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Glands

Glands are organs that produce and release substances, categorized into exocrine glands that use ducts and endocrine glands that release hormones directly into the bloodstream. The document details various endocrine glands, their hormones, and their main functions, including the regulation of growth, metabolism, and stress. Additionally, it discusses the effects of hormones on human behavior, including growth, emotions, mood, sexual behavior, and appetite.

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Amna Shafique
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25 views3 pages

Glands

Glands are organs that produce and release substances, categorized into exocrine glands that use ducts and endocrine glands that release hormones directly into the bloodstream. The document details various endocrine glands, their hormones, and their main functions, including the regulation of growth, metabolism, and stress. Additionally, it discusses the effects of hormones on human behavior, including growth, emotions, mood, sexual behavior, and appetite.

Uploaded by

Amna Shafique
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Glands

Glands are organs in the body that make and release substances like hormones, sweat, saliva,

etc. There are two main types of glands:

 Exocrine glands: release substances through ducts (e.g., sweat glands, salivary

glands)

 Endocrine glands: release hormones directly into the bloodstream (no ducts)

Endocrine Glands

These glands are part of the endocrine system, which controls many body activities by

producing hormones.

Hormones Released Main Functions

Controls other glands,


Pituitary gland (Master Growth hormone (GH),
regulates growth, childbirth,
gland) Oxytocin, etc.
and water balance

Pineal gland Melatonin Regulates sleep-wake cycle

Thyroxine (T4), Controls metabolism,


Thyroid gland
Triiodothyronine (T3) energy, weight, and mood

Maintains calcium and


Parathyroid glands Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
phosphorus levels in blood

Controls stress, blood


Adrenal glands Adrenaline, Cortisol
pressure, and metabolism

Pancreas (also exocrine) Insulin, Glucagon Regulates blood sugar levels

Ovaries (females) Estrogen, Progesterone Controls female sexual

development, menstrual
cycle, pregnancy

Controls male sexual


Testes (males) Testosterone
development.

Effect of Hormones on Human Behaviour

Hormones can influence our thoughts, emotions, and actions.

1. Growth and Development

 Growth hormone affects height, muscle growth, and organ development.

 A deficiency can led to dwarfism and excess leads to gigantism.

2. Stress and Emotions

 Cortisol (stress hormone) helps deal with danger or pressure.

 Long-term high cortisol levels can cause anxiety, depression, and irritability.

3. Mood and Sleep

 Thyroid hormones regulate energy. Low levels cause depression, tiredness; high

levels cause anxiety and restlessness.

 Melatonin helps you sleep. Less melatonin = insomnia or disturbed sleep.

4. Sexual Behaviour and Identity


 Estrogen and testosterone affect libido, mood, aggression, and body image.

5. Love and Bonding

 Oxytocin is called the "love hormone"—involved in attachment, trust, and empathy.

6. Aggression and Risk-Taking

 High testosterone levels may be linked to increased aggression or dominance

behaviour.

7. Appetite and Eating Habits

 Hormones like insulin, and leptin regulate hunger and fullness.

 Hormonal imbalance can lead to overeating or loss of appetite.

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