MINI PROJECT 2021-2022

USES OF INDUSTRIAL WASTES IN CONSTRUCTION

by

ADARSH MAURYA

(1900910000006)

Department of Civil Engineering

Submitted

in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Bachelor of Technology

to the

JSS ACADEMY OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, NOIDA

DECEMBER 2021

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Mini project 2021-2022 being submitted by ADARSH MAURYA

to the JSS Academy of Technical Education Noida is a record of adequate work carried out by

her/him under my supervision and guidance. The work, in my opinion, has reached the

standard, fulfilling the requirements for Bachelor of Technology degree.

Dr. S.VARADARAJAN
Associate Professor
Department of Civil Engineering

JSS Academy of Technical Education

Noida, U.P.

INDIA

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is a great pleasure for me to present this project report.I am very thankful to all those who
helped me during my project and renderd is usefull.

First and formost I would like to thank Dr. S.Varadarajan Sir who supported me
through inspiring towards understanding and learning.She also taught me various techniques
and guided thriugh my entire project work by rectifying my errors and solving my doubts.

I would like to express sincere thanks to Dr.Vijay kumar (H.O.D, Civil

Engg.Department) Sir who extended her support for my learning.

Words are inadequate in offering my thnaks to my project group member whoose

attentive and caring nature always help to improve my knowlede and skills.

Date:13/12/2021 ADARSH MAURYA

Place: Noida 1900910000006

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 TEAM

ADARSH MAURYA 1900910000006

ADHYAN KUMAR 1900910000007

ADITYA KUMAR 1900910000008

ADITYA SINGH 1900910000009

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 CONTENTS

1. ABSTRACT 6

2. INTRODUCTION 7

3. WASTE’S CLASSIFICATIONS 7

4. BY-PRODUCT WASTES 9
i. Waste foundry sand
ii. Coal Bottom Ash
iii. Cement kiln dust
iv. Wood Ash
v. Silica fume
vi. Slag
vii. Fly Ash

5. ORGANIC WASTE 21

6. AGRICULTURAL WASTE 21

7. CONCLUSIONS 24

8. REFRENCES 26

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 ABSTRACT

Concrete is the most widely used construction material. To

meet the growing infrastructure and industrial needs, huge quantities of concrete
is required, which, in turn, means that large volumes of natural resources and raw
materials are being used for concrete production around the world. To eliminate
or minimize the negative environmental impact of the concrete industry and
promote environmental sustainability of the industry, the use of waste from
industries as materials for concrete making is considered as an alternative
solution for preventing the excessive usage of raw materials. The wide
availability of industrial wastes makes them a suitable and dependable alternative
for aggregate in concrete, wherever available.Increasing urbanization and
industrialization increases the generation of industrial waste in both developed
and developing countries. With increased environmental awareness concerning
potential hazardous effects, the recycling or utilization of industrial waste by-
products have become an attractive alternative to disposal. Several studies have
been reported on the utilization of waste materials and by-products such as waste
foundry sand (WFS), coal bottom ash (CBA), cement kiln dust (CKD) and
wood ash (WA) in making cement-concrete and controlled low-strength
material (CLSM).

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 INTRODUCTION

Solid waste management is gaining significant importance with the

ever-increasing quantities of waste materials that is contemporarily being generated. The
major generators of industrial solid wastes are the thermal power plants producing coal ash,
the integrated Iron and Steel mills producing blast furnace slag and steel melting slag, non-
ferrous industries like aluminum, zinc, iron and copper producing red mud and tailings,
wood ash, cement industry producing cement kiln dust, silica fume, etc. The disposal of
industrial by-products is becoming an increasing concern for many industries because of the
increasing volume of waste by-product generated, increasing costs of operating landfills in
combination with the scarcity of landfill sites. With increased environmental awareness
concerning potential hazardous effects, utilization of industrial by-products has become an
attractive alternative to disposal.
In the last decades, due to the modern lifestyle, the progresses in industry and technology
had led to an important increase in the amount and type of wastes. The problem of waste
accumulation every year is all over the world. These industrial and agricultural wastes are
by-products, slag, rice husk ash, bagasse, fly ash, cement dust, brick dust, sludge, glass,
tires, etc.
Some of these waste materials could possibly be used in constructional materials for the
production of concrete.

WASTE’S CLASSIFICATION

For many years a lot of wastes have been accumulated in the entire world and
they influenced the environment and people life. The necessity of eliminating or at least,
reduction of huge quantities of wastes is a priority of researches. Their use in the building
material and construction industry is a one of the possibilities which can help to keep the
environment clean.

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In the building material industry there are used a lot of types of wastes, which can be
classified as follows:
1. By-product waste is the waste produced by industry which includes any
material that is rendered useless during a manufacturing process from plants, mills and
mines. Usually they are storaged in landfills, which are placed on agricultural fields or
around big cities. Some examples of industrial waste are silica fume, slag, sludge, fly
ash, sand paper, metals, glass, waste foundry sand (WFS), coal bottom ash (CBA),
cement kiln dust (CKD) and wood ash (WA) etc.

2. Organic wastes are generally biodegradable materials which are accumulated

rapidly and for their storage it must design and realize great disposal landfills.
3. Agricultural wastes are resulted from agricultural domain. They are
biodegradable in time, but during the degradation process they must be storage in
special places. For eliminating the wastes usually these wastes are burned, the powder
resulted can be used as fine part in construction.

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 BY-PRODUCT WASTE
1.Waste foundry sand (WFS)
Waste foundry sand (WFS), a high quality silica sand, is a by product
from the production of both ferrous and nonferrous metal castings. Ferrous and non-ferrous
foundries use silica sand in order to create metal casting mould and cores. During the casting
process, mould can be exposed to high temperature .The moulding sand can be reused for
several time until losing it moulding characteristic before the repeated exposure to molten
metal and mechanical abrasion, finally when they recycled sand degrade to the point at
which it can no longer be reused in the metal casting process, it is removed from the foundry
and named as waste foundry sand. It is used in highway engineering.
Foundries use high quality size-specific silica sands in their
molding and casting operations. When it is not possible to further reuse sand in the foundry,
it is removed from the foundry and is termed as waste foundry sand. Waste foundry sand
(WFS) is also referred to as spent foundry sand (SFS) or used foundry sand (UFS). On the
basis of the type of binder system used in metal castings, waste foundry sand is categorized
as clay bonded sand (green sand) and chemical bonded sand. Clay-bonded (Green) sand is
composed of naturally occurring materials which are blended together; high quality silica
sand (85–95%), bentonite clay (4–10%) as a binder, a carbonaceous additive (2–10%) to
improve the casting surface finish, and water (2–5%). It is black in color due to its carbon
content and is the most commonly used molding media (up to 90%) by foundries.
Chemically bonded sands are used both in core making where high strengths are necessary to
withstand the heat of molten metal, and in mold making. Chemically bonded sand consists of
93–99% silica and 1–3% chemical binder. The most common chemical binder systems used
are phenolic-urethanes, epoxy-resins, furfyl alcohol, and sodium silicates. Chemically
bonded sands are generally lighter in color and in texture than clay bonded sands.
1.1. Physical properties of WFS
Waste foundry sand (WFS) is sub-angular to round in shape. Green sands are
black or gray, whereas chemically bonded sands are of a medium tan or off-white color. The

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specific gravity of foundry sand varies between 2.39 and 2.79. Waste foundry sand has a low
absorption capacity and is non-plastic.
Table 1: Typical physical properties of waste foundry sand

1.2. Chemical properties of WFS

The chemical composition of the spent foundry sand depends on the type of
metal molded at the foundry, the type of binder and the combustible used. The chemical
composition of the foundry sand may influence its performance. Spent foundry sand consists
primarily of silica sand coated with a thin film of burnt carbon, residual binder (bentonite,
sea coal, resins/chemicals) and dust. Table lists the chemical composition of a typical
sample of spent foundry sand.
Silica sand is hydrophilic and consequently attracts water to its surface. Depending on the
binder and type of metal cast, the pH of spent foundry sand can vary between 4 and 8 . It has
been reported that some spent foundry sands can be corrosive to metals [6]. Because of the
presence of phenols in foundry sand, there is some concern that precipitation percolating
through stockpiles could mobilize leachable fractions, resulting in phenol discharges into
surface or ground water supplies. Foundry sand sources and stockpiles must be monitored to
assess the need to establish controls for potential phenol discharges.

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Table 2. Typical chemical composition of waste foundry sand

1.3Applications of waste foundry sand

The practice of disposing off WFS in landfills is getting unfavorable because
of increasing cost of disposal. Furthermore, rising environmental concerns have made
Government to make strict regulations to keep check on waste disposal from industries and
make them accountable to remediation of wastes. All these issues can be tackled by reusing
and recycling the waste produced. Potential applications of WFS in Civil Engineering works
can be – highway embankment filling, flowable fills; in road construction; in soil
stabilization and reinforcement , hydraulic barrier or liner in cement manufacturing; mortar
making pavement blocks, brick blocks ,asphalt concrete . Beneficial reuse of WFS span a
variety of applications related to infrastructure engineering and rehabilitation works, e.g.,
highway embankment construction, ground improvement etc. The use of WFS in such
various applications as alternative to traditional materials can help multiple ways in
conserving the conventional materials, reducing cost and reducing burden on environment,
hence benefitting country and environment.

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2.Coal bottom ash (CBA)

Coal bottom ash (CBA) is the noncombustible agglomerated ash particles

formed in coal furnaces of coal fired thermal power plants. These particles are too large to be
carried in the gases flowand fall through open grates to an ash hopper at the bottom of the
furnace. Indian coals have high amounts of inorganic inclusions with varying properties and
on combustion result in a high ash content of up to 46%. About 100 million tons of fly ash
and 25 million ton of bottom ash is produced by these thermal power plants annually.
Bottom ash is used as land fill material and as base material in road construction. In India up
till now a small volume of fly ash is utilized in theproduction of cement, but bottom ash is
not used in any form. Bottom ash along with unutilized fly ash is disposed of in ponds spread
over thousand acres of land. The disposal of bottom ash in ponds poses risks to human health
and the environment. Bottom ash has the appearance and particle size distribution similar to
that of natural fine aggregate, i.e. river sand. Because of these properties it is attractive for it
to be used as sand replacement in concrete.Recently research works have been focused on
the usage of bottom ash as partial sand replacement in concrete.
2.1. Physical properties of CBA
The particles of coal bottom ash are angular, irregular and porous, and have
a rough surface texture. The particle size ranges from fine gravel to fine sand. Bottom ash is
lighter and more brittle compared to natural sand. The specific gravity of the bottom ash
varies from 1.39 to 2.33. Bottom ash with a low specific gravity has a porous texture that
readily degrades under loading or compaction.
2.2. Chemical properties of CBA
Bottom ash is mainly composed of silica, alumina, and iron with small amounts of
calcium, magnesium, sulfate, etc. The chemical composition of bottom ash varies depending
on the type of coal used and the process of burning.

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Table:3 Physhical & Chemical of CBA

2.3. Applications of CBA

Bottom ash can be beneficially utilized in a variety of manufacturing and construction
applications. It is predominantly used for the following applications:
Road base and sub-base
Structural fill
Backfill
Drainage media
Aggregate for concrete, masonry and asphalt
Abrasives/traction

3. Cement kiln dust (CKD)

Cement kiln dust is a fine powdery material generated in large quantities
during the production of Portland cement. It is collected in the control devices such as
cyclone, bag house, or electrostatic precipitator during the production of cement clinker. The
chemical composition of CKD depends upon the raw materials,fuels, kiln type, overall
equipment layout, and type of cement being used.Coarser particles of CKD contain high
contents of free lime while the fine particles usually exhibit a higher concentration of sulfates

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and alkalies. CKD is regarded as a waste material and is responsible for a significant loss to
the cement industry in terms of the value of raw materials, processing, energy usage, dust
collection, disposal, and storage. Cement industries generate millions of metric tons of
cement kiln dust, as a measure to control product quality (low alkali clinker from high alkali
raw materials) and to ensure uninterrupted operation of the plant. The generation of CKD has
been estimated to be 15 to 20% of clinker or cement production.
3.1. Physical Properties of CKD
The specific gravity of CKD ranges from 2.70 to 3.00 less than that of Portland
cement (Gs- 3.15). CKD is slightly soluble in water (0.1% - 1.0%). Particle size distribution
is an important physical characteristic of CKD. Corish and Coleman reported that the alkali
concentration in CKD depends upon the particle size fraction and suggested that the finer
CKDs may contain a higher alkali content.
Table 4: Typical physical properties of CKD
Property Value
Gradation (75 % passing) 0.030 mm (no. 450 sieve)
Maximum particle size 0.300 mm (no. 50 sieve)
Specific surface (cm2/g) 4600-14000
Specific gravity 2.6-2.8

3.2. Chemical Properties of CKD

The chemical composition of CKD depends on the raw materials used and the
cement manufacturing processes.Generally, cement kiln dust has a composition similar to
that of ordinary Portland cement. It is typically characterized by a higher alkali content as
compared to Portland cement, particularly in terms of potassium and sulfur. Compounds of
lime, iron, silica and alumina constitute the major chemical composition of CKD. Certain
trace metals such as cadmium, lead, selenium, and radionuclides are generally found in
concentrations less than 0.05% by weight in cement kiln dust .

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Table 5. Typical chemical composition of cement kiln dust.

Cement Kiln
Dust
Constituents Maslehuddin et Taha et al. Udoeyo and
(%) al. [43] Hyee
[42] [44]
SiO2 17.1 15.84 2.16
Al2O3 4.24 3.57 1.09
Fe2O3 2.89 2.76 0.54
CaO 49.3 63.76 52.72
MgO 1.14 1.93 0.68
SO3 3.56 1.65 0.05
K 2O 2.18 2.99 0.11
Na2O 3.84 0.33 --
LOI 15.8 5.38 42.39

4.Wood ash (WA)

Wood ash is the inorganic and organic residue remaining after the combustion of
wood and wood products such as chips, saw dust, bark, etc. On the average, the burning of
wood results in about 6–10% ashes, and its composition can be highly variable depending on
the geographical location and industrial processes. Approximately 70% of the wood ash is
being landfilled, around 20% is being used as soil supplement, and the remaining 10% is
being used in miscellaneous applications.
4.1. Physical Properties of WA
The average particle size of the wood ash was found to be 230 μm whereas the pH
of was found to vary between 9 and 13.5 .The specific gravity for wood bottom ash is 1.65
and the average saturated surface dry (SSD) moisture content values were 10.3% for fly ash
and 7.5% for bottom ash. The bulk density exhibited average density values of 490 kg/m3
for fly ash and 827 kg/m3 for bottom ash.
4.2. Chemical Properties of WA
Carbon is the main component of wood ash present in the range of 5–30% [64].
The major element constituents of wood ash include calcium (7–33%), potassium (3–4%),

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magnesium (1–2%), manganese (0.3–1.3%), phosphorus (0.3–1.4%), and sodium (0.2–
0.5%). The chemical properties depend upon the type of wood, combustion temperature, etc.
[64,65]. It is reported that wood ash contains lime (CaO), calcite (CaCO3), portlandite
(CaOH2) and calcium silicate (Ca2SiO4) as major oxides.

Table 6: Chemical constituents of Wood Ash

Constituents (%) Sources of wood ash

W1 W2 W3 W4 W5
Calcium Oxide (CaO) 3.5 13.7 19.6 2.2 25.3
Silica (SiO2) 32.4 13.0 50.7 30.0 8.1
Alumina (Al2O3) 17.1 7.8 8.2 12.3 7.5
Magnesium oxide (MgO) 0.7 2.6 6.55 0.7 4.5
Sodium Oxide (Na2O) 0.9 0.6 2.1 0.5 3.3
Potassium Oxide (K2O) 1.1 0.4 2.8 2.0 2.7
Iron Oxide (Fe2 O3) 9.8 2.6 2.1 14.2 3.0
LOI (1000 ◦C) (%) 31.6 58.1 6.7 35.3 32.8
Moisture (%) 2.4 0.5 0.2 0.4 3.3

4.3. Applications of wood ash

Approximately, 70% of the wood ash generated is landfilled and the remaining is utilized as:
Soil supplement
Construction materials
Metal recovery
Pollution control

5.Silica fume
is resulted from the processes of obtaining ferrosilicon industry, as a very fine
powder which is recuperated by filters from furnaces. Silica fumes are the waste generated
from the production of silicon and ferrosilicon alloys.The quantity of dust involved by burnt
gases from the furnace represents about 35% from the quantity of the end product. Silica
fume generally contains more than 85% SiO2, and also other components in smaller
quantities, such as: Fe2O3 (1.3 - 4%), Al2O3 (0.85 - 2.5%), CaO (0.4 - 0.8%), Mg (0.6 -
1.5%), C (1.1 - 2.5%). Silica fume has the shape of particles spherical and the specific
surface is between 13000 and 23000 m2/kg. Its spreading in the atmosphere has as effect the
environment pollution.

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5.1 Uses & Properties of Silica Fumes
Silica fume is specially used as mineral admixture in concrete because of the
fineness of the particles which can fill better the spaces between the components of concrete
mix. The new types of concretes (the high strength and high performance concrete, ultra-
high performance concrete, with compressive strengths going to 150-180 MPa), high
strength polymer concrete, etc. that are used in the new modern structures are obtained by
adding in the mix silica fume in dosages between 8-12% . Experimental studies shown that
the compressive strength of concrete can increase with about 20% in the case of a dosage of
10% silica fume . The behavior of different types of elements realized with high strength
concrete under loading is improved, their resistant capacity is higher and the sizes of
structural elements are reduced in comparison with structures realized of ordinary concrete.
In the ordinary cement concrete or polymer concrete, silica fume is added in different
percentages, as replacement or not of cement, for improving the properties, in particular the
compressive strength, durability characteristics, bond strength . These good effects of silica
fume on the concrete are resulting from the fact that the particles of silica fume are very
small and also from the pozzolana reaction of silica fume with cement paste components. In
the behavior of structural elements it was observed according to experimental studies, that
the failure of beams was improved, the concrete with silica fume had a better behavior to
shear force, the number of cracks in tension zone at failure was reduced, which indicate that
elements are less destroyed at failure .
In the hydraulic constructions, concrete with silica fume responds better to requirements of
hydraulic construction because this concrete has a better behavior to frost-thaw cycles, to
abrasion, cavitation, is resistant to chemical attack and it is less permeable, facts which result
in a smaller dosage of cement.
Silica fume is also used for obtaining other types of concrete, such as self-compacting
concrete, fiber reinforced concrete, polymer concrete. In the case of polymer concrete from
experimental studies it was concluded that the increase in compressive strength is not too
much as in the case of tensile strength.

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Also the addition of silica fume decreased the content of polymer, which is an expensive
material . The good behavior of concretes with silica fume can be used for realizing hybrid
elements for constructions such as beam or columns, to which the tension zone is realized of
polymer concrete, that has a better behavior in tension, and the compression zone of high
strength concrete, having in view the better behavior of concrete in compression.

6.Slag
is a co-product of the iron and steel production. Slag is usually a mixture of
metal oxides and silicon dioxide. However, slags can contain metal sulfides and elemental
metals. Slag is a valuable waste which can be used in agriculture, environment processes and
construction industry [5]. In agricultural domain the slag is used for treatments for soil
improvement. Other properties such as porosity, water holding capacity, bulk density make
the slag suitable for using as adsorbent.

6.1 Uses & Properties of Slag

Slag can be used in preparing composite cements or as aggregates in preparing
concrete .Slag cements are used in concrete structures because it gives some advantages,
such as: less carbon dioxide emission, during the production, lower hydration heat during
hardening, low permeability and good resistance to sulphate attack .
Ground granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS) improves the flexural strength and
compressive strength of concrete and asphalt mixes, which recommend its use in roads,

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highways, pavements, hydraulic constructions, etc. Ground granulated slag is used in
producing cement concrete as mix compound of the concrete or as component of cement.
The use of ground granulated slag as component of concrete has the advantage of using it in
different dosages, which is important in obtaining desired properties. Ground granulated slag
can be used in obtaining Portland blastfurnace cement, which contains up to 5% until 95% of
filler. Also, this type of waste can be used in preparing concrete as cementitious material due
to its hydraulic property. In this case the fineness of ground granulated slag must appropriate
to that of cement or even greater. The use of ground granulated slag used in obtaining
concrete is benefic for the environment, but also it improves some properties of concrete
such as: fresh concrete has a better workability, structure of hardened concrete is more
compact, that resulting in increasing the long term strengths and durability. The content of
ground granulated slag in the mix and its fineness depend on the purpose for which it is used
in obtaining specific properties of concrete. Research studies reported a replacement of
cement with dosages between 10 and 80% from the cement mass. The smaller quantities of
waste are for increasing mechanical properties and high dosages are for improvement the
resistance to chemical attack.
The ground granulated blast furnace slag is also used in asphalt concrete for roads, highways,
pavements, etc. An important utilization in the last time is to obtain high performance
concretes, with improved durability, which is required in bridges, marine constructions,
hydraulic dams, etc.
Another possibility of consuming ground granulated slag waste is to manufacture fibers
which can be used in production of insulation material as slag wool .
Experimental studies on concrete with aggregates obtained of steel slag had shown that this
type of waste can be used in road construction or in infrastructure works because the
presence of steel increased the density of hardened concrete. Good mechanical properties
were obtained in the case of cement concrete and polymer concrete with slag aggregates and
addition of silica fume .

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7.Fly Ash
Fly ash is an industrial waste generated from the thermal power plants. Over the years the fly
ash produced were lying in the yard not without any usage. In a break through the
researchers have discovered that fly ash could be tried as additives for the cement
production.
7.1 Uses & Properties of Fly Ash
Fly ash in cement And fly ash have been replaced the cement content up to 50% in the
Portland cement and casted the cubes of mortars and concrete. The fly ash has wider
application in the production of the cement. Nowadays all the industries are adding the fly
ash 25% in the production of the cement.
The specific gravity of fly ash ranges from a low value of 1.90 for a sub-bituminous ash to a
high value of 2.96 for an iron-rich bituminous ash.
The major uses of fly ash are listed below,

1. Used in the manufacture of Portland cement.

2. Typically used for embankment construction.
3. Used as a soil stabilisation material.
4. Fly ash is also used as a component in the production of flowable fill.
5. Used as the filler mineral in asphalt road laying to fill the voids.
6. Fly ash is used as component in geoploymers.
7. Used in Roller compacted concrete dams.
8. Used in the manufacture of fly ash bricks
9. When flyash is treated with silicon hydroxide, it acts as a catalyst.

Fly ash brick

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 ORGANIC WASTE
Organic Waste are generally biodegradable materials which are accumulated
rapidly and for their storage it must design and realize great disposal landfills. Biodegradable
waste can be decomposed in a short period of time, under the natural conditions into the
basic compounds, usually micro-organisms, bacteria, etc. This type of waste is found in
municipal solid waste and is resulting from food, paper, biodegradable materials, etc. The
wastes which are decomposed in the absence of oxygen are also considered as biodegradable
waste and here are included wastes from manure, sewage, animal fat, palm fruit bunch, sugar
bagasse, banana leaves, etc
One of the methods of consuming sewage waste was the obtaining of methanol gas or caloric
fuel which is used for generation electrical powder. Another use is to transform it in powder
and to use as fine addition in building materials.
The use of sewage sludge as an organic fertilizer has become of particular interest in the light
of the EU Directive concerning the use of sewage sludge, which creates the need for cleaner
production technology. Sewage sludge can be an alternative for the protection of ecosystems.
Firstly, sludge-borne organic matter is a crucial factor in improving aggregate stability and
water holding capacity of soils, so that the risk of erosion may be reduced. Secondly, sludge-
borne nutrients can make sewage sludge an excellent and cheap organic fertilizer for the
crops . However, the presence of inorganic and organic contaminants can hider such use of
sewage sludge . Moreover, it is well known that the application of organic materials to soil
can sequester C, and thus contributes to the improvement of reduction of CO2 in the
atmosphere.

AGRICULTURAL WASTE
Wastes from agricultural activities are in very high quantities, especially in some
places of the world and they are another source of environment pollution and social problems
because their accumulation in landfills and uncontrolled burning.
 Rice husk is generated by the rice milling process, from which 78% of weight is

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 rice, broken rice and bran and the rest of 22% is husk. Some quantities of rice husk is
burnt, which is polluting the environment. In the composition of rice husk there is
nearly 20% silica, which after thermal treatment converts to a crystalline form that is
with high reactivity, ultrafine size and large surface area. Because it’s high pozzolanic
activity the rice husk silica is used in obtaining high strength concrete instead silica
fume. The cementing properties of rice husk offer the possibility of its use in ordinary
concrete as cementitious material, for replacing cement or in production of
supplementary cementing material . Other uses are referred to its use as filler in
polymer concrete, green concrete or in production of green building materials.

 Banana leaves ashes had been studied because it’s pozzolanic activity which
arises from the content of amorphous silica. The banana leaf ash is obtained by
burning at a controlled temperature. The use as addition in mortar and concrete for
civil structures had some advantages such as a reduction of costs of building materials
and the consumption of huge quantities of banana produced every year .
 Bamboo leaf waste was experimentally analyzed because it’s pozzolanic property
which can be used for introducing this waste in cement composition. The test results
shown that in composition of bamboo leaf waste the SiO2 are 78.7%., being a very
reactive pozzolan, comparable to silica fume. The blended cements obtained with
bamboo leaf waste in a percentage of 10 and 20% showed the same compressive
strength as the witness cement .
 Bagasse ash is a waste sugar factory and it is used in obtaining blended Portland
cements or as replacement of cement in concrete in dosages of 10 to 30% of binder.
Natural cellulosic fibers can be used in the design and manufacturing of composite materials.
The natural cellulosic fibers are bagasse from sugar cane, banana trunk from the banana

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plant and coconut coir from the coconut husk. The banana fiber exhibited the highest ash,
carbon and cellulose content, hardness and tensile strength, while coconut the highest lignin
content . In combination with other additions, the concrete prepared with natural fibers
exhibits good mechanical properties.
Other types of wastes used in building materials
 The plastic materials represent today an important category of waste. Most of them are
reused in different domains. Polypropylene, polyethylene, polyvinyl alcohol,
polyvinyl chloride, nylon, aramid, polyesters are used as short plastic fibers in
concrete elements. In the concrete production these fibers are currently used for
obtaining high strength concretes, shotcrete, self-compacting concrete, etc .
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is one of the most used plastic in the entire world,
especially for obtaining beverage containers, which are generally thrown away after
single usage and their disposal creates serious problems to the environment. Some
PET wastes are recycled for obtaining new products, other wastes are used as short
fiber reinforcement in structural concrete, also as synthetic coarse aggre‐ gates for
lightweight concrete, or as resin for polymer concrete .
 The inorganic solid waste can also be vitrified in solid-like glass materials that are
used to manufacture aggregates for the construction industry for obtaining tile and
bricks. No ashes are produced because at more than 5,000ºC, all the molecules are
disintegrated.
 Wastes of fiber of different types (glass, polypropylene fiber, carbon, polyester,
textile, etc.) and length are used din obtaining concrete with disperse reinforcement.
The properties of fiber reinforced concrete depend on the fiber type, the geometry, the
percentage of fiber, orientation and distribution of fiber, mixing and compaction of
concrete. The various applications of fiber reinforced concrete such as shotcrete in
underground works, precast products, architectural panels, hydraulic constructions,
etc. had contributed to the rapid development of this new building material

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 CONCLUSION
The useful life of a material in place, however, is always related to the particular
combination of environmental factors to which it is subjected, so that durability, or service
life, must always be related to the particular conditions involved.
New building materials have developed because the new tendencies of obtaining eco-
materials and protection of natural resources . There are many years since when the cement
industry has incorporated significant quantities of wastes (silica fume, fly ash, blast furnace
slag, metakaolin, ceramic waste, etc.) because energetic, economic and environmental
protection reasons. In recent years, alternative additions - bagasse ash, bamboo leaf ash,
paper sludge, have been studied as components of eco-cements. The new generation of
building materials which are combined with different types of wastes can offer a possibility
of consuming disposal materials and reduce the environment pollution.
Also, the development of composite construction materials with low thermal conductivity
using wastes will be an interesting alternative that would solve simultaneously energy and
environment concerns.
The concrete of any type can be obtained by adding wastes, with experimental studies and
statistical optimization, which help to characterize the new materials.
The developments in building materials must be sustainable and in the same time they ensure
a ratio cost-energy that satisfy the modern requirements. The addition of wastes to concrete
can improve or diminish some properties of the material. Therefore, a combination of wastes
is often used or other materials are introduced into the composition to compensate for any
disadvantages. These materials can be fibers of different types or lengths (steel, glass,
polyester, carbon, bore, textile, etc.) or nanomaterials (nanotubes of carbon, nanoargillaceous
materials, etc.).
Some Other Conclusions On Different types of Wastes…
Waste foundry sand
 Inclusion of waste foundry sand as partial replacement of fine aggregates adversely
affects the slump and water absorption of the concrete

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  Increase in foundry sand contents increases the strength properties of concrete
mixtures and also with the age
 Foundry sand can be used as a replacement for regular sand and/or fly ash in making
controlled low-strength materials without any significant modification or adjustment
Coal bottom ash
 Bottom ash is the potential viable material to be used as fine aggregate to produce
durable concrete
 Inclusion of bottom ash as sand replacement in concrete influences the workability,
setting times, strength, porosity, durability of hardened mass
 Decrease in strength of concrete is mainly due to higher porosity and higher water
demand on use of bottom ash in concrete
Cement kiln dust
 CKD can be successfully utilized as an activator for industrial wastes such as copper
slag, ground granulated blast furnace slag, etc.
 Addition of alkali or high alkali content of CKD unfavours the formation of ettringite
which attributes to reduction in strength
 Increasing CKD content increased the compressive strength of the concrete upto 10%
CKD content
Wood ash
 Inclusion of wood ash partial replacement of cement adversely affects the slump of the
concrete
 Water absorption capacity of the concrete increases with increase in wood ash content
 Strength properties of concrete mixtures decreases marginally with increase in wood
ash contents, but increases with age due to pozzolanic actions
Construction composite materials are developing on the base of new researches in the
recycling domain as an innovative option with environmental, economic and performance
benefits

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 References
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[4] Siddique, R., Aggarwal, Y., Aggarwal, P., Kadri, E.H., and Bennacer, B. (2011).
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[7] American Foundrymen’s Society. (1991). Alternative utilization of foundry waste sand.
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[8] Etxeberria, M., Pacheco, C., Meneses, J.M., and Berridi, I. (2010). “Properties of
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[9] Khatib, J.M., and Ellis, D.J. (2001). “Mechanical properties of concrete containing
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[10] Naik, T.R., Kraus, R.N., Chun, Y.M., Ramme, W.B., and Siddique, R. (2004). “Precast
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[11] Naik, T.R., Kraus, R.N., Chun, Y.M., Ramme, W.B., and Singh, S.S. (2003).
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[12] Siddique, R., Gupta, R., and Kaur, I. (2007). “Effect of spent foundry sand as partial
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[13] Bakis, R., Koyuncu, H., and Demirbas, A. (2006). “An investigation of waste foundry
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[14] Siddique, R., Schutter, Geert de., and Noumowe, A. (2009). “Effect of used-foundry
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[15] Wastes in Building Materials Industry
By Marinela Barbuta, Roxana Dana Bucur, Sorin Mihai Cimpeanu, Gigel Paraschiv and
Daniel Bucur

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