NAMED REACTION
1. Sandmeyer Reaction:
The reaction of a diazonium salt react with CuCl/HCl or CuBr/HBr or CuCN/KCN
to give the corresponding chlorobenzene or bromobenzene or cyanobenzene is
called Sandmeyer reaction.
2. Gattermann Reaction:
Bromine and Chlorine can be substituted in the benzene ring by preparing the
benzene diazonium salt solution with CU/ HCl and CU / HBr This is
the Gattermann Reaction.
3. Finkelstein Reaction:
In the Finkelstein Reaction, Alkyl iodides are prepared easily by the reaction of
alkyl chlorides with Nal in dry acetone.
4. Swarts Reaction:
When alkyl chloride is heated in the presence of a metallic fluoride like AgF,
Hg2F2, SbF3 or CoF2, we get alkyl fluorides.
5. Wurtz Reaction:
When Alkyl halides react with metallic sodium with dry ether, we get
hydrocarbons with double number of carbon atoms . This is known as
the Wurtz Reaction
6. Wurtz-Fittig Reaction:
When a mixture of alkyl halide and aryl halide gets treated with sodium in dry
ether, we get an alkyl arene.
7. Fittig Reaction:
Aryl halides prepared with sodium in dry ether to give analogous compounds
where two aryl groups joined.(biphenyl)
8. Friedel-Crafts alkylation Reaction:
Benzene is prepared with an alkyl halide in the presence of anhydrous
aluminium chloride to give Alkylbenzene.
This is the Friedel-Crafts alkylation Reaction
9. Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction:
We get acyl benzene when an acid chloride is reacted with benzene in the
presence of anhydrous AlCl3
1. Reimer-Tiemann Reaction:
“When phenol is treated with chloroform in the presence of sodium hydroxide,
followed by acidic hydrolysis -CHO group is introduced at the ortho position of
the benzene ring, which results in the formation of salicylaldehyde.
2. Kolbe’s Reaction:
Phenol reacts with sodium hydroxide to give sodium phenoxide which then
reacts with carbon dioxide in acidic medium to give 2-hydroxybenzoic acid
(Salicylic acid).
3. Rosenmund Reduction:
Rosenmund reduction is a reaction where acid chlorides are converted into
aldehydes by passing hydrogen gas over palladium supported by barium
sulfate.
4. Stephen reaction:
Nitriles/ Cyanides on treatment with stannous chloride in the presence of
Hydrochloric acid are reduced to the corresponding imine. Imines on hydrolysis
give the corresponding aldehyde .
5. Etard reaction:
Toluene react with Chromyl chloride to get chromium complex which on
hydrolysis provides corresponding benzaldehyde.
6. Gatterman – Koch reaction:
Benzene is treated with carbon monoxide and hydrogen chloride in the
presence of anhydrous aluminium chloride to give benzaldehyde.
7. Clemmensen Reduction:
In Clemmensen reduction, Carbonyl group of aldehydes and ketones on
treatment with zinc-amalgam and concentrated hydrochloric acid reduced to
CH2 group.
8. Wolff Kishner Reduction:
Carbonyl group of aldehydes and ketones on treatment with hydrazine which
on heating with sodium hydroxide in a high boiling solvent (ethylene glycol)
reduced to CH2 group.
9. Tollens’ test:
Heating an aldehyde with fresh prepared ammoniacal silver nitrate solution
produces a bright silver mirror due to the formation of silver metal.
[Link]’s test:
Fehling’s solution A (aqueous copper sulfate) and Fehling solution B (alkaline
sodium potassium tartrate) are mixed in equal amount with Aldehyde. A
reddish brown precipitate is obtained
[Link] reaction:
Aldehydes and ketones having one α-hydrogen undergo a reaction in the
presence of dilute alkali as the catalyst to produce β-hydroxy aldehydes or β-
hydroxy ketones.
[Link] condensation:
Aldol and Ketol lose water to provide α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds
which are aldol condensation products.
[Link] aldol condensation:
Aldol condensation is carried out between two different aldehydes
and ketones. It gives a mixture of four products if both of them include α-
hydrogen atoms.
[Link] reaction:
Aldehydes without α-hydrogen atom undergo self-oxidation and reduction
reaction when treated with concentrated alkali.
[Link] electrolysis:
in Kolbe electrolysis, An aqueous solution of sodium or potassium salt of a
carboxylic acid gives alkane containing an even number of carbon atoms on
electrolysis.
[Link]-Volhard-Zelinsky (HVZ )reaction:- Carboxylic acids are halogenated
at the α-position giving α-halo carboxylic acids on treatment with
chlorine or bromine in the presence of small amount of red phosphorus.
[Link] phthalimide synthesis:
Phthalimide when treated with ethanolic potassium hydroxide produces
potassium salt of phthalimide when heated with alkyl halide followed by
alkaline hydrolysis forms the corresponding primary amine.
[Link] bromamide degradation reaction:
An amide on treatment with bromine in an aqueous solution of sodium
hydroxide produces primary amines. The amine so produced include one
carbon less than that present in the amide.
[Link] reaction: - Aliphatic and aromatic primary amines when
heated with chloroform and ethanolic potassium hydroxide produces
isocyanides or carbyl amines which are foul smelling substances.
[Link]’s Test: Benzenesulfonyl chloride (C6H5SO2Cl)
Benzenesulfonyl chloride (C6H5SO2Cl) reacts with primary and secondary
amines to produce sulphonamides which is soluble in alkali
1. The reaction of benzene-sulfonyl chloride with primary amine
yields N-ethyl benzene-sulfonyl amide.
2. In the reaction of benzene sulphonyl chloride with a secondary
amine, N, N-dialkyl benzenesulfonamide is formed., which is
insoluble in alkali
3. Tertiary amines do not react with benzene-sulfonyl chloride.
Coupling Reactions:
Benzene diazonium chloride gets reacted with phenol in which the phenol
molecule at its para position is mixed with the diazonium salt to give p-
hydroxyazobenzene.
