9
XIX
FORMS OF QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR GRAPHS
Mathematics – Grade 9
Quarter 1 – Module XIX: Forms of Quadratic Function and their Graph
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Regional Director: Gilbert T. Sadsad
Assistant Regional Director: Jessie L. Amin
Development Team of the Module
Writer: Mark Dela Rosa – Pandan School of Arts and Trades
Editors: Zoren I. Añonuevo – Baras Rural Development High School
Validators: Jonel G. Aznar – Bato Rural Development High School
Lyra C. Tusi – San Andres Vocational School
Ludy M Avila – Catanduanes National High School
Riza B. Benavidez – Bato Ruran Development High School
Romel G. Petajen – EPS-Math, Catanduanes Division
Illustrator: Edwin T. Tomes – Dororian National High School
Layout Artist: Edwin T. Tomes – Dororian National High School
1
FORMS OF QUADRATIC FUNCTION
LESSON AND THEIR GRAPH
In this lesson, you need to revisit your knowledge and skills on
identifying the values of a, h and k in the quadratic function written in the
form y= a (𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 + k and to sketch its graph. Your goal in this module
is to see the effects of changing the values of a, h, and k in the equation
y= a (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + k of a quadratic function on its graph. You may use
graphing tools in order to have a clearer view and a more convenient way
of describing the trend/behavior of the graph like desmos app.
Analyzes the effects of changing the values of a, h, and k
in the equation y= a (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + k of a quadratic function
on its graph.
𝑎 𝑖𝑓 𝑎 < 0
Absolute Value –any real number |a| = { }
𝑎 𝑖𝑓 𝑎 ≥ 0
Trend/ behavior of the graph – the effects of changing the values of a, h, and k in
the quadratic function y = a(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘 on its graph.
DESMOS – an electronic application that has a graphing feature.
VERTEX – is the point (h,k) in the quadratic function 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘.
Axis of symmetry- the vertical line through the vertex that divides the parabola into
two equal parts.
Reference function/ graph- a guide function/graph use to compare from other
function/ graph.
2
Let us find out what you already know about the content of this module.
Try to answer all items. Take note of the items that you were not able to
answer correctly and find the right answer as you go through this
module.
1. How is the graph of y = 𝑥 2 − 4 obtained?
a. by sliding the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , 4 units downward.
b. by sliding the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , 4 units upward.
c. by sliding the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , 4 units to the right.
d. by sliding the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , 4 units to the left.
2. What is the trend/behavior of the graph of quadratic function 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 in relation
to the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 ?
a. become wider c. move 3 units upward
b. become narrower d. move 3 units downward
3. Which of the following shows the correct descriptions of the blue parabola in
relation to the red parabola (the reference graph)? Y
a. The graph of 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 shifted 6 units upward. .
b. The graph of 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 shifted 6 units downward.
c. The graph of 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 shifted 6 units to the right.
𝑦 = 2𝑥 2
d. The graph of 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 shifted 6 units to the left.
X
𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 − 6
4. The graph of 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 10)2 is obtained by sliding the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2
a. 10 units upward
b. 10 units downward
c. 10 units to the left
d. 10 units to the right
5. Describe the graph of y = 3(𝑥 + 1)2 − 2 in relation to the graph of 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 .
a. The graph of 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 shifted 1 unit to the right and 2 units upward.
b. The graph of 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 shifted 1 unit to the left and 2 units downward.
c. The graph of 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 shifted 1 unit to the right and 2 units downward.
d. The graph of 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 shifted 1 unit to the left and 2 units upward.
3
This activity will enable you to recall the parts of the graph of quadratic function.
ACTIVITY 1
Complete Me!
Directions: Complete the table below using the figures 1 and 2.
Y Y
𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐
X
𝒚 = −𝒙𝟐
Figure 1 Figure 2
Opening of What is the relationship What
Value Axis of
the between the opening of the is the Vertex
of a symmetry
parabola parabola and the value of a? |a|?
Figure 1
Figure 2
4
Your goal in this section is to master the skills in graphing quadratic
functions and identifying the forms of quadratic functions and its graphs.
Activity 2
Show my Appearance!
A. Sketch the graph of each quadratic function provided in the table to the same
Cartesian Coordinate Plane using and then complete the table. (Use graphing
application if available)
Set A
What What
the functions
Value of a
form of all
symmetry
Simplified
Absolute happens to happens to
Summarize
Axis of
Vertex
the graph as the graph as
Functions your
the value of a the value of a
observations
gets larger? gets smaller?
1 𝑦 = 𝑥2
2. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2
3. 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2
1
4. 𝑦 = 2 𝑥 2
1
5. . 𝑦 = − 3 𝑥 2
SET B
Compare the graph of In general, what
Simplified form of
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 to the graph of happens to the graph
all the functions
the functions in items of
Value of h
Vertex
Functions 2 to 5 after changing 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 as the value
the value of h. of h changes ?
1 𝑦 = 𝑥2
2. 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)2
3. 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 5)2
4. 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)2
5. 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 5)2
5
SET C
Compare the graph In general, what
Simplified form of
all the functions
of happens to the graph of
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 to the to the 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 as the value of k
Value of k
Vertex
graph of the changes?
Functions
functions in items 2
to 5 after changing
the value of k
1 𝑦 = 𝑥2
2. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 1
3. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 4
4. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 1
5. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 - 4
Forms of quadratic functions
The Graph of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙𝟐
The value of 𝑎 in 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 2 has an effects on the graph of a quadratic
function. It determines the width of the parabola with respect to the axis of symmetry.
As the value of 𝑎 decreases, the graph is wider and tends to flatten out while as 𝑎
increases, the graph is narrower and steeper.
Consider the functions and f(x) = 𝑥 2 as reference function.
1. f(x) = 2𝑥 2 Graph: Y
ertex: (0,0)
Axis of symmetry: x =0
Opening of the graph: Upward
Table Of Values f(x) = 2𝑥 2
Let x 2 f(x)
2𝑥
2 2(2)2 8
1 2(1)2 2
2
0 2(0) 0 f(x) = 𝑥 2
-1 2(−1)2 2
-2 2(−2)2 8 X
Coordinates of f(x) = 2𝑥 2 : {…(2,8),(1,2),(0,0),
(-1,2), (-2,8)…} 1
y = 𝑥2
4
6
1
2. y = 𝑥 2
4
Vertex: (0,0)
Axis of Symmetry: x = 0
Opening of the graph: Upward
Table of Values:
Let x 1 2 f(x)
𝑥
4
4 1 4
(4)2
4
2 1 1
(2)2
4
0 1 0
(0)2
4
-2 1 1
(−2)2
4
-4 1 4
(−4)2
4
1
Coordinates of f(x)= 4 𝑥 2 : {…(4,4),(2,1),(0,0),(-2,1),(-4,4),…}
..
You will notice that the graph of f(x) = 2𝑥 2 is narrower compared to the graph of
1
f(x) = 𝑥 2 . While, the graph of y = 𝑥 2 is wider compared to the graph of f(x) =
4
𝑥2 .
The Graph of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐
The graph of the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 is the same as the graph of
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙𝟐, except that its vertex is shifted horizontally to the right of the origin when
h > 0.
The graph of the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 is the same as the graph of
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙𝟐, except that its vertex is shifted horizontally to the left of the origin when
h < 0.
Examples:
1. 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 2)2 y
Graph:
Vertex: ( 2,0 )
Axis of symmetry: x = 2
Opening of the parabola: Upward
Table of values: 𝑦 = 𝑥2
Let x (𝑥 − 2)2 f(x)
Y
3 (3 − 2)2 1
2
2 (2 − 2) 0
1 (1 − 2)2 1
0 (0 − 2)2 4 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2)2
x
-1 [(−1) − 2]2 9
𝑦 = (𝑥 − 2)2
Coordinates: {…(3,1),(2,0),(1,1),(0,4),(-1,9)…}
7
2. 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2)2
Vertex: (-2,0)
Axis of symmetry: x= -2
Opening of the parabola: Upward
Table of values:
Let x (𝑥 + 2)2 f(x)
2
1 (1 + 2) 9
0 (0 + 2)2 4
-1 [(−1) + 2]2 1
2
-2 [(−2) + 2] 0
-3 [(−3) + 2]2 1
Coordinates: {…(1,9),(0,4),(-1,1),(-2,0),(-3,1)…}
• From the graph of 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 2)2 , you will notice that the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 shifted 2
units to the right.
• From the graph of 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2)2 , you will notice that the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 shifted 2
units to the left.
The Graph of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒌
Using the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 as the reference, the value of k shifts the
graph vertically, upward if k > 0 or downward if k < 0.
Examples:
1. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑 Graph:
Vertex: (0,3) Y
Axis of symmetry: x = 0
Opening of the parabola: Upward
Table of Values:
Let x 𝑥2 + 3 f(x)
2
2 (2) +3 7
1 (1)2 + 3 4
0 2
(0) + 3 3 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑
-1 (−1)2 + 3 4
-2 (−2)2 + 3 7 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐
Coordinates: {…(2,7),(1,4),(0,3),(-1,4),(-2,7),…} X
2. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑
Vertex: (0,1)
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑
Axis of symmetry: x = 0
Opening of the parabola: Upward
Table of Values:
Let x 𝑥2 − 3 f(x)
2
2 (2) − 3 1
1 (1)2 − 3 -2
0 (0)2 − 3 -3
2
-1 (−1) − 3 -2
-2 (−2)2 − 3 1
Coordinates: {…(2,1),(1,-2),(0,-3),(-1,-2),(-2,1),…}
8
• From the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 3, you will notice that the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 is
shifted 3 units upward.
• From the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 3, you will notice that the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 is shifted
3 units downward.
The Graph of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 + 𝒌
Using the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 as the reference, the values of h and k shift
the graph horizontally h units and vertically k units respectively.
Examples: Y
1. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐(𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐 + 𝟑 Graph:
Vertex: (1,3)
Axis of symmetry: x = 1
Opening of the parabola: Upward
Table of Values:
𝑓 (𝑥) = 2(𝑥 − 1)2 + 3
Let x 2(𝑥 − 1)2 + 3 f(x)
2 2(2 − 1)2 + 3 5
1 2(1 − 1)2 + 3 3
0 2(0 − 1)2 + 3 5
-1 2(−1 − 1)2 + 3 11 X
-2 2(−2 − 1)2 + 3 21
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2
Coordinates: {…(2,5),(1,3),(0,5),(-1,11),(-2,21),…}
• From the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = 2(𝑥 − 1)2 + 3, you will notice that the graph of
𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 shifted 3 units upward and 1 unit to the right .
2. 𝒇(𝒙) = −𝟐(𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐 − 𝟑
Vertex: (-1,-3)
Axis of symmetry: x = -1 Graph:
Opening of the parabola: downward Y
Table of Values:
Let x -2(𝑥 + 1)2 − 3 f(x)
2 −2(2 + 1)2 − 3 -21
2
1 −2(1 + 1) − 3 -11
0 −2(0 + 1)2 − 3 -5 𝑓 (𝑥) = −2(𝑥 + 2)2 + 12
-1 −2(−1 + 1)2 − 3 -3
2
-2 −2(−2 + 1) − 3 -5
Coordinates: {…(2,-21),(1,-11),(0,-5),(-1,-3),(-2,-5),…}
X
𝟐
𝑦 = −2𝑥 2
3. 𝒇(𝒙) = −𝟐(𝒙 + 𝟐) + 𝟏𝟐
Vertex: (-2,5)
Axis of symmetry: x = -2
Opening of the parabola: downward
𝑓(𝑥) = −2(𝑥 + 1)2 − 3
9
Table of Values:
Let x -2(𝑥 + 2)2 + 12 f(x)
0 -2(0 + 2)2 + 12 4
-1 -2(−1 + 2)2 + 12 10
-2 -2(−2 + 2)2 + 12 12
-3 −2(−3 + 2)2 + 12 10
-4 −2(−4 + 2)2 + 12 4
Coordinates: {…(0,4),(-1,10),(-2,12),(-3,10),(-4,4),…}
• From the graph of 𝑓 (𝑥) = −2(𝑥 + 2)2 + 12, you will notice that the graph of
𝑦 = −2𝑥 2 shifted 2 units to the left and 12 units upward.
• From the graph of 𝑓 (𝑥) = −2(𝑥 + 1)2 − 3, you will notice that the graph of
𝑦 = −2𝑥 2 shifted 1 unit to the left and 3 units downward.
This part of the module gives you activities to practice your skills in analyzing the
behavior of the graph of the function y = a(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘 as the value of a, h, and k
changes.
LET’S GET NARROWER OR WIDER
Determine whether the trend /behavior of graph of the
function becomes narrower or wider as the value of a changes
where the red parabola is the reference graph. Then, identify
whether the absolute value of a becomes smaller or larger.
1. 2.
Y Y
Trend: __________________ Trend: _________________
The |a| becomes __________ The |a| becomes __________
10
3. 4.
Y Y
Trend: __________________ Trend: __________________
The |a| becomes __________ The |a| becomes __________
SHIFTS ME!
Describe the trend/ behavior of a graph of quadratic
function (blue parabola) by relating it to the red parabola
with a given corresponding function:
1. 4.
𝑦 = 𝑥2
X 𝑦 = −3𝑥 2 X
Type equation here.
11
2. 5.
Y Y
𝑦 = 𝑥2
X
X 𝑦 = 𝑥2
3. 6. Y
6.
Y
𝑦 = 𝑥2
X
X
𝑦 = −4𝑥 2
TRANSLATE ME!
Write the equation for each parabola described.
1. The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 shifted 6 units upward.
2. The graph of 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 shifted 4 units downward.
3. The graph of 𝑦 = 4𝑥 2 shifted 8 units to the right.
4. The graph of 𝑦 = −𝑥 2 shifted 2 units to the left and 3 units
upward.
5. The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 shifted 5 units to the right and 7 units
downward.
Let us find out what you have learned about the content of this module.
1. How is the graph of y = 𝑥 2 − 9 obtained?
a. by sliding the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , 9 units downward.
b. by sliding the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , 9 units upward.
c. by sliding the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , 9 units to the right.
d. by sliding the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , 9 units to the left.
12
1
2. What is the trend/behavior of the graph of quadratic function 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 in
5
relation to the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 ?
a. move 8 units downward c. become narrower
b. move 8 units upward d. become wider
3. Describe the graph of y = 4(𝑥 + 3)2 − 6 in relation to the graph of 𝑦 = 4𝑥 2 .
a. The graph of 𝑦 = 4𝑥 2 shifted 3 units to the right and 6 units upward.
b. The graph of 𝑦 = 4𝑥 2 shifted 3 units to the left and 6 units downward.
c. The graph of 𝑦 = 4𝑥 2 shifted 3 units to the right and 6 units downward.
d. The graph of 𝑦 = 4𝑥 2 shifted 3 units to the left and 6 units upward.
4. The graph of 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 13)2 is obtained by sliding the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2
a. 13 units upward
b. 13 units downward
c. 13 units to the right
d. 13 units to the left
5. What is the equation of quadratic function whose graph is described as “ The
graph of f(x) = 3𝑥 2 shifted 5 units upward and 2 units to the left”?
a. 𝑦 = 3(𝑥 − 5)2 + 2
b. 𝑦 = 3(𝑥 + 5)2 − 2
c. 𝑦 = 3(𝑥 − 2)2 − 5
d. 𝑦 = 3(𝑥 + 2)2 + 5
Congratulations! You are one step away to complete
this module. This time, it is the time for you to reflect and
summarize what you have learned. So, go on!...
In the activity above (TRANSLATE ME!), you have
learned the effects of the value of the variables a, h, and k in the
graph of 𝒚 = 𝒂(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 + 𝒌 as compared to the graph of
𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 . Now, try to investigate the effect of the variables a, b,
and c in Graph of the quadratic function 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐.
Observations:
13
KEY TO CORRECTIONS:
Try This:
1. a 2. b 3. b 4. c 5. b
Activity 1:
Opening of Value What is the relationship What is Vertex Axis of
the parabola of a between the opening of the |a|? symmetr
the parabola and the y
value of a?
Figure 1 1 ➢ For a > 0, the 1 (0,0) 0
parabola
Upward opens upward
➢ For a < 0, the
Figure 2 -1 parabola 1 (0,0) 0
opens
Downward downward
Activity 2
SET A
What What
Absolute Value
Simplified form
happens happens to
symmetry
Summarize
functions
of all the
to the the graph
Axis of
Vertex
your
of a
Functions graph as as the
observatio
the value value of a
ns
of a gets gets
larger? smaller?
1 𝑦 = 𝑥2 (0,0) 0 1 As the As the In the
value of value of a graph of
2. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 (0,0) 0 2 a gets gets 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 +
larger, smaller, bx + c , the
3. 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 (0,0) 0 3
the the graph larger the
1
4. 𝑦 = 2 𝑥 2 (0,0) 0 1 graph is is wider. |a| is,the
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2
2 narrower narrower
1
5. . 𝑦 = − 3 𝑥 2 (0,0) 0 1 . is the
3 graph.
Otherwise,
the wider
is the
graph.
14
SET B
Compare the graph In general, what
Simplified form of
all the functions
of happens to the
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 to the graph
Value of h
graph of
Vertex
Functions of the functions in 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 as the
items 2 to 5 after value of h
changing the value changes ?
of h.
1 𝑦 = 𝑥2 (0,0) 0 To the graph of
𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 ,
2. 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)2 (1,0) 1 The graph of 𝑦 = slide the graph of
𝑥 2 shifted 1 unit to 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2
the right. horizontally h
𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2
3. 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 5)2 (5,0) 5 The graph of 𝑦 = units.
𝑥 2 shifted 5 unit to If h > 0, slide it to
the right. the right,
4. 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)2 (-1,0) -1 The graph of 𝑦 = if h < 0, slide it to
𝑥 2 shifted 1 unit to the left.
the left.
5. 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 5)2 (-5,0) -5 The graph of 𝑦 =
𝑥 2 shifted 5 units to
the leftt.
SET C
Compare the graph In general, what
Simplified form of
all the functions
of happens to the
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 to the to the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 as
Value of k
Vertex
graph of the the value of k
Functions
functions in items 2 changes?
to 5 after changing
the value of k
1 𝑦 = 𝑥2 (0,0) 0 To graph 𝑦 =
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑘 , slide the
2. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 1 (0,1) 1 The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 graph of
shifted 1 unit 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 vertically
upward. k units. If k > 0
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + k
3. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 4 (0,4) 4 The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 slide it upward, if
shifted 4 units k < 0, slide it
upward. downward.
4. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 1 ((0,-1) -1 The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2
shifted 1 unit
downward.
5. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 - 4 (0,-4) -4 The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2
shifted 4 units
downward.
15
You can do it:
Lets Get Narrower/wider
1. Narrower; larger
2. Narrower; larger
3. Wider; smaller
4. Wider; smaller
Shifts Me!:
1. The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 shifted 6 units downward.
2. The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 shifted 6 units to the right.
3. The graph of 𝑦 = −4𝑥 2 shifted 3 units to the left.
4. The graph of 𝑦 = −3𝑥 2 shifted 8 units upward.
5. The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 shifted 4 units to the left and 3 units upward.
6. The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 shifted 7 units to the right and 7 units downward.
Translate Me!
1. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 6
2. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 − 4
3. 𝑦 = 4(𝑥 − 8)2
4. 𝑦 = −(𝑥 + 2)2 + 3
5. 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 5)2 − 7
Check your Understanding:
1. A 2. D 3. B 4. C 5. D
Reflect:
➢ The effects of variable a in the graph of quadratic function 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + bx +c
is to narrow or widen its graph.
➢ The effects of variable b in the graph of quadratic function 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + bx +c
is to slide its graph downward.
➢ The effects of variable c in the graph of quadratic function 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + bx +c
is to slide its graph upward or downward.
References:
➢ Mathematics Learner’s Material 9
➢ Mathematics Learner’s Material FOR OPEN HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM
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