Acids and Bases
Part A - Definitions
FYO-00191
Dr Steve Corden
1
Intended Learning Outcomes
• Define Bronsted-Lowry, Lewis & Arrhenius theories of Acids & Bases
• State name and formulae of common acids & bases
• State general pH ranges of neutral, acidic & basic solutions
2
Arrhenius Acids and Bases
• When an acid is dissolved in water it dissociates to form a hydrogen ion (H+)
H2O
HCl(aq) H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
• This hydrogen ion can then react with water to form a hydronium ion (H3O+)
H+(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq)
• Acid is a compound that, when dissolved in water, increases the concentration
of hydronium ions (H3O+)
HCl(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
Arrhenius Acids and Bases
H2O
HCl(aq) H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
HCl(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
• Not all compounds containing hydrogen are acidic
CH4(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + CH3-(aq)
Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
• Bronstead-Lowry acids and bases are always paired:
An Acid is a proton donor
A Base is a proton acceptor
HCl(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
NH3(aq) + H2O(l) OH(aq) + NH4+(aq)
-
5
Lewis Acids and Bases
• Lewis Acids – electron pair acceptors
• Empty valence orbital
• Lewis Bases – electron pair donors
H F H F
H N: + B F H N+ B- F
H F
H F
6
Self Test
Identify the acid-base pairs in the acid-base equilibria below
(a) HNO3(aq) + H20(l) H3O+(aq) + NO3-(aq)
(b) NH3(aq) + H2O(l) NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)
(c) H2SO4(aq) + H2O(l) HSO4-(aq) + H3O+(aq)
7
Self Test
Identify the acid-base pairs in the acid-base equilibria below
(a) HNO3(aq) + H20(l) H3O+(aq) + NO3-(aq)
(b) NH3(aq) + H2O(l) NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)
(c) H2SO4(aq) + H2O(l) HSO4-(aq) + H3O+(aq)
8
Common Acids and Bases
Acids:
• Taste sour (acidous)
• Dissociate in water
• pH < 7 in aqueous solution
Bases:
• Feel soapy
• Dissociate in water
• pH > 7 in aqueous solution
9
Common Acids and Bases
Acids: Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
• Taste sour (acidous) Hydrofluoric acid (HF)
• Dissociate in water Nitric acid (HNO3)
Acetic acid (CH3COOH)
• pH < 7 in aqueous solution Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
Bases:
• Feel soapy Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)
Potassium Hydroxide (KOH)
• Dissociate in water Calcium Hydroxide (Ca(OH)2)
• pH > 7 in aqueous solution Ammonia Solution (NH3)
10
Intended Learning Outcomes
• Define Bronsted-Lowry, Lewis & Arrhenius theories of Acids & Bases
• State name and formulae of common acids & bases
• State general pH ranges of neutral, acidic & basic solutions
11
Acids and Bases
Part B - Neutralisation
FYO-00191
Dr Steve Corden
12
Intended Learning Outcomes
• Describe and write neutralisation reactions
• Identify acids as monoprotic, diprotic, polyprotic
• Identify conjugate acid-base pairs
13
Acid Base Reactions - Neutralisation
Acid + Base H2O(l) + Salt
Conjugate Conjugate
Acid Base
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) H2O(l) + NaCl(aq)
HNO3(aq) + KOH(aq) H2O(l) + KNO3(aq)
14
Acid Base Reactions – Self test
Write reactions for the following acid base equilibria
(a) Hydrochloric acid and hydroxide ions
(b) Potassium hydroxide and hydrogen fluoride
(c) Ethanoic acid and water
15
Acid Base Reactions – Self test
Write reactions for the following acid base equilibria
(a) Hydrochloric acid and hydroxide ions
(b) Potassium hydroxide and hydrogen fluoride
(c) Ethanoic acid and water
16
Monoprotic, diprotic and polyprotic
• Monoprotic acids are a type of acid that will only donate one proton
• Diprotic acids can donate two protons
• Triprotic acids can donate three protons
• Polyprotic acids have more that one ionisable proton 17
Monoprotic, diprotic and polyprotic
• Monoprotic acids are a type of acid that will only donate one proton
HCl(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
• Diprotic acids can donate two protons
H2O(l)
H2SO4(aq) + H2O(l) H3O (aq) + HSO (aq)
+
4
-
H3O+(aq) + SO42-(aq)
• Triprotic acids can donate three protons
H3PO4(aq) + 3H2O(l) 3H3O+(aq) + PO43-
• Polyprotic acids have more that one ionisable proton 18
Conjugate acid-base pairs
From the Latin word conjugare
• A conjugate acid is formed when a compound gains a proton
• It can now function as an acid
• A conjugate base is formed when a compound loses a proton
• It can now function as a base
19
Conjugate acid-base pairs – Self test
Identify the conjugate acid-base pairs in the following reaction
HNO3(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + NO3-(aq)
20
Intended Learning Outcomes
• Describe and write neutralisation reactions
• Identify acids as monoprotic, diprotic, polyprotic
• Identify conjugate acid-base pairs
21
Acids and Bases
Part C – Equations
FYO-00191
Dr Steve Corden
22
Intended Learning Outcomes
• Construct ionic equations
• Use ionic equations to describe reactions of acids with metals and bases
• Write equations describing acid-base dissociation
• Describe the extent of dissociation of strong and weak acids and bases
• Distinguish between strength and concentration
Ionic equations
A balanced equation:
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) H2O(l) + NaCl(aq)
A complete ionic equation
H+(aq) + Cl-(aq) + Na+(aq) OH-(aq) H2O(l) + Cl-(aq) + Na+(aq)
Net Ionic equation
H+(aq) + OH-(aq) H2O(l)
Ionic equations – Self test
• Write a balanced, complete and net ionic equation for the reaction of sulfuric
acid with sodium hydroxide
Reactions of acids
• With alkalis (neutralisation)
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) H2O(l) + NaCl(aq)
H+(aq) + OH-(aq) H2O(l)
• Acids react with carbonates, forming carbon dioxide
H+(aq) + CaCO3(s) H2O(l) + Ca2+(aq) + CO2(g)
H+(aq) + CO32-(aq) H2O(l) + CO2(g)
• Acids react with bases (metal oxides), forming water
H+(aq) + CaO(s) H2O(l) + Ca2+(aq)
• Acids react with many metals, forming hydrogen
+ 2+
Self Test
Write equations for the following acid-base equilibria:
(a) Nitric acid and hydroxide ions
(b) Hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate
(c) Hydrofluoric acid and calcium metal
Acid-base dissociation
The acid-base equilibrium of an acid, HA, in water is shown below
HA(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + A-(aq)
To emphasise the loss of the H+, this can be shown more simply as the
dissociation of the acid HA:
HA(aq) H+(aq) + A-(aq)
Acid-base dissociation Ka
HA(aq) H+(aq) + A-(aq)
Dissociation constant Ka
Ka = [H+][A-]
[HA]
Strong acids
A strong acid, such as nitric acid, HNO3, is a good proton donor
• Almost complete dissociation
HNO3(aq) H+(aq) + NO3-(aq)
Virtually all of the acidic power has been released as H+(aq)
At equilibrium, the concentration of H+(aq) is much greater than HNO3(aq)
Ka will be high
Weak acids
A weak acid, such as ethanoic acid, CH3COOH, is a poor proton donor
• There is only partial dissociation
CH3COOH(aq) H+(aq) +CH3COO-(aq)
Only a small amount of the acidic power has been released as H+(aq)
At equilibrium, the concentration of CH3COOH(aq) is much greater than H+(aq)
Ka will be low
Acid strength vs concentration
Concentration is the amount of acid dissolved in 1 dm3 of solution
• Concentration is measured in mol dm-3
Concentrated and dilute are terms used to describe the amount of dissolved acid
in a solution
Strength is the extent of dissociation of an acid
• Strength is measured in Ka in units determined from the equilibrium
Strong and weak are terms used to describe the degree of dissociation of an acid
Self test
Samples of two acids, hydrochloric acid and ethanoic acid, have the same
concentration: 0.1 mol dm-3. Explain why one ‘dilute acid’ is strong whereas the
other ‘dilute acid’ is weak.
Self test
Define:
Lowry-Bronsted acid-
Lowry-Bronsted base-
Conjugate acid-
Conjugate base-
Ka -
Self test
Define:
Lowry-Bronsted acid-
Lowry-Bronsted base-
Conjugate acid-
Conjugate base-
Ka -
Intended Learning Outcomes
• Construct ionic equations
• Use ionic equations to describe reactions of acids with metals and bases
• Write equations describing acid-base dissociation
• Describe the extent of dissociation of strong and weak acids and bases
• Distinguish between strength and concentration
