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Monitor DM

Effective diabetes management involves regular monitoring of blood glucose levels, screening for complications, and managing acute events. Key parameters include self-monitoring of blood glucose, HbA1c testing, and annual screenings for retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy. Additionally, lifestyle modifications, medication adherence, mental health screening, and patient education are crucial for optimizing outcomes and minimizing complications.

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33 views3 pages

Monitor DM

Effective diabetes management involves regular monitoring of blood glucose levels, screening for complications, and managing acute events. Key parameters include self-monitoring of blood glucose, HbA1c testing, and annual screenings for retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy. Additionally, lifestyle modifications, medication adherence, mental health screening, and patient education are crucial for optimizing outcomes and minimizing complications.

Uploaded by

oscar3spurgeon
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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COMPREHENSIVE MONITORING PARAMETERS IN DIABETES MELLITUS

Effective diabetes management requires regular monitoring to prevent


complications and maintain optimal health. Below are the key parameters
categorized

BLOOD GLUCOSE MONITORING

1. Self-Monitoring (SMBG): Fingerstick tests to check fasting blood


glucose (3.9-5.6mmo/L), pre/post-meal (<10mmol/L)

2. HbA1c: Measured every 3-6 months to assess average blood glucose


over 3 months; target <7% for most adults.

3. Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM): Provides real-time trends and


alerts for highs/lows; useful for adjusting therapy.

COMPLICATION SCREENING

1. Retinopathy: Annual dilated eye exams to detect early retinal damage.

2. Nephropathy: Yearly urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) and


serum creatinine/eGFR for kidney function.

3. Neuropathy: Annual foot exams to check sensation, pulses, and ulcers;


10-g monofilament testing for sensation loss.

4. Cardiovascular: Regular blood pressure checks (target <130/80


mmHg), lipid profile (LDL<1.8mmol/L if diabetic and <1.4mmol/L if
diabetic and hypertensive), and ECG if symptomatic.

ACUTE EVENT MANAGEMENT

Hypoglycemia: Track frequency of low glucose (<3.8mmol/L); educate on


symptoms (shaking, confusion) and treatment (soft drinks e.g. coke, fanta).

Hyperglycemia: Monitor for symptoms (thirst, fatigue) and ketones (via


urine/blood if glucose >13.1mmol/L) to prevent DKA (critical in type 1).
LIFESTYLE & ANTHROPOMETRICS

Weight/BMI: Track quarterly; aim for gradual weight loss in


overweight/obese type patients.

1. Diet: Carbohydrate counting and balanced nutrition (fiber, low


glycemic index).

2. Exercise: Encourage 150 mins/week of moderate activity; monitor


glucose changes during/after exercise.

MEDICATION & THERAPY

1. Adherence: Review insulin/oral medication use regularly.

2. Insulin Injection Sites: Inspect for lipodystrophy or infection.

3. Technology: Assess CGM/pump usage and adjust settings as needed.

MENTAL HEALTH

Screen for depression/anxiety using tools like PHQ-9; refer to


counseling/support groups if needed.

ADDITIONAL TESTS

1. Thyroid Function: Annual TSH for type 1 patients (higher autoimmune


risk).

2. Liver Function: Monitor if on medications like metformin or statins.

3. Vaccinations: Ensure flu, pneumococcal, and hepatitis B vaccines are


up-to-date.

PATIENT EDUCATION

Empower self-management through structured programs covering diet,


medication, and glucose monitoring.
Individualized Care

Tailor targets (e.g., relaxed HbA1c goals in elderly/high hypoglycemia risk)


and adjust based on comorbidities.

By systematically addressing these parameters, healthcare providers can


optimize outcomes and reduce diabetes-related complications.

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