Lecture No.

8 and 10
Jasmine, Hibiscus, Bouganvillea
Jasmine
IMPORTANT SPECIES

1. Jasminum sambac
Buds and flowers of this species (Arabian jasmine, Tuscan jasmine,
bela, mogra) are used for garlands, adorning of hairs, worship and
decorations.

2. Jasminum auriculatum
Buds and flowers of this jasmine (Juhi, jui, mullai) are commonly used
for garlands, adorning hairs, worship and decoration.

3. Jasminum grandiflorum
This jasmine (French jasmine, chameli, pitchi) is the chief source of
jasmine essential oil

4. Jasminum pubescence (Syn J. multiflorum)

This jasmine (kundphul, kundamu, and kundum) is practically non-
scented but very attractive. It is one of the hardiest jasmines and least
affected by pests and diseases.
Jasminum sambac
Jasminum auriculatum
Jasminum grandiflorum
Jasminum pubescence
Breeding Objectives

 Length and width of floral bud,

 Length of corolla tube,
 Diameter of open flower,
 Number of petals,
 Length and width of petal and
100 floral buds weight.
Floral Biology
• Flowers of jasmine are hermaphrodite having 2 bilobed anthers.
• The gynoecium, has one ovule, simple style and bilobed stigma. Ovary is
superior, bilocular having axial placentation.
• In jasmine 4 patterns of anthesis have been reported viz. 5 to 6 PM (early),
6 to 7 PM (medium), 7 to 8 Pm (late) and 8 to 10 PM (very late).
• Similarly three patterns of dehiscence were recorded 3 to 11 PM, 4 to 5 PM
and 5 to 6 PM. Period of blooming in jasmine vary from 3 to 4.5 months.

• Maximum number of flower buds opens from 6 to 7 Pm.

• Floral dimorphism expressing long and short carpel have been reported
in Jasminum grandiflorum.
• Distinct differences in flowering behavior of these two types were observed.

• The long carpel (pin) type had prolific flowering, whereas short carpel (Thrum)
type expressed shy flowering.

• In Jasminum auriculatum pin and thrum type flowers have been reported.
• Thrum type plants were reported to be superior to pin type in floral bud length,
corolla tube length, and diameter of open flower.
1. OPEN POLLINATED SEEDLING SELECTION

•A high yielding variety of Jasminum auriculatum , ‘Parimullai’ was evolved by

TNAU, Coimbatore.
•In J auriculatum several seedling selections were evaluated at TNAU,
Coimbatore.
• The selection was released as ‘CO1 Mullai’.
•Based on their distinctive morphological and economic character six clones of J.
grandiflorum were identified.
•'CO1 Pitchi' by TNAU.
•At IIHR, Bangalore, by clonal selection a high yielding strain (Pink Pin)
of Jasminum grandiflorum
• At IIHR, Bangalore Anon has recently named it as 'Surabhi’.
•Another strain developed by IIHR, is 'Pink Thrum.’
2. Hybridization
• A large number of crosses were attempted at IIHR, Banglore, involving
•Jasminum arborescence,
•J. calophylum,
•J. flexile,
•J. grandiflorum,
•J. humile var. wallihianum,
•J. nitidum and
•J. rigidum.
• Most cross combination failed to set seed. Certain combination produced very shriveled
seeds.
• Except from one combination involving the parent J. flexile and J. suavissimum in others
there was no germination.
• Some workers evaluated 18 hybrid progenies of two parental combinations
viz., 'Mutant' x 'Parimullai' (A1 to A10) and
'Mutant' X Long point (B1 to B7)
for their variability.
Several intervarietal crosses of J grandiflorum were attempted at IIHR Bangalore. Only
one combination viz. Seed set selection × Pink Pin yielded 6.8 %, seed set 0 to 3.2 per
cent.
Hybridization of Jasminum pubescens, with several allied species failed to yield any
seedset.
3. Mutation Breeding
 Physical and chemical mutagens.
 Rao and Krishnan reported a spontaneous mutant with larger flowers in Jasminum
auriculatum.
•At TNAU, Coimbatore, Chezhiyan et al. reported a variegated mutant Jasminum
auriculatum.
•In case of Jasminum grandiflorum, Nambisan et al. reported two induced mutant viz.
resistant to Cercospora jasminicola and dwarf.
• Softwood cuttings of the variety 'CO1 Pitchi' were subjected to 0.5 to 3 Krad.
Rooting declines from 55% in 0.5% in 3 Krad.
•Devaiah and Srivastava reported that LD50 was close to 2.5 Krad for Jasminum
grandiflorum var. Pink Pin' and close to 0.5 Krad for var. 'Pink Thrum', close to 2.5
Krad, for J. flexile, close to 1 Krad for J. calophyllum and 2 Krad for J. sambac.
"Gundumalli'.
4. Polyploidy

• Spontaneous triploid in (2n = 39)

• Jasminum sambac has been reported by Sharma & Sharma,
• J. grandiflorum by Murthy & Khanna ,
• J. ilicifolium by Taylor
• J. nitidum by Taylor ,
• J. primulinum by Krishnaswamy shaman , and
• J. autumnale by Sharma and Sharma.
• Spontaneous tetraploidy (2n = 52) have been reported by
• Dutta in J. calophyllum,
• by Raman in Jasminum flexile.
• Triploidy in J. grandiflorum has been found to increase concrete content and there by
hold promise by as useful avenue for improvement of this crop.
• Efforts to induce tetraploidy has been attempted in jasmine.
• Suppression of polyploidy by diploid growth despite pinching has been a bottleneck in
polyploidy programme.
• Induced tetraploidy in J. grandiflorum did not reveal superiority.
Hibiscus
Floral Biology

 Inflorescence : Cymose , lone axillary.

 Flower: Pedicellate, bisexual, substantial, flashy, pentamerous, actinomorphic, finish,
hypogynous.
 Epicalyx : 5-7 bracteoles constitute epicalyx beneath calyx.
 Calyx : Five sepals, gamosepalous, green, sub-par, valvate aestivation.
 Corolla : Five petals, polypetalous, somewhat joined underneath, adnate to the stamina
tube, mediocre contorted aestivation.
 Androecium: Stamens uncertain, monadelphous, stamens from a stamina tube round the
style, epipetalous, anthers monothecous, reniform, basifixed.
 Gynoecium: Five carpels (pentacarpellay), syncarpous ovary unrivaled, pentalocular,
axile placentation, style long and goes through the stamina tube finishing in five
unmistakable adjusted marks of disgrace.
 Pollination is the consequence of Pollen being exchanged from the anther (male part) to
the Stigma (female part) of another blossom.
 Fruit: Capsule,Dry dehiscent natural products, the organic product divider therapist and
parts up uncovering the seed they ripen.
 Seed: Seeds contain hard seed coat with dark in shading.
Species and Cultivars

Species

1. H. rosa-sinensis L.:

2. H. schizopetalus Hook.:
3. H. mutabilis L.:
4. H. syriacus L.:
1. H. rosa-sinensis L.: A native of Asia, probably China, but now conspicuous in all warm
countries. A large evergreen shrub called the Shoe flower or Chinese rose. Corolla
10-15 cm across, column conspicuously exserted. The leaves are brightly green
ovals, pointed at the apex and coarsely toothed except round the base. There are
many new colours including white,yellow, pink, orange, terracotta, cerise etc.
2. H. schizopetalus Hook.: This is also called Coral hibiscus and was imported from Africa.
A large, glabrous distinct shrub with many slender drooping branches. 11 bears
red or orange-red flowers drooping and with deeply fringed and recurved petals.
The staminal tube is quite long measuring up to 15 cm. Leaves ovate-elliptic, 5-7
cm long, acute or acuminate, dentate, calyx tubular, staminal column long and
exerted.
3. H. mutabilis L.: This is native of China. It is known as the Changeable Rose or Persian Rose.
Leaves large, heart-shaped, almost as broad as they are long and hairy. The edge is
serrate. The flowers are single or double, 7-10 cm across, pure white in the
morning and gradually turn pale pink to deep pink.
4. H. syriacus L.: It is a native of East Asia and is known as Rose of Sharon It is also known as
Tree Hollyhock or Althea shrub. A glabrous erect growing shrub. Leaves rather
small, traingular-ovate, 5-7 cm long. Thriving best in hills and Produces lovely
white, blue or mauve flowers either single or double.
Cultivars
There are several hybrids of the Hibiscus rosa-sinensis type with single and double
flowers in varying shades. Their brief characteristic features are as follows:
Single flower cultivars
'Agnes' : Large flowers with cyclamen-pink and deep pink centre.
'Australian Single' : Very large flowers and deep rose with maroon centre.
'Glowing Sunset' : Deep glowing salmon orange
'Lipstick' : Bright red with dark centre.
'My Beauty' : Very large pink with a prominent maroon centre.
'Netaji' : White flowers with crimson centre.
'Viceroy' : Small deep rose-red flowers.
'Waimeae' : Snow white with slightly fragrant flowers.
Double flower cultivars
'Alipore Beauty' : Grows like a tree, bearing deep rosy cerise medium-
size flowers. Highly floriferous.
'Aurora' : Very large flowers with flesh pink colour.
'Chitra' : Marigold Orange flower.
'Daffodil' : Large size with true Daffodil yellow.
'Dream' : Large mauve flowers.
'Golden Gleam' : Very huge attractive shade of buttercup yellow.
'Juno' : Large flowers with cerise colour.
'Mahatma' : Big double flowers, cadmium orange with red centre
Breeding

 Many of the Hibiscus rosa-sinensis cultivars were proved to be completely

sterile.
Only a limited number combined desirable characters with a reasonable degree
of fertility, could be used as parents for the breeding programme.
The improvement of ornamental Hibiscus through breeding in India is mainly
done in tropical areas of southern states like Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and
Kerala where the environmental conditions like temperature and humidity
are congenial for seed setting in some of the species and cultivars.

The major objectives included were plant with

good growth habit,
floriferous nature,
desirable flower colour,
size,
shape and good keeping quality.
Hybridization
Hybridization is one of the most important methods of breeding in
Hibiscus. Before taking up hybridization, basic information on
1. Pollen morphology,
2. Production,
3. Fertility,
4. Germination,
5. Pollination techniques are prerequisites.

Pollen Morphology
Individual pollen grains of H. rosa-sinensis L. and two other species like H.
mutabilis and H. schizopetalus are pantoporate, spheroidal and spinose.
Pollen diameter varied and ranged from 25.91µ in Acc. 29 to 198.58µ in Acc. 25.
It was also noticed that though there was variation in colour and size, the pollen
grains of different types and species had similar shape.
Pollen Production
In Hibiscus, the varieties were found to differ significantly in pollen production.
The number of pollen grains per anther was found to vary from 159 to 359.
Variation in the pollen output per anther among different types and species of
Hibiscus are varied from 87 in Acc. 16 to 500 in H. mutabilis.
The pollen production per flower depended on the number of anthers per
flower.

Pollen Fertility
Pollen fertility of Hibiscus was estimated by acetocarmine staining technique.
Pollen grains which stained well, looked plumpy and well-shaped were
considered as fertile and those unstained, small or shrivelled as sterile.
Different types and species showed-significant variation in pollen- fertility and
it ranged from 4.6 Per cent in Acc. 7 to 97.4 per cent in H. mutabilis.

Pollen Germination
Pollen germination studies in vivo showed that the pollen grains of only six
('Rose', 'Sunset', 'Juno', 'Australian Single', 'Splendens' and H. schizopetalus) out
of ten varieties germinated on the stigma.
Among the above six varieties pollen tubes elongated only in four 'Rose',
'Sunset', 'Jluno' and H. schizopetalus.
Pollination and Fruit Set
 The pollination technique followed during hybridization' is quite simple.
 After selecting the desired female parents, flower buds are emasculated
with a fine forceps one day prior to the opening and these buds can be
tied in the middle with a thread so as to make it convenient for bagging.
 Pollination On the following day, pollen from- desired male parent which
have been bagged properly are brought along with the staminal
column and slowly smeared on the sticky stigmatic surface of the
female parent.
 After crossing, the crossed flowers are bagged with a butter paper bag to
protect from further cross-pollination by insects.
 The pollinated flowers are labelled indicating the parents involved and the
date of crossing.
 After a week of crossing, the bags can be removed and the young capsules
may be allowed to develop under natural conditions.
 Generally, the successful crosses will show swelling of the capsule and do
not fall easily.
 Generally, the capsules take for seed maturity after hybridization 40 to 71
days.
Promising Hybrids and Seedlings
The intraspecific hybridization of H. rosa-sinensis was undertaken mainly at the Indian
institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta, Lalbagh, Bangalore and Tamil Nadu
Agnoultural University, Coimbatore resulted in raising of large number of F1 progeny.

Varieties developed at IIHR, Hessaraghatta:

Out of the nearly 1200 intravarietal hybrids and open-pollinated seedlings of H. rosa-
sinensis, 25 new varieties with attractive flowers were released between 1972 to 1979.
These are mentioned below along with their flower colour.
'Aikta' (Post Office Red), 'Anuradha' (Golden Buff), 'Arunodaya' (Nasturtium
Orange), 'Ashirwad' (Yellow), 'Basant' (SulphurYellow), 'Benazeer' (Bright
Yellow), 'Bharat Sundari' (Deep Neyron Rose), 'Chitralekha' (China Rose with
white variegated petal), 'Dilruba' (Mark Golden Buff), 'Geetanjali' (Turkey Red),
'Jogan' (Azalea Pink), 'Nartaki' (Marigold Orange), 'Nazneen' (Tangerine
Orange), 'Neelofer' (Magenta Rose), 'Pakeezah' (Carmine Red), 'Phulkari' (Delft
Rose with yellow border), 'Priya' (Rose Bengali), 'Queen of Hessaraghatta'
(Orange), 'Ratna' (light yellow with orange stripe), 'Red Gold' (Dutch Vermilion),
'Red Saturn' (Signal Red), 'Shanti' (Primrose Yellow), 'Smt. Indira Gandhi'
(Indian Yellow), 'Smt. Kamala Nehru' (Rose Bengal) and 'Tribal Queen' Cardinal
Reds.
Mutation Breeding

 Three somatic mutants have been isolated, one in cv. 'Cruenthus' and
two others in 'Alipore Beauty'.

Both the varieties were exposed in pots, under semi-acute exposures.

In cv. 'Cruenthus', a mutation with change of flower form from double
to single type has been established.

 In cv. 'Alipore Beauty' two somatic mutants one with deep red flower
colour as against light red carmine colour and the other with deep red
flower colour coupled with semi-double form with an average of 2-15
petals have been isolated.

 Single flower mutant of cv. 'Alipore Beauty' through induction of

gamma rays and it has been named as 'Anjali'.
Bouganvillea
Bougainvillea, (genus Bougainvillea), genus of about 18 species of shrubs,
vines, or small trees, belonging to the four-o'clock family (Nyctaginaceae),
native to South America. Many species are thorny.

Species
•Bougainvillea × buttiana Holttum & Standl.
(B. glabra × B. peruviana)
•Bougainvillea glabra Choisy
•Bougainvillea peruviana
•Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd.
•Bougainvillea spinosa
•Bougainvillea arborea
Breeding approaches in Bougainvillea:
 India is one of the major repositories of a wide range of bougainvilleas, and
approximately 50 % of the present-day cultivars have been evolved in
India (Janakiram et al., 2013).

 The work on development of Bougainvillea has largely been done by the

Agri-Horticultural Societies at Calcutta and Madras.

 The Lal Bagh Garden at Bangalore also contributed a great deal by

introducing a large number of exotic cultivars, particularly the
multibracted varieties from the Philippines.

 Different breeding approaches followed in bougainvillea are

 Hybridization,
 Polyploidy,
 Mutation and
 Bud sports.

 A large number of varieties have been developed at the NBRI (Lucknow),

BARC (Mumbai) and IIHR (Bengaluru).
 Hybridization:
 Hybridization enable the origin of totally new colour forms of
Bougainvillea.

 It also increased the possibilities and limits of selection.

 The natural hybridization with polyploidy has been the single factor
contributing to evolution in nature and under domestication by
plant breeding (Khoshoo and Mukherjee, 1970).

The cultivars developed from interspecific crosses are:

Crosses Varieties
B. peruviana x B. glabra : Begum Sikander, Mrs. Butt
B. peruviana x B. spectabilis : Wajid Ali Shah
B. buttiana x B. peruviana : Chitra
B. spectabilis x B. buttiana :Dr. R.R. Pal, Summer Time, Spring Festival
B. glabra x B. spectabilis : Maharaja of Mysore, Pink Beauty, Pixie, Rose Queen
The cultivars which were developed from intraspecific crosses are:

Crosses Varieties
B. glabra (Trinidad x Formosa) : Dr. H.B. Singh
B. glabra (Formosa x Trinidad) : Purple Wonder
B. spectabilis (Lalbagh x Red Glory) : Chitravati
B. peruviana (Dr. B.P. Pal x Princess : Mary Palmer Special
Margaret Rose)
Mutation:

The hybridization is not possible in multibracted bougainvillea due to absence of flower

tubes/ flowers and all varieties are not able to set seeds at all places.

 Hence, a alternative method, i.e. induced mutation breeding resulted in evolution of

different new Bougainvillea cultivars (Swaroop et al., 2015)..

 Mutation leads to the origin of many new forms of Bougainvillea.

 In recent years, mutation breeding has been used as a valuable supplement to

traditional methods of plant breeding which helps in the development of better
cultivars (Arora and Pahuja, 2008).

 Most of the cultivars of Bougainvillea were developed through selection of ‘budsports’

or by mutation breeding.

 The mutation studies of bougainvillea has been carried out at National Botanical
Research Institute, Lucknow and Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Bombay
(Banerjee, 2010).
The mutants developed at National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow were as follows:

Mutant Parents Characteristics Developed/

Reported by
Arjuna Gamma ray mutant of Single bract cultivar with pinkish purple Gupta and
‘Partha’ colour and variegated leaves Shukla, 1974
Los Banos Variegata Los Banos Beauty Variegated leaves with excellent pattern, Banerjee and
attractive leaves and bract colour is mallow Datta, 1987
purple
Pallavi Roseville’s Delight Variegated leaves having pale and light green Banerjee et al.,
combination 1987
Mahara Variegata Mahara Variegated leaves with creamish yellow and Datta and
green Bract rhodamine purple Banerjee, 1994
Mahara Variegata Mahara Variegated leaves Bract colour unaltered but Banerjee, 2002
abnormal leaves shape and size reduced
Los Banos Variegata Los Banos Beauty Attractive variegated leaves with green and Banerjee, 2002
silver margin silver margin
Los Banos Variegata Chemical mutagen (EMS Differs from the original variety in foliage Jayanthi et al.,
‘Jayanthi’ 0.02 %) induced mutant of colour 2000
cv. Los Banos Beauty
Pixie Variegata Chemical mutagen (EMS Margin of the leaves creamish colour Banerjee, 2009
0.02 %) induced
chlorophyll variegated
mutant of cv. ‘Pixie’.
Los Banos Variegata Gamma ray mutant of Los Beauty Leaf lamina is green and its margin is Banerjee, 2012
Silver Margin Banos silver (1-2 mm width), varigated leaves are
extreamly curved
Bud sports:
 Some excellent cultivars of bougainvillea were originated as a result of spontaneous bud
variation namely
Alick Lancaster, Bhabha, Cherry Blossom, Fantasy, Jawaharlal Nehru, Lady Mary
Baring, L.N. Birla, Louis Wathen, Mary Palmer, Mrs. Mc Clean, Parthasarthy,
Roseville’s Delight, Shubhra etc.
 Spontaneous bud variation resulted in three change in the cultivated Bougainvillea i.e.
Change in bract colour, imperfect flower tube development and leaf variegation
(Holttum 1955,1957).
 The cv. ‘Sholay’ and ‘Usha’ are important seedling selections at IIHR from Red Glory
and Lady Hope respectively (Anonymous, 1996).
Polyploidy:
 Due to seed sterility in bougainvillea further breeding was hindered as a result of
which it limits the selection of male and female parents for developing new
cultivars.
 After detailed studies, fertility in bougainvillea was restored by colchiploidy.
 Thereafter, numerous colourful and floriferous bicoloured cultivars at triploid,
tetraploid and aneuploid has been raised.
 Some of the cultivars with induced polyploidy are
 Wajid Ali Shah, Mary Palmer Special, Dr. B.P. Pal, Tetra Mrs. McClean,
Chitra and Begum Sikander.