Euclidean Geometr
——arrseoces
ONTO Demonstrative Geo metry Branches of Geometry Demonchate
- Euclidean “Te prove wid, certainty”
— Non- Euclidean aly a ;
= Differestial Bf: geamitbyical tigine
~ Preyective io : '
- Descriptive | hes fegical money
Se lye ar
a Process ®.
Reasoning: 55 Spesee eS |
Demonstrative Geometyy
“ Statemoits
Drea Lode cot wh
Inductive
Conclusion, based on observation”
“Unga oG tea ee
For sometime obserue school busses ant yelloat.
for af proved theough fy.”
Creomatiy Gola S iele(e] ee
Soe Lovee
Theory: pdb
LSC alee,
Reasonin
Crocess of thinking ee 3. ;
a ne
: Deductive suey
“Conclusion deduced * gi
[moron te Know ankuom)
"ug pete v By 329 6
(iron ipn at]
Stalemed: All school bunser are yellow -
Francis Pecon
Wal 1626
Uf ney and yor 5 Hen 122
mZABE 7 mLABP > 4 plane, the whole {ine ties on
mZnee ye CBD athe plave «
tive points not in a fine.
A >
Aion’ Trichatony Properly a ab sy arb oc as (only one tee)
Postulete 5 Distance Rostulete| If A and B are too points on plane,
i) O Geeve) pif A lies omB, ie AaB or Aamd Bane coincide, __
ii) Positive Ro jif Aamd 8 ant distinct pointe. [rite m [ABI ov AS,
fostulated A tine segment can be bisected atonly one pointy
fostulate 7 Angle Construction Postiulate| if one arm ofan angle is givens
then euly one vay can be Areusn,on one side of it, makicy an angle of given measure &,
Postulate8 Angle Addition Postulete| Te sum afte mensings of two adjacentangies is equal te
he measine af the angle formed by their non-comuncn arms.
Rodtulate 1 Urique Bisector affen Angle) Only ane bisector af an angle cam be dracon.
Fostalate 1d At « given point ina tine, only one perpendicular cau be drawn to the Line».
foctulatet Geouchical figunes stich ean be were to coincide with one amsther ave cougvurent.
Rostaldle 12 GF may be moved {rom one position ts ansther esithout auy change in shape aud size.
Pochilate 3 Playfair’s Axiom Thhrogh a peiuton a ling, only one Cane cau be dvaon pavallel to
Postale 4 Supplemedh of santeufittine conpeusit.
than the distance between ter
. pele ee
€ is equivalent to ime ee
=> implies Plane: succth and éapinite on all sides.
& is congracid to
ions VTrithatwiy Peopeety—_achyew 2-0 AOS nir ont condita Bese oe vey Euclidean Geometry
UNDEFINED Terms
Point No dimension - ‘A
Named as capita) (élter
Line, Only one dimension, 1<—_—>
Named ar smalh Léter
Arioa heads on beth sides show coxtinuation te enbinity.
Tice dimensional flat surface without thickness +6 dajnity -
AJ
oP
Plane
Space Three dimensional region:
DerineD Terms
Line Segment A segment of a line that bounded by twe distinct end poivts .
Rey A segmect oft line qhat hey one end point ——
Angle The the ‘opening? betereen tue rays:
Semen of ee ee degre a taient, Any
Right Angle Am augle of 96. Symmlacl b.” ae
A
Complementary Angles Too angles wshose swan is 96°. ts . ;
Supplemeitary Angles Tiss angles hose sum 2 186.
Perpendicular A line adersects the Sthev al right angle, 1. gt 5
ae.
Parallel Lines Lines thal do nat ixtersect at all . ae
Paalleh Lines» Transvewsal and Augles ‘t
Transversal A ling intersect tuo parallel dines.
Interiov Angles ce and df. Gupplemertary angles) fe
Alteronte Angles cf and de Ccongrvest angles)
Comresponaing Angles <¢/ b4/ADEF then AABC ZADEF One—one Correspondance
“ep read an :
“cones pond te
A triangle hay 3 sides, Sangler and
then a triangle correspond to another ‘yi
co <> ADEFr
Vertices A >
Be>e oR “he
Cer
B vertices
ample, there must Le: correspond: Sie
. en
cougvaent © able
Sides Ae <> BE A >
AE <> OF f ~ ¢ €
Angles ACC)
Z2Be72E_
Loe “Fe
fall the 9 are coveespond then the triangle 2 correspond te the ethar Triangle.
DABC <> ADEF
pendence te the ater triangle it means both tHe triangles
If a triangle har one-one corres;
f actrianglt congiase) te cher triensle, it menus +
AB =DE LA2zLD
Be = Ee
Ae DE Le =tF
Congracal to deel. Aaac SAARC
D Identity Congruence
If Anac SADEF implies ADEF SOaece
ti Symmetic Property of congruence
1D Trensitive Property of Conyuence Hf Ange = SDEF and ADE FAPER
then AABC & APAR a —————
eae
AXIOMS '
Jen : ay hyot OXEe I
Axiom3 Transitive Property of Eyaction *=9 AI 2
c ney 7 ete ad
,
Axiom 4 Addition a a
Axiom 8 whole is grester than its part inLABE PmLABD pond
mlceo =>
b; LARC = mEABP me mZAee 7 mECBD
S.,
& € b (eovly one
borac
Axiom Tiehtomy Properly ae
trae)
PosTULATES |
Postalate 7 Angle Construction Pastalate
ee on ne ede af ekg le go me
Podtulate 8 Angle Addition Postinlate
Tee sumo te manne of tio adjacent ausles, is equal to
the measure of the avgle formed by heir non- common avin S .
Pastulate | Geométvical Figures which canbe made to coincide with one ancthay are
congruent.
Fostulate 12 Geometrical figusss may be moved from one position te amcthor
without any change in shape and size.
Postulate 13 Playfai’s Aion
Through a peintfon a kine , only one (ing can be drawn parallel to tle dire.
fostalate |4 Supplements of same augle are congruent
& is equivalat te glee
=> implies that
2 is congruent te Propositions @:3F)
With the help of UT, Tand A
Aevelop news statemende for discussion
Theorems i )
A statement Hat har been proven Ce < preven.
RCL SL ge Bole ae Ole
{*
a 1
Corollary (con) Converse af a thesvem Rider
~IS" (Ver) 5 ak Crh, os A pablemomedon
iim porte Yew, For two theorems: |
eae relly eee eeee ieee Conclusion of each in hypothesis of other.
STRUCTURE
Treeven = Hypothesis + Conclusion
(proposition) peep [osre?
Lf tine dines tutersect then the opposite vertical angles are congruent.
eg
hypothesis canclusion
a theorem, covellary or rider, we follow certain fixed cteps:
To Prove
1. Figue or Diagram
2. Given or Data
3. Requived to prove
t. Construction/Suprasition 5 addition to the Pique.
5. Proof 5 make tue columns ;
6. GED 3 Quad Creat Demonstranduy
which ues to be demonstrated
Trivial + ost”
Emuncidle : Pronsumce clearly, TeoRSMs
Tl Suen of 2s ona Lng = 180°
Cort Sum of all 25 on a Line = 8
Cord: Sum op au cs of b intemsecting Lines = 360"
Cov 3 Sums of all ts ata point = 360°
ST. fF adjacent Ls! sen 2 180° ton external anns make a stvaight ene -
_Tp Hf 2 Hiner sntersect, VOA are 2.
T4 SAS ESAS » Cortespondauce aud Conpyutnte,
TS Opp. es of sides of isosceles dat =
Corl + Equilateral A by also eqyuiangular
Cord: Vertex 2. bisector 2s right bisector. isosceles 2 -
TE Exterior 2 > each opp: ntevior & of &-
Cort t Ind, IP 16 bo right star teso ave actlg 2s.
Cord: Only ewe perpendicular for 4 Lune from ©
T7 for transversal , if alt os axe = Han Lene ae. ll
wome a 4 eee.
Corl t 4 %
Cov2t % % ait 4s” * « anes )
Cod: Ifa tine perpendicular to 2 tanto Alan the 2 Leman ane Wl
ales we =.
«
TR For teangvereal, 1f 2 lens I! ten
con ‘es “
, a4 _ wh es ot supplementary.
bine pecpendicalas to oneef tines tes Palva ate He atlarlin.
Gov. “ a”
cove
cor: Ifa
TF Sum ef as ef Zz =18d
Corl: Ind, only one bh. or ovby one cliture &-
cord: Ind; at lent toro anile 25.
Cov8! Wn right triangle, anstte Co mre complementary
oo igs outside peiit, ony owe 1. T6,Cov2-
1 Extert =i ‘ ;
to
4 es one (ine stands om anoter (ine
oxo cat cboge
de Tiss c5 formed Bett in 186"
TMA .
“oat tan one Cine Stood om ne <<
faun of all formed £5 by (80°.
2 batersecting Linen asl sarebtecred = 36
sump all foun angles in 365° C
T1-Gor3 b
more Han 2. extersects (ener at a poiit i pea eercercdt cored
ss $ «
Ganapal £5 £5 365%
TY oa Le
2 a fa
externa arms of He forms treigh eS
[TE = toon ade end dir . at
opp. vertical cs ant congrats
BABC E> ODE
(rl J aides ard tncinded © ase coopyreact A> LA
Aas DABCE ADEE
is] 2 sites cons Ls
PO then opp. es are congruest
coct| equilateral Ae
Is aleo equi angular a aa r8 Te
Coc lsosceles 4, bisedy af vertent,
right bisedor of Le bare. AS
hen
Enitevioy L aha & 4 grecter
either of ths ope: dukevion &5-
(cord) Bs ten cig eb
thon cay 22% ane acute
(cor25 A poiak outide a Cn 4
‘Han ouly one perpendicelar com bo
eres 7
pap eer ee oie
= 3h" A lune tdkersedls 2 bes , alternale os art ©
Han fines ant ll
Cor
A line obersett 2 fines, conrespondey bs moe
than bene are Il .
A
caherior C4 ae supplemertony ea
(cor?)
A hice tobeesed’s 2 Lice,
thin Lents one] ty
[Cor3] A bine 1 te 2 bow : —t_
rea
ae 77,78
Ge
(re | Aransversaly
‘than alteracke 25 ane congraet
[Cord] traunvertal
then corresponding £5 2 congrua
—
[cont trawversal,
- sngplemostary al
i —_—.
than interior Ls on
(CoB) transrectal pL 4s one Live
thon tran, Lite He other Lee
Ay, es cum bb 88 7 Lk
Saye
Qg
v4
lertl a,
one the 7
Ahan onl)
spor
cect ¢ a,
atléart Dr acite ds
la se Ay, right enged,
eae angles ont cant, complementary
(corte oa te Lie,
ode em te
S\A, exterior 6 eaoah to
“the cum ef row adjacedt interior Cs-
crcl aA, aes ant comynoil to the sthey B's 245
' en the Bb cs inane omg ote Sh cng ee ‘
L ee ARNE a ae
En B/1O.2
Ex % 10.)
a '
a
ip me Ao’s sepr
(
Ss ne
b) Wndactié , dedictine i) merece gee
me BOC=
}) Inductive iit menece m ae
d) deductive Garsnsloo LAoc+e
2) without proof
£) Axioms 7 Frodtulaben
4) Postulaten “_
LY UndeF ined teri, define ter terms, .
+ Propositions :
@zr Mewntos a See. 2457, MEAODE2%
ee) TO) AT meer cape? vA :
WALAOC + EEOC = 180"
HR CAOC + 4 Ce
une Roc 3180"
pa mchod
nLASD + mr ECO
2x + 3K 5
sae 13st
x 213s.
1357
wm 2AOD=2%
% 227°)
BaEr
ee
“e sar)
wot aad | ytse a8,| 24 140°= 185
nets nus | yee ewer
peaes) oe] = Beso ls 5
Given; EOLDO me bisector af tese
_ LACE and on BOC, reepecti
a wLBOC ax 24S Find ramming Ae Prve: me Aor noses spect ely.
whBOC +L AC = 156 5 SPP < ate sopplementony -
a
YEP emt Aoe w18d 1) Gi
mLnoc aise oS an
s[ecnoreae*) — 2.mLE0D = 90" ti) Tee vegs measune ger 5 thayere 1. DT
3. mLEOCEML COB=% Lit) AAP, cBOD ane CacemccoD
4, An LEOc+2mLCOD= 2x96} iv) malkiplyig by 2 both
mL AOC + mLBOS FBO 5 TL, supp. os
me Ade + 30 = BC" °
mLACS = (Bt°- 30”
2aZ23-+; @
Qiven 21563
2
232 24-<5T3 5 VOA
3 Axiom 3, Transitive Property
ezee4
e
for b
fe congruence: RR ed
2.0€
‘opposite rags
SBF, a Uinesteagt-
‘AOD
aoc and LAOP-
3 me 8OC Fe
BEE ciseds He angler
dbersectig (nor
KE and EB mt
To Prove *
Peed '
statem eats Rearonss
fem FOR + me ROC # mL EOE = ag i TL, Cort
ZEB 218d TL, ort
porn clos
a. mZFootme DOBE
LEOe
gg meFOAt MEADE #
4 m2 FOA = mm LFOD
land ms 2 €or HZ EOS
rope mLAoce me OB = wnt FOD tmLDOET AE eos
ve parting the veaoy of
me FOA and wnt EO:
Vi. Camcell ap we FOD
aud nl E08 frm
Smet
Aoc = mEPOe
be
woth sides
7, mZA0d = me BOC vii, Given
Means VOR ant congruss-
viii. T3
GPa ed we Complementary Angles: ee,ed~
epee a
supplementary Angles. ca, Oo
Za, e
zo, ce |
Ze ef
\
1 2a,c€ |
Lb, &
20,205 heh
=
Vverticalhy Opposite
it) CAL eer
26, 64~
x EA: ca ee— |
ageh Pith |
voa: 26,44 —
Zh ee
ii) | |
Se te
er EN tien
24,29]
oat 20,207
Vas
Lye Lorre
LESPHLIO HEH
L1ySR LRA BO”,
on = 1BO- clas
Lntese=we 3 OA.
LpeeTS ego” 2130 3 TH, Cor
Ly tH 6S°= 180°
ent Te eAT 3 VOA
Theort .
ba r1S abe
Lup cto4 esse 180° 5
2.12 5°2 180"
ey a1BO-L 125°
1885 TH cork
a
; =
o
tye 3
cate eng 1 180 5 Che rl
Lizet-t at = Bo
eat 5 eae
E60 + ey =90°
i
A
ee Breer 30 = wo 5 TH Gor3
Lize'4cz = 180° ou
ae
SS Giveu: Isesceles &,
i bisedtar of vertex 4.
hie Crowe Vertex 2 visedors aver ®
“wigzetethe—bom,
civen: 0 nenih pout , asa SERA of the bone
1b Powe: REZ BD Proof t
Penh: tetemerts Rear)
“Statement —_Remsent ivkmcernese | hweene even pendence)
See | aint ein te vidpook || ac 2B . Oe ment
.. ROE Be oe * pe 26e <.iwen
Ent XCO 2% mLO .
eas. ZsA3 Tt
be md. AOt Bnd 6OD vor =
is Ahoc SS80°
pe AAoc <> AEP as. as ates nS ie By ore 5
ju. 74, SAS ESAS. fF. Fe 2 66 and iw iy congrnene of
ace SmeBOe
we ive pit, aan ag conn Le ane |
f. DAOLZABOD
ace BD 5, AeerBD | _mencc EN
lig. wn AOE HL OOS
. Ace
QED:
5 mac Abe ten cncc= 106 v. By
Zab ABC = 180"
é J we RO =18C"
B abeve .
Generl dtdbenat ov thester wel ROC =9
for auasition 4. a wm ZBOC EWS
6.1 Be teri f bisects AB
a i ofths bere AB -
Q.E.e-
Qs
le AED “Given: 3. bisector on a ene segment
Each poi, Tpecter
Add nh poh ——_ FL
jadi
bee 5! * te
To Prowe : APY OP wv
Proof?
oF etate mets Resse) _
i. One-ona covvespondoneg 4:
4. In AAO? 2> POP
2 A. Given
2 ABAD ESAOCB ~ B. commen
5 AearZ ACE i, ¢AE-EEAS. TH clainen :
i, Sp lageacuet rf [Link].E68
y. BSAC i, Soe yrnente AS ESA.
QED sy eargrnete be 3. By congrusmue of A* we Proved i eynsition ,
4 t
a ;
a
th ;
1) Supplementary angles
No, becuse Lan ase vet I.
16 Lyon UU thon 4 aed 2,3 eoould be &
ail Tey aenld be porte
iv) Yes, decaine they are avgflen on oe ene; T4.
Ke teodie | Lille.
v) of Lim.
Uf tramversal intersect too parallel Liver.
vi) t
Ya
q fr a
PA triangle -
> lad 3 5D be eaterior for L2 5 exterior £3 eould be greater ie. 23 >L2-
Por Ly 3 exteriordt * 5 £1744
Converae os
(of Wnts) tend to meek
ata poink .
Converging slain
exterior L > OPP. eteviord QL oi 00, 5
Te Prove: Ac | GO 4 ABNBE
©
<
eof
“Sidemedts Remon
4. ty BABES SBOE ‘jeome-ome covves ponds aos:
oh. Roe BO a. Given 7 e
B. poe b&. Given :
ber aes rac SOc joA, TS 7 7
it
2. 1. BADE &BOC
TmLApO EmZeco = iti. By “ ae
4, ButweAdo=mceco iv Foy transversal SD te beney
ave alternate 2S - “ AS =
. ABI BE v. Altecncte Le are congvucnt, TT
Similarly Ac B® Vi, By the above proces.
Q QED.
QF proved tn querbion - ey
Fualiclagram Hone pale °F appesite sida
of ot qaadvilaberal ie parallel
then the quad tatoralin prvall elogvan .
w
6
and ages “ 6 Given: Quad }
ABCD a
A 8
Rearews Constriithn, : AC diagonal
; A
1, Given ABCD bs a pare
ABUee
1 ap send
= cB Laitevipr = ae
| BEE RIES 5 fEorencavecenl AB te Coto
3 AB mLABCHmLBCD=UE it Inferior 25 for BE 40 AB NEO
gy mL DAB EZ mZBCD — IV Supplemederf same 6 ar€ Analyzing » tdentifyig issuer ond cevelopep solubiiny .
3, Decision Makey: In ene ef option aud clwicer.
uy. Analy tical Remrongs: Brealey down complex enpe ints smaller parts i Feet Seas eEe ER Eee ee see Sense ETE ETE TET EETETETCETETTETTERE TEE EEICTET REET ETE TEEETETCETECTET EE ET ETRE ETE EERE TEE
Revieor Ex KIO
aT:
ay Tt aitly Bie ABI FG, Fall CP» pence
bv) TL, Cord “ee cru ea
ob a) TS
b) TS , Cov t
ae a) T6 ) Cor
jf re
OL a) T7, 209
b) TS
‘®
ii)
att)
iv)
1 v)
© ame“
it) tine seq
at) perpendic
cllel. Lene
alana centage
1 v) sum 4
45
“
x
a
a
LO
a. D
7
alo
