Unit 4 Review

Transoceanic Interconnections and the Rise of a Global World from

1450-1750
 4.1 - Technological
Innovations
Essential Question: How did
cross-cultural interactions spread
technology and facilitate changes in trade
and travel from 1450 - 1750?

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Maritime Trade
Trade had existed across land and water for
centuries, but as Europeans became more
interested in the Indian Ocean trade networks, new
patterns of trade began to develop.
❏ Europeans wanted to be involved in Indian Ocean
trade but conflicts like the Omani-European rivalry
encouraged European nations to finance expeditions
like Christopher Columbus’ in search of water routes
east.
❏ Omani European rivalry = Portuguese trading
forts being challenged by locals.
❏ People like Prince Henry the Navigator encouraged
maritime exploration and trade.
❏ He paid for for expeditions along Africa’s
Atlantic coast allowing Portugal to explore
further than other European nations.
❏ The “discovery “of the new world by Columbus on
behalf of Spain encouraged other European nations
to fund water exploration and trade.
❏ This new pattern of long-distance trade and
colonization led to the rise of the Maritime
Empires - empires based on sea travel and
trade rather than purely land expansion.

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Innovations
Various technologies were taken or improved from
classical Islamic and Asian technology allowing
Europeans to travel longer distances on the ocean
than ever before.
❏ Magnetic Compass - taken from China helped point a
ship in the right direction.
❏ Astrolabe - Taken from Muslim navigators this let sailors
determine how far North or South they were from the
equator.
❏ The Caravel - A small three masted ship developed by
the Portuguese made sailing rough seas easier
❏ Cartography - Map Making
❏ Lateen Sail - Triangle sail that could catch the wind from
any direction allowing ships to sail on the ocean.
❏ New Ships:
❏ Carrack - Portugal - square and lateen sails
❏ Caravel - Portugal and Spain - Lateen sails
❏ Fluyt - Dutch - Square sails
❏ Newton’s Ideas of Gravity - Increased knowledge of
tides
❏ Astronomical Chart - A map of the stars and galaxies
used for navigation

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Long-Term Results
❏ The long-term result of combining navigational
techniques invented in Europe with those from
other areas of the world was a rapid expansion of
exploration and global trade.

❏ The introduction of gunpowder aided Europe in

these expansions.

❏ Interactions among various cultures inside and

outside of Africa brought extensive trade and
new technology to Africa.

❏ The success of European nations encouraged

places like Russia to consolidated and grow its
military.

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4.2 - Exploration: Causes
and Events
Essential Question: What were the causes
and effects of the state-sponsored
expansion of maritime exploration?

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 4.2 - The Role of States in Maritime Exploration

CONTEXT: At the beginning of the 1400s, Italy controlled waterways between Europe and Asia, which
meant they controlled the flow of goods between the two regions. This encouraged Spain, Portugal,
France, and England to search for new water routes to Asia in search of riches, European dominance,
and new places to spread Christianity (the three G’s - God, Glory, and Gold!) . European nations were
encouraged by Columbus’ “Discovery” of the New World.

➔ With the discovery of gold ★ No nation supported exploration as heavily as Portugal. Three
and silver in far away people led:
places, the economic ○ Prince Henry the Navigator - First European monarch to
policy of Mercantilism finance sea travel in search of a all-water route to the East.
(sell more than you buy to ○ Bartholomew Diaz - First to sail around the tip of Africa.
increase your wealth) ○ Vasco da Gama - Sailed further East than Diaz, all the way to
drove Europeans deeper India.
into the global exploration ■ Portuguese ports in India was the first step towards the
game. creation of their trading post empire.
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 4.2 - Portugal and Trading Post Empires

Portuguese
∙ Dominance: Trading Post Empires: Portuguese Vulnerability:
➔ In the early 1500s, Portugal has ➔ In order to ensure a ➔ Small nation lacking in workers.
superior weapons and navigational monopoly in the Indian Ocean ➔ Corruption by merchants and
technology. trade, Portugal built armed government officials.
➔ Afonso de Albuquerque won a battle trading posts around India and ➔ By 17th Century they had major
against Arab traders to win the Port of Africa. Dutch and English rivals.
Malacca (remember - this is like ◆ This made them the ◆ Eventually, Portugal is
“buying the door” in the Indian ocean!) first trading post overpowered by the English
◆ Allowed them to dominate the empire - an empire in India and the Dutch in
Indian and African costs. built on trade rather Malacca.
➔ Went to China: than land. ◆ They go to Japan and bring
◆ Didn’t change China much, but ◆ They didn’t have missionaries, but like China
missionaries followed. enough people to Japan closes their doors to
◆ China didn’t like this and control lots of land!
this trade.
eventually close their doors to ➔ Restricted Indian ocean trade
trade. to those willing to buy a
permit!

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 4.2 - Spain in the Philippines and the Lure of Riches.

While Portugal was the first Western European nation to reach the Indian Ocean by sea, Spanish ships were the first to
circumnavigate the globe with the expedition sponsored by Ferdinand Magellan. Spain annexed Manila near the Phillipines and
it became a Spanish commercial center, with many Filipinos becoming Christian. Spain was hooked on exploration!

Europeans wanted to find a waterway China:

to Asia mostly to find more gold and ➢ Quickly bought into the silver trade.
silver (mercantilism) ➢ Silver was transported on giant
➢ They almost gave up after the Spanish ships called galleons.
Spanish found so little! ○ In Manila, galleons traded
➢ Soon, however, they came into European silver for Asian luxury
contact with Amerindians goods.
(Indigenous Americans) like the Inca ○ Galleons had a direct impact
and Aztec. on the silver trade.
○ This made exploration and ➢ The Chinese government soon
colonization profitable. shifted to a currency based on silver.
○ Europeans quickly began using ➢ Silver becomes a dominant force in
slave labor to grow crops and the global economy making places
harvest valuable goods. like Spain and Europe insanely rich!

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 4.2 - French Exploration

France started sponsoring expeditions in search of the Northwest Passage (waterway to East Asia and
spices!) in the 1500s.
Quebec:
Jacques Cartier - Sailed from the
Atlantic ocean to the northern US.
★ Established Quebec as a French fur
★ Didn’t find a water-route to trading post.
Asia, but did claim part of what ★ Missionaries tried to convert
is now Canada for France. Natives to Christianity.
★ Eventually, France realized ★ The French rarely settled
that there were lots of permanently.
resources in N. America and ○ The French simply traded furs
they didn’t need to look for a trapped by Natives to sell them.
way to Asia anymore. ○ Had better relationships with
○ France became heavily Natives as a result.
involved in the fur trade. ○ Settlements grew more slowly
that British counterparts.

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 4.2 - English Exploration

England also began searching for the Northwest Passage with explorer John Cabot. He claimed lands in
the New World, but England was unable to defend themselves against the strong Spanish Armada until
England shockingly defeated them in 1588. This established England as the dominate naval force in the
world.

Jamestown:
★ First English settlement in 1607.
★ Settled first by joint=stock
companies, and later by those
seeking religious freedoms.

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4.2 - Dutch Exploration
❏ The Dutch sent Henry Hudson to the East coast of
N. America in search of a Northwest Passage in
1609.
❏ He didn’t find one, but he did sail up the
Hudson River (as it is known now).
❏ His explorations were valuable to the Dutch, and
they claimed the Hudson River Valley and the island
of Manhattan
❏ They called it New Amsterdam (New
York City)
❏ This port was hugely prosperous
because of its location near a major
river flowing to the ocean.

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4.3 - Exploration: Causes
and Events
Essential Question: What were the causes
of the Columbian Exchange and its
effects on the eastern and Western
Hemispheres?

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 4.3 - Columbian Exchange

In this new global world, the Eastern and Western Hemispheres shared not only goods, but diseases,
foods, and animals in the Columbian Exchange.
Diseases: Animals and Food: : Food:
★ Amerindians (Native ❖ Before the C.E., Native Americans ate ★ Europeans took home corn,
Americans) had NO immunity very little meat. potatoes, tomatoes, beans,
to European diseases due to ➢ Introduction of new meats like peppers, and cacao.
centuries of isolation. pigs and cows changed ○ Introduction of these
○ This resulted in the American diets. new staple dietary foods
deaths of 50-90% of ❖ The horse was also brought to resulted in massive
indigenous populations America population increased in
due to smallpox, ➢ Natives could hunt over larger Europe.
measles, influenza, and areas leading to a surplus of
malaria. food
○ This is one of the ➢ Hostile interactions also
greatest population increased between tribes.
disasters in human ➢ Food surplus allowed natives
history. to focus on art and spirituality
more.
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 4.3 - Cash Crops and Forced Labor

As cash crops begin to be produced in the new world, forced labor rises. African slaves brought okra and
rice to the new world, while tobacco and cacao produced in the new world by slaves went to Europe.
Sugar: :
African Presence in the Americas:
★ Spain focused on Silver in the new world,
but Portugal focused on sugar. ★ The forced movement of African people is
○ Sugar really kickstarts triangular known as the African Diaspora
trade and the forced migration of ★ Language - not able to transplant to the
slaves into the new world. new world.
○ Sugar cultivation in Brazil required ○ Some African languages were
the constant important of slaves combined with colonizer languages
from the Kongo and Swahili coast. like creole in the Southern US.
★ The profitability of sugar encouraged ★ Music - Came to the new world and was
Spain to focus its colonies on cash crop used a means of survival under harsh
agriculture as well. conditions. Kept spirits up and helped
○ Sugar soon eclipses silver as the enslaved Africans communicate.
main money maker for Europe in the ★ Food - Greatly influenced N. America
new world. Tobacco soon follows. cuisine.

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 4.4 - Maritime Empires
Link Regions
Essential Question: How were the
empires of European states established
between 1450 to 1750, and what economic
and labor systems fueled them?

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 Trading Posts in Africa and Asia
AFRICA: Trading posts were set up in Africa by the Portuguese and then other
European powers after Prince Henry the navigator traveled around Africa.
❏ Some African rulers realized there was a military advantage to
exchanging guns for slaves and grew wealthy
❏ You can see European influence in West African art which depicts
Europeans as “intruders”
❏ The Asante Empire and the Kingdom of the Kongo grew in influence
after trade with Europe.
❏ The Portuguese takeover of ports on the Swahili coast threw the
African region into long term decline.

JAPAN: Japan tolerated the Christian missionaries that came from

Portuguese and Dutch traders until the influence of Christianity grew too
strong.
❏ In 1587, the Japanese government banned Christian worship.
❏ By 1630, foreign influence was very limited with foreign books and
travel banned by the government.
❏ Japan allowed some Dutch merchants to live on a secluded island,
but they were largely isolated.
❏ Power was highly centralized, but Japan had limited knowledge of
outside influences

CHINA: Ming Dynasty worked to limit outside influence by restricting trade.

Believed they were superior to the rest of the world.
1. Prohibited foreign trade
2. Destroyed dockyards and limited the size of ships.
3. Reconstructed the Great Wall

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European Rivalries
The growth of maritime trade resulted in the growth of
European rivalries, with many nations fighting for more
economic, religious, and political power.

India had numerous European powers set up show in it’s

border.
1. The British East India Joint-Stock Company traded
with the Mughal Empire
a. Focused originally on trade, the EIC gained
influence in India and increased its political
power by making treaties with local rulers.
b. Eventually, Great Britain controlled most of the
Indian subcontinent.
2. Portugal controlled a small trading post near Goa
before being pushed out by the British in the 20h
century.
3. France controlled Pondicherry, a city in South East
India until the British victory in the Seven Years’ War
pushed France out of Indian in 1763.

Great Britain was on the way to establishing a truly global

empire with trading posts in the New World, Africa, and
India.
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Europe in the Americas
New Spain: Established by Hernando Cortez and the
Spanish Empire after the defeat of the Aztec Empire.
❖ Aztecs were greatly weakened first by disease.
❖ Spanish melted Aztec treasures to send gold home.

In South America, Francisco Pizarro ransomed the Inca king

Atahualpa for Incan gold, but killed him after payment was
received.
❖ The Spanish had overthrown the Inca by 1572

Spain VS Portugal - Had tensions in the new world.

❖ Divided the Americas between them in the Treaty of
Tordesillas in 1494
❖ Line went through S. America - Spain got all to the
West and Portugal got the East including Brazil.

France VS Great Britain - in North America

❖ Natives initially sided with Britain in North America, but
the power Iroquoid eventually switched to the French
side.
➢ Great Britain pushed France out of Canada in
the French and Indian War
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Europe in Indian Ocean Trade
Trade continued largely undisturbed in the Indian Ocean.
➔ Merchants were used to having to pay taxes. Taxes
kept order - not guns (until Europe arrives!)
Portugal in the Indian Ocean:
➔ Superior navy and religious zeal.
➔ Set up armed trading posts in the Indian Ocean to
cash in on all of the rich trade from Asia.
➔ Beat the Gujaratis, the Mamluks of Egypt, and the
Zamorin of Calicut to establish dominance.
➔ Things stayed mostly the same - people now just
paid taxes to the Portuguese.
The Indian Ocean Slave Trade
➔ Had existed for many years prior to the Atlantic slave
trade.
➔ African slaves were taken to North Africa, the Middle
East and India.
➔ Slaves had different fates in Indian Ocean trade
◆ More likely to work in the house or as laborers.
◆ Lived in towns and cities and able to create
diasporic communities.
◆ In Muslim nations could often even marry.

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Silver and Gold
The search for silver and gold drove exploration as
mercantilist policies became more prominent in Europe.
★ Columbus thought there was lots of gold in the new
word (Hispaniola) but it was scarce in the Caribbean
so they just kidnapped indigenous people.
★ Soon, however, silver was discovered in Mexico and
Peru.
○ Silver mining in Mexico and Peru flourished!
■ They needed labor.
■ Indigenous people were dying from
disease, and many refused to do the
toughest work.
■ Spain reimagined the Incan mit’a system
- all young men were required to work a
certain amount of time in silver mines.
■ All villages had to send a certain amount
of workers to the silver mine.
★ The Spanish empire used the wealth from silver to
build up its military, but eventually inflation from silver
negatively impacted their economy.

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Coerced and Forced Labor
Colonization led European nations to being using various
systems of forced and coerced labor.
Spain - Hacienda and Encomienda Systems
❏ Hacienda - Indigenous people were forced to work agricultural
farms in the new world to grow wheat, fruit, vegetables, sugar
(forced)
❏ Encomienda - Landowners encouraged indigenous people to
work for them in exchange for shelter (coerced)
❏ Entirely new social hierarchy
❏ Inca Mit’a - Young men were forced to work in silver mines
(forced)

African Slave Trade - New World

❏ Slaves taken from Africa. Indigenous peoples in the
new world could too easily escape and were dying
too quickly.
❏ Some African kingdoms were involved in capturing
slaves.
❏ 10-15% of slaves died on the Northwest passage.
❏ Disrupted demographics in Africa
❏ More women than men led to Polygyny
❏ African governments were unstable
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4.5 - Maritime Empires
Link Regions
Essential Question: What economic
strategies did maritime empires use to
increase their power, and how did the
developing empires affect political,
economic, religious, and cultural
dynamics?

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 4.5 - Economic Strategies and the Commercial Revolution

The shift towards a global economy Joint-Stock Companies like the The Dutch became incredibly
using gold and silver is known as the British East India Company and the wealthy as they were pioneers in
Commercial Revolution which was Dutch East India company financed
finance.
trade and exploration.
marked by four things:
❖ These companies allowed ❖ Had a stock exchange
1. The development of European investors to buy portions of ❖ Dutch East India company were
overseas colonies corporations which would the middlemen of European
2. The opening of new ocean finance trade. trade
trade routes ➢ This offered limited ❖ Had banks to trade currencies
3. Population growth liability to individuals so
a lot of people bought The British and French were less
4. Inflation
in! lucky.
a. The high rate of inflation ❖ Driving force behind
from all of the gold and exploration - low risk with
❖ Over lending led to an
silver is called the Price money to spend! economic bubble which burst,
Revolution. hurting the British economy.

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 4.5 - Changes for Indigenous People

Land-based empires like the Romans, Muslims, and Mongols had often struggled with what to do with
conquered people. They often allowed traditions to exist or assimilate. Maritime empires, however, largely
erased the cultures and social structures of the places they colonized.

Systems in Latin America were replaced by Religion:

those of the Spanish and Portuguese
Many African religious were brought to
➔ Spain appointed Viceroys to act as America creating religious syncretism with
the arm in the new world, with existing Christian beliefs.
audiencias to be the royal court or
appeals. ● 1 in 10 Africans practiced Islam and were
➔ Spain couldn’t focus too much on the first Muslim presence in the new
colonial affairs in the New World world.
because they were so far away. Christian missionaries were so successful tha
➔ Most indigenous books were burned, Roman Catholic Christianity is the most
so few accounts exist. dominant religion in Latin America.
➔ Spanish is the main language.

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 4.6 - Internal and
External Challenges to
State Power
Essential Question: How did the
development of state power result in
external and internal challenges in the
period between 1450 and 1750?

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 4.6 - Challenges to State Power

As empires grew and changed, many social, political, and economic groups resisted state expansion
through a variety of challenges to state power.
Pueblo Revolt against the Spanish in
Metacom’s War (King Philip's War) Fronde Rebellion in France modern New Mexico
➢ Final effort of indigenous ➢ Nobles, whose power had ➢ Pueblo and Apache natives
people to push Great Britain out been weakened, rebelled against the Spanish.
of New England. against King Louis XIV - they ➢ Natives were initially successful,
○ Some natives like the lost. (Internal) killing 400 Spaniards and pushing
Mohegan and Pequot them out of the region.
Maratha Rebellion in Mughal India ➢ Spanish conquered the area in
sided with the English.
➢ A Hindu warrior group against 1692. (External)
○ Ended with the
the Mughal Empire (many of Haitian Revolution
subjugation of the
whose leaders were Muslim) ➢ Haitian slaves against the French
Wampanoag people to empire. (External)
➢ Created the Maratha Empire
the English. ➢ Only successful slave revolution -
which effectively ended the
○ External Mughal Empire. (Internal) freedom was won by force.
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 4.6 - Challenges to State Power

As empires grew and changed, many social, political, and economic groups resisted state expansion
through a variety of challenges to state power.
Resistance in Russia - Internal
Resistance to Portugal in Africa - External 1. Nobles grew powerful after wars weakened the Russian
1. African ruler Ana Nzinga aligned with government.
Portugal to try and protect her a. They heavily taxes serfs, who were tied as slaves to the land,
kingdom from neighboring kingdoms and continued the practice long after Europe had ended it.
2. Runaway serfs banded together and became mighty warriors
and the slave trade. known as Cossacks. They had a tumultuous relationship with the
2. The alliance fell apart and Nzinga fled Russian government.
West establishing Matamba. a. Pugachev’s Rebellion was a peasant uprising against
3. She incited rebellion in Ndongo, allied Catherine the Great who gave the nobles even more power
with the Dutch, and freed runaway over the serfs.
slaves. b. Cossacks, led by Yemelyan Pugachev gathered forces to
challenge her power.
4. She resisted Portuguese rule and
c. They were put down by Catherine who used this as an
ruled for decades. excuse to gather more total power against her people.
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 4.6 - Challenges to State Power

As empires grew and changed, many social, political, and economic groups resisted state expansion
through a variety of challenges to state power.

❏ Slaves in the Caribbean fought to gain freedom in the Maroon Wars

(external) from England. Maroons were descendants of runaway slaves
and they formed independent settlements under Queen Nanny.
❏ In England, we see the Glorious Revolution (internal) a bloodless
revolution.
❏ Catholic James I of England was anti-protestant which made
people mad.
❏ Protestants invited the nephew and son in law of James I,
William of Orange and his wife Mary II, to invade England.
❏ They were protestant and agreed.
❏ The Glorious Revolution strengthened the power of Parliament.
❏ It was bloodless, but tensions in Europe over religion and rule
continued.

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THE END
Go forth and study.

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