Network Analysis and Synthesis
Chapter 2
Network transform representation and analysis
2.1 The transformed circuit
When analyzing a network in time domain we will be dealing with
Derivation and
Integration
However, when transformed to complexfrequency domain these
become
Derivation -> multiplication by ‘s’
Integration -> division by ‘s’
Hence, it is easier to do network analysis in complexfrequency
domain.
cont…
The voltage current relationships ofnetwork elements in time
domain and complexfrequency domain are given as:
Resistor
cont…
Inductor
The time domain relation ships are
In frequency domain they become
Cont…
An inductor is represented in frequency
domain as
An impedance sL in series with a voltage
source
Used in mesh analysis.
or
An admittance 1/sL in parallel with a
currentsource
Used in nodal analysis.
Cont…
Capacitor
The time domain relation ships are
In frequency domain they become
Cont….
A capacitor is represented in frequency domain
as
An impedance 1/sC in series with a voltage source
Used in mesh analysis.
or
An admittance sC in parallel with a currentsource
Used in nodalanalysis.
Example 1
In the figure below, the switch is switched from position 1 to 2 at t=0. Draw its
transformed circuitand write the transformed equations using mesh analysis.
Ex 1 Solution
The transformed circuitis
Ex 1 Solution
The transformed equations become
Example 2
The switch is thrown to position 2 att=0. Find i(t).
Ex2 Solution
The transformed circuit is:
The transformed equation is
Solving for I(s)
Inverse transforming
Example 3
Att=0, the switch is opened. Find the node voltages v1 and v2
Ex 3 Solution
The transformed circuit becomes
Ex 3 Solution
The transformed equations become
Solving these 2 equations
End oftoday's class !!!
2.2 System function
The excitation , e(t), and response, r(t), of a linear system are related
by a linear differential equation.
When transformed to complex frequency domain the relationship
between excitation and response is algebraic one.
When the system is initially inert, the excitation and response are
related by the system function H(s) given by
Con …
The system function may have many different forms and may
have special names. Such as:
Driving pointimpedance /admittance
Transfer impedance/admittance
Voltage or currentratio transfer function
This is because the excitation and response may be taken from
the same port or different ports and the excitation and response
can be either voltage or current.
Impedance
Transfer impedance is when the excitation is a current source and
the response is a voltage.
When both the excitation and response is at the same port it is
called driving point impedance.
Admittance
Transfer admittance is when the excitation is a voltage source and
the response is a current.
Voltage ratio transfer function
When the excitation is a voltage source and the response is a
voltage.
Currentratio transfer function
When the excitation is a current source and the response is a
current.
Con …
Note that, the system function is a function of the system
elements only.
It is obtained from the network by using the standard circuit laws.
Such as:
Kirchhoffs law
Nodal analysis
Mesh analysis
Example 4
Obtain the driving point impedance ofthe network. Then using the
following excitations determine the response.
1.
2. The square pulse on figure b
3. The waveform on figure c
a b c
Ex 4 Solution
First lets find the driving point impedance
Note thatit is the equivalent impedance ofthe 3 elements
Ex 4 Solution Con …
1.
Its transform is
Hence, the response is
Ex 4 Solution Con …
2. The excitation is given as
Hence, the response is
Ex 4 Solution Con …
3. The excitation is given as
Hence, the response is
Free and Forced Response
Consider the partial fraction expansion ofR(s)
where si are the poles ofH(s) and sj are the poles of E(s).
Taking the inverse Laplace transform ofR(s)
The terms are associated with the system H(s) and are called the
free response terms.
Con …
The terms are due to the excitation E(s) and are called the
forced response terms.
The frequencies si are the natural frequency of the system, while
the frequencies sj are the frequencies ofthe excitation.
Example 5
Find the free response and the forced response for the circuit
below. The system is inertbefore applying the source.
2.3 Poles and zeros ofsystem
We will discuss the relationship between the poles and zeros ofa
system function and its steady state sinusoidal response.
In other words, we will investigate the effect of positions ofpoles
and zeros upon H(s) on the jw axis.
To find the steady-state sinusoidal response of a system function
we replace ‘s’ by ‘jw’.
Con …
Hence, the system function becomes
Where
M(w) is the amplitude or magnitude response
φ(w) is the phase response
Con …
The amplitude and phase response of a system provide valuable
information in the analysis and design oftransmission circuits.
Consider the low pass filter
Observe that
Itpasses only frequency
below wc
The phase response is
almostlinear till wc
Con …
Hence, if all the significant harmonic terms are less than wc , then
the system will produce minimum phase distortion.
In the rest of this section, we will concentrate on methods to
obtain amplitude and phase response curves.
Example
R-C network
To obtain H(jw) we substitute s by jw.
Con …
In polar form H(jw) becomes
Con …
The amplitude is unity and the phase is zero degrees atw=0.
The amplitude and phase decrease monotonically as we increase
w.
When w=1/RC, the amplitude is 0.707 and phase is -450.
Halfpower point
As w increases to infinity M(w) goes to zero and the phase
approaches -900.
Amplitude and phase from pole-zero
diagram
For the system function
H(jw) can be written as
Each one ofthe or represent a vector from zi
or pj to the jw axis at w.
Con …
Ifwe express
Then H(jw) can be given as
Con …
In general,
Example 5
For find the magnitude and phase for w=2.
Solution
First letus find the zeros and poles
Zero at s=0
Poles at
Magnitude
Phase
Exercise
Examine the property ofF(s) around the poles and zeroes.
Bode plots
In this section we turn our attention to semi logarithmic plots of
system function, called Bode plots.
In these plots we take the logarithm of the amplitude and plot it
on linear frequency scale.
For amplitude M(jw), ifwe express in terms ofdecibel itbecomes
Bode plots
For system function
Ifwe express the amplitude in terms ofdecibels we have
Bode plots
In factored from both N(s) and D(s) are made up of4 kinds ofterms
1. Constant K
2. A root atorigin, s
3. A simple real root, s-a
4. A complexset ofroots,
To understand the nature of log-amplitude plots, we only need to
discuss the amplitude response ofthese 4 terms.
If the term is on the numerator it carries positive sign, if on
denominator negative sign.
1. ConstantK
The dB gain or loss is
K2 is either positive |K|> 1 or negative |K|< 1.
The phase is either 00 for K> 0, or 1800 for K< 0.
Single rootatorigin, s
The loss or gain ofa single rootat origin is
Thus the plot ofmagnitude in dB vs frequency is a straight line with
slope of20 or -20.
20 when s is in the numerator.
-20 when s is in the denominator.
The phase is either 900 or -900.
900 when s is in the numerator.
-900 when s is in the denominator.
The factor s+ α
For convenience lets set α=1. Then the magnitude is
The phase is
A straight line approximation can be obtained by examining the
asymptotic behavior ofthe factor jw+ 1.
Con …
Forw< < 1, the low frequency asymptote is
Forw> > 1, the high frequency asymptote is
Which has a slope of
These 2 asymptotic approximations meetat w=1.
Con …
Note thatthe maximum error is for w=1 or for the non normalized
one w=α.
For the general case α different from 1, we normalize the term by
dividing by α.
The low frequency asymptote is
The high frequency asymptote is
For complexconjugates
For complex conjugates it is convenient to adopt a standard
symbol.
We describe the pole (zero) in terms ofmagnitude ω0 and angle θ
measured from the negative real axis.
These parameters that describe the pole (zero) are ω0, the
undamped frequency ofoscillation, and ζ, the damping factor.
Ifthe pole (zero) pair is given as
α and β are related to ω0 and ζ with
Substituting these terms in the conjugate equation
Con …
For ω0=1 (for convenience), the magnitude ofconjugate pairs can
be expressed as
The phase is
Con …
The asymptotic behavior is
For low frequency, w< < 1
For high frequency, w> > 1
which is a straight line with slope of40dB/decade.
These 2 asymptotes meetatw=1.
Example 6
Using Bode plot asymptotes, draw the magnitude vs. frequency
for the following system function
Actual plot
