ិ
សកលវទ្យាល័
យ វវវសទើន
Western University
Faculty of Foreign Languages
TESOL Semester II, Year III
Lecturer: Bunreun Pich
TOPIC: Chapter 9
Group Member
1. Bun Monny Ousphea
2. Soth Srey Lin
3. Chheav Phanet
4. Vong Sokret
In this chapter you will learn about:
- Differences in methods of data collection in
quantitative and qualitative
research
- Major approaches to information gathering
- Collecting data using primary sources
- Observation
- The interview
- The questionnaire
- Methods of data collection in qualitative
research
- Collecting data using secondary sources
KEYWORDS
Double-barrelled questions
Non-participant observation
Open-ended questions
Oral history
Participant observation
Question
1) Open Question: Compare and contrast the advantages and
disadvantages of using observation versus questionnaires as data
collection methods in qualitative research.
2) Open Question: Explain the different types of interviews
(structured, unstructured) and discuss how the researcher's role
and flexibility vary in each approach.
3) open question: Quantitative and qualitative research: which is the
best method for a researcher?
4) Close questions: Is a structured interview considered a primary
source of data collection?
5) Close question: What the difference between quantitative and
qualitative research?
Contents
01 02
Differences in methods of data Major approaches to
collection in QUANTITATIVE AND information gathering 03
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Collecting data using primary
sources
Observation
04 05 The interview
The questionnaire
Methods of data Collecting data using
collection in qualitative secondary sources
research
01
Differences in methods of data
collection in QUANTITATIVE AND
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
QUANTITATIVE
AND QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
An unstructured interview, recorded in
QUANTITATIVE a descriptive or narrative form, Descriptive responses
METHODS favour becomes a QUALITATIVE METHOD, but obtained in reply to open-
these restrictions in a structured interview, if the ended questions are all
information is recorded in response QUALITATIVE.
whereas categories or if the categories are
QUALITATIVE ones developed and quantified out of
Responses are in
descriptive responses, it is a
advocate against QUANTITATIVE METHOD. numerals they will be
them. considered QUANTITATIVE.
02
Major approaches to information
gathering
There are two major approaches to
gathering information about a situation,
person, problem or phenomenon.
Primary data
Secondary data.
03
Collecting Data Using PRIMARY
SOURCES
Collecting Data Using PRIMARY SOURCES
Observation
PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION
NON-PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION
Observation: is one way to collect primary data by using a purposeful, systematic and
selective way of watching and listening to an interaction or phenomenon as it takes place.
PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION:
NON-PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION
PROBLEMS WITH USING OBSERVATION AS
A METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION
Observations can be made under two conditions:
- Natural
- Controlled
Recording observations:
- Narrative recording
- Using scales
- Categorical recording
- Recording on electronic devices
Interview: is a commonly used method of collecting information
from people.
Unstructured Interviews
Structured Interviews
Advantages And Disadvantages Of The Interview
The interview is more appropriate for complex situations. It is useful for collecting in-depth
information. Information can be supplemented. Questions can be explained. Interviewing has a
wider application.
Interviewing is time consuming and expensive. The quality of data depends upon the quality of
the interaction. The quality of data depends upon the quality of the interviewer. The quality of
data may vary when many interviewers are used. The researcher may introduce his/her bias.
Questionnaire: is a written list of questions, the answers to
which are recorded by respondents.
The mailed questionnaire
Collective administration
Administration in a public place
CHOOSING BETWEEN AN INTERVIEW AND A QUESTIONNAIRE
The choice between a questionnaire and an interview schedule is important
and should be considered thoroughly as the strengths and weaknesses of the
two methods can affect the validity of the findings. The selection between
an interview schedule and a questionnaire should be based upon the
following criteria:
The nature of the investigation
The geographical distribution of the study population
The type of study population
=> A questionnaire has several advantages.
It is less expensive, and it offers greater
anonymity.
=> Disadvantages of a questionnaire are
important to note that not all data collection.
Forms Of Question
The form and wording of questions
used in an interview or a
questionnaire are extremely important
in a research instrument.
Open ended question
Closed ended question
Open ended
question
In an open-ended question the
possible responses are not given.
Advantages and disadvantages of
open-ended questions
- Open-ended questions in interviews
provide detailed information when used
by experienced interviewers.
- Open-ended questions in questionnaires
give respondents the freedom to express
themselves, resulting in a wider range of
information.
- - Open-ended questions help eliminate
investigator bias but may increase the
risk of interviewer bias.
Close ended
question
In an open-ended question the
possible responses are not given.
Advantages and disadvantages of
Close-ended questions
The information obtained through them
lacks depth and variety.
There is a greater possibility of
investigator bias
In a questionnaire, the given response
pattern
Formulating effective questions
Always use simple and
everyday language.
Do not use ambiguous
questions.
Do not ask double-barrelled
questions.
Do not ask leading
questions.
Constructing a research instrument in quantitative research
The construction of a research instrument or
tool is an extremely important aspect of a
research project
It is suggested that a beginner
should adopt the following
procedure:
Step I:.
Step II:
Step III
Step IV
Asking personal and sensitive questions may affect the
quality of information or even result in an interview being
terminated or questionnaires not being returned.
The order of
questions
Pre-testing a
research
instrument
Prerequisites for
data collection
04
Methods of data collection in
qualitative research
Qualitative methods are characterised
by flexibility and freedom.
1- unstructured interviews;
2- participant observation;
3- secondary sources.
Constructing a research instrument in qualitative research
Data in qualitative research are not collected through a set of predetermined questions but by raising issues around different areas of
enquiry.
05
Collecting Data Using
SECONDARY SOURCES
The primary sources of data collection where the
required data was collected either by you or by
someone else. The following section provides:
- Government or semi-government
publications
- Earlier research
- Personal records
- Mass media
Problems with using data from secondary sources
While using such data some issues you should keep
in mind are:
- Validity and reliability
- Personal bias
- Availability of data
- Format
Thank You
