MADHYA PRADESH WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT DESIGN SERIES TECHNICAL CIRCULAR NO.28 ( lesued vide memo No. 211 /Bodhi/R&C/TC/ 11/89 Dated 17.9.90) {DELINES. ECTION OF SPILLWAYS AND ENE! ISSIPATOR 1. GENERAL VW ‘Spillways are provided to release surplus waters fromm the reservoir, in order to prevent rise of water level above specified level in the reservoir (Maximum Weter Level). This avoids unwanted submergence upstream or consequent overtopping and possible feilure of dam. ‘Spillways may be provided either as en intergral pert of » dam or as an auxiliary structure constructed separate from the main dem. 1.2 In case of spillways negotiating large drops, the water discharged over the spillway, generally attains a vlocity which may be higher then the safe flow conditions in the downstream. Energy dissipators are provided as @ remedial devices to dissipate this excessive kinetic energy and to establish safe flow conditions in the downstream of 8 spillway 2. YP S 2s Functi Lassi fie: Depending upon the functions there are two main types of spillwaus (1) Service Spiilweys : A spiway which is a nermel surplusing work and is required te operate in sll floods Gi) Auxitiery Or Emergency Spillweys > A secondary spillwou designed to operate only during exceptionally large floods Einergency spillwey is provided for additions! safety, in case of emergencies like non-operation of gates of service spillway, the nevessity for bye passing the service spillway because of its failure or te take care of ancontemploted excessive flood, fuse plug or br section falls in the cetegery of emergency spillway. Some damage to 9 portion of the emergency spillway dus to the poseage of abnormally excessive flood is considered permissible, e.g. minor damsge may otcur te an unlined channel by erosion, ond undermining et the downstream end of the channel, away from the main dain, may be tolerated. Emergency spiNways ere not required to function under rorss! reservoir operations. 22 Classification based on features The spillweys can also be classified according to their prominent features as under : (i) Free Overfall or Straight Drop Spillway Gi) Ogee (overflow) Spittway SAB-2- (iii) Chute, Open Channel or Trough Spillway (iv) Flush Ber Spivlway (v) Side Channel Spillway (vi) Conduit snd Tunnel Spillway (vii) Drop Inlet, Shaft or Morning Glory Spillway (vill) Culvert Spitiway (ix) Siphon or Volute Siphon Spillway (x) Barrage Type Spillway (xi) Sluice Spitlway (xii) Fuse Plug (xiii) Lebyrinth Spitiway The first four types are commonly used in the state of Madhya Pradesh and the lest two may come in more handy to deal with cases of hydrological rehabilitetion of existing dams. These are described in brief hereunder. 23 Free overfall or straight drop spillway 231 Seneral It is a weir in which the flow fells freely from the crest. The crest is sometimes extended in the form of an overhanging lip to direct the smell discharge sway from the face of the overfall section. Care should be taken of the spray that results from aeration of the jet or from its impact. It can cause damage to the country side and may edversely affect nearby electrical installations. The underside of the nappe is ventilated sufficiently to prevent 9 pulsating, fluctuating jet. Where no artificial protection is provided at the base of overfall, scour occurs and deep plunge pod is formed. 4 definition sketch of the spillway is given in plete |, figure- 1 232 Snecifie considerations {a} This is suitable for (i) Arch dams or dams with downstream vertical faces Gi) Smail drops upte 6m Citi} Passing any occassional flood. (b> The factor limiting its adoption is thet, ordinarily, the meximum hydraulic drop from heed pool to tail pool water should not exceed 20m except for arch dams. 2.4 Ogee spillway 244 Seneral This type comprises 4 structure whose crest is °S* shaped. The shape conforms closely with the profile of the eerated lower nappe falling from » sharp crested weir. The profile of the crest may be msde either broader or sharper than the nape. A broader profile helps in the stability of the crest end gives stable, cavitation free flow, but reducing thereby the coefficient of discharge. A sharper crest increases the coefficient of discharge, but may produce sub-atmospheric pressures. Model tests have shown that even when gate is located at the crest axis ‘nd the head exceeds the design head(Hd) by 33.33 percent, negative pressure on the-3- crest axis observed will be léss than 0.15 Hd. While deciding on the design and crest profile, a certain extent of sub-atmospheric pressure may be considered permissible taking into account the rareness end shortness of duration of occurance of such sub atmospheric pressures. [Link], the profile may be provided cor responding to 0.8 t0 0.9 of meximum head over crest. This type of spillway may be gated or ungated. A definition sketch of the ogee weir is given in plate-I figure=2. 2.4.2 Specific considerations {2) tie most commonly used with gravity dams. It is aiso used with earth & rockfill dams with a separate gravity structure {b} The ogee crest can be used a3 control in almost all types of spillway. (c) thas got the edvantege over other spillways of its high discharging efficiency. 25 Chute spillway 25.1 Seneral in this arrangement, water is conveyed from the reservoir to the river or to another natural drainsge below the dam through en excavated or built up chennet trough with feiriy steep slope. it mau be located either slong a der abutmen' or through & saddle in the rim of the reservoir. Sometimes, steps are provided in the channel cascade spillway) to help in dissipation of energy. Adefinition sketch is given tn nlete-t, figure-S 252 Hike compiderstioans it coa be provided an any tuge ef foundation 1 is carnmoniy used with the earth and sng # mee ecanomical if earth from spillway oxravation, is sed ia damn so: 26 Flush Bar 2.6.2 semerst 4 flush bar or fash escape spitwag {one j the spilt chennel starts with its bed level at the FRE of the reservoir. To protect vrosien of the epilt channel bed near the reservoir rim, 9 concrete/masonry sil! beat is constructed fash with the spill channel bed . Hence the name. A flush ber may or may not hove an aporoach chense?. it fs neither a sharp crested weir nor ii has a clear overfall. The discherge ever 2 flush escape is 9 function of (4) Head, just upstream of the escape Gi) Slope, depth of iow, ané coefficient of rugosity of the spill channel It 1s therefore obvious that no definite coefficient of discherye cen be adopted. However’, for designing a flush bar, value of ‘od’ in MKS units may be taken in between 1.28 to 1.37. Wd-4- 2.6.2 Specific consideration {e) These are mostly used with minor earth dams. (bd) Adoptability to alt type of foundation ond simplicity in design. (c) It becomes economicel if earth received from spillway excavation ts used in dam construction. 27 n spillways. 274 Fuse plag spillway A form of auxiliary or emergency spillway comprising @ low ‘embankment designed to be over-topped and weshed evay during a very rare and exceptionally large ftocd. It is provided away from the main structure generally ina saddle and is generally provided to handle only extraordinary flood above the capacity of service ‘spillway snd when it is not possible to provide emergency surplusing capacity at the service spillway. It mey else be used with odvantege with shaft, siphon end sluice spillway which cannot effectively handle discharge beyond the design cepscity. Fuse plugs having their top at different levels may be constructed in sifferent locations. This arrangement provides additional safety agsinst floods of var ging Frequency. 4 sketch of @ fuse plug is given in plate-2 figure-1. 27.2. Labvrinih weir In situations, when flood of high megnitude is required to be surplused ‘Through @ site having a length of crest Tess then required for conventionel type of spillway crest, Labyrinth spillway may be provided with economy. ‘The concept of the Lebyrinth weir ic 49 vary the plan shape of the crest te increase the effective crest length. It has many profiles in plan such as triangular, rectenguler end trepezoidel etc., generally @ trapezoidel profile is adopted. The weir may be designed hydraulically based on different parameters expleined in CBIP publication ” Lybrinth Weirs stetus report no.9" of June 1986. The sharp crest may be designed as a centilever reteining wall. The main advantges of Lebyrinth weir is that 14 provides more crest length ina confined gorge and discharges more flood at low head. This type of weir is very useful in rehabilitation of old spillways. A definition sketch is given at plete-2 figure- 2. 3. FACTORS AFFECTING SELECTION OF SPILLWAYS 3. General considerations Batt fconemy Spillway structures add substentially to the cost of e dem. In selecting @ ‘type of spillway for # dam, economy fn cost should not be the onlycriterion. The cost of spillway must be weighed in the light of safety required below the dain. B12 Hydrological & site conditions The type of spillway to be chosen shall depend on ~ (a) Inflow flood :~ Inflow floods affect selection of spillway in terms of discharge intensity. Thus in situation where high discharge intensity is to betackled, spillways having higher coefficient of discharge and Hydraulic efficiency like ogee spillway is to be adopted. (b) Availability of tai] channel its capacity snd Now hydraulics:-In case of particular site having design flood of such a high megnitude thet it cannot be passed safely through saddles or flank spillways, because of limitation of capacity of tail channel, the centrally located ogee spillway may be selected subject to the aveilebility of herd rock. In case the height of the dam is not more than 20m, and sound rock or natural or made up water pool in downstream river chennel is evsilable, s free fall spillway may be selected. (c) Downstream structures :- While selecting s spillway for a dam, itis to be kept in mind that its construction and function should not hamper normel function of dowsrstream structures like, power house, tail rece, bridges etc (d) Topography :- Topography also affects selection of spillway. A chute spillway for on earth dam, constructed in region having deep overburden may prove economical. In cese design flood is of high magnitude and site is such that availability of space for crest length, is less, a gated ogee spillway or 4 Labyrinth spillwoy may be selected. For dams in narrow canyons and having moderate intensity of discharge @ shaft or morning glory spillway is suitable. When abutments st @ particular site are of sound rock and, an arch dam is to be prefered, and if fall to be negotiated is upto 20m, a free fall spiliway may be prefered. BAS Lope ot dam For earth and rockfill dams, chute and ogee spillways are commonly provided, whereas for an arch dam a free fall or morning glory or chute or tunnel spillway is most appropriate. Gravity dams are mostly provided with egee spillway 3.4 Purpose of coms & operating conditions The purpose of the dam mainly determines whether the damn is to be provided with @ gated spitiway or 4 noni gated one. A diversion dam can have e fixed level crest, that is non-gated crest BAS jens dow The rise in the downstream level in heavy floads and its consequence, need careful consideration. In case floods of high maginitude are to be surplused through a dam having sizeable inhabitation downstream, service spillway ioay be provided with en auxiliary spillway. Siphon spillway, when functions may have surges ard break up 3 priming and depriming occurs. This gives rise to wove travelling downstream in the river, which may be detrimental to navigation ard Yishing gowasircam and may also cause damege ta population snd developed ares in downstream. 3.1.6 . Hotere snd simoued sf solid materiaks browpad oy the x73 Trees, floating debris, sediment in suspension etc, affect the type of spillway to be provided. A siphon spillway cannot be successful, if the inflow brings too much floating meterials. Where big trees come as floating materials the chute or ‘ogee spillway remains the cornmon choice. 4. TYPE OF ENERGY DISSIPATORS The most common energy dissipstors in genersl use ore described hereunder \204. Stilling basins Hydraulic jump type stilling basin Gi) Horizontal apron type ; and Gi) Sloping apron type ant Bucket iype energy dissipaters {e) Solid roller bucket (b} Slotted roller bucket; and (c) Ski- jump or flip or trajectory bucket. 42 Beside above, there are following tupes of Energy Dissipstors, but are not very common in the department. G) det diffusion stilling besins (ii) Interacting jet dissipators (iii) Free jet stilling basin iy) Hump stilling basin (iv) Impact stilling basin S. SELECTION OF TYPE OF ENERGY DISSIPATORS ho herd and fast criteria can be fixed in selecting a particuler tupe of energy dissipator. Basically the selection is governed by tall water conditjens and ted Strate The points to be kept in view while selecting the tupe of energy dissipaters ere described in subsequent paragraphs. Frequency and intensity of fl ood The design of an energy dissipator do not change with magnitude of food ut it depends on the intensity of discharge. The intensity of discharge should be worked out based on the total width of the spiliway inciuding the width of peirs. 52 Nature of foundations The selection of energy dissipator depends on the nature of foundations met with at the site. If the river bed channel is of solid rock, @ bucket type of enerau dissipator may be most suitable, with much less length of stilling basin. In case the civet bed channel is of softer jointed end fractured rock or alluvium, hydrauiic jump type stilling basin may be more suiteble. 5.3 Yelocity of flow Velocity of flow is incor porated in form of Froude number (F), whichis a dimension lese parameter. Selection of hydraulic jump type stilIing basin éepends upon (F) as under > (a) Incase Froude number of the incoming flow is less then 45, stilling basin type Les per 15 : 4997-1968 is to be adopted ; where 83. (>) When the incoming Froude number is more than 4.5, stilling basin type H as per 1S: 4997-1968 is to be adopted.5.4 Type of dam and its spillway If the dam is on arch dam with ¢ free fall spillway it should normally be provided with stilling pools of high depths, whereas an earth dam with chute spillway can be provided with hydraulic jump basin, with or without baffles, or end sills to suit teil water rating curves. Similarily, if water flows from 4 reservoir through @ tunnel outlet, the energy can best be dissipated by jet diffusion. for high dams with high teil water depths roller buckets may be employed. For high dam with low tail water depths ski- jump bucket may be emptoued. 55 rc it el 5.5.1 Accuracy of data is very important for the design of efficient and economical structure. in the limiting cases of types of energy dissipator, the wrong assessment of tail water deplth may prove to be hezerdous and of unpredicted consequential damages, the tail water rating curve should be correctly derived based on actuat accurate measurements and unit discherge over spillway should be accurately worked out. 5.5.2 The jump height curve may be related fo the depth discharge curve in four different ways as follows . 55.2.1 Lase-1 jump height is always above the tei} water depth Atigz#, ptate-5) This indicates that the depth of flow in the river/chanrel in the downslrearn of spillway is insufficient for the formation of a hydraulic jump at the toe of the structure. Therefore, the jump will try to sweep across the apron st 9 high velocity and attack the bed downstream causing erosion. In such vonditien energy dissipation may be schieved with adoption of any of the following methods as per site conditions (a) Lowering the floor level downstream of the dam so os to make the tail water depth in the stilling basin equel to the jurnp height for all dicharges. This may lead to three cases- (3) Horizontal floor but depressed below the river bed level. Gi? Adepressed floor but rising towards the downstresm end. iii) A depressed floor but stoping away from the toe of the dern. inthe limiting case where the jump height curve approximately coincides with tail water curve for all discharges. maximum dissipation of energy for this condition will be sfforded by horizontal stilling basin placed et stream bed” elevation. {b) —_Stilling basin with baffles or sills at river bed level. {c}) __Stilling besin with a low subsidiary dam weir downstream. (a) Ski-jump or flip bucket, if there is 4 solid bed rock. [Link]. Case-i/ Jump height curve sii tai th tig 2, Plate-3) ‘With high depths of tail water, the tendency of h velocity flow is to dive under the tail weter and travel s long distance along ‘the bottom forming only 4 very imperfect jump.-8- The energy dissi petion can be done by providing either ; (a) A sloping spron ; or (b) — Aroller bucket Following points may be considered for selecting the solid or slotted type of roller bucket (i) A Solid bucket dissipator should not be used wherever the tail weter limitation of a slotted bucket cen be met. ii) Slotted roiler bucket is recommended in the following conditions. (a) The slotted bucket provides better energy dissipation with less sevivur surface and stream bed distrubsnces. (b) The situation, where the abration on the concrete surface is expacted by the materiel which is swept back along the lip of the deflector by the ground roller solid roller bucket is ‘objectionable and slotted roller bucket is prefered. (iii) Slotted roller bucket is more sensitive to sweep out at lower teil water and it is conducive to diving and scouring actions at excessive tail water. This is not the cose with solid roller bucket. 5.2.3 fase-tit Jump height curve above the tail water calies 2 Jor. discharge and below st Bigh dischars plats - 5} For such @ condition, the solution lies in cresting artifically enough waver depth to make the jump form on the apron at low discharges. The following sl-er natives can be applied to the problem. . (a) StiTling basin with a iow secondary dam ; and (b)—Stilling basin with baffle piers or sore form of dentated sill “5.2.4 Lase-1¥ Jump herght curve below ihe tail water curve at low discherces and shove at higher discharges (Tigure-4 wate 5) The main condition to be met in-this case is the provision of sufficient depth of tail water for the formation of jump at high flows. construction of a secondary darn or sloping apron will serve the pur pose. A bucket type of energy diseipstor can be provided with success, if rock below is svund. The bucket will act 03 roller for low discharge and 9 ski~jump at higher discharges. tof dasign discharge for G) For spillways whieh ave designed for Probable Maximum Flood(PMF), the energy dissipstor is to be designed for a discharge equal to 60% of moderated discharge for PMF ar macerated discharge for Standard Project Flood (SPF), whichever is higher Gif) For spiltways which are designed for floods other than PMF, the ED should be designed for 80% of moderated discharge for the design flood. Citi) In both above cases (o)Free boerd for training wall should be kept corresponding to-~G- the design flow i.e. for SPF or PMF as the case may be ail {bjAN gates of the spillway should bs considered operative. ? MODEL stupiEs Afler selection and proper designing of an ED, model studies are to be conducted in case of ED falling in the range described hereunder. The results of model studies inay dictate revision of design to some extent or revision of type of ED in some cases. i) Gi) (a) (b) (cp (d) (e) iii) In case of hydraulic jump type stilling basins, model studies should be conducted for fatis greater than iSm or discharge intensities greater then 30 cum/sec/m and possible assymmetry of flow. In case of roller buckets confirmatory model tests are desirable when any one of the following conditions exists Sustained operation near limiting condition is expected. Discharge per metre width of bucket exceeds 45 cum / sec. Velocity entering the bucket exceeds 20 m/sec. Eddies eppesr to be possible downstream of spillway ; and ‘Waves in the downstream channel would cause problems like unstable flow and flow disturbances. In all cases of ski- jump or flip or trajectory bucket. 8. This circvler supersedes instructions and ell other circulars and Technical < Memoranda issued on this subject in the past. Verne. { [Link] ) ( PLC. AGARWAL ) Chief Engineer Engineer -in- Chief BODHI , Bhopal (M.P.) ‘Water Resources Department, Bhopal(M.P.)H AERATION PIPE DROP_HEIGHT 'SCOUR DROP_LENGTH FIG. ( OVERFALL SPILLWAY RESERVOIR ELEVATION CREST ELEVATION DESIGN HEAD, RIVER BED ‘CHANNEL BED BUCKET INVERT. FIG. 2, OGEE SPILLWAY AXIS OF DAM a GROUND LEVEL apenocn TRAINING WALL N hs Sh | TRACTION ’ thw SPILL CHANNEL co NS NTS: bral lt WW iD SILL MUTE St Exchor fF PLE, ms BARS BLOCK FIG. 3. CHUTE SPILLWAYPLATE ~2 o/s 150 mm_ BLANKET OF CONCRETE AGGRETEG 1ZE, FIG. |. FUSE PLUG TYPICAL SECTION ofS APRON PRL BANK Tw LapyetnTe ‘CREST UIs APRO tau S APRON pam SECTION AT XX" FIG_2. LABYRINTH WEIR TYPICAL SECTIONTAILWATER CURVE DEPTH = ——* DISCHARGE FIG. 1 TAILWATER CURVE DEPTH > DISCHARGE FIG. 3 TAILWATER CURVE fb, CURVE DEPTH oe ——* DISCHARGE FIG. 2 d, CURVE TAILWATER CURVE DEPTH ——— ——>_ DISCHARGE FIG. 4 ZTAILWATER —JUMP HEIGHT CURVES.MADHYA PRADESH WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT DESIGN SERIES TECHNICAL CIRCULAR RO 29 (issued vide memo No 213/BODHI/R&C/TC/1 1/89 dated. 21.4 ot} TOP_WIDTH OF GRAVITY pant 1.8 Economy, requirement of road way and env other special considerations such 6s Tequirement for yantr'y crane ete. are the basic considerations for fixing the top width of grevity dam. The economical top width for low dam (upto 30 melers} reported in litersturo 9 bout 143 of the height. The minimum width required for road way is stout 5.0 meters: ‘Thus road way/other special requirements ever ride the economic considerations. The usust top vidth provided vary from about 45 meters to 15 metres, It is considered desirable that Uuniformity’should be matntatned with regard to provision of top width of dem. Hence, the following top widths besed on roedway requirements are recommended (2) For single lene oridge (6) Carriage way width 425 m (ii) Width of kerbs on both sides 0.45 m (iif)Parapet/Railing on both sides 030m Total width 5.00 m {(b) For double lane bridge {i) Carriage way width 750m (ii) Width of kerbs on both sides 0.45 m (iif)Parapet/Railing on both sides 030m Total width 825m (c) For multitene bridge with more than two longs without central verge. (i) Width rerquired for double lane bridge = 8.25 m es per (b) above {ii) For each additional two lanes 750m (@) For multilane bridge with more then two Tones with central verge i) Width required without central verge Ae per “e“ above Gi) The width of central verge 4.20m 2. TheChisf Engineer of the praject shall decide whether ¢ single lene, double lane er a multilane bridge fs te be provided depending upon the site conditions end future “CRY. Sreentvessign-? 8 Engine of rater Resources Water Resowrces teper tment Bhopal Bhopal NM,