high
degree of seriousness in the challenges encountered by police investigators. The findings from the
assessment highlighted critical issues in various aspects of the investigative process, including the
gathering of information, interview and interrogation, instrumentation, crime scene process, court duty,
and financial and logistical requirements. These challenges ranged from the reluctance of witnesses to
provide information, mishandling of physical evidence, uncooperative witnesses in court proceedings, and
inadequate budget and resources hindering thorough investigations. The weighted mean scores
consistently indicated that these challenges are considered very serious, emphasizing the urgent need for
comprehensive strategies and improvements to enhance the overall effectiveness of investigative
procedures.

Degree of Necessity of the Suggestions Offered to Enhance the Criminal Investigation Competencies
of Caloocan City Police Personnel
When considering the investigative procedure concerning the assessment of criminal investigation
competencies in the Caloocan City Police Station, it is essential to emphasize the degree of necessity. By

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understanding the current level of expertise, the police department can then formulate an innovative
professional development plan that addresses any deficiencies or areas requiring improvement. This plan
should focus on enhancing investigative techniques, evidence collection, legal understanding, and other
pertinent competencies to ensure that the officers are well-prepared to handle the demands of criminal
investigations in Caloocan City.

Table 5
n=550
PNP
personnel First Force AW Descripti
D D
Indicator assigned in DR Respond Multipl M ve
R R
Investigati er ier Rating
on
[Link]
Procedure 3.54 VN 3.68 V 3.54 V 3.59 Very
N N Necessar
y
2. Legal Knowledge
3.71 VN 3.45 V 3.38 V 3.51 Very
N N Necessar
y

3. Oral and written

communication 3.56 VN 3.54 V 3.39 V 3.49 Very
N N Necessar
y
4. Training and
equipment 3.56 VN 3.40 V 3.50 V 3.48 Very
N N Necessar
y
[Link] thinking
and decision making 3.47 VN 3.65 V 3.41 V 3.51 Very
N N Necessar
y
Average Weighted
Mean 3.57 VN 3.55 V 3.44 V 3.52 Very
N N Necessar
y

Based on the assessment of criminal investigation competencies in the Caloocan City Police Station, it is
evident that there is a strong consensus among the PNP personnel on the degree of necessity of the
suggestions offered to enhance their competencies. The findings indicate that training and incorporating
the latest techniques and technologies in forensic science and criminal investigation, establishing stronger

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ties with the community, and implementing a robust system for quality assurance are perceived as highly
necessary.
Additionally, there is a recognized need for continuous learning and development in legal knowledge, oral
and written communication skills, and specialized training programs that focus on critical thinking and
ethical standards. These findings emphasize the importance of ongoing professional development and
resource allocation to ensure that police personnel are well-prepared to handle the demands of criminal
investigations effectively.

Proposed Innovative Professional Development Plan To Enhance The Criminal Investigation

Competencies Of Police Personnel At Caloocan City Police Station Rationale:
The proposed professional development program, PROJECT LEGIT, aims to address crucial aspects of
investigative work within the Caloocan City Police Station. It focuses on enhancing the competencies of
investigators by providing training in legal knowledge, ethical standards, professionalism, report-writing
skills, and investigative techniques. This program is designed to ensure that the investigators have a
comprehensive understanding of the legal and ethical considerations involved in their work and are
equipped with the necessary skills to conduct thorough and effective investigations. By focusing on these
key areas, the program seeks to elevate the standards of criminal investigation competencies within the
Caloocan City Police Station, laying the groundwork for an innovative professional development plan.
Scope and Objectives:
The scope of PROJECT LEGIT encompasses a comprehensive approach to professional development,
covering legal aspects of investigations, ethical standards and professionalism, grammar competency,
logical content in report writing, and improved investigative techniques. The objectives of the program
include:
1. Enhancing investigators' understanding of legal frameworks and regulations relevant to investigative
work.
2. Fostering ethical decision-making and behavior within investigative processes.
3. Cultivating professionalism and adherence to standards of conduct in law enforcement.
4. Improving grammar competency and ensuring logical, coherent report writing.
5. Enhancing investigative techniques to ensure thorough and effective processes

Key Results Key Innovativ Persons Timeli Resources Means of Quality

Area Performan e Action Responsi ne Needed and Verificati Objectiv
ce Plan ble Budget on es
Indicator Deploym
ent

A. Legal Comprehen Integrate [Link] 3 1. VR Assessmen 1

Training sive virtual technol weeks headsets, t of
Effective understandi reality ogy simulated trainees'
ness ng and (VR) speciali crime scene decision-
application technology sts, scenarios, making
of legal for an skills and
principles interactive understand

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and case study [Link] 2. Technicaling of legal

procedures analysis of experts support for
considerati
demonstrat legal for VR ons
ed by challenges debriefi implement through
trainees. in ng and ation and feedback,
investigati guidanc troubleshoobservatio
ons, e. oting n during
providing VR
a dynamic *Budget: – simulation,
and P1000,000.0 and
immersive 0 debriefing
learning sessions.
experience
.

Key Results Key Innovative Persons Time Resourc Means of Quality

Area Performan Action Responsible line es Verificati Objective
ce Plan Needed on s
Indicator and Deploym
Budget ent

B. Ethical Demonstrat Impleme 1. Training 3 1. Real- Assessme 2&3

Standards ed nt program weeks world nt of
and understandi interacti coordinat ethical participan
Professionali ng and ve case ors, scenario ts'
sm Training application study s and responses
of ethical analysis [Link] and
principles and speakers 2. case approache
and group on ethics, studies, s to ethical
decision- discussio and challenges
making ns using [Link] through
models by real- rs for case *Budget: case study
all world study P50,000.00 discussion
participants ethical discussio s,
. scenarios ns. feedback
, from
fostering participan
collabora ts, and
tive review of
learning insights
and shared

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critical during
thinking. open
forum
discussion
s.

Key Results Key Innovative Persons Timel Resources Means Quality

Area Performa Action Responsible ine Needed and of Objectiv
nce Plan Budget Verifica es
Indicator tion Deploy
ment

C. Writing Demonstr Integrate [Link] 3 week 1. Writi Assessm 4

Compete ated collaborati program s ng ent of
ncy and improvem ve writing coordinato enhanceme improve
Report ent in workshops, rs, nt tools and d report
Quality grammar technology software, quality
Improve competen -enhanced 2. Writ infographic and
ment cy, logical writing ing creation presentat
content, tools, and workshop tools, ion
and report visual facilitators skills,
presentati communica , 2. Facili feedback
on skills tion technolog tators for from
by all techniques y collaborativ peer
participant to enhance specialists e writing review
s. grammar , workshops exercises
competenc and peer , and
y and [Link] review observati
logical communic sessions. on of
content in ation participa
report experts. *Budget– nts'
writing. P200,000.00 engagem
ent in
writing
and
presentat
ion
activities
.

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Key Key Innovativ Persons Timeli Resources Means of Quality

Results Performan e Action Responsible ne Needed Verificatio Objectiv
Area ce Plan n es
Indicator Deploym
ent

D. Enhance Demonstra Introduce 1. Trai 3 [Link] to Observatio 5

d ted practical ning weeks forensic n of
Investigat proficienc scenario- program technolo participant
ive y and based coordinato gy tools, s' practical
Techniqu practical training rs, role- application
es and application and playing of
Skills of incorporat 2. Exp materials investigati
Develop advanced e the latest ert trainers for ve
ment investigati investigati in forensic cognitive techniques,
ve ve technolog interview assessment
techniques technolog y, ing and of their
by all y to cognitive deceptio approach in
participant enhance interviewi n practical
s. participant ng, detection scenarios,
s' skills cybercrim , feedback
and e from
knowledg investigati [Link] comprehen
e in on, and resources sive
forensic risk for debriefing
analysis, assessmen cybercri sessions,
cognitive t. me and
interviewi investiga evaluation
ng, tion of skill
cybercrim methods, developme
e and nt over the
investigati scenario- training
on, and based period.
risk training
assessmen materials
t. .

*Budget:
P500,000.
00

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CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusions
Based on the findings from the assessment of criminal investigation competencies in the Caloocan City
Police Station, it is evident that while the police personnel demonstrated a high level of competency in
certain areas, there are clear areas for improvement. These include the need to strengthen control over
crime scenes, enhance investigation strategies, improve sworn statement procedures, and provide targeted
training in legal knowledge and oral and written communication skills. Additionally, there is a recognized
need for significant improvement in critical thinking, decision-making, and ethical conduct, emphasizing
the importance of tailored training programs to enhance these skills among personnel.
The assessment also highlighted the high degree of seriousness of the challenges encountered by police
investigators, emphasizing the urgent need for comprehensive strategies and improvements to enhance the
overall effectiveness of investigative procedures. The identified challenges, ranging from the reluctance
of witnesses to inadequate budget and resources, underscore the critical nature of these issues and the
necessity for immediate attention and resolution.
Furthermore, the strong consensus among the PNP personnel on the degree of necessity of the suggestions
offered to enhance their competencies underlines the importance of ongoing professional development
and resource allocation. The perceived high necessity of training, incorporation of the latest techniques
and technologies, establishment of stronger community ties, and implementation of quality assurance
systems reflects a collective understanding of the crucial areas that require attention and improvement.
In conclusion, the findings underscore the importance of targeted training and comprehensive strategies
to address the identified competency gaps and challenges. By prioritizing these areas for improvement and
aligning professional development initiatives with the shared needs and priorities of the personnel, the
Caloocan City Police Station can effectively enhance its criminal investigation competencies and ensure
a higher standard of investigative procedures and outcomes.

Recommendations
Based on the findings and conclusions provided, the following recommendations can be made:
1. Tailored Training Programs: Develop and implement tailored training programs that focus on critical
thinking, decision-making, and ethical conduct. These programs should address the identified
competency gaps and emphasize the application of legal knowledge throughout the investigative
process. Additionally, targeted training in oral and written communication skills should be provided
to enhance competency in these areas.
3. Comprehensive Strategies: Establish comprehensive strategies to address the challenges encountered
by police investigators. This may include developing protocols for gathering information, handling
physical evidence, conducting interviews and interrogations, and managing logistical and financial
requirements. Furthermore, initiatives to foster cooperation from witnesses and facilitate court
proceedings should be prioritized.
4. Ongoing Professional Development: Emphasize ongoing professional development and resource
allocation to ensure that police personnel are well-prepared to handle the demands of criminal
investigations effectively. This includes continuous learning and training in forensic science, the
incorporation of the latest techniques and technologies, and the establishment of stronger ties with the
community. Moreover, the implementation of a robust system for quality assurance should be a key
focus to maintain high investigative standards.

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5. These recommendations aim to address the identified competency gaps, challenges, and areas for
improvement, ultimately contributing to the enhancement of criminal investigation competencies
within the Caloocan City Police Station.
6. A proposed project law for the professional development of investigators will focus on the legal
aspects of investigations, develop ethical standards and professionalism, increase grammar
competency and logical content in report writing, and improve investigative technique.

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4. Jones, B. (2019). Ensuring Adequate Resources for Effective Investigations. Law Enforcement
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