GROUP no 8
( ASSIGNMENT) Dosage form of science
Submitted to: Dr.Afifa Shafiq
Submitted by: Khizra Amir(57121) ,Mubara
Tariq(56527) ,Rutaba Khalid(56307) ,Saliha Zulfiqar
Sudozai(57616) ,Zahra Zafar(57263)
Course: Pharma D
Semester: 4th (B)
Subject: Dosage form of science
Topic
: Eco-Friendly Drugs Delivery
through Nanotechnology
Sub topics:
1. Introduction
2. Types
3. Biodegradable carriers and Targeted Drud Delivery
4. Green synthesis of Nanoparticles and Nanotechnology in
Cancer Technology
5. Nanoparticles Synthesis (preparation and Methods)and
Conclusion
Introduction
Nanotechnology is the science and engineering of creating, manipulating,
and using materials and devices at the nanoscale—typically between 1 to
100 nanometers (a nanometer is one-billionth of a meter). At this scale,
materials can exhibit unique physical, chemical, and biological properties
that differ significantly from their larger-scale counterparts.
Nanomedicine is the application of nanotechnology in the field of medicine.
It involves the use of nanoscale materials and tools for diagnosis, treatment,
monitoring, and prevention of diseases. Examples include targeted drug
delivery systems, nanoscale imaging agents, and nano-robots for performing
medical procedures at a cellular or molecular level.
1. Nanosphere:
A nanosphere is a solid, spherical nanoparticle in which the drug is evenly
dispersed throughout the matrix. It does not have a distinct core and shell
structure.
2. Nanocapsule:
A nanocapsule is a tiny capsule-shaped nanoparticle that has a core-shell
structure, where the drug is confined to the inner core, and the outer shell or
membrane controls the release of the drug.
Need of nanotechnology in drug delivery
A point-wise list:
•Targeted drug delivery
•Controlled and sustained release
•Improved solubility and bioavailability
•Reduced side effects
•Ability to cross biological barriers (e.g., blood-brain barrier)
•Enhanced stability of drugs
•Lower drug doses required
•Combination of therapy and diagnostics (theranostics)
Routes of Administration of Nanoparticle Drug Delivery System:
Oral route
Intravenous (IV) route
Intramuscular (IM) route
Subcutaneous route
Pulmonary (inhalation) route
Nasal route
Ocular route
Transdermal (through skin) route
Intraperitoneal route
Rectal route
Vaginal route
Types of Nanoparticles in Drug
Delivery System
Nanocarriers hold transformative potential for precise drug delivery within
the vascular system, particularly targeting Ecs (Electro Chemical Society)for
therapeutic purposes.
Polymeric Nanoparticles:
Solid colloidal particles.
Size: 10 nm_1000nm
Coated with: Natural/synthetic / semi synthetic polymer .
Polymer should be: Biodegradable and biocompatible .
Nanocapsules :drug in a cavity surronded by unique polymer membrane .
Nanospheres : Matrix system in which drug is dispersed
Lipid based Nanoparticles
Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
Colloidal carrier system
They are made up of various solid lipids like glyceryl stearate, Glyceryl mono
oxide etc.
Size is 100-500 nm
Delivery medium for lipophilic drugs
Nanosuspensions:
Good for poorly soluble drugs
Size: 200-600 nm
Drug powder + surfactant in high pressure homogenisation
Nanoparticles
Liposomes:
Small artificial spherical shape vesicles
Prepared from natural non toxic phospholiids and cholesterol
Can incorporate both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs
They are lipid bilayer membranous structures
Size ranges from 500 nm to several micrometres depending upon the type.
Advantages: Biocompatible and biodegradable
Can be used for targeting
Can incorporate both types of drugs
Dendrimers:
Tree like branched structure.
Dendrimers are nano-sized, radially symmetric molecules with well-defined,
homogeneous, and monodisperse structure that has a typically symmetric
core, an inner shell, and an outer shell.
Used for incorporation of hydrophobic/hydrophilic molecules by host guest
interactions ins empty cavities (nanoscale containers) present around core.
Magnetic Nanoparticles:
Powerful versatile diagnostic tool in medicine
Use: To label specific molecules, cell population or microorganisms by
binding to suitable ligand
As contrast agents in MRI
As a drug delivery medium Magnetic immunoassay
Magnetic field generated by magnet labelled targets is detected by a
magnetometer
Nanoparticles use as biodegradable
carriers
Targeted drug delivery system
BIODEGRADABLE CARRIERS:
Nanoparticles designed as biodegradable they break down into harmless
substances over time within the body. It reduces the risk of long-term
toxicity.
EXAMPLE:
Nanoparticles made of polymers like PLGA (poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)) can
encapsulate drugs. After the drug is released, the PLGA degrades into lactic
acid and glycolic acid
TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM:
Nanoparticles target specific cells or tissues in the body enhancing drug
efficacy and reducing side effects. This is achieved by attaching targeting
ligands. These ligands bind to specific receptors on the target cells.
EXAMPLE:
Nanoparticles coated with antibodies that recognize cancer cell surface
markers can deliver chemotherapy drugs directly to tumor cells.
Liposomes: These are spherical vesicles made of lipids. Liposomes can be
designed to target tumors by attaching molecules that bind to tumor-specific
receptors.
Dendrimers: highly branched three-dimensional polymers. They can be
designed with specific functionalities, including targeting ligands. Dendrimers
can be used to deliver drugs to specific areas, such as the brain, by
modifying their surface with ligands that can cross the blood-brain barrier.
Magnetic nanoparticles: guided to a specific location in the body using an
external magnetic field; targeted delivery to tumors or other areas. For
example, magnetic nanoparticles used to deliver drugs to tumor site, and
then an external magnetic field can be used to hold the nanoparticles in
place, ensuring the drug is released directly where it is needed.
Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles
Nanotechnology in cancer
Treatement
Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles:
Biological and Bio-synthesis
Method used to produced nanoparticle by using natural resources
and biological agents such as plants, Microorganisms and others
extracts.
Its is important because its is environment friendly, cost effective,
Biocompatible, Energy Efficient etc.
Methods :
1.Plants Mediated synthesis:
Plants extracts contain phytochemicals which are acts as
reducing and stabilizing agents.
2.Microorganisms Mediated synthesis:
Microbes synthesis nanoparticles by reducing metals ions and
stabilizing nanoparticles.
Nanotechnology in cancer treatement:
Uses tiny materials (nanoparticles) to deliver drugs directly to cancer cells,
minimizing harm to healthy tissues and improving treatment effectiveness.
Two ways to tagets the tumors cells:
Passive Targeting: Accumulationof drugs in areas arounds the tumors cells
with leaky vasoculture, enhanced the peneration and retenaton effects.
Active Targeting: Specific interaction between the drug/drug carrier and
target cells usually through specific ligand receptor interaction or antibody-
antigen interaction.
1.Preparation and Methods of
nanoparticle synthesis
2.Conclusion of nanoparticle drug
delivery system
1.Preparation Of nanoparticles
Nanoparticles can be made using different materials like proteins, sugars
(called polysaccharides), and man-made (synthetic) polymers
.But choosing the right material depends on several Factors
1. Size of nanoparticles: How small or big the nanoparticles need to be.
2. Properties of the drug:For example, whether the drug can mix well in
water (solubility) and how stable it is.
3. Surface properties:This means things like the electric charge on the
surface or how easily the nanoparticles can pass through body barriers.
4. Biodegradability and toxicity:The material should break down safely in the
body, not cause harm.
5. Drug release profile:How quickly or slowly the drug should be released in
the body.
Methods for nanoparticles synthesis
There are two main methods to make nanoparticles:
1. Top-Down Approach
In this method, we start with a big piece of material (called bulk material).
Then we break it down into smaller and smaller pieces until we get
nanoparticles.
Example: Grinding or milling.
2. Bottom-Up Approach
Here, we build nanoparticles from very tiny parts, like atoms or molecules.
These small parts join together step by step to form nanoparticles.
This method uses self-assembly, meaning the atoms/molecules arrange
themselves naturally.
2 .Conclusion of nanoparticle drug delivery System:
Nanoparticulate drug delivery systems are a modern and smart way to give
medicines.
They help to target the right place, release the drug slowly, and reduce side
effects.
This system improves the effectiveness of treatment, especially in diseases
like cancer, infections, and brain disorders.
With the help of nanotechnology, we can make drug delivery more efficient,
safer, and patient-friendly.
It is a promising future for better healthcare and advanced
Treatement.
