1.

If two coins are tossed simultaneously, determine the sample space and sample The standard deviation is the square root of the variance = √77,500 ≈ 278.1
points. Let A be the event where different sides of the coins appear face up. Determine
event A. Recreate the question and answer in English, and explain what samples and Problem 5.2: Data set: 318, 500, 400, 401, 801, 801
populations are. When two coins are tossed together, there are four possible outcomes:
Mean = (318 + 500 + 400 + 401 + 801 + 801) / 6 = 537
• Both coins show heads (HH)
• Both coins show tails (TT) Squared differences: (318 - 537)^2 = 47,089
• The first coin shows heads and the second tails (HT)
• The first coin shows tails and the second heads (TH) (500 - 537)^2 = 1,369
• The sample space is the set of all possible outcomes: S = {HH, TT, HT,
TH} (400 - 537)^2 = 18,769

Let A be the event where different sides appear (one coin shows heads, the other tails). (401 - 537)^2 = 18,496
Then A = {HT, TH} In statistics, a population is the entire group that you want to
study. A sample is a subset of the population that is actually [Link] example, (801 - 537)^2 = 69,696
if you want to study the average height of all adults in a city (population), you could
measure the heights of a random group of 500 adults from that city (sample). The (801 - 537)^2 = 69,696
sample space represents all possible outcomes in a probability experiment. The
sample points are the individual outcomes within that sample space. Sum of squared differences = 47,089 + 1,369 + 18,769 + 18,496 + 69,696 + 69,696 =
225,115 Variance = 225,115 / (6-1) = 45,023 The standard deviation is √45,023 ≈ 212.2
2.A hotelier intends to open a new hotel in one of the cities, namely Denpasar City or
Makassar City. By opening a hotel in Denpasar he will earn a profit of IDR 3 billion per 4. A variable X takes values between x = 3 and x = 5. It has a probability density
year and IDR 2.5 billion per year for Makassar City. But if this hotel business fails, it function, f(x) = (2x+3)/8 . Determine the probability value
will suffer a loss every year of IDR 400 million for Denpasar City and IDR 300 million
for Makassar City. If the hotel runs well, the opportunity to make a profit for Denpasar A variable X takes values between x = 2 and x = 4. It has a probability density function,
City and Makassar City is 0.6 and 0 respectively. .7. Where should the hotel be f(x) = (x^2+2x)/4. Determine the probability value
built/opened?
1. For the first case, where X takes values between x = 3 and x = 5, and the PDF is f(x)
D = Denpasar City M = Makassar City = (2x + 3)/8:

• P(S|D) = Probability of success in Denpasar City = 0.6 The probability value is given by the integral of the PDF over the range [3, 5]:
• P(S|M) = Probability of success in Makassar City = 0.7
P(3 ≤ X ≤ 5) = ∫(3 to 5) f(x) dx
• Profit(D) = Profit if successful in Denpasar City = IDR 3,000,000,000
• Profit(M) = Profit if successful in Makassar City = IDR 2,500,000,000 = ∫(3 to 5) ((2x + 3)/8) dx
• Loss(D) = Loss if unsuccessful in Denpasar City = IDR 400,000,000
• Loss(M) = Loss if unsuccessful in Makassar City = IDR 300,000,000 = (1/8) ∫(3 to 5) (2x + 3) dx

The expected value of profit for Denpasar City can be calculated as: = (1/8) [(x^2 + 3x)]_(3 to 5)

EV(D) = P(S|D) × Profit(D) + [1 - P(S|D)] × Loss(D) = (1/8) [(5^2 + 3×5) - (3^2 + 3×3)]

EV(D) = 0.6 × 3,000,000,000 + (1 - 0.6) × (-400,000,000) = (1/8) [28 - 18]

EV(D) = 1,800,000,000 - 160,000,000 = (1/8) × 10

EV(D) = IDR 1,640,000,000 = 1.25

The expected value of profit for Makassar City can be calculated as: 2. For the second case, where X takes values between x = 2 and x = 4, and the PDF is
f(x) = (x^2 + 2x)/4:
EV(M) = P(S|M) × Profit(M) + [1 - P(S|M)] × Loss(M)
The probability value is given by the integral of the PDF over the range [2, 4]:
EV(M) = 0.7 × 2,500,000,000 + (1 - 0.7) × (-300,000,000)
P(2 ≤ X ≤ 4) = ∫(2 to 4) f(x) dx
EV(M) = 1,750,000,000 - 90,000,000
= ∫(2 to 4) ((x^2 + 2x)/4) dx
EV(M) = IDR 1,660,000,000
= (1/4) ∫(2 to 4) (x^2 + 2x) dx
Since EV(M) > EV(D), the hotelier should open the new hotel in Makassar City.
= (1/4) [(x^3/3 + x^2)]_(2 to 4)

= (1/4) [(4^3/3 + 4^2) - (2^3/3 + 2^2)]

= (1/4) [(64/3 + 16) - (8/3 + 4)]

= (1/4) [80/3 - 12/3]

= (1/4) × (68/3)

= 17/3

≈ 5.67

Problem 5.1:To calculate variance:

Find the mean: (248 + 334 + 570 + 570 + 13) / 5 = 347

Subtract the mean from each data point and square the differences:

(248 - 347)^2 = 98,209

(334 - 347)^2 = 169

(570 - 347)^2 = 49,729

(570 - 347)^2 = 49,729

(13 - 347)^2 = 112,164

Sum the squared differences: 98,209 + 169 + 49,729 + 49,729 + 112,164 = 310,000

Divide the sum by (n-1), where n is the number of data points: 310,000 / (5-1) = 77,500

Therefore, the variance is 77,500.

 DISTRIBUSI BINOMIAL A bunch of big parts of a product that enters a factory are
carefully checked for defects. 12 units of goods are inspected, and the batch of goods
will be rejected if 3 or more units are found to be defective. If a batch of goods after
careful inspection turns out to contain 6% defective goods, what are the chances that the
batch of goods will be accepted? Rejected?

As only 3 students came to attend the class today, find the probability for exactly 4
students to attend the classes tomorrow.

In a cafe, the customer arrives at a mean rate of 2 per min. Find the probability of arrival
of 5 customers in 1 minute using the Poisson distribution formula.

PELUANG KONTINU

Let's say that 80% of all business startups in the IT industry report that they generate a
profit in their first year. If a sample of 10 new IT business startups is selected, find the
probability that exactly seven will generate a profit in their first year.
 • What is the probability of obtaining a score greater than 700 on a GMAT • 2. Solve the following binomial distribution problem by using the normal
test that has a mean of 490 and a standard deviation of 100? Assume GMAT distribution. The P(x < 28, n = 100 and p = .38) = ?
scores are normally distributed.
• For the same GMAT examination, what is the probability of randomly
drawing a score that is 500 or less?
• What is the probability of randomly obtaining a score between 400 and 550 To solve binomial distribution problems using the normal distribution, we need to use
on the GMAT exam? the normal approximation to the binomial distribution. This approximation is valid when
the sample size (n) is large (usually n >= 30) and when np and n(1 - p) are both greater
than or equal to 5.

1. P(x = 13, n = 26, and p = 0.40)

In this case, n = 26, which is not large enough to apply the normal approximation.
However, we can still use the binomial probability mass function to calculate the
probability directly.

P(X = k) = (n choose k) × p^k × (1 - p)^(n - k)

P(X = 13) = (26 choose 13) × (0.40)^13 × (1 - 0.40)^(26 - 13)

= 2,704,156 × (0.40)^13 × (0.60)^13

≈ 0.0927 or 9.27%

2. P(x < 28, n = 100, and p = 0.38)

In this case, n = 100, which is large enough to apply the normal approximation.
Additionally, np = 100 × 0.38 = 38, and n(1 - p) = 100 × (1 - 0.38) = 62, both of which
are greater than 5.

To use the normal approximation, we need to standardize the random variable X by

subtracting the mean (μ = np) and dividing by the standard deviation (σ = sqrt(np(1 -
p))).

The standardized random variable Z = (X - μ) / σ follows the standard normal

distribution.
4.1 Berdasarkan pengalaman masa lalu dari seratus laporan keuangan ter- dapat
2 laporan yang neracanya salah. Jika 15 buah laporan keuangan diambil secara In this problem, we want to find P(X < 28), which is equivalent to finding P(Z < (28 -
acak, tentukan peluang bahwa : μ) / σ).

• Tidak ada neraca salah μ = np = 100 × 0.38 = 38

• Satu neraca salah
• Paling sedikit dua neraca salah σ = sqrt(np(1 - p)) = sqrt(100 × 0.38 × 0.62) ≈ 4.8284
• Paling banyak empat neraca salah
Z = (28 - 38) / 4.8284 ≈ -2.0745
4-2 Sejumlah mobil yang melewati sebuah simpang empat tertentu per hari
diperkirakan rata-rata 3 buah mobil. Tentukanlah peluang bahwa ku- rang dari 2 Using a standard normal distribution table or calculator, we can find the probability P(Z
mobil yang melewati simpang empat tersebut dalam satu hari tertentu. < -2.0745) ≈ 0.0191 or 1.91%.

4-3 Sebuah distributor barang tertentu telah mencatat bahwa pesanan ba- rang Therefore, P(x < 28, n = 100, and p = 0.38) ≈ 0.0191 or 1.91%.
yang ia terima setiap hari rata-rata 3,5. Berapakah peluang pada suatu hari akan
menerima, Note: When using the normal approximation, the probabilities are approximate values,
and the accuracy improves as the sample size (n) increases.
• Tepat 5 buah pesanan.
• Tidak ada pesanan.
• Paling banyak 3 buah pesanan.
• Dua hingga empat pesanan.

4-4 Dengan memakai tabel normal baku, hitunglah

• P(0 ≤ Z ≤ 1,71)
• P(-1,71 ≤ Z ≤ 0)
• (e) P(- 1,62 ≤ Z ≤ 2,15) (f) P(-2,15≤ Z ≤ -1,62)

Soal-soal Latihan
a. μ = 604, σ = 56.8, x ≤ 635
menyenangi sabun cuci merek Rinso paling sedikit 5% lebih besar dari proporsi ibu
rumah tangga yang menyenangi sabun cuci merek Rinso di Kota B adalah 0,7967 (=
z = (635 - 604) / 56.8 = 0.546
79,67%)
Using a standard normal distribution table or calculator, P(Z ≤ 0.546) ≈ 0.7076 or
5-1 Suatu populasi berukuran 3 berupa nilai asset tiga kebun binatang (A, B dan C) yang
70.76%
dikelola pihak swasta di suatu wilayah dengan nilai ma- sing-masing Rp 20 miliar, Rp
30 miliar dan Rp 50 miliar. Bila diambil sampel berukuran 2 dengan pemulihan
b. μ = 48, σ = 12, x < 20
• Tentukanlah banyaknya sampel berukuran 2 yang dapat diambil dari
z = (20 - 48) / 12 = -2.333
populasi tersebut.
• Susunlah distribusi peluang sampel rata-rata nilai assetnya (c) Hitunglah P(Z < -2.333) ≈ 0.0099 or 0.99%
rata-rata populasinya, rata-rata distribusi sampel rata-rat- anya, dan
bandingkan kedua nilai rata-rata tersebut. c. μ = 111, σ = 33.8, 100 ≤ x < 150
• 5-2 Di sebuah kota meropolitan hanya terdapat enam orang dokter spe-
sialis bedah plastik. Penghasilan per bulan (dalam puluh juta rupiah) P(100 ≤ x < 150) = P(100 - 111) / 33.8 ≤ Z < (150 - 111) / 33.8)
masing-masing dokter tersebut adalah sebagai berikut:
= P(-0.326 ≤ Z < 1.153)
Nama Dokter dqn penghasilan
= P(Z < 1.153) - P(Z < -0.326) ≈ 0.8751 - 0.3728 = 0.5023 or 50.23%
A 20 E 20 C 35
d. μ = 264, σ = 10.9, 250 < x < 255
B 25 F 26 D 30
P(250 < x < 255) = P((250 - 264) / 10.9 < Z < (255 - 264) / 10.9)
• [Link] the following binomial distribution problem by using the normal
distribution. P(x = 13, n = 26 and p = .40) = ? = P(-1.279 < Z < -0.824) = P(Z < -0.824) - P(Z < -1.279 ≈ 0.2049 - 0.1003
= 0.1046 or 10.46%