Lesson 1 controversy because of the stiff opposition by the

Catholic Church
Points of Discussion
- Why are you enrolled in the Rizal subject? The transition from being a bill to become a
- The context of RA 1425 is also known as republic act was however not easy as the proposal
was met with intense opposition particularly from
"The Rizal Law". the Catholic Church. Largely because of the issue,
● The issues and debates of RA 1425 the then-senator Claro M. Recto-the main
● Why study the Rizal subject? proponent of the Rizal Bill-was even dubbed as a
● AN ACT TO INCLUDE IN THE communist and an anti-Catholic.
CURRICULA OF ALL PUBLIC AND
PRIMARY SCHOOLS, COLLEGES, AND Debates ensued with major contention
UNIVERSITIES COURSES ON THE LIFE, placed on the constitutionality of the compulsory
WORDS AND WRITINGS JOSE RIZAL, reading of the unexpurgated version of Rizal's
PARTICULARLY HIS NOVELS NOLI ME novels, Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo.
TANGERE AND FILIBUSTERISMO The Church claimed that it would infringe the
AUTHORIZING THE PRINTING AND freedom of conscience and religion.
DISTRIBUTION THEREOF AND FOR
OTHER PURPOSES Catholic schools threatened to stop
● REPUBLIC ACT NO. 1425 (The law was operation if the bill was passed, though Recto
approved June 12.1956 calmly countered the threat, stating that if that
happened, then the schools would be nationalized.
SECTION 1. Courses on the life, works and Afterward threatened to be punished in future
writings of Jose Rizal, particularly his novel Noli Me elections, Recto remained undeterred.
Tangere and El Filibusterismo, shall be included in
the curricula of all schools, colleges and
universities, public or private: Provided, That in the
collegiate courses, the original or unexpurgated Claro M. Recto, dubbed the "Great Academician"
editions of the Noli Me Tangere and El by writers of national prominence,
Filibusterismo or their English translation shall be ● His elementary education was obtained in
used as basic texts. Xxx Tiaong, and part of his high school studies
in Lipa, Batangas. He enrolled later in
The Board shall promulgate rules and regulations Ateneo where he received his A.B. degree,
providing for the exemption of students for reasons maxima cum laude, 1909. He then earned
of religious belief stated in a sworn written his LL.M. degree at the University of Sto.
statement, from the requirement of the provision Tomas in 1914 and was admitted to the
contained in the second part of the first paragraph Philippine Bar the same year.
of this section; but not from taking the course ● He also served the country as Associate
provided for in the first part of said paragraph. Said Justice of the Supreme Court (1935-1936),
rules and regulations shall take effect thirty (30) Commissioner of Education, Health and
days after their publication in the Official Gazette. Public Welfare (1942-1943), Minister of
State for Foreign Affairs (1943-1944) and
SECTION 2. It shall be obligatory on all schools, Cultural Envoy with the rank of Ambassador
colleges and universities to keep in their libraries an Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary
adequate number of copies of the original and on cultural mission to Europe and Latin
unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me Tangere and America (1960).
El Filibusterismo, as well as of Rizal's other works ● Besides being a noted institution in politics
and biography. The said unexpurgated editions of and a staunch nationalist, Recto was also a
the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo or their literary man and author of political works
translations in English as well as other writings of and legal treaties.
Rizal shall be included in the list of approved books
for required reading in all public or private schools, Senate bill no.438-debate
colleges and universities. ● The debate between the proponents and
the opponents of the Bill rose to a high level
The Filipinos were considered as the Brown of emotionalism and ardent patriotism.
Americans of Asia. Verbal jousts (combat), hecklers (those who
harass) in the gallery, rising blood pressure,
Senate Bill No. 438 known as the Rizal Bill fistfights between representatives.
was filed on April 3, 1956, by the Senate
Committee on Education with Sen. Claro M. Recto The opponents' side
as its main proponent and then Senate Committee ● Catholic Action of the Philippines;
on Education chair, Sen. Jose P. Laurel as its ● Congregation of the Missions;
sponsor. The Rizal Bill became the subject of ● Knights of Columbus;
● Catholic Teachers Guild
Opponents' argument writings. So far, no student has yet officially
● They argued that the Bill violates religious applied for exemption from reading Rizal's
freedom. Their question was: "Why compel novels.
students to read these books when some
As Rizal once said,
passages in them are harmful to their faith?"
“The Youth is the Hope of the Fatherland”
● Fr. Jesus Cavana, after reviewing the
novels, found out that a 332-page edition of
Rizal's Life (An Overview)
the Noli contains 120 pages of anti-Catholic
statements and only contains 25 pages of
DR. JOSE PROTACIO MERCADO RIZAL
patriotic pages.
ALONZO Y REALONDA
● “Rizal is dead. Why should he be roused
from his sleep? Let him rest in peace” MEANINGS OF NAME
● Doctor - completed his medical course in
The Proponents' side Spain and was conferred the degree of
● Revolutionary Veterans known as the 'Spirit Licentiate in Medicine by the Universidad
of 1896' Central de Madrid
● Alagad ni Rizal ● Jose - was chosen by his mother who was
● Freemasons a devotee of the Christian saint San Jose
● Book Lovers Society (St. Joseph)
● Protacio-from Gervacio P., which come
Proponents' argument from a Christian calendar
● They argued that the "opponents of the Bill ● Mercado- adopted in 1731 by Domigo
were in effect condemning Rizal 's patriotic Lamco (the paternal great-great-grandfather
writings to oblivion, by preventing the of Jose Rizal) which the Spanish term
Filipino youth from reading them. This was mercado means 'market' in English
worse than what the friars had done; it was ● Rizal- from the word 'Ricial' in Spanish
tantamount to executing Rizal a second means a field where wheat, cut while still
time." green, sprouts again
● Alonzo- old surname of his mother
● Y-and
JOSE P. LAUREL ● Realonda- it was used by Doña Teodora
● He was born on March 9, 1891 in Tanauan from the surname of her godmother based
Batangas. on the culture by that time
● He Studied law in the University of the ● June 19, 1861-moonlit of Wednesday
Philippines and he placed 2 in the 1915 bar between eleven and midnight Jose Rizal
exam. was born in the lakeshore town of Calamba,
● He also became An associate Justice of the Laguna
Supreme Court ● June 22, 1861-aged three days old, Rizal
● Before the start of the Japanese occupation, was baptized in the Catholic church
he has closed ties with the Japanese. ● Father Rufino Collantes- a Batangueño,
● He became the first president of the 2nd the parish priest who baptized Rizal
Republic and served from 1943-1945. ● Father Pedro Casanas- Rizal's godfather,
native of Calamba and close friend of the
On May 12, 1956, and May 14, 1956, Rizal family
Senate Bill No. 438 and House Bill No. 5561 ● Lieutenant-General Jose Lemery- the
were both unanimously approved on the governor general of the Philippines when
second reading and in the Lowe House. Rizal was born
This RA 1425 was signed by President Rizal’s Immediate Family
Ramon Magsaysay last June 12, 1956.
RIZAL'S PARENTS
THE AIMS OF THE LAW ✓ Don Francisco Mercado (1818-1898)
The teaching of the Rizal course in the ● born in Biñan, Laguna on May 11, 1818
classroom is intended to awaken the sense of ● studied Latin and Philosophy at the College
patriotism and nationalism in every Filipino youth of San Jose in Manila
and push them to apply the principles bequeathed ● became a tenant-farmer of the Dominican-
by Rizal as solutions to present day problems. owned hacienda
● To rededicate the lives of youth to the ideals ● a hardy and independent-minded man, who
of freedom and nationalism, for which our talked less and worked more, and was
heroes lived and died strong in body and valiant in spirit
● To pay tribute to our national hero for ● died in Manila on January 5, 1898 at the
devoting his life and works in shaping the age of 80
Filipino character ● Rizal affectionately called him "a model of
● To gain an inspiring source of patriotism fathers"
through the study of Rizal's life, works, and
Doña Teodora Alonso Realonda (1826-1911) 6. Maria (1859-1945)
● born in Manila on November 8, 1826 ● Biang was her nickname
● educated at the College of Santa Rosa, a ● married Daniel Faustino Cruz of Biñan,
well-known college for girls in the city Laguna
● a remarkable woman, possessing refined
culture, literary talent, business ability, and 7. Jose (1861-1896)
the fortitude of Spartan women ● the greatest Filipino hero and peerless
● is a woman of more than ordinary culture: genius
she knows literature and speaks Spanish ● nickname was Pepe
(according to Rizal) ● lived with Josephine Bracken, Irish girl from
● died in Manila on August 16, 1911 at the Hong Kong
age of 85 ● had a son but this baby-boy died a few
hours after birth; Rizal named him
"Francisco" after his father and buried him
in Dapitan

8. Concepcion (1862-1865)
● her pet name was Concha
● died of sickness at the age of 3
● her death was Rizal's first sorrow in life

9. Josefa (1865-1945)
THE RIZAL CHILDREN ● her pet name was Panggoy
Eleven children-two boys and nine girls ● died an old maid at the age of 80

1. Saturnina (1850-1913) 10. Trinidad (1868-1951)

● oldest of the Rizal children ● Trining was her pet name
● -nicknamed Neneng ● she died also an old maid in 1951 aged 83
● married Manuel T. Hidalgo of Tanawan,
Batangas 11. Soledad (1870-1929)
● youngest of the Rizal children
2. Paciano (1851-1930) ● her pet name was Choleng
● older brother and confident of Jose Rizal ● married Pantaleon Quintero of Calamba
● was a second father to Rizal
● immortalized him in Rizal's first novel Noli
Me Tangere as the wise Pilosopo Tasio
● Rizal regarded him as the "most noble of
Filipinos"
● became a combat general in the Philippine
Revolution
● died on April 13, 1930, an old bachelor aged
79
● had two children by his mistress (Severina
Decena) a boy and a girl

3. Narcisa (1852-1939)
● her pet name was Sisa
● married to Antonio Lopez (nephew of Father RIZAL’S CHILDHOOD
Leoncio Lopez), a school teacher of Morong
THE RIZAL HOME
4. Olimpia (1855-1887) ● was one of the distinguished stone houses
● Ypia was her pet name in Calamba during the Spanish times
● married Silvestre Ubaldo, a telegraph ● it was a two-storey building, rectangular in
operator from Manila shape, built of adobe stones and hard-
woods and roofed with red tiles
5. Lucia (1857-1919) ● by day, it hummed with the noises of
● married to Mariano Herbosa of Calamba, children at play and the songs of the birds in
who was a nephew of Father Casanas the garden; by night, it echoed with the
● Herbosa died of cholera in 1889 and was dulcet notes of family prayers
denied Christian burial because he was a ○ The Rizal family belonged to the
brother-in-law of Dr. Rizal principalia, a town aristocracy in
Spanish Philippines
○ The Rizal family had a simple,
contented and happy life
CHILDHOOD YEARS IN CALAMBA Leon Monroy
● mCalamba was named after a big native jar ● a former classmate of Rizal's father became
● Calamba was a hacienda town which Rizal's tutor that instructed Jose in Spanish
belonged to the Dominican Order, which and Latin. He died five months later
also owned all the lands around it
Sunday afternoon in June, 186
Un Recuerdo A Mi Pueblo (In Memory of My ● Rizal left Calamba for Biñan accompanied
Town) by Paciano
● a poem about Rizal's beloved town written Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz
by Rizal in 1876 when he was 15 years old ● Rizal's teacher in a private school in Biñan
and was student in the Ateneo de Manila ● Rizal described his teacher as follows: He
was thin, long-necked, with a sharp nose
The first memory of Rizal, in his infancy, and a body slightly bent forward
was his happy days in the family garden when he
was three years old Pedro
● the teacher's son which Rizal challenged to
Another childhood memory was the daily a fight
Angelus prayer. By nightfall, Rizal related, his
mother gathered all the children at the house to Andres Salandanan
pray the Angelus ● challenged Rizal to an arm-wrestling match

Another memory of Rizal's infancy was the Juanch

nocturnal walk in the town, especially when there ● an old painter who was the father-in-law of
was a moon the school teacher; freely give Rizal lessons
in drawing and painting
The death of little Concha brought Rizal his
first sorrow Jose Guevara
● Rizal's classmate who also loved painting,
At the age of three, Rizal began to take a became apprentices of the old painter
part in the family prayers ● "the favorite painters of the class"- because
of his artistic talent
When Rizal was five years old, he was able
to read haltingly the Spanish family bible Christmas in 1870
● Rizal received a letter from his sister
The Story of the Moth Saturnina, informing him of the arrival of the
● made the profoundest impression on Rizal - steamer Talim which would take him from
"died a martyr to its illusions" Biñan to Calamba

At the age of five, Rizal began to make sketches Saturday afternoon, December 17, 1870
with his pencil and to mould in clay and wax objects ● Rizal left Biñan after one year and a half of
which attracted his fancy schooling

Sa Aking Mga Kabata (To My Fellow Children) Arturo Camp

● Rizal's first poem in native language at the ● a Frenchman friend of Rizal's father who
age of eight - reveals Rizal's earliest took care of him on board
nationalist sentiment
● At the age of eight, Rizal wrote his first FIRST YEAR IN ATENEO (1872-1873)
dramatic work which was a Tagalog comedy
Father Jose Bech
RIZAL’S EDUCATION ● Rizal's first professor in Ateneo whom he
described as a "tall thin man, with a body
EARLY EDUCATION IN CALAMBA AND BIÑAN slightly bent forward, a harried walk, an
● The first teacher of Rizal was his mother, ascetic face, severe and inspired, small
who was remarkable woman of good deep-sunken eyes, a sharp nose that was
character and fine culture -her mother almost Greek, and thin lips forming an arc
whose ends fell toward the chin
Maestro Celestino
● Rizal's first private tutor A Religious picture
● Rizal's first prize for being the brightest pupil
Maestro Lucas Padua in the whole class
● Rizal's second tutor
 ● To improve his Spanish, Rizal took private TWO MAIN REASONS WHY HE DECIDED TO
lessons in Santa Isabel College during the GO EUROPE
noon recesses. He paid three pesos for
those extra Spanish lessons First Reason.
● At the end of the school year in March, ● In Madrid, the Capital of Spain, the fee for
1873, Rizal returned to Calamba for the medical study was cheaper. He enrolled
summer vacation in Central University of Madrid for the
● When the summer vacation ended, Rizal licentiate in medicine
returned to Manila for his second year term
in Ateneo. This time he boarded inside Second Reason.
Intramuros at No. 6 Magallanes Street. His ● Rizal's secret mission. Rizal's mission was
landlady was an old widow named Doña to alleviate the suffering of his fellowmen.
Pepay The oppressed Filipinos in the fatherland.

SECOND YEAR IN ATENEO (1873-1874) In Europe, Rizal became an active member

● At the end of the school year, Rizal received of the propaganda Movement. Thus began the
excellent grades in all subjects and a gold realization of the book Noli Me Tangere.
medal
● The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexander The final revision of the Noli took place in
Dumas- the first favorite novel of Rizal Berlin in 1886.
which made a deep impression on him
● Universal History by Cesar Cantu- Rizal Maximo Viola shouldered the printing cost
persuaded his father to buy him this set of of Noli. On February 21, 1887, the Noli was finally
historical work that was a great aid in his finished and ready for the printing press. On March
studies 21, 1887, came off the press.
● Dr. Feodor Jagor- a German scientist-
traveler who visited the Philippines in 1859- FIRST HOMECOMING (1887-1888)
1860 who wrote Travels in the Philippines ● Because of the publication of the Noli Me
Tangere and the uproar it caused among
Rizal was impressed in this book because of (1) the friars, Rizal was warned by Paciano (his
Jagor's keen observations of the defects of Spanish brother), Silvestre Ubaldo (his brother-in-
colonization (2) his prophecy that someday Spain law), Chengoy (Jose M. Cecilio) and other
would lose the Philippines and that America would friends not to return home.
come to succeed her as colonizer ● Rizal was determined to return to the
Philippines for the following reasons: (1) to
● Rizal cultivated his literary talent under the operate on his mother's eyes (2) to serve
guidance of Father Sanchez his people who had long been oppressed by
● Father Jose Vilaclara- advised Rizal to Spanish tyrants (3) to find out for himself
stop communing with the Muse and pay how Noli and his other writings were
more attention to more practical studies affecting Filipinos and Spaniards in the
● Rizal studied painting under the famous Philippines and (4) to inquire why Leonor
Spanish painter, Agustin Saez, and Rivera remained silent
sculpture under Romualdo de Jesus,
noted Filipino sculptor July 29, 1887
● Rizal carved an image of the Virgin Mary on ● Rizal wrote to his father, announcing his
a piece of batikuling (Philippine hardwood) homecoming, "on the 15th of July, I shall
with his pocket-knife embark for our country, so that from the
● Father Lleonart- impressed by Rizal's 15th to the 30th of August, we shall see
sculptural talent, requested him to carve for each other"
him an image of Sacred Heart of Jesus
DELIGHTFUL TRIP TO MANILA
MEDICAL STUDIES AT THE UNIVERSITY OF Rizal left Rome by train for Marseilles, a French
SANTO TOMAS (1877-1882) port, which he reached without mishap.
● After finishing the first year of a course in
Philosophy and Letters (1877-1878), Rizal July 3, 1887
transferred to the medical course ● Rizal boarded the steamer Djemnah, the
● "Don't send him to Manila again; he same streamer which brought him to
knows enough. If he gets to know more, Europe 5 years ago
the Spaniards will cut off his head."-
Doña Teodora, vigorously opposed the idea July 30, 1887
that Rizal pursue higher learning in the ● at Saigon, Rizal transferred to another
university steamer, Haiphong, which was Manila-
bounded
August 2, 1887 Chinese-Filipino mestizo, Doroteo
● the steamer left Saigon for Manila Ongjunco, on Ylaya Street, Tondo, Manila
● Rizal explained the objectives of the Liga
ARRIVAL IN MANILA Filipina, a civic league of Filipinos, which he
desired to establish and its role in the socio-
August 3, 1887 economic life of the people.
● the moon was full and Rizal slept soundly ● The officers of the new league were elected,
the whole night. The calm sea, illuminated as follows: Ambrosio Salvador (President);
by the silvery moonlight, was a magnificent Deodato Arellano (Secretary); Bonifacio
sight to him Arevalo (Treasurer); and Agustin de la Rosa
● Near midnight of August 5, 1887, the (Fiscal)
Haiphong arrived in Manila ● Unus Instar Omnium (One Like All)- the
motto of the Liga Filipina
HAPPY HOMECOMING ● The governing body of the league was the
August 8, 1887 Supreme Council which had jurisdiction
● Rizal returned to Calamba over the whole country. It was composed of
● In Calamba, Rizal established a medical a president, a secretary, a treasurer, and a
clinic. His first patient was his mother, who fiscal. There was a Provincial Council in
was almost blind. every province and a Popular Council in
● Rizal, who came to be called "Doctor every town
Uliman" because he came from Germany, ● The duties of the Liga members are as
treated their ailments and soon he acquired follows (1) obey the orders of the Supreme
a lucrative medical practice Council (2) to help in recruiting new
● Rizal opened a gymnasium for young folks, members (3) to keep in strictest secrecy the
where he introduced European sports decisions of the Liga authorities (4) to have
● Rizal suffered one failure during his six symbolic name which he cannot change
months of sojourn in Calamba his failure to until he becomes president of his council (5)
see Leonor Rivera to report to the fiscal anything that he may
hear which affect the Liga (6) to behave well
SECOND HOMECOMING AND THE LIGA as befits a good Filipino (7) to help fellow
FILIPINA members in all ways
● Rizal's bold return to Manila in June, 1892
was his second homecoming RIZAL ARRESTED AND JAILED IN FORT
● Rizal firmly believed that the fight for Filipino SANTIAGO
liberties had assumed a new phase: it must ● July 6, 1892- Wednesday, Rizal went to
be fought in the Philippines not in Spain. Malacañang Palace to resume his series of
"The battlefield is in the Philippines," he told interviews with governor general
countrymen in Europe, "There is where we ● Pobres Frailles (Poor Friars)-
should meet... There we will help one incriminatory leaflets which allegedly found
another, there together we will suffer or in Lucia's pillow cases; it is under the
triumph perhaps." authorship of Fr. Jacinto and printed by the
Imprenta de los Amigos del Pais, Manila
ARRIVAL IN MANILA WITH SISTER ● Rizal was placed under arrest and escorted
● June 26, 1892 - Sunday at 12:00 noon, to Fort Santiago by Ramon Despujol,
Rizal and his widowed sister Lucia (wife of nephew and aide of Governor General
late Mariano Herbosa) arrived in Manila Despujol
● In the afternoon, at 4:00 o'clock, he went ● July 7, 1892- the Gaceta de Manila
to Malacañang Palace to seek audience published the story of Rizal's arrest which
with the Spanish governor general, General produced indignant commotion among the
Eulogio Despujol, Conde de Caspe Filipino people, particlarly the members of
● June 27, 1892- at 6:00pm, Rizal boarded a the newly organized Liga Filipina
train in Tutuban Station and visited his ● The same issue of the Gaceta (july 7, 1892)
friends in Malolos (Bulacan), San Fernando contained Governor General Despujol's
(Pampanga), Tarlac (Tarlac), and Bacolor decree deporting Rizal to "one of the islands
(Pampanga) in the South"
● Rizal returned by train to Manila on the next ● July 14, 1892, shortly after midnight (that
day, June 28, at 5 o'clock in the afternoon is 12:30 am of July 15, 1892) - Rizal was
brought under heavy guard to the steamer
FOUNDLING OF THE LIGA FILIPINA Cebu which was sailing for Dapitan. This
● July 3, 1892- on the evening of Sunday, steamer under Captain Delgras departed at
following his morning interview with 1:00 AM, July 15, sailing south, passing
Governor General Despujol, Rizal attended Mindoro and Panay and reaching Dapitan
a meeting with patriots at the home of the on Sunday, the 17th of July at 7:00 in the
evening
 ● Captain Ricardo Carnicero- Spanish a duel-this man purchased many logs from
commandant of Dapitan whom Captain the lands of Rizal
Delgras handed Rizal ● Antonio Miranda- a Dapitan merchant and
● July 17, 1892-July 31, 2896- Rizal began friend of Rizal
his exile in lonely Dapitan, a period of four ● Father Jose Vilaclara- cura of Dipolog
years
COMMUNITY PROJECTS FOR DAPITAN
EXILE IN DAPITAN, 1892-1896 ● When Rizal arrived in Dapitan, he decided
● Rizal lived in exile far-away Dapitan, a to improve it, to the best of his God-given
remote town in Mindanao which was under talents and to awaken the civic
the missionary jurisdiction of the Jesuits, consciousness of its people
from 1892 to 1896 (1) Constructing the town's first water system
● Rizal practiced medicine, pursued scientific (2) Draining the marshes in order to get rid of
studies, continued his artistic and literary malaria that infested Dapitan
works, widened his knowledge of (3) Equip the town with its lighting system-this
languages, established a school for boys, lighting system consisted of coconut oil lamps
promoted developments projects, invented placed in the dark streets of Dapitan
a wooden machine for making bricks, and (4) Beautification of Dapitan-remodeled the town
engaged in farming and commerce plaza in order to enhance its beauty

BEGINNING OF EXILE IN DAPITAN Rizal as Teacher

● The steamer Cebu which brought Rizal to ● Rizal exile to Dapitan gives him the
Dapitan carried a letter from Father Pablo opportunity to put into practice his
Pastells, Superior of the Jesuit Society in educational ideas. In 1893 he established a
the Philippine, to Father Antonio Obach, school which existed until the end of his
Jesuit parish priest of Dapitan exile in July, 1896. Rizal taught his boys
● Rizal lived in the house of the commandant, reading, writing, languages (Spanish and
Captain Carnicero English), geography, history, mathematics
● A Don Ricardo Carnicero- Rizal wrote a (arithmetic and geometry), industrial work,
poem on August 26, 1892, on the occasion nature study, morals and gymnastics. He
of the captain's birthday trained them how to collect specimens of
● September 21, 18792- the mail boat plants and animals, to love work and to
Butuan was approaching the town, with "behave like men"
colored pennants flying in the sea breezes
● Butuan-the mail boat, brought the happy Hymn to Talisay (Himno A Talisay)
tidings that the Lottery Ticket no. 9736 ● Rizal wrote this poem in honor of Talisay for
jointly owned by Captain Carcinero, Dr. his pupils to sing
Jose Rizal, and Francisco Equilior (Spanish ● Contributions to Science during his four-
resident of Dipolog, a neighboring town of year exile in Dapitan, Rizal built up a rich
Dapitan) won the second prize of P20,000 collection of
in the government-owned Manila Lottery ● concology which consisted of 346 shells
● Rizal's winning in the Manila Lottery reveals representing 203 species. Rizal also
an aspect of his lighter side. He never drank conducted anthropological, ethnographical,
hard liquor and never smoked but he was a archaeological, geological, and
lottery addict-this was his only vice geographical studies, as revealed by his
● During his exile in Dapitan, Rizal had a long voluminous correspondence with his
and scholarly debate with Father Pastells on scientists friends in Europe.
religion.
● In all his letters to Father Pastells, Rizal Linguistic Studies
revealed his anti-Catholic ideas which he ● In Dapitan, he learned the Bisayan,
had acquired in Europe and embitterment at Subanum, and Malay languages. He wrote
his persecution by the bad friars Tagalog grammar, made a comparative
● According to Rizal, individual judgment is a study of the Bisayan and Malayan
gift from God and everybody should use it languages and studied Bisayan (Cebuan),
like a lantern to show the way and that self- and Subanum languages
esteem, if moderated by judgment, saves
man from unworthy acts By this time, Rizal could rank with the world's
● Imitacion de Cristo (Imitation of Christ)- great linguists. He knew 22 languages-Tagalog,
a famous Catholic book by Father Thomas Ilokano, Bisayan, Subanun, Spanish, Latin, Greek,
a Kempis which Father Pastells gave to English, French, German, Arabic, Malay, Hebrew,
Rizal Sanskrit, Dutch, Catalan, Italian, Chinese,
● Mr. Juan Lardet- a businessman, a French Japanese, Portuguese, Swedish, and Russian
acquaintance in Dapitan, Rizal challenge in
 (7) A letter signed Dimasalang (Rizal's pseudonym)
LAST HOMECOMING AND TRIAL to Tenluz (Juan Zulueta's pseudonym), dated Hong
● Rizal's homecoming in 1896, the last in his Kong, May 24, 1892, stating that he was preparing
life, was his saddest return to his beloved a safe refuge for Filipinos who may be persecuted
native land. He knew he was facing the by the Spanish authorities
supreme test, which might mean the
sacrifice of his life, but he was unafraid (8) A letter of Dimasalang to an unidentified
● The trial that was held shortly after Rizal's committee, dated Hong Kong, June 1, 1892,
homecoming was one of history's mockeries soliciting the aid of the committee in the "patriotic
of justice work"

A MARTYR'S LAST HOMECOMING (9) An anonymous and undated letter to the Editor
● October 6, 1896- Tuesday, Rizal leaved of the Hong Kong Telegraph, censuring the
Barcelona, Rizal conscientiously recorded banishment of Rizal to Dapitan
the events on his diary
● October 8, 1896- a friendly officer told Rizal (10) A letter of Idefonso Laurel to Rizal, dated
that the Madrid newspaper were full of Manila, September 3, 1892, saying that the Filipino
stories about the bloody revolution in the people look up to him (Rizal) as their savior
Philippines and were blaming him for it
● October 11, 1896- before reaching Port (11) A letter of Idefonso Laurel to Rizal, dated
Said, Rizal's diary was taken away and was Manila, September 17, 1893, informing an
critically scrutinized by the authorities unidentified correspondent of the arrest and
● November 2, 1896-the diary was returned banishment of Doroteo Cortes and Ambrosio
to Rizal Salvador
● Attorney Hugh Fort-an English lawyer in
Singapore (12) A letter of Marcelo H. del Pilar to Don Juan A.
● his friends (Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor and Tenluz (Juan Zulueta), dated Madrid, June 1, 1893
Sixto Lopez) dispatched frantic telegrams to recommending the establishment of a special
Fort to rescue Rizal from the Spanish organization, independent of Masonry, to help the
steamer when it reached Singapore by cause of the Filipino people
means of writ of habeas corpus
(13) Transcript of a speech of Pingkian (Emilio
RIZAL’S TRIAL Jacinto), in reunion of the Katipunan on July 23,
1893, in which the following cry was, uttered "Long
Two kinds of evidence were presented against Live the Philippines! Long live Doctor Rizal! Unity!"
Rizal, namely documentary and testimonial. The
documentary evidence consisted of fifteen exhibits, (14) Transcript of a speech of Tik-Tik (Jose Turiano
as follows: Santiago) in the same Katipunan reunion, where in
the katipuneros shouted: "Long live the eminent
(1) A letter of Antonio Luna to Mariano Ponce, Doctor Rizal! Death to the oppressor nation!"
dated Madrid, October 16, 1888, showing Rizal's
connection with the Filipino reform campaign in (15) A poem by Laong Laan (Rizal), entitled A
Spain Talisay in which the author makes the Dapitan
schoolboys sing that they know how to fight their
(2) A letter of Rizal to his family, dated Madrid, rights
August 20, 1890, stating that the deportations are
good for they will encourage the people to hate The testimonial evidence consisted of the
tyranny oral testimonies of Martin Constantino, Aguedo del
Rosario, Jose Reyes, Moises Salvador, Jose
(3) A letter from Marcelo H. del Pilar to Deodato Dizon, Domingo Franco, Deodato Arellano,
Arellano, dated Madrid, January 7, 1889, Ambrosio Salvador, Pedro Serrano Laktaw, Dr. Pio
implicating Rizal in the Propaganda campaign in Valenzuela, Antonio Salazar, Francisco Quison,
Spain and Timoteo Paez

(4) A poem entitled Kundiman, allegedly written by November 26, 1896

Rizal in Manila on September 12, 1891 ● after the preliminary investigation, Colonel
Olive transmitted the records of the case to
(5) A letter of Carlos Oliver to an unidentified Governor Dominguez as special Judge
person dated Barcelona, September 18, 1891, Advocate to institute the corresponding
describing Rizal as the man to free the Philippines action against Rizal
from Spanish oppression
After studying the papers. Judge advocate General,
(6) A Masonic document, dated Manila, February 9, Don Nicolas de la Peña, submitted the following
1892, honoring Rizal for his patriotic services recommendations: (1) the accused be immediately
brought to trial (2) he should be kept in prison (3) RIZAL’S DEATH
an order of attachment be issued against his
property to the amount of one million pesos as LAST HOURS OF RIZAL
indemnity (4) he should be defended in court by an DECEMBER 29, 1896
army officer, not by a civilian lawyer
6:00am
The only right given to Rizal by the Spanish ● Captain Rafael Dominguez, who was
authorities was to choose his defense counsel designated by Governor General Camilo
Polavieja to take charge of all arrangements
December 8, 1896 for the execution of the condemned
● Feast Day of the Immaculate Conception, a prisoner, read the death sentence to Rizal-
list of 100 first and second lieutenants in the to be s December 15, 1896 shot at the back
Spanish Army was presented to Rizal by a firing squad at 7:00am in Bagumbayan
(Luneta)
Don Luis Taviel de Andrade
● 1™ Lieutenant of the Artillery, chosen by 7:00am
Rizal to defend him ● Rizal was moved to the prison chapel,
● brother of Lt. Jose Taviel de Andrade, where he spent his last moments. His first
Rizal's "bodyguard" in Calamba in 1887 visitors were Father Miguel Saderra Mata
(Rector of Ateneo Municipal), and Father
December 11, 1896 Luis Viza, Jesuit teacher
● the information of charges was formally
read to Rizal in his prison cell, with his 7:15am
counsel present ● Rizal, in a jovial mood, reminded Fr. Viza of
the statuette of the Sacred Heart of Jesus
Rizal was accused of being "the principal organizer which he had carved with his pen knife as
and the living soul of the Filipino insurrection, the an Ateneo student. Fr. Viza, got the
founder of societies, periodicals, and books statuette from his pocket and gave it to
dedicated to fomenting and propagating ideas of Rizal. The hero happily received it and
rebellion." placed it on his writing table

December 13, 1896- Dominguez forwarded the 8:00am

papers of the Rizal case to Malacañang Palace ● Fr. Antonio Rosell arrived to relieve Father
Viza. Rizal invited him to join him at
December 15, 1896- Rizal wrote the Manifesto to breakfats, which he did. After breakfast, Lt.
His People in his prison cell at Fort Santiago, Luis Taviel de Andrade (Rizal's defense
appealing to them to stop the necessary shedding counsel) came, and Rizal thanked him for
of blood and to achieve their liberties by means of his gallant services
education and industry
9:00am
December 25, 1896- a dark and cheerless ● Fr. Federico Faura arrived. Rizal reminded
Christmas for Rizal, his last on earth, was the him that he said that (Rizal) would someday
saddest in Rizal's life lose his head for writing the Noli. "Father",
Rizal remarked, "You are indeed a prophet."
December 26, 1896- at 8:00am, the court-martial
of Rizal started in the military building called 10:00am
Cuartel de España ● Father Jose Vilaclara (Rizal's teachet at the
Ateneo) and Vicente Balaguer (Jesuit
Lt. Col. Togores Arjona- considered the trial over missionary in Dapitan who had befriended
and ordered the hall cleared. After a short Rizal during the latter's exile) visited the
deliberation, the military court unanimously voted hero. After them came Spanish journalist,
for the sentence of death Santiago Mataix, who interviewed Rizal for
his newspaper El Heraldo de Madrid
December 28, 1896- Polavieja approved the
decision of the court-martial and ordered Rizal to 12:00am (noon) to 3:30pm
be shot at 7:00 in the morning of December 30 at ● Rizal was left alone in his cell. He took
Bagumbayan Field (Luneta) lunch after which he was busy writing. It
was probably during this time when he
finished his farewell poem and hid it inside
his alcohol cooking stove which was given
to him as a gift by Paz Pardo de Tavera
(wife of Juan Luna) during his visit to Paris
in 1890, at the same time, he wrote his last
letter to Professor Blumentritt in German
3:30pm before she left, Rizal gave her a last gift-a
● Father Balaguer returned to Fort Santiago religious book, Imitation of Christ by Father
and discussed with Rizal about his Thomas a Kempis
retraction of the anti-Catholic ideas in his
writings and membership in Masonry 6:00am
● As the soldiers were getting ready for the
4:00pm death march to Bagumbayan, Rizal wrote
● Rizal's mother arrived. Rizal knelt down his last letter to his beloved parents.
before her and kissed her hands, begging
her to forgive him. Trinidad entered the cell About 6:30am
to fetch her mother. As they were leaving, ● a trumpet sounded at Fort Santiago, a
Rizal gave to Trinidad the alcohol cooking signal to begin the death march to
stove, whispering to her in English; "There Bagumbayan, the designated place for the
is something inside" This "something" was execution
Rizal's farewell poem. After the departure of ● Rizal was dressed elegantly in black suit,
Doña Teodora and Trinidad, Fathers black derby hat, black shoes, white shirt and
Vilaclara and Estanislao March entered the black tie. His arms were tied behind from
cell, followed by Father Rosell elbow to elbow. But the rope was quite
loose to give his arms freedom of
6:00pm movement
● Rizal received a new visitor, Don Silvino ● Dr. Felipe Ruiz Castillo- a Spanish military
Lopez Tuñon, the Dean of the Manila physician, asked Rizal permission to feel his
Cathedral. Fathers Balaguer and March left, pulse and was amazed to find it normal
leaving Vilaclara with Rizal and Don Silvino showing that Rizal was not afraid to die

8:00pm 7:03am
● Rizal had his last supper. He informed ● Rizal died in the bloom of manhood-aged 35
Captain Dominguez who was with him that years, five months and 11 days
he forgave his enemies, including the
military judges who condemned him to Mi Ultimo Adios (Last Farewell)- farewell poem of
death Rizal that originally was without title and was
unsigned.
9:30pm
● Rizal was visited by Don Gaspar Cestaño, Father Mariano Dacanay- a Filipino priest-patriot,
the fiscal of the Royal Audiencia of Manila. who gave the title Ultimo Adios (Last Farewell) and
As a gracious host, Rizal offered him the under such title the poem was published for the first
best chair in the cell. After a pleasant time in La Independencia (General Antonio Luna's
conversation, the fiscal left with a good newspaper) on September 25, 1898
impression of Rizal's intelligence and noble
character Immediately after Rizal's execution the Spanish
spectators shouted "Viva España!" "Muerte a los
10:00pm Traidores' ("Long Live Spain! "Death to the
● The draft of the retraction sent by the anti- Traitors!") and the Spanish Military Band, joining
Filipino Archbishop Bernardino Nozaleda the jubilance over Rizal's death, played the gay
(1890-1903) was submitted by Father Marcha de Cadiz
Balaguer to Rizal for signature, but the hero
rejected it because it was too long and he By Rizal's writings, which awakened Filipino
did not like it. nationalism and paved the way for the Philippine
Revolution, he proved that "pen is mightier than
DECEMBER 30, 1896 the sword"

3:00am
● Rizal heard Mass, confessed his sins, and
took Holy Communion

5:30am
● Rizal took his last breakfast on earth. After
this, he wrote two letters, the first addressed
to his family and the second to his older
brother Paciano.
● Josephine Bracken, accompanied by a
sister of Rizal (Josefa), arrived. Josephine,
with tears in her eyes, bade him farewell.
Rizal embraced her for the last time and